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естествознание

10

класс

урок№40

движение

пространство

материя

время

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[music] they used

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to believe that if

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all matter disappeared from the universe, then space and

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time would remain the theory

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of relativity states that

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space and time would disappear along with matter albert

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einstein physicist creator of the theory of

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relativity in the lesson we will learn

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the concepts in understanding

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space-time and matter as

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classical science described the properties of

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space-time and matter and

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the postulates of the special theory of

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relativity, what new the theory of

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relativity introduced into the idea of the

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properties of space-time and

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movement, how the material

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world works, people have been trying to understand since ancient

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times, since ancient times there were

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two approaches to explaining nature according to

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some ideas, the basis of everything that

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exists is continuous

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homogeneous matter,

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filling everything with itself; it does not leave

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a void; this idea is

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called continuum;

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representatives of such an explanation of the

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material world were, for example, the

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ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle; the

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opposite concept explained the

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material world as a discrete

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structural one consisting of an infinite

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number of unchanging and indivisible particles of

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atoms moving in emptiness, this

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concept is associated with the teachings of the

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ancient Greek philosopher Democritus, these

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ideas about the structure of matter are

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inextricably linked with such concepts

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as movement, space and time, so

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the idea of the discreteness of matter

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led to the understanding of space as an

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empty container, absolute and

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unchangeable, in which atoms are placed,

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changing in it their position in the process of

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movement lasting in time,

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space and time are in no way connected

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with the moving atoms themselves, not with

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each other, this representation of space and

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time is called

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substantial

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time and space; separate

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substances or entities as matter, from the

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point of view of the concept of continuity of

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movement of matter, is considered as

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occurring with change and time

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characterize the sequence of

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states of material objects; this

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idea of space and time

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is called

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relational space and time;

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the characteristics of matter cannot exist without it;

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the opposition of two concepts

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explaining the material world has been preserved

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for centuries; the successes of physics in

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the knowledge of certain natural phenomena

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and processes have alternately strengthened

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positions of one or another concept, a

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mechanical physical picture which,

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until the mid-19th century, claimed

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to be universal, depicted the

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material world as a well-coordinated mechanism

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running and, one day, everything in

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this world could be described to its creators by the laws

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of mechanics and rigidly determined in an

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unchanging space, moving

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absolutely impenetrable and and indivisible

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particles, corpuscles, atoms that have

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mass and between which forces act,

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instantly transmitted through emptiness, within the

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framework of classical concepts,

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space is three-dimensional; in order to describe the

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position of a body or a material point in

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space, it is necessary to select a

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coordinate system and indicate its coordinates;

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space and time in the classical

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model exist by themselves in no way whether

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the clock moves in space or not

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time is not connected with each other, they will show the same

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and the measured state will be

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the same regardless of what

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time interval it is carried out. The properties of

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bodies that are located in the region of

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space where

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time and distance measurements are made do not affect

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their results in any way. and time

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do not depend in any way on the properties of material

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objects

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since the 19th century, the mechanical picture of the world, which

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explains all phenomena by mechanical

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laws and is based on a discrete

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model of reality and the concept of

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long-range action, began to lose

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ground; the study of the phenomena

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of electromagnetism led in the mid-

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19th century to the creation by Maxwell of a new

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theory of the theory of electromagnetic fields

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describing the electromagnetic field as a

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continuous material object and

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movement as a distribution of waves, this

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theory strengthened the position of supporters of the

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continuum concept;

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however, Maxwell's electrodynamics, which

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proved that light is a wave,

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propagation which occurs

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at a speed of about 300 thousand kilometers

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per second was not consistent with

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Galileo's principle of relativity according to the

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then existing idea of everything the world

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space was filled with the all-pervasive

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subtle medium

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ether, trying to detect the ether and the influence of

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the movement of the earth around the sun on the speed of

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propagation of light in 1887, the scientist

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Albert Michelson and Edward Morley

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conducted an experiment based on

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the interference of its waves, it was

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not possible to detect changes in the speed of light;

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it remained a constant value

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independent of the movement of the earth around the

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sun, the obtained result of the constancy of the

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speed of light in different reference systems

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contradicted Galileo’s law of addition of velocities

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and the classical ideas of

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space-time, the

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theory of relativity created by Albert Einstein

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was able to reconcile

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Maxwell’s electrodynamics with the principle of Galilean relativity;

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however, this reconciliation became possible

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only due to the rejection of classical

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ideas of space and the time of

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independence of distance and the flow of

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time from the reference system, the

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theory of relativity radically

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changed the representation of

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space-time of matter and motion

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based on only 2 postulates: the

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constancy of the speed of light in all

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reference systems and the invariance of

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physical laws when moving from one

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system to another, their invariance

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of Einstein managed to establish the relationship between

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space and time, their

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relativity, physics included

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the idea of a four-dimensional

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space-time continuum,

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thanks to the theory of relativity, a

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connection was established between mass and

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energy,

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equivalent to heavy inertial mass and

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deviations of the real properties of space

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from Euclidean ones under the influence of the

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gravitational fields of physical bodies, the

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theory of relativity describing the

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spatial- temporal properties of

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physical processes are

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two theoretical doctrines: the special

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partial theory of relativity, which

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considers the interrelation of physical

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processes in inertial frames

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of reference, and the general theory of relativity,

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which considers the interrelation of

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physical processes in its inertial

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frames, the

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general theory of relativity is the

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relativistic theory of gravity, what

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properties of space and time

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follow from special theory

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of relativity, time has ceased to

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be considered as absolute, the

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simultaneous occurrence of two events in one

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frame of reference does not mean that they

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will be simultaneous in another; the

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time interval between two events

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occurring in one frame of reference

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will differ from the measured

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interval of time between the same

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events in a moving frame of reference,

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that is the time that the clock shows

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depends on whether the clock is moving or

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at rest, in contrast to

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classical concepts for which

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this did not matter,

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space also ceased to be

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considered as the absolute

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distance between two points

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measured in one reference system

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will differ from the distance

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measured between the same points in a

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moving one frame of reference, the

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size of a body will depend on whether

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the body is moving or is at rest,

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for example, the length of a body measured in a

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resting frame of reference will

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differ from its length measured in a

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moving frame of reference,

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except that the time intervals and

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distance intervals depend on the

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reference frame; they are also interconnected when

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transition from one reference system to

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another, the

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change in distance and

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time intervals occurs in such a way

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that if the time parameter

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increases, then the spatial parameter

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decreases, this relationship

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is described using four-dimensional

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space-time

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for the transition from one inertial

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reference system to another in the theory of

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relativity, used in the

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formation of Lawrence instead of

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Galilean transformations that are valid for

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classical mechanics, and relativistic

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effects appear at very high

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speeds,

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at speeds much lower than the speed of

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light, Lorentz transformations turn into

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Galilean transformations

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in classical physics, mass was considered a

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constant value, that is, whether a

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body moves or not, its mass is always the same,

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according to the theory of relativity, the mass

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of a body is not remains constant and depends on the

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speed with increasing speed, the mass

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increases, and as the

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speed of a body approaches the speed of light, its mass

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tends to infinity; in addition,

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if in classical physics mass and

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energy were considered separately,

00:10:02

then the theory of relativity connected the mass of

00:10:05

energy with the famous formula e equals mv

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squared, that is even a body at rest

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has rest energy; the energy of a

00:10:15

body at rest is proportional to its rest

00:10:17

mass; when the body moves, its mass

00:10:20

and energy increase; the law of conservation of

00:10:24

mass and the law of conservation of energy,

00:10:25

considered separately in classical

00:10:28

physics in the theory of relativity, were

00:10:30

combined into one law; the law of conservation of

00:10:33

mass; energy; in conclusion, we note that

00:10:38

the theory of relativity, having changed our

00:10:41

ideas of space and time, did not

00:10:43

refute previous ideas, new

00:10:46

properties of space-time and matter

00:10:48

appear only at very high

00:10:51

speeds,

00:10:52

the theory of relativity indicated the framework within

00:10:54

which the previous idea turns out to be

00:10:55

valid, this fact

00:10:58

is called the principle of correspondence,

00:11:01

according to which newly emerging

00:11:03

theories do not refute previous theories but

00:11:05

only define the boundaries of their

00:11:08

application

Description:

Естествознание 10 класс Урок№40 - Движение, пространство, материя, время. мы узнаем: - концепции в понимании пространства, времени и материи; - как классическая наука описывала свойства пространства, времени и материи; - постулаты специальной теории относительности; - что нового внесла теория относительности в представления о свойствах пространства, времени и движения; мы научимся: - сравнивать позиции классической науки и специальной теории относительности в описании свойств пространства, времени и материи; - приводить примеры следствий из теории относительности; - структурировать информацию; мы сможем: - анализировать классические представления об основных свойствах пространства, времени и материи; - формулировать проблемные вопросы, на которые отвечала специальная теория относительности; - приводить примеры, отражающие взгляды разных ученых на пространство, время, материю и движение. Классическая физика основывается на дискретной модели реальности и концепции дальнодействия, согласно которой взаимодействие между телами передается через пустое пространство мгновенно, т.е. с бесконечной скоростью. Пространство и время считаются абсолютными, независимыми от друг от друга и от материальных процессов, в них протекающих. Переход от одной системы отсчёта в другую осуществляется с помощью преобразований Галилея. Теория относительности основывается на континуальной модели реальности и концепции близкодействия, согласно которой взаимодействие между телами осуществляется с конечной скоростью через материального посредника, непрерывно распределенного в пространстве. Материальным посредником является поле, а скорость взаимодействия ограничивается скоростью света. Пространство и время считаются относительными, они связаны друг с другом и зависят от материи. Связь между пространством и временем описывается четырех мерным пространственно-временным континуумом. Переход от одной системы отсчёта в другую осуществлялся с помощью преобразований Лоренца. Постулаты специальной (частной) теории относительности: 1. Физические законы одинаковы во всех системах координат, движущихся прямолинейно и равномерно друг относительно друга (инерциальные системы отсчёта). 2. Скорость света в вакууме остается неизменной в любой инерциальной системе отсчёта (не зависит ни от скорости источника света, ни от скорости приемника светового сигнала). Согласно теории относительности удлинение временных промежутков и сокращение расстояний оказывается пропорционально коэффициенту В любых доступных человеку системах отсчета этот коэффициент оказывается очень близким к единице. Теория относительности связала массу с энергией: E=mc^2 . Даже покоящееся тело обладает энергией – энергией покоя. При движении тела его масса и энергия увеличиваются. Закон сохранения массы и закон сохранения энергии в теории относительности объединены в один закон – закон сохранения массы-энергии. При изменении энергии системы изменяется и ее масса: Δm=ΔE/c^2. Теория относительности, изменив представления о пространстве и времени, не опровергла законы классической физики. Новые свойства пространства, времени и материи проявляются лишь при очень больших скоростях. Теория относительности указала рамки, в которых представления классической физики оказываются справедливыми. Теория относительности дает более точную по сравнению с классической механикой модель существующей реальности.

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