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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:00
if the Universe is limited in volume if00:00:03
it has boundaries or some kind of walls00:00:07
are they achievable to answer these00:00:11
questions need to start with Where we are00:00:14
we are now and try to take a look00:00:17
as far as we can Looking at the night00:00:22
the sky seems like stars and galaxies00:00:25
arranged more or less randomly00:00:28
However, this is not entirely true00:00:31
despite the chaos, the Universe is not00:00:35
random confusion of objects it is full00:00:38
stars literally right next to us But if00:00:41
travel more than 100 thousand light years00:00:44
When you leave the Milky Way there will be a sea behind it00:00:48
galaxies perhaps two trillion galaxies00:00:51
in total they can already be00:00:55
found in our observable universe they00:00:57
presented in a wide variety00:01:00
forms of sizes and masses However, in addition to00:01:05
galaxies exist in the vastness of space00:01:08
nebulae star clusters clusters00:01:12
galaxies and even00:01:14
some galaxy superclusters00:01:16
similar objects in the observable Universe00:01:19
were identified by astronomers on a large scale00:01:23
structures due to their incredibly large00:01:26
sizes00:01:27
the largest of them extends to00:01:30
hundreds and even billions of light years00:01:33
due to their elongated shape, these objects00:01:36
were named00:01:38
these threads are galactic threads00:01:41
intertwine and fill00:01:44
like empty outer space00:01:47
forming a three-dimensional web, but that’s also00:01:51
not all voids and Galactic threads can00:01:54
form great walls, but what are they?00:01:58
the walls represent themselves00:02:00
The universe is considered to be flat00:02:03
structure of galaxies and voids third in00:02:07
size of known similar structures00:02:09
in the Universe for example the Great Wall cfa200:02:14
was opened in00:02:16
1989 based on research data00:02:20
redshift of distant objects00:02:22
is the third largest observed00:02:26
large-scale structure of the universe00:02:28
this object is a flat structure made of00:02:31
filamentary clusters of galaxies surrounded00:02:35
voids assume that voids00:02:38
filled with dark matter which00:02:41
determines the structure of the Universe at its most00:02:44
on a large scale the object is located on00:02:47
distance of approximately 200 million00:02:49
light years from the Milky Way and has00:02:52
500 million light years long 30000:02:55
million wide and 15 million light00:02:59
years thickness nevertheless exact dimensions00:03:03
this object has not yet been defined like this00:03:07
like clouds of dust and gas of the Milky Way00:03:10
obscures from us part of this Great00:03:12
walls next we will look at the Great Wall00:03:16
Sloane is a complex of superclusters00:03:19
galaxies extending over more than00:03:22
a billion light years represents00:03:25
flat structure of galaxies and voids in00:03:29
the length of the wall extends to 1.3700:03:33
billion light years it is located00:03:36
Approximately 1.2 billion away00:03:40
light years from earth00:03:43
[music]00:03:44
Sloane's Great Wall is 2.74 times larger00:03:50
cfa 2 previous record holder00:03:54
length about the opening of the Great Wall00:03:57
was announced on October 2000:04:00
In 2003 this discovery was made00:04:03
thanks to digital celestial data00:04:05
review00:04:09
it's hard to imagine how big our00:04:12
The Universe Another example of this could be00:04:15
serve00:04:16
space object located at 6.800:04:19
billion light years from the solar system00:04:24
the great one takes first place00:04:27
Galaxy wall called boss00:04:30
As astrophysicists later called it, it has00:04:33
length of about 1 billion light years00:04:37
years, researchers believe that those found00:04:40
the object is more than half the size00:04:42
real and on this stretched film of water00:04:45
I don’t think about the huge world below us00:04:48
like the insect water strider we have our own00:04:52
worries and affairs And at the same time some00:04:55
water striders manage to pretend to be more00:04:57
smart and strong compared to the rest00:05:00
at least funny00:05:05
currently on various00:05:08
orbits around the Earth the sun and at points00:05:11
Lagrange works many cosmic00:05:14
telescopes covering the entire range00:05:17
electromagnetic waves from a radiogram00:05:20
radiation00:05:22
perhaps we'll start with the Planck telescope00:05:24
launched on May 14, 2009 main00:05:30
task of the Planck space telescope00:05:32
was the study of relic and cosmic00:05:35
microwave background radiation00:05:38
thanks to the data obtained by telescopes00:05:41
managed to create the most accurate map00:05:43
cosmic microwave radiation00:05:46
which has been preserved from the early stages00:05:49
existence of the Universe during its00:05:52
service plan has done a tremendous job00:05:54
in space research00:05:56
Watched the first light in the universe and00:05:59
the first photons to be produced00:06:02
after the universe became00:06:04
transparent Speaking of Light, thanks00:06:07
to their cosmic instruments00:06:09
the telescope managed to find a huge00:06:12
a cluster of thousands of galaxies is also a plan00:06:14
confirmed the presence of a slight difference00:06:16
Spectrum of initial disturbances00:06:18
matter from the homogeneous What is00:06:22
important result for inflation theory00:06:24
which is today00:06:27
fundamental theory of the first moments00:06:30
life of the universe in infrared00:06:33
the largest range was the Gersch telescope00:06:36
mirror with a diameter of 3.5 m00:06:40
operated until June 17, 2013 while00:06:44
have not used up more than two tons of liquid00:06:46
Helium for infrared cooling00:06:49
matrices formation and00:06:52
development of galaxies in the early Universe00:06:54
chemical composition of atmospheres and surfaces00:06:57
bodies of the solar system including planets00:07:00
comets and satellites of the main planets00:07:03
the object of research was education00:07:05
stars and their interaction with intercut00:07:09
environment received many beautiful00:07:12
images of galactic gases00:07:14
nebulae in the molecular cloud w300:07:18
located at a distance of 620000:07:21
light years from earth can be seen00:07:23
yellow dots that are just00:07:26
stars of low mass, more massive ones00:07:29
embryos of luminaries colored in photographs00:07:32
blue light corresponding to their more00:07:35
high temperature00:07:37
among optical telescopes the most00:07:40
largest most famous and honored00:07:43
is the Hubble Space Telescope with00:07:46
main mirror diameter00:07:48
2.4 meters launched on April 2400:07:54
1990 after five maintenance00:07:57
produced during expeditions00:08:00
continues to work to this day00:08:03
Hubble pictures These are not exactly photographs in00:08:06
in the usual sense there are a lot00:08:08
information not available in optical00:08:10
range of many space objects00:08:13
actively emits in other ranges00:08:16
Hubble is equipped with many devices00:08:19
which allows you to capture data that00:08:22
later astronomers process and can00:08:24
visualize wealth00:08:28
colors provide different ranges00:08:30
radiation from stars and ionized by them00:08:33
particles as well as their reflected light00:08:36
telescope photos incredible00:08:39
quantity for example in this image00:08:42
with a total exposure time of 2 million00:08:45
seconds there are about00:08:48
5500 galaxies the most distant of which00:08:51
13.2 billion away from us00:08:55
light years youngest galaxy00:08:59
captured in the photograph formed00:09:01
just 600 million years after00:09:04
pillars of the big bang in front of us00:09:08
creations so named because from00:09:10
these accumulations of gases form stars and00:09:13
because it resembles the shapes in the photo00:09:16
a small piece of the central part00:09:18
nebulae00:09:20
and this is a rose from galaxies object00:09:24
273 beautiful example of communication between00:09:28
galaxies that find themselves close to each other00:09:31
friend00:09:33
The Sombrera Galaxy is located in the southern00:09:36
extremely constellation Virgo and she is so00:09:38
so bright that it is visible even in home telescopes00:09:41
star formation captured here00:09:45
region s-106 this Field curtain has00:09:49
gaps above and below through which00:09:52
the star's matter is expelled more actively00:09:55
forming a shape reminiscent of the known00:09:58
optical illusion00:10:00
[music]00:10:01
and here is the Cosmic butterfly emerging from00:10:05
remnants of a star in a planetary nebula00:10:08
ngc 6302 And many other incredible ones00:10:12
images in the ultraviolet wavelength range00:10:16
the largest was and remains also Hubble with00:10:19
with his help, studies were carried out00:10:21
non-stationary phenomena, that is, emissions00:10:24
absorption of matter and explosions in stars00:10:27
phenomenon key to understanding the process00:10:29
formation of gas and dust nebulae00:10:32
Hubble is truly a unique telescope00:10:37
among X-ray observatories00:10:39
Chandra Space Telescope stands out00:10:43
The take-off mass of the telescope was almost00:10:45
23 tons What is absolute00:10:49
record mass ever launched in00:10:52
space space shuttles shuttles00:10:55
launched July 2300:10:58
1999 via shuttle Columbia00:11:01
The telescope is still in operation00:11:04
during observations from the Chandra Observatory in00:11:07
carb-shaped and super-strong00:11:09
gravitational and electromagnetic00:11:12
fields diameter of the main mirror00:11:14
space observatory is 1000:11:17
meters launch is planned after00:11:20
2025 Of course there are others00:11:24
interesting space structures If00:11:26
you definitely know something about them00:11:28
Share it will be interesting about them00:11:31
read00:11:41
it is known that our space has00:11:44
dimension or number of coordinates along00:11:47
by which it can be measured length00:11:49
height and width in other words it is00:11:53
a measurement that limits the known00:11:56
we have multidimensional space00:11:57
space is more00:11:59
concentrated in terms00:12:00
information and energy capacity00:12:03
at one point in space higher00:12:06
dimensions can be concentrated00:12:08
information of entire Layers of reality00:12:10
lower dimensions Is it possible00:12:14
discover that very unattainable00:12:16
fourth dimension And what's in connection with this00:12:18
changes in our world if a little00:12:20
think maybe we can find00:12:23
answers00:12:25
Let's start with the simplest geometric00:12:28
object or point we can say that it00:12:32
is zero-dimensional because it has neither length nor00:12:35
width nor height, now move the point along00:12:38
straight for some distance if00:12:41
imagine that our point is sharper00:12:43
pencil then when we moved it then00:12:46
drew a segment in this case at00:12:49
the segment has a length and nothing else00:12:52
dimensions it is a one-dimensional segment located00:12:55
on a straight line While the straight line is00:12:58
already one-dimensional space00:13:01
Now let's take a segment and try it00:13:04
move the point as before if we go out00:13:07
beyond the straight line and we will move in00:13:10
perpendicular to our direction00:13:12
you get a square with two00:13:14
spatial dimensions width and00:13:17
the height of our square lies in some00:13:19
plane which already represents00:13:22
two-dimensional space 2D on such00:13:25
plane, you can enter a two-dimensional00:13:27
coordinate system where each point will be00:13:30
match a pair of numbers for example00:13:32
rectangular coordinate system with two00:13:35
Mutually perpendicular axes00:13:37
coordinates with a common origin If00:13:40
move the square in the direction00:13:42
perpendicular to the plane in which it00:13:44
lies then we will already have a cube00:13:47
three-dimensional object that has length00:13:49
width and height and it is located in00:13:53
three-dimensional space is00:13:55
space is also called Euclidean00:13:57
whose properties are described by axioms00:14:00
Euclidean geo00:14:02
in this case it is assumed that00:14:04
space has a dimension equal to00:14:07
three of us live in such a space00:14:10
you so we have a good idea00:14:12
what do 3D objects look like?00:14:14
three-dimensional code but it is important to understand here00:14:18
what we only imagine as we see00:14:21
only a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional00:14:23
reality, that is, we understand how00:14:26
there is a three-dimensional world but we don’t see00:14:28
its three-dimensional but only two-dimensional00:14:31
its projection in simple words if in front00:14:34
with our eyes put the cube then you don't00:14:36
you will see its back wall because of the vision00:14:38
two-dimensional if the cube starts to rotate then00:14:41
the brain, after analyzing, will understand that this is a cube00:14:44
and there is a back wall, but that’s one thing00:14:48
what our brain knows and what others see00:14:51
our eyes if our vision were00:14:53
three-dimensional then we would see a cube00:14:55
simultaneously from all sides like a scanner in00:14:58
airport00:14:59
we would see the whole space and00:15:03
nothing could hide from us then00:15:05
there is we must observe from the outside as if00:15:08
Watch a movie or even your own00:15:10
A dream where we can sometimes evaluate ourselves00:15:13
sides which can sometimes lead to00:15:15
facepalm Yes, if we lived in00:15:17
two-dimensional space on a plane to us00:15:20
it would take a lot of imagination00:15:22
to imagine how possible00:15:24
move the rectangle so that it comes out00:15:27
the plane in which we live00:15:29
imagine four dimensions00:15:31
the space is also quite good for us00:15:33
three-dimensional space is not easy00:15:36
space in which the position of a point00:15:38
is given, as we have already said, by three00:15:41
numbers, for example, the position of the aircraft00:15:43
given by longitude width and height above00:15:46
four-dimensional sea level00:15:49
corresponds to the object in space00:15:51
quadruple coordinate numbers four-dimensional00:15:53
the cube is obtained by shifting a regular cube00:15:56
along some direction not lying00:15:59
in three-dimensional space where it is00:16:01
direction on how to go beyond00:16:03
of our space it is difficult to say how00:16:06
see but imagine and manifest00:16:08
fantasy why not often like this00:16:12
a four-dimensional cube is called a tessaract00:16:14
analogue of a regular three-dimensional cube only00:16:17
4-dimensional space trying00:16:19
imagine the properties of a hypothetical 3D00:16:21
space to begin We must understand00:16:24
Is a fourth orthogonal axis possible?00:16:27
in the coordinate system and where it is located00:16:29
because for us our usual three-dimensional00:16:32
space is associated with three axes00:16:35
coordinate system And if there is something we don’t00:16:39
we can even imagine, that is, mentally00:16:41
creating an appropriate image means this00:16:44
something doesn't exist, it seems like it does00:16:47
the question arises why spatial00:16:50
dimensions exactly 3, no more and no less00:16:53
obviously because the atom and with it everything00:16:57
the rest of the matter has strict three00:16:59
spatial characteristics length00:17:01
width and height what characterizes these00:17:05
three characteristics of space of course00:17:08
the same extent of material objects in00:17:11
three possible directions forward backward00:17:14
left-right up down regular pattern00:17:17
for kangaroo Is it possible to specify more00:17:20
some additional characteristics00:17:22
length common sense00:17:24
categorically refuses such00:17:26
fantasies he seems to be saying Stop that's enough00:17:29
stop it00:17:30
length characteristics can be00:17:32
imagine only three for any matter00:17:34
Possibly 4D matter has dimensions00:17:38
additional spatial00:17:39
property most likely so Some00:17:42
this property is called permeability00:17:44
someone with depth but more00:17:46
preferred00:17:47
is the term nesting more precise00:17:50
conveying the essence of immersion alone00:17:52
spatial dimensions to others like00:17:55
using the example of istisaraktom or cube within a cube00:17:58
is it possible to see something from00:18:01
fourth dimension most likely Yes but00:18:04
it will only be a projection of part of what00:18:06
there is actually that is for the residents00:18:09
one-dimensional line any two-dimensional00:18:12
beings will be perceived only as00:18:14
components of one dimension everything that00:18:17
goes beyond this dimension00:18:19
will be noticed because the eyes are already out of the game00:18:22
in the same way the inhabitants of two-dimensional00:18:25
space plane Can see00:18:27
inhabitants of three-dimensional space only in00:18:29
as their 2D prints00:18:32
they simply have nothing to see projections either00:18:34
third dimensions That is, if a person00:18:37
got into this two-dimensional space then00:18:40
locals at best00:18:41
planes would like to get acquainted with the prints00:18:44
his soles are cut in the worst way00:18:48
Similar to the inhabitants of the third dimension then00:18:51
there you and I can see00:18:53
four-dimensional beings just like them00:18:56
three-dimensional projections, that is, ordinary bodies00:18:58
having a length, width and height greater than00:19:02
high dimension has in relation to00:19:04
one important thing to the lower dimension00:19:07
advantage of a creature from higher00:19:09
measurements may violate the laws of physics00:19:11
lower dimensions so if in 2D00:19:15
Universe on a plane to plant an inhabitant in00:19:18
prison, he won't be able to get out of it00:19:21
surrounded on all sides by walls00:19:23
if you plant such a thermometer three-dimensional00:19:25
the creature, or rather just its projection, is00:19:28
The lucky one easily gets out of two00:19:30
dimensions let's say up and it turns out00:19:34
two-dimensional camera in our 3D world where 3D00:19:38
jailers built a 3D prison that00:19:41
blocked on all sides and00:19:43
from above and below does not allow you to get out 3D00:19:46
a criminal but there will be ideas to put him there00:19:48
inhabitant of the 4D Universe who can00:19:51
see another route inaccessible to us Well00:19:54
and if a four-dimensional criminal in his00:19:56
4-dimensional world would be placed00:19:58
four-dimensional prison 4-dimensional00:20:01
by the jailers it seems like everything is fine00:20:04
it’s true that an observer of the 5D world can00:20:07
see your escape route and so00:20:10
further There seems to be a clear idea here:00:20:13
here are funny paradoxes Of course we don't00:20:16
we can physically access the world00:20:18
4D it's like we're stuck in 3D00:20:20
space Although it is believed that00:20:22
quantum mechanics can somehow00:20:24
ways to improve our limited00:20:26
understanding of the Universe for example physically00:20:29
we don't have four-dimensional space but00:20:32
we can achieve four-dimensional00:20:33
Quantum Hall effect Using00:20:36
low-dimensional system because00:20:39
high dimensional system encoded in00:20:41
its complexity of structure in other words00:20:44
how 3D objects are discarded00:20:46
two-dimensional shadows or their projections along00:20:49
which can guess the shape of these 3D00:20:52
objects also and we can observe00:20:55
some real physical00:20:56
systems to understand something about them00:20:59
four-dimensional nature looking at the shadows00:21:01
which manifest themselves in lower00:21:04
dimensions But if the fourth dimension00:21:06
there is what the creatures would look like00:21:09
or life in another world to answer00:21:12
we need to present this question as00:21:14
the space of our world will change if00:21:17
will become four-dimensional logically00:21:19
assume that there will be additional00:21:21
the side in which movement is possible and00:21:24
Reconfiguration will begin on00:21:27
atomic level electrons around nuclei00:21:30
atoms having received a free new side00:21:32
will begin to rotate in the fourth direction00:21:35
rearrange and the nucleus of the atom will change00:21:39
chemical properties of elements what00:21:41
of course it will be fatal00:21:43
a splitter for all 3D life forms00:21:45
because after our ocean atoms00:21:49
planet earth in the fourth direction00:21:51
will be only one atom thick00:21:53
The mass of the Earth will remain the same as in00:21:56
three-dimensional space because of which it00:21:58
will collapse in the fourth direction under00:22:01
by the action of its own mass in the final00:22:03
eventually forming a four-dimensional hypersphere00:22:06
the same thing will happen with the Sun and00:22:09
other planets and stars Gravity00:22:12
will begin to spread to the New Side00:22:14
what will cause chaotic00:22:17
change in the Orbits of all bodies in the Universe in00:22:20
ultimately after catastrophic00:22:22
perestroika everything will stabilize and will00:22:25
Already a new Universe, nothing alive00:22:28
By that time there will no longer be A left in it00:22:31
what do science fiction writers think about this?00:22:34
story by writer Robert Heinlein00:22:37
1940 The house that we are talking about built00:22:41
about a mathematically minded architect00:22:43
by the name of Quintus Teel, who developed00:22:47
brilliant idea How to save on cost00:22:49
real estate by building a house in the shape00:22:52
tesseract scans by the way name00:22:55
paraphrased from Baby Stitch Zero00:22:58
Walls a crocket man translated00:23:00
Chukovsky as a twisted song Lived on00:23:03
light man crooked legs poor thing00:23:06
And He walked for a whole century along the twisted00:23:09
path In general, everything in this children's00:23:11
the poem was twisted because00:23:14
it can be folded in fourth00:23:16
dimension doesn't it seem so00:23:18
Over time, children's poems acquire new ones00:23:21
meanings And here is the writer Cliff00:23:22
imagined four-dimensional beings00:23:24
like flesh-colored balloons00:23:27
these constantly changing in size00:23:30
the creatures will appear to you00:23:31
scattered pieces of flesh in the same way00:23:35
how the two-dimensional world allows us to see00:23:37
only a cross section and the remains of the world00:23:40
three-dimensional it turns out after all00:23:42
4D life form can see00:23:44
you from the inside exactly the same as probably00:23:48
the creature can see two-dimensionally from all00:23:50
parties, new opportunities have opened up00:23:53
thanks to the concept of four-dimensional00:23:55
spaces also helped inspire00:23:58
many artists in the first half of 2000:24:01
centuries earlier, cubists, surrealists, futurists00:24:04
and abstract artists drew Ideas00:24:08
from mathematics of higher dimensions and00:24:10
used them for radical00:24:12
promoting his works Pablo Picasso00:24:15
Marcel Duchamp Salvador Dali and many00:24:18
others have tried to implement the fourth00:24:20
measurement in his works00:24:22
cinema was not spared either00:24:25
multidimensional Universe one of00:24:27
the most interesting ideas of Christopher Nolan00:24:29
consists of the existence of higher beings00:24:32
which is called interstellar in the movie00:24:35
They are evolved people in00:24:38
distant future at their disposal00:24:40
turned out to be another spatial00:24:42
dimension and they live multidimensionally00:24:45
space left at their disposal00:24:48
another dimension is temporary And by the way00:24:50
this is quite an interesting idea because00:24:53
There are still two groups of views00:24:55
who have different attitudes towards00:24:57
the fourth dimension they believe that it is00:24:59
spatial dimension and the second one00:25:02
what is only temporary, how much more00:25:05
measurements are beyond ours00:25:07
perception while it remains a mystery00:25:10
Meanwhile, the world is truly multidimensional00:25:13
based on the mathematical concept can00:25:15
exist an infinite number00:25:17
spatial dimensions modern00:25:20
physics also adheres to this logic00:25:22
just count the number of these00:25:24
measurements are impossible but thanks00:25:27
understanding at least a few00:25:29
additional dimensions we could00:25:31
get a good management tool00:25:34
surrounding reality00:25:37
[music]00:25:47
now interstellar travel00:25:49
colonization of other planets or at least00:25:52
Flight to the outskirts of the solar system00:25:54
seems highly unlikely00:25:57
the laws of physics simply don't allow it00:25:59
come true or it takes a lot and00:26:03
a lot of time00:26:05
that any long-distance mission will go far00:26:08
more than one generation for example00:26:11
the star closest to us is Proxima00:26:13
Centauri from the triple star system00:26:15
Alpha Centauri distance to it00:26:18
is 4.24 light years That is00:26:22
light moving at a speed of approximately 30000:26:25
thousands of kilometers per second will fly from00:26:28
we are from Proxima Centauri in 4 s00:26:31
small year Yes, even for the light it is00:26:34
The adventure will take so long00:26:37
What then can a fragile little man hope for?00:26:39
But not everything is so sad And yet00:26:42
humanity has achieved good00:26:44
results in space00:26:47
for example, the Parker probe was developed00:26:49
speed of almost 700 thousand kilometers per00:26:52
an hour is undoubtedly an incredible speed00:26:55
it’s good that the rimbusters didn’t get to00:26:58
these technologies, so now let's00:27:00
suppose we sent something like this00:27:02
apparatus to the nearest star Through what00:27:05
time he will fly by making a couple of simple00:27:07
calculations we get00:27:10
6631 seems to be everything on this cosmic00:27:14
many thousands will die of old age on the ship00:27:16
times Yes, unfortunately the distance is too much00:27:19
great to go on a trip00:27:21
to other stars but is it really worth forgetting00:27:25
about interstellar flights or maybe00:27:28
it's worth trying to find a way to break00:27:30
laws of physics or at least find a workaround00:27:33
a path that will allow us to travel00:27:35
To distant stars and explore new ones00:27:38
worlds because the future already seems to us00:27:40
almost unthinkable without mastering00:27:43
space from all the ways of travel00:27:45
starting from the classic dispatch00:27:47
ships with conventional jet propulsion Yes and00:27:51
use of space sails00:27:52
giant lasers and missiles on00:27:55
antimatter warp engine perhaps00:27:58
the only technology that00:28:00
at the moment there is a real chance that00:28:02
reach the nearest stars in00:28:05
as soon as possible00:28:07
warp can safely be called the most00:28:10
realistic way to move above00:28:12
the speed of light of all known In addition00:28:15
recently in this area00:28:17
researchers have achieved a lot00:28:19
advancements Let it be mainly only in00:28:22
form of formulas on paper but let's00:28:24
Let's move on from fantastic ideas to00:28:27
practical observations and discovery00:28:29
So, of course, a striking example00:28:31
Warp engine usage is00:28:33
Star Trek Universe by Design00:28:36
science fiction starships equipped with such00:28:39
technology moves in space00:28:42
faster than the speed of light00:28:44
and thus overcomes the interstellar00:28:47
distance in an acceptable time but how00:28:50
In short, warp drive00:28:53
bends space this way00:28:55
that behind the ship the space is growing and00:28:58
in front of the ship the ship is compressed00:29:00
ends up inside the so-called warp00:29:03
periodic region bubble00:29:05
curved space and yes ship00:29:08
motionless relative to the warp bubble00:29:11
the warp bubble itself moves along with00:29:14
ship and its experimental subjects according to one of00:29:17
theories of possible real warp drive00:29:19
will redistribute the so-called00:29:22
dark energy in the enveloping ship00:29:24
creating space behind the ship00:29:27
excess and, on the contrary, deficiency before00:29:30
the ship's model is known as a bubble00:29:33
akubiere such a curvature of space00:29:35
achieved through the use00:29:37
reality effects described00:29:40
general theory of relativity How do we00:29:43
Albert's theory of relativity is known00:29:45
Einstein shows us how mass and00:29:48
energy distorts space time this00:29:50
We feel curvature as gravity. What00:29:53
if a spaceship could have the same mother00:29:55
space in front of you and expand it00:29:58
behind him back in 1994 Miguel00:30:02
Al-Kubiere theoretician physicist showed that00:30:05
compression of space in time before00:30:07
economic ship and its expansion00:30:09
behind mathematically Quite00:30:11
possible within the framework of the laws of general theory00:30:14
relativity So what does this mean for00:30:16
spaceship with such00:30:18
technology let's give an example Imagine00:30:21
what is the distance between two points00:30:23
is 10 meters If you are standing in00:30:26
point A and you can move at speed00:30:28
1 meter per second you will need 1000:30:31
seconds to get to point b However00:30:34
let's say you can somehow press00:30:37
the space between you and point b so that00:30:40
the interval was now only 1 meter00:30:43
then moving through space time with00:30:46
maximum speed 1 meter per second00:30:48
you can reach point b in one00:30:52
second That is, theoretically like this00:30:54
the approach does not contradict the laws00:30:56
relativity because you are not00:30:58
moving at a speed exceeding00:31:00
the speed of light in your surroundings00:31:02
space However, the formulation is00:31:05
ideas in the language of general theory00:31:07
significance immediately generates00:31:09
big practical problems first00:31:11
to deform so radically00:31:13
space time we would need00:31:16
squeeze a huge mass into a bubble00:31:18
bounded by a wall thinner than an atomic00:31:20
kernels we also need two forms00:31:23
matter to support the bubble00:31:26
The gravity of an ordinary mass would be00:31:28
the space in front of the bubble shrinks00:31:30
moving the entire structure forward but at the same time00:31:33
at the same time the space behind the bubble00:31:35
should expand as it rises00:31:37
bread dough according to al-cubiere00:31:40
for this expansion to happen00:31:42
will need some form of negative00:31:45
emitting energy of a kind00:31:47
antigravity and to create00:31:49
negative energy warp engine00:31:52
must use a huge amount00:31:54
masses to create an imbalance between00:31:57
particles and antiparticles For example, if00:32:01
next to the var engine there will be an electron00:32:03
and the antielectron one of the particles is captured00:32:07
mass, which will lead to imbalance And00:32:10
hence to negative density00:32:12
energy but to warp engine00:32:14
generated quite a negative00:32:17
we need a lot of energy00:32:18
matter okuberi considered that for Warp00:32:21
engine with 100 meter bubble00:32:24
the mass of the entire visible universe will be required00:32:26
but physicist Rhys Van Dan Broek showed that00:32:29
increase in volume inside the bubble with00:32:31
maintaining a constant area00:32:33
surface will significantly reduce00:32:35
energy requirement up to approximately mass00:32:38
sun is a significant improvement yet00:32:40
far beyond all practical00:32:43
there were opportunities to get00:32:45
a substance with a negative mass that00:32:48
must have negative energy00:32:50
quite difficult moreover something00:32:53
there is simply nothing like this in the Universe00:32:55
observed However, based on condensate00:32:58
Bose Einstein was in the laboratory00:33:00
a substance was obtained that exhibited some00:33:03
properties of negative mass but very00:33:05
small volume and researchers then00:33:07
cooled rubidium atoms almost to00:33:10
absolute zero in exact accordance with00:33:13
simulation results which00:33:15
predicted the appearance of particles with00:33:18
negative effective mass00:33:20
bozsenstein condensation particles lead00:33:23
ourselves like waves and therefore00:33:24
propagates in the wrong direction B00:33:27
which should spread normally00:33:29
positive effective mass particles00:33:32
Of course the experiment is interesting but in case00:33:35
with a warp engine in this case it was00:33:37
amazing00:33:40
solution for hyperspace00:33:41
jumping does not require attraction00:33:44
negative mass was proposed by an astrophysicist00:33:47
ERICS in his article He suggests00:33:49
use so-called saletons00:33:52
single waves moving on00:33:55
long distances without changing00:33:57
shape and without smoothing out examples00:34:00
saleton is in particular a tsunami Or00:34:03
for example, a nerve impulse for a long time00:34:06
Doubts remain about whether they can00:34:08
saletons form in a vacuum00:34:11
the affirmative answer to this question was00:34:13
received when the satellites of the European00:34:15
space agency studying00:34:17
Our planet's magnetosphere was discovered on00:34:21
50,000 km from earth00:34:24
7 km wide which was moving towards00:34:27
inner region of the magnetosphere with00:34:29
speed 9 km00:34:33
behavior of Light near massive bodies00:34:36
the general theory describes it well00:34:37
relativity which, by the way, in its00:34:40
time proved by Arthur Edington May 29, 191900:34:45
year he arrived in Africa on the island00:34:48
Principe captured one of the most00:34:50
spectacular phenomena occurring in the sky00:34:53
total solar eclipse the astronomer was00:34:56
I was determined because I believed00:34:58
that his observations could influence00:35:01
scientific progress to prove or00:35:04
refute the very revolutionary scientific00:35:06
20th century idea00:35:08
put forward by the German physicist Albert00:35:10
Einstein's general theory of relativity00:35:13
in the theory that was proposed00:35:15
Einstein stated in 1915 that00:35:19
Gravity is not a force of attraction00:35:22
acting between bodies in space as00:35:25
Isaac Newton previously explained the properties of00:35:28
space-time because Gravity00:35:30
occurs when the environment00:35:33
space bends under mass00:35:35
any body by one of the curious00:35:38
general theory predictions00:35:40
relativity that there is light near the sun00:35:42
stars can bend like this00:35:45
it is possible to check only by observing the stars00:35:47
near the disk of the luminary and do it00:35:49
only possible when there is no sunlight00:35:52
interferes, that is, during full00:35:54
Edington planned solar eclipse00:35:57
get several pictures of a certain00:36:00
clusters of stars and then measure on00:36:02
photographs the apparent position of the luminaries and00:36:05
then compare it with the position of the same00:36:07
stars in the photographs that were00:36:10
taken a few months before and after00:36:13
eclipses when the sun was in00:36:16
other part of the sky Confirm or00:36:18
disproving Einstein's theory was very00:36:20
just if the position of the stars in the photo00:36:22
shifts relative to the position of the stars00:36:24
in early or late photographs of the same00:36:28
part of the sky this will mean that00:36:30
the sun's mass causes curvature00:36:32
space00:36:33
and accordingly the rays passing through it00:36:36
and Sveta and Arter Edington succeeded 600:36:40
November of the same year, scientists presented00:36:43
one of the photographs and performed in front of00:36:46
London scientific community00:36:48
royal society and literally00:36:50
theory stunned those present00:36:53
Newton's gravity lasted 20000:36:56
years was overthrown from its scientific00:36:59
throne and was replaced by a general theory00:37:02
relativity00:37:04
speaking about the effect of gravity on light we00:37:07
we cannot fail to mention one of00:37:09
most interesting space effects00:37:12
gravitational lensing is the essence of it00:37:15
is that when the observer00:37:17
looks at a distant light source in00:37:19
space through another space object00:37:22
distant light source shape00:37:24
such distortion of the source is distorted00:37:26
light may be caused by a star or00:37:29
galaxy through which light passes00:37:32
from a distant object according to the logic of things00:37:35
light coming from a distant quasar00:37:37
one of the brightest objects in00:37:40
Universe or galaxy in direction00:37:42
the ground must fall on the ground under00:37:45
right angle However, in some cases00:37:48
along the path of this light another one meets00:37:50
Galaxy or supermassive star00:37:53
whose gravitational field attracts00:37:55
electromagnetic radiation to itself00:37:58
directed00:38:01
as a result of this there is an effect00:38:03
gravitational lensing turns out00:38:06
that the light of a distant object hits00:38:09
The galaxy located between him and00:38:12
the observer distorts the true form00:38:14
the source that sent him to earth00:38:18
the lens light usually does the same thing00:38:21
falling on it is distorted if00:38:24
look through it at the sending object00:38:27
light we will see that he has become much00:38:29
larger thus the shape which00:38:32
gravitational lensing imparts00:38:33
a distant source of Light can00:38:36
vary depending on whether through00:38:39
What object in outer space00:38:41
passes its rays if the light comes to00:38:46
to an observer through a compact Galaxy00:38:48
shape of objects and released beam00:38:50
visually increases In addition From00:38:53
point it turns into a circle00:38:55
it is this circle that scientists call00:38:58
ring but let's look at one more thing00:39:02
astronomical phenomenon that is close00:39:05
associated with gravity and light it is a cross00:39:08
Einstein's principle of its origin00:39:10
similar to previous difference00:39:13
the only thing is that the light00:39:15
of a distant object does not pass through00:39:18
compact and through the spiral Galaxy00:39:20
as a result of this we see our figure00:39:24
shaped like a cross, well, let's sum it up00:39:27
some result we can say that from the point00:39:29
view of modern science of gravity00:39:32
does not exist at all, but there are only different ones00:39:36
space-time curvatures and light00:39:38
spreads straight through space00:39:41
it itself has such a form that it seems00:39:44
flocks to the mass That is, light in essence00:39:47
shows us how space is curved00:39:50
time is slightly bent for the planets00:39:54
strong curved at the stars00:39:56
and incredibly strongly curved in black00:39:59
holes in such cases they even say this00:40:03
gravity that even light cannot00:40:05
it's really a bit of a blast00:40:07
misleading like light00:40:09
attracted but in fact there is no light00:40:13
still just as easy, but here is our law00:40:16
the world is such that each body weighs its own00:40:20
surrounded by at least these00:40:22
the laws we use now in our age00:40:25
Who knows, maybe years from now a person00:40:28
will witness even more accurate and00:40:31
stunning discovery describing00:40:33
behavior of light and everything else00:40:36
[music]00:40:39
in a relatively small galaxy network00:40:42
947 which is in 22 billion00:40:46
light years from earth, Black was discovered00:40:48
hole in her center son is normally high00:40:51
the mass of the absorbing star with its systems00:40:54
planets and who knows, maybe even inhabitants00:40:57
this Paradox forced them00:41:00
researchers doubt everyone00:41:02
modern theories about the life of galaxies00:41:04
Of course, questions arise: What00:41:07
the size the hole must be capable of00:41:09
destroy the entire Galaxy as best she could00:41:12
appear What exactly is happening to00:41:14
galaxy at the moment and whether in00:41:17
in the end everyone is massive to devour her00:41:20
completely well let's try00:41:22
figure out00:41:26
believed to exist Currently00:41:28
moment there are only three types of black holes let's start00:41:31
from smallest to largest before us First00:41:34
type of primary or relic black hole00:41:37
smallest black holes formation00:41:41
which occurred in the early stages00:41:43
development of the Universe appeared as00:41:46
considered due to heterogeneity00:41:49
big explosion, clots of matter could00:41:52
shrink to the state of black holes for now00:41:54
the rest of the matter expanded Yes00:41:57
A black hole is not always something very00:41:59
big heavy explorers00:42:01
suggest that the size of some00:42:03
primordial black holes may be00:42:05
significantly smaller than the size of a proton00:42:09
the second type is black holes with stellar00:42:12
they arise en masse as a result00:42:14
life of massive stars, we note that black00:42:18
holes are formed only from stars mass00:42:20
which exceeds the mass of the sun by 20-4000:42:23
once another option for Star formation00:42:25
black hole and Greece gas, recall that00:42:29
Greece is the fall of matter from00:42:31
surrounding space to outer space00:42:34
Lord's body on a neutron star until00:42:37
until the mass of the latter exceeds00:42:40
maximum possible mass for00:42:43
neutron stars in this case00:42:45
neutron star collapses little00:42:48
massive black hole00:42:51
third type00:42:53
supermassive black holes are mostly00:42:55
such objects are located in the centers00:42:58
galaxies their mass can be up to 1000:43:00
to the ninth power of the mass of the sun among them00:43:04
there is a massive black hole in the center00:43:06
Milky Way weighing 4 million00:43:09
solar masses it is believed that it00:43:11
formed from a giant gas00:43:13
clouds that have collapsed into dark matter00:43:17
or is part of the first generation of heavy00:43:19
stars that collapsed00:43:22
primordial black holes and then merged into00:43:25
one supermassive black hole sounds00:43:28
more or less logical if not for one thing00:43:31
the fact is that Galaxy Sid 947 is average00:43:35
the size of the Galaxy and approximately00:43:37
four times smaller than the Milky Way but00:43:40
The black hole in the center of it is excessively00:43:42
It’s huge in relation to her00:43:45
galaxies have never been seen before00:43:48
the first and only case so far00:43:51
How did it happen? There is00:43:53
several hypotheses are most obvious00:43:56
describing a gradual increase00:43:58
the mass of the black hole and Greece's matter00:44:01
supermassive black hole another00:44:03
the hypothesis assumes that such objects00:44:06
are formed during the collapse of large gases00:44:08
clouds and when they turn into00:44:12
relativistic star with a mass of several00:44:14
hundreds of thousands of solar masses or even00:44:17
this star is quickly becoming bigger00:44:19
unstable to radial disturbances in00:44:22
connections with educational processes00:44:24
electron positron pairs occurring00:44:27
in the nucleus and can collopt directly into00:44:30
a black hole is probably just that00:44:33
happened with not so long ago discovered00:44:35
black hole hill 15a which has00:44:38
mass of 310 billion solar masses00:44:42
supergiant monster is in00:44:44
Abel 85's elliptical galaxy00:44:48
whale constellation at a distance of about 70000:44:50
million of their years from the sun Galaxy00:44:53
gained fame after00:44:56
announced that it has the largest00:44:58
among all observed galactic00:45:01
cores with a length of about 15 thousand00:45:04
light years amazing But despite00:45:07
such scales of the Galaxy's black hole00:45:10
which she is stably in00:45:13
difference from the ripper00:45:15
sit-947 originally a group of astronomers00:45:17
introduced the search for normal black holes as00:45:20
separately and inside galaxies they are them00:45:23
exotic options search00:45:25
carried out using orbital00:45:27
Newton and Chandra telescopes operating in00:45:30
X-ray radiation range00:45:33
Galaxy Sid 947 is the most00:45:36
an ordinary galaxy whose mass of stars00:45:39
only 44 billion times more than00:45:42
our Sun for comparison this00:45:45
indicator for the Milky Way which00:45:47
considered quite small00:45:49
spiral galaxy is 6400:45:52
billion masses of the sun but at the same time the mass00:45:54
supermassive black hole at its center00:45:57
turned out to be prohibitively large according to calculations00:46:01
its mass exceeds that of the sun by almost 700:46:04
billion times what this object does00:46:06
one of the largest black holes in young00:46:09
universe and undoubtedly makes him a leader in00:46:12
weight category of galaxies such00:46:13
size this result is completely00:46:16
contradicts established theories about growth00:46:18
black holes at the center of galaxies which00:46:21
postulate that Star megacities and00:46:24
the heavyweights living in their center grow00:46:26
at approximately the same speed and that they00:46:29
mass always relates to one 500 in00:46:33
case Sid 947 Black hole only 8 times00:46:37
lighter than the entire Galaxy as a whole. This00:46:40
means she grew much faster00:46:42
than the rest of the starry metropolis00:46:45
as if eating almost all the star's gas00:46:48
resources that are both inside and00:46:52
and from the intergalactic environment But that's it00:46:55
not everything is another oddity Black00:46:58
the hole SI-947 has already reached its limits00:47:02
growth but in the surrounding galaxy at00:47:05
new stars continue to be born00:47:08
Until now this was also considered00:47:10
impossible because the radiation is black00:47:12
holes and gas flows surrounding it, in theory00:47:16
must prevent the birth of new00:47:17
stars turns out to be a strange paradox00:47:20
because the black hole eats stars00:47:23
and contributes to their birth similar00:47:26
the conclusion not only contradicts theories00:47:28
growth of galaxies but also indicates00:47:31
that supermassive black holes are not00:47:33
have always acted as stranglers of the process00:47:35
star formation What are they like today00:47:37
believe all this indicates that00:47:39
current understanding of early life00:47:41
The universe needs fundamental00:47:43
revision00:47:45
in any case the Galaxy sits 94700:47:48
more than just a galaxy00:47:51
a real Nakhodka with its own universe00:47:56
a person always strives to overcome00:47:59
distances and unknowns Thousands of years00:48:03
geographical discoveries were made in00:48:05
the limit of a person's capabilities00:48:09
willpower health stamina and00:48:13
his transport after all00:48:15
someday the time will come to conquer00:48:17
space and the nearest stars how much00:48:21
it will be difficult to get to the nearest00:48:23
Star system and floats above the galaxy00:48:26
in distant outer space C00:48:29
what difficulties might they encounter?00:48:32
our future interstellar travelers00:48:34
What makes long trips so special?00:48:37
difficult or in some cases even00:48:40
impossible Let's try00:48:42
figure out00:48:45
it takes too much time to00:48:47
even reach the nearest stars00:48:49
the Alpha Centauri system is only about 4 years old00:48:53
if you travel at the speed of light00:48:56
of course but at slower speeds00:48:59
that's all The stars are still quite far away00:49:02
navigation of automatic devices No matter how00:49:05
strange, it seems almost solved to some00:49:08
task and this despite the fact that it’s of little use00:49:10
launch spacecraft to the stars with current00:49:13
snail's pace and so on00:49:16
primitive equipment unknown to00:49:19
us dear If you are a spaceship00:49:21
Voyager 2 headed towards Alpha Centauri00:49:25
wouldn't reach another 75 thousand years now00:49:29
also outside the solar system00:49:32
Voyager 1 spacecraft moving00:49:35
and pioneers00:49:37
for example, Pioneer 10 is heading to00:49:39
side of the star Aldebaran if with him00:49:42
nothing will happen then space snail00:49:45
will reach the vicinity of this star through00:49:48
2 million years crawl along in the same way00:49:52
the vastness of the universe and other devices00:49:54
So regardless of whether it's inhabited00:49:57
ship or not to fly to the stars for him00:50:00
need high speed close to00:50:03
speed of light But this will help00:50:05
solve the problem of flight only to the most00:50:08
close stars But even if we00:50:10
managed to build a Starship00:50:12
using ion thermonuclear technology00:50:15
engine engine on antimatter or00:50:19
we could invent lasers for00:50:22
pushing a spaceship00:50:24
equipped with sails and our starship00:50:27
could fly at a speed close to00:50:29
the speed of light then we would collide with00:50:32
another great difficulty is acceleration00:50:34
spaceship using net00:50:36
energy and will require a lot of traction Not00:50:39
not to mention that you will end up00:50:42
hit the speed limit00:50:45
According to the physics stated in general00:50:47
theory of relativity when an object00:50:49
its mass approaches the speed of light00:50:52
reaches infinity in other words00:50:55
the spaceship physically cannot00:50:58
move at the speed of light00:51:00
but let's imagine a hypothetical00:51:03
galactic photon ship capable00:51:06
fly at a speed close to the speed00:51:08
light own flight time00:51:10
round trip traveler00:51:12
a distance of about half the diameter00:51:14
Galaxies with optimal flight schedule00:51:18
continuous acceleration and then continuous00:51:21
the deceleration will be 42 years on earth00:51:25
approximately 100 thousand years will pass00:51:28
and this is another difficulty that awaits00:51:31
our travelers the difference in00:51:33
time and no matter00:51:36
do travelers travel at speed00:51:38
light or speed close to the speed00:51:41
light or even use wormhole00:51:44
to move in space they00:51:46
will inevitably encounter the phenomenon00:51:48
time dilation00:51:50
as the spaceship moves00:51:53
at a speed approaching the speed00:51:55
light Its passengers will grow old00:51:58
slower than their friends and relatives00:52:00
at home even with makeup tells us this00:52:04
special theory of relativity00:52:05
Einstein thus people in the distant00:52:09
travel can return and find00:52:11
their loved ones who are very old or not00:52:14
find at all Yes, the passage of time in two00:52:18
moving one relative to another00:52:20
systems is different because on large00:52:22
distances the ship will have time to develop00:52:25
speed very close to the speed of light00:52:27
time difference on land and on ship00:52:29
will be especially large, it is assumed that00:52:32
the first goal of interstellar flights will be00:52:34
the already mentioned Alpha Centauri with00:52:37
You can get there at the speed of light in00:52:39
four and a half years on earth for this00:52:42
time will pass approximately 10 years But than00:52:45
the greater the distance, the greater the difference in00:52:47
time according to some calculations00:52:49
the journey may take more than 60 years and00:52:52
a whole Era will pass on earth when they meet00:52:55
space neanderthals their distant00:52:57
descendants perhaps with pitchforks and big fire00:53:01
question: Will the Earth even be alive?00:53:04
that is, return may be in00:53:06
basically pointless, just like myself00:53:09
flight is possible because you need to take into account that00:53:12
we see the same Galaxy Nebula00:53:14
Andromeda as she was two s00:53:17
half a million years ago so much00:53:19
comes to us and its light then what's the point00:53:22
fly to an unknown target that can00:53:25
no longer exists for a long time anyway00:53:28
case in the same form and in the old place00:53:31
But even if this doesn't stop us, then we00:53:34
another difficulty awaits or even00:53:36
Unknown Anomaly00:53:38
the Pioneer 10 spacecraft barely00:53:41
looking beyond the solar system00:53:43
began to experience the power of the unknown00:53:45
origin causing weak00:53:47
inhibition has been expressed a lot00:53:49
assumptions up to unknown ones00:53:52
effects of inertia or even time00:53:55
clear explanation for this phenomenon00:53:57
still not considered the most00:54:01
various hypotheses from simple ones00:54:03
technical, for example, reaction force from00:54:05
gas leaks in the apparatus before introducing new ones00:54:09
physical laws00:54:11
another Voyager 1 device recorded on00:54:15
border of the solar system region00:54:17
strong magnetic field in which00:54:19
pressure of charged particles from the side00:54:22
interstellar space forces00:54:24
the field created by the sun will become denser00:54:27
the device also registered growth00:54:30
amount of high energy00:54:32
electrons approximately 100 times which00:54:34
enters the solar system from00:54:37
interstellar space and that's just00:54:39
a drop in the cosmic sea After all, we are only00:54:42
we begin to take timid steps in mastering00:54:45
space and what else we can00:54:47
collide in the interstellar ocean00:54:49
we can only guess but we are for sure00:54:53
we know that another one will be waiting for us00:54:55
imminent difficulty dangerous gas flow00:54:58
and dust, after all, the space between the stars00:55:00
not empty when the starship is moving00:55:03
at a speed close to the speed of light00:55:05
all these particles create a high flow00:55:08
energy that will affect00:55:11
each ship collided with00:55:13
by a starship, the atom will be like a particle00:55:16
high energy cosmic rays00:55:19
galactic gas consists mainly of00:55:21
hydrogen, taking into account its mass and00:55:24
a powerful concentration will be created00:55:26
flow with the energy of each particle of order00:55:29
500 megaelectron volt impact of these00:55:33
flows may lead to evaporation00:55:35
any protective screen and is unacceptable00:55:38
high power for long flight00:55:41
radiation doses are harmful to00:55:43
interstellar travelers00:55:45
mechanical impact of particles during00:55:47
such speeds will be similar to explosive00:55:50
bullets every centimeter of the protective screen00:55:53
From the helicopter it will be continuous00:55:54
fire at a frequency of 12 shots per00:55:58
can the screen withstand this for a minute?00:56:00
impact over several years00:56:02
unlikely or he will have to have00:56:05
unacceptably large thickness and huge00:56:08
mass actually then cosmic00:56:11
the ship will consist mainly of00:56:13
this screen and whose fuel00:56:15
several million tons will be required00:56:18
due to these circumstances, flights to00:56:21
such speeds are impossible, especially since00:56:23
On the way you can run into not only00:56:26
dust But also for something larger, for example00:56:28
meteorite small fragments of destroyed00:56:31
civilization flying saucer or get00:56:34
trapped in an unknown gravitational force00:56:37
fields this way if we can fly00:56:40
at a speed close to the speed of light then00:56:43
it looks like we may not reach the final goal00:56:46
there are too many obstacles to reach00:56:49
we can meet you along the way so00:56:51
interstellar travel will be safer00:56:53
significantly lower speeds then00:56:56
the time factor makes these flights00:56:58
all these problems are meaningless and00:57:01
difficulties can be overcome by inventing and00:57:03
having implemented in the end someone like00:57:06
hyperspace jumps from one00:57:09
point in space to another, passing00:57:12
intermediate areas this could be00:57:14
wormholes00:57:16
carrying out the connection of my two00:57:19
The universe is like a cut tunnel00:57:21
connecting two cities separated00:57:23
high mountain of the wormhole theory00:57:26
are the bubble curvature suggested00:57:28
physicist al-kubiere at the same time00:57:31
space will shrink in front of00:57:33
spaceship and at the same time00:57:35
expand behind him and the starship00:57:38
the one in this bubble will be able to00:57:40
move at unlimited speed00:57:43
but for now it’s just fantasy00:57:47
It’s not just the ship’s defense that needs to be taken into account00:57:49
but also the effect on a soft-bodied person00:57:52
and this is the strongest radiation microflora and00:57:56
various bacteria long-term isolation and00:57:59
many other factors00:58:01
well To reach the nearest stars00:58:04
people will need to do their best00:58:06
intellectual and technological00:58:08
effort, maybe even rewrite00:58:11
physical laws Cosmos poses00:58:14
we solve problems that we are capable of00:58:17
only constantly developing while maintaining00:58:19
this is humanity and creative and not00:58:22
destructive vector and Perhaps one day we00:58:26
we can break through the thorns to the stars00:58:29
properties of light and its influence on our00:58:32
life never ceases to amaze the world or00:58:35
electromagnetic wave plays00:58:38
central role in many aspects00:58:40
our lives and is the key concept00:58:43
in physics00:58:45
fundamental issues such as00:58:47
interaction of light with matter00:58:48
light wave propagation and transport00:58:52
energies have become the basis of many important00:58:54
discoveries and theories of physics But if the light00:58:57
this is a type of electromagnetic radiation00:58:59
which is usually associated with visible00:59:02
part of the Spectrum what can be said about00:59:05
the concept of darkness, or rather the concept exists but00:59:09
is there a phenomenon itself even if you00:59:12
Turn off the sun The earth will not plunge into00:59:14
complete darkness, light from the stars00:59:17
and even the entire Universe will illuminate00:59:20
your sky in this case is the Planet itself and00:59:23
everything that is on it including ours00:59:26
bodies also emit light and this will00:59:29
visible in the infrared range even if00:59:32
you somehow found a way00:59:34
turn off the sun we hope you don't00:59:37
you will find that even in this case it will be00:59:39
study a certain level of glow00:59:42
almost eternal for our time and for many00:59:46
centuries ahead will definitely be enough But of course00:59:49
it will be creepy not only from the constant00:59:52
darkness but also from the consciousness of eternal cold00:59:55
Yes While we have the opportunity00:59:57
see we will see none01:00:00
optical sensor fails01:00:01
Determine complete darkness or take at least01:00:04
black holes of the darkest of01:00:06
supposed objects even they01:00:09
capable of emitting some percentage01:00:11
Light According to some theories of physics01:00:14
in contrast to the sphere of interpersonal01:00:17
relationships, light always conquers darkness01:00:20
just like Good Evil electromagnetic01:00:23
waves are a collection01:00:25
variable electrical and magnetic01:00:27
fields that are distributed through01:00:29
space with a certain frequency and01:00:32
wavelength Electromagnetic spectrum01:00:35
radiation includes in addition to visible Light01:00:38
also radio waves microwaves infrared01:00:42
ultraviolet01:00:44
X-ray and gamma radiation Yes light01:00:47
plays an important role in physics due to01:00:49
abilities to interact with01:00:51
matter and change its properties when01:00:54
absorption of light particles photons Atoms01:00:57
and molecules move to higher01:01:00
energy levels what can cause01:01:03
chemical reactions thermal radiation01:01:05
change in the state of matter and even01:01:08
nuclear reactions Where does it come from?01:01:12
light let's see how it is01:01:14
occurs in the example of the emission of Light01:01:16
the sun in our star occurs01:01:19
numerous chemical and thermonuclear01:01:23
reactions that are accompanied by the release01:01:25
quanta of light when two collide01:01:28
hydrogen atoms they combine into one01:01:31
an atom called deuterium which is lighter01:01:34
than the atoms from which it was formed01:01:37
excess energy is released into01:01:39
in the form of a photon, deuterium in turn01:01:42
adds another atom to itself01:01:44
hydrogen and gel-tri is formed as well01:01:47
another Photon flies out when01:01:50
two helium-3 atoms collide01:01:52
helium 4 2 hydrogen atoms are formed and01:01:56
another photon thus the sun is out01:01:59
four hydrogen atoms produce one01:02:02
Helium atom and three photons This is only from01:02:05
one reaction chain each of these01:02:08
photons carry a large amount of energy01:02:11
and for tens of thousands and millions01:02:13
years wandering inside the Sun01:02:16
colliding with atoms heating up the sun01:02:19
and turning into dozens of photons with01:02:22
less energy and visible to the eye01:02:24
purity sooner or later these photons01:02:27
fly out of the sun and start a long and01:02:30
a sad journey through space in part01:02:33
from them flies to the earth giving us Light and01:02:37
heat What are the physical01:02:39
Light's characteristics are, firstly,01:02:42
speed is one of the most important01:02:44
fundamental constants of vacuum physics01:02:47
it is equal to almost 300 thousand kilometers in01:02:51
second, but for example in water this01:02:53
the speed will be less, what can you do?01:02:55
talk about the speed of darkness How fast01:02:59
terrible darkness will cover us the simplest01:03:02
answer the speed of darkness is equal to the speed of light01:03:05
Turn off the sun and our sky will become01:03:08
dark 8 minutes after this point01:03:11
what we used to call speed01:03:14
light is the speed of propagation01:03:16
and this is not always the decisive factor shadow01:03:19
falling on the landscape are thrown back01:03:22
objects and the peculiarity of these objects01:03:26
also the distance from them will be01:03:28
determine with what happiness she will be01:03:30
fall for example rotating spotlight01:03:33
lighthouse illuminates the surroundings with regular01:03:35
interval However, the relative speed01:03:38
ambient darkness increases with01:03:41
increasing distance to the lighthouse itself01:03:44
if you move far enough away from the lighthouse01:03:47
then the shadow will overtake you faster than01:03:49
speed of propagation of Light isn't it?01:03:53
the same thing happens with01:03:56
neutron stars in space Others01:03:59
in words in this case the speed of light01:04:01
will only mean a delay even if01:04:04
The beacon will be aimed directly at you01:04:06
you will not see the light immediately, but after some time01:04:09
delay However, this will not affect01:04:12
on the course of events that you will see01:04:14
being in your place anyway01:04:17
you have been discovered and you have nowhere else to run01:04:20
that light has a wavelength Spectrum01:04:24
visible light is precisely that part01:04:27
electromagnetic spectrum which can01:04:29
see the human eye cone-shaped01:04:32
cells in our eyes act as01:04:34
receivers tuned to long waves01:04:37
this narrow band of Spectrum other parts01:04:40
Spectra is too big too01:04:43
small and energetic long waves01:04:46
so that we can see them when objects01:04:49
they get hotter they emit energy01:04:51
with a predominance of shorter wavelengths01:04:54
flames change color before our eyes01:04:57
soldering torch changes color with01:05:00
reddish to bluish as01:05:02
how does it set it up to be hotter?01:05:05
burning in the same way the light of the stars01:05:08
Our Sun speaks about their temperature01:05:11
emits more yellow light than any other01:05:14
another because its temperature01:05:16
surface is 5500 degrees01:05:20
Celsius If the surface of the sun were01:05:23
colder say 3000 degrees Celsius01:05:26
it would look reddish like a star01:05:29
Adele Geise if only the sun were hotter01:05:32
about 12 thousand degrees Celsius it01:05:35
would look blue like the star rigel01:05:38
reflection refraction and absorption of Light01:05:42
is the main processes01:05:44
occurring when light interacts with01:05:47
matter Let's look at each a little01:05:50
of these, reflection is a process in which01:05:53
light reflected from objects hits01:05:56
onto the smooth surface of the mirror and then01:05:59
is reflected back giving us an image01:06:01
object, that is, the angle of incidence of Light is equal to01:06:05
angle of reflection then refraction of light01:06:08
is a phenomenon in which light rays01:06:12
changes direction of movement when01:06:14
transition from one environment to another with01:06:17
different densities this leads to01:06:20
that objects in water can01:06:22
look misaligned or distorted01:06:25
compared to their position in the air01:06:27
That's why the faces in the water are like that01:06:29
creepy and finally absorbing it01:06:33
the process by which light hits01:06:35
surface of the object and is converted to01:06:38
another form of energy such as heat01:06:41
occurs due to the interaction of light01:06:43
waves with particles of material, for example when01:06:47
illuminating an object with blue light object01:06:49
can absorb all the blue waves and01:06:52
reflect red and green as a result01:06:55
the object will appear greenish red01:06:58
this explains why objects have01:07:00
they absorb a certain color01:07:03
some light waves are reflected01:07:06
others and this is not at all the work of sorcerers01:07:09
So the interaction of these three processes01:07:12
determines how we perceive light and01:07:15
we see objects in the world around us01:07:17
reflection and refraction forms01:07:20
image of objects that we see in01:07:23
while absorption defines them01:07:25
color and brightness But in contrast to light01:07:28
darkness is not a physical category. It is01:07:31
rather the relative state is not even01:07:34
so this is a subjective perception01:07:36
states photons can be reflected and01:07:40
retinal cells may not be reflected01:07:42
can trigger memory processes01:07:44
but cannot explain the subjective01:07:47
the feeling of darkness as well as the waves01:07:50
can be represented by something more01:07:52
than our experience of observing color01:07:55
or sound our subjective experience of time01:07:58
varies from time to time However separately01:08:01
the taken parts of this experience lie outside01:08:04
time and in this sense we can talk about01:08:07
that darkness itself does not have01:08:09
speed01:08:11
what is speed in the general understanding and01:08:14
if she does at all she assumes in advance01:08:17
the presence of a certain space in which it01:08:20
can be measured However, in the world of quantum01:08:23
physics where the familiar concepts of ordinary01:08:25
physicists often become useless01:08:27
it is believed that space itself01:08:30
is one of the derivatives of more01:08:33
fundamental level of reality where01:08:36
there are no concepts at all as the situation01:08:39
distance or even speed in conclusion01:08:42
Let's try to draw some conclusions and01:08:45
Let's clarify how important and inextricably linked01:08:48
We already know all the basic properties of Light01:08:50
characteristics of Light it is a form01:08:53
electromagnetic radiation consisting01:08:56
from photons and has the ability01:08:58
propagate in a vacuum with a constant01:09:01
speed This tells us about the close01:09:03
connections between Light and electromagnetic waves01:09:06
which have different frequencies and01:09:09
lengths out forming a full-fledged01:09:12
electromagnetic spectrum at the same time01:09:15
light is often described in terms of01:09:17
possessing his dual nature01:09:20
properties of both these and particles01:09:24
an unusual property not only01:09:25
amazing and amazing but also01:09:27
is an important key to understanding01:09:29
fundamental mechanisms in quantum01:09:32
mechanics and such phenomena as01:09:34
diffraction and polarization interference in01:09:38
light also plays an invaluable role01:09:41
not only on our planet but throughout01:09:44
The universe is entirely his ability01:09:47
deliver information from the most distant01:09:49
corners of space to create conditions for01:09:52
life on earth and serve as an instrument01:09:54
to study and understand the environment01:09:57
world makes the light truly magical01:10:00
the phenomenon is precisely to light. We owe it to01:10:03
the ability to see and perceive01:10:05
surrounding space He allows us01:10:07
admire the beauties of nature distinguish01:10:11
colors and shapes and contribute to our01:10:13
social interaction and01:10:15
communication in this way whatever it is01:10:18
light by its nature is one01:10:21
one of the most amazing phenomena01:10:22
ever discovered by man but the question01:10:26
how light appeared initially What or who01:10:29
created it01:10:31
remains open01:10:37
Uncanny Valley for some of you01:10:40
the term may be familiar to others only01:10:42
heard about him Well, the third one is heard for the first time01:10:45
but one way or another everyone has encountered01:10:48
the effect that is described by this pair01:10:51
words and we can be sure that01:10:54
Uncanny Valley in Deep Space01:10:56
it will become even more ominous why01:10:59
We will definitely answer this question B01:11:02
end of release but first things first01:11:05
So the uncanny valley effect is called01:11:08
a feeling of hostility in the form of an object that01:11:11
looks and behaves like a human but with01:11:14
minor deviations the less01:11:17
in the form of details makes me realistic01:11:19
he seems to have saturated the character01:11:22
details you will force the observer01:11:24
to sympathize with him because the object is greater01:11:27
doesn't seem so alien having raised01:11:30
realistic character you will make him01:11:32
so close to nature that only01:11:34
several nuances will be revealed in01:11:36
artificiality really these same ones01:11:40
nuances and will scare the observer more01:11:42
all the expectations of your subconscious at01:11:45
interpretations of the human image can01:11:48
it’s easy to drive you into the uncanny valley then01:11:51
there's your mind trying to interpret01:11:53
what your eyes perceive as01:11:56
human but something is not right about it01:11:59
almost human but not quite01:12:02
interpretation is troubling01:12:04
anxiety and is generated by the very term Sinister01:12:08
Valley roots of psychological understanding01:12:11
This phenomenon can be found in the works01:12:14
Ernst Jansch and later Sigmund Freud01:12:20
but still gave the name of the effect01:12:22
Japanese worker Masohira Sea in his01:12:25
article01:12:26
1970 Sea defined this phenomenon as01:12:30
beech notes genshu What does Valley mean01:12:33
creepiness And in 1978 by Yasia01:12:38
Richard translated the term as Sinister01:12:41
valley in the book robots facts fiction And01:12:44
the sea noted predictions in his work01:12:46
that people find his robots more01:12:49
attractive if they look more01:12:51
humane Although it’s true But it worked01:12:54
only up to a certain point when01:12:56
robots seem close but not quite01:12:59
people usually feel like people01:13:01
uncomfortable next to such an invention01:13:03
the sea put forward the idea that the more01:13:06
we will try to make robots01:13:08
similar to people, the greater the rejection01:13:11
he won't be called for clarity01:13:13
he provided a hypothetical graph01:13:16
before you resembles a person and01:13:18
attractiveness is not the second line01:13:20
denotes stationary objects on it01:13:23
marked stuffed animal or01:13:25
fixed hand prosthesis dotted line01:13:28
moving on it marked01:13:30
humanoid robot doll and healthy01:13:33
man on the graph you can see that it’s smooth01:13:35
increasing attractiveness As01:13:37
how the creation's resemblance to01:13:40
person is replaced by a sharp failure or01:13:42
the same uncanny valley is considered to be01:13:45
unnaturalness of humanoids01:13:46
robots resembles human death and01:13:49
this is precisely the reason for the sinister01:13:51
an unfamiliar feeling but unambiguous01:13:54
There is no answer, why do we experience01:13:56
such an effect and what is the reason for this01:13:59
a powerful failure in sympathy with what he saw01:14:01
So there are only guesses why our01:14:04
the brain reacts in a similar way According to01:14:07
one theory, this instinct lives in us01:14:09
since ancient times when danger01:14:11
waiting at every turn and the ability to quickly01:14:14
identify in others01:14:16
human traits were the basis01:14:18
survival01:14:20
deviated at least a little from the norm01:14:22
had to act with caution second01:14:25
the assumption is based on the fact that if01:14:28
humanoid entity behaves01:14:30
inadequate and his image is distorted by our brain01:14:34
assumes that this individual is somehow01:14:36
sick and dangerous What if his tail01:14:38
deadly and highly contagious again01:14:40
it is an instinct of self-preservation and survival01:14:43
the third theory follows from the latter01:14:46
which is that when01:14:48
this object exhibits strangeness in01:14:50
behavior and facial expressions we cannot01:14:52
determine his true intentions01:14:55
smile and sincere or behind it01:14:57
there is a hidden desire to confuse01:14:59
lower your guard and then strangle01:15:01
By the way, this is where the legs of fear grow01:15:04
clowns I hate clowns with undertones of makeup01:15:08
difficult to recognize true emotions01:15:10
that's why we see clones so often01:15:12
the main characters of various films01:15:14
The horror story of the Uncanny Valley may also01:15:17
exist due to the difficulty of defining01:15:20
what category does the entity belong to?01:15:23
including whether the figure is real01:15:25
a living person or a 3D model01:15:27
created by a computer man and not01:15:30
a person is two separate01:15:32
and mutually exclusive categories01:15:35
studies have also shown that people01:15:37
Combination of elements is usually a concern01:15:39
which are not usually found together01:15:41
for example, people are not particularly bothered by robots01:15:44
who have a voice like a robot But01:15:47
robots with human voices are scary01:15:49
them in one of the original examples01:15:51
Moriah character robot suddenly became01:15:53
seem unpleasant and creepy when01:15:56
smiled too slowly besides that01:15:59
the situation is worsened by unnaturalness and01:16:02
organ movements, unnaturalness01:16:04
speech in particular incorrect pitch01:16:06
voices slow pronunciation speed01:16:09
words or not exactly synchronized movement01:16:12
lips Also the more frozen it looks01:16:15
the worse people treat him01:16:18
Take note of this If there is no one01:16:20
get rid of another theory explaining01:16:23
the uncanny valley phenomenon is that01:16:25
a person is capable of conscious empathy01:16:28
empathy towards01:16:30
humanoid robots But he01:16:33
understands that Android cannot experience01:16:35
lack of empathy towards him01:16:37
empathy towards others01:16:39
society of people automatically01:16:41
perceived as mental01:16:43
deviation and being around a psychopath is not01:16:46
no one wants or a person wants01:16:50
By the way, the left and right side of the face01:16:52
very similar but still there are differences01:16:54
for example a mole or a scar on one of01:16:57
half face uneven freckles01:17:00
slight difference in eye shape01:17:02
which is not perceived but recorded01:17:05
the brain of the interlocutor But the person01:17:07
similar robots have a symmetrical appearance01:17:10
it's unnatural and may also01:17:12
cause involuntary rejection by the way for01:17:15
Example in 1960 Soviet01:17:19
space engineers began to test01:17:20
inexplicable fear of the tester01:17:23
a mannequin created by them for01:17:25
monitoring changes in physiology01:17:27
man in space and also for01:17:30
carrying out crash tests01:17:31
lifeless Ivan Ivanovich what's his name01:17:34
nicknamed was an exact copy of the man had01:17:37
all biological and anthropological01:17:39
data of the person had hair and even01:17:42
eyelashes were built into it01:17:45
various sensors that showed01:17:46
probable pressure and other important01:17:49
medical indicators cause01:17:52
unpleasant emotions in front of a mannequin can01:17:54
feel free to consider the engineers hit01:17:56
the very wishing valley therefore to everyone01:17:59
Ivan Ivanovich should be treated with01:18:02
It is also worth noting with caution that this01:18:04
the effect is not universal and is sexual01:18:07
and age variability so women01:18:11
on average much less sensitive to01:18:14
uncanny valley which is still being explained01:18:16
gender stereotypes Girls should01:18:18
be more sensitive to emotions01:18:21
an inverse relationship is observed from01:18:23
age which explains the effect01:18:25
addiction However, up to 6 months children01:18:28
practically don't show01:18:30
sensitivity to the uncanny valley01:18:32
that this is an evolutionary phenomenon or is it01:18:35
the social question is still open and let01:18:39
for some people this effect is more01:18:41
strong impact A on someone less01:18:43
but still, each of us in some way01:18:46
can experience it in everyday life01:18:48
life is faced with something like this no one would01:18:51
I didn’t want to, but it’s in the horror genre01:18:53
appropriate if in frightening images01:18:56
there is an uncanny valley effect01:18:58
greatly increases their influence on01:19:01
Observers01:19:02
then increases box office revenue01:19:05
weird clowns killer dolls01:19:08
mannequins yes yes these are all techniques01:19:11
production directors will captivate you01:19:13
uncanny valley for you to experience a special01:19:17
feelings of fear but also in our lives01:19:20
in the relatively near future science01:19:23
allows us to talk about the mass appearance01:19:25
Android robots However, in this case01:19:27
An unexpected obstacle may await us01:19:30
like the uncanny valley too01:19:33
humanoid robots are inevitable01:19:35
become the embodiment of this effect with01:19:38
long journeys in space01:19:40
ships that humanity dreams about01:19:42
it may have been the same for many decades01:19:46
the best effect when on board01:19:48
present robots androids and earth01:19:51
human civilization will be too01:19:53
far for a person to plunge into01:19:56
a more familiar environment and perhaps01:19:59
such a feeling of hostility can drive01:20:02
travels also on limited01:20:04
territory a deeper pit of sinister01:20:07
the valley is still a man too01:20:10
not perfect enough to do alone01:20:12
without the help of robots and refuse01:20:15
robotic assistance in space01:20:17
ship is almost impossible Is it possible01:20:19
prevent Is it possible to prevent01:20:21
the emergence of the uncanny valley effect in01:20:24
in general Yes, if you don’t use it01:20:26
human-like robots Androids and01:20:28
give priority to man-made01:20:30
mechanisms devoid of any biomorphism01:20:33
technical solution providing a way out01:20:36
robot beyond human limits01:20:38
opportunities or identification with them01:20:41
when performing work operations is01:20:43
the main criterion in choosing a concept01:20:46
operation of the manipulation system for01:20:49
shipboard and off-ship01:20:51
activities in other words such01:20:54
the approach is to create01:20:55
tools or devices that01:20:58
they just don't try to imitate01:20:59
human form based on nothing01:21:02
device design could be more01:21:05
attractive without the risk of pushing those01:21:07
who interacts with01:21:09
robotic devices01:21:10
possible there is no need to cross the abyss01:21:13
uncanny valley instead01:21:15
develop a device that01:21:17
stops before it reaches01:21:20
Supernatural points but is it worth it?01:21:23
completely stop using01:21:24
humanoid Androids may not01:21:28
we need progress and improvement01:21:29
robots are not standing still in the future01:21:32
the uncanny valley will most likely be possible01:21:34
overcome with good01:21:35
improved Android design that doesn't01:21:39
will cause concern or01:21:40
researchers distrusted the person and01:21:43
designers are interested in searching01:21:45
ways to create tools that01:21:47
won't fall into the uncanny valley01:21:49
this may include creating more01:21:52
more realistic robotic01:21:54
devices so that they go beyond the limits01:21:57
this valley and seemed more01:21:59
the proposed series were attractive01:22:01
design principles are those that can01:22:03
help roboticists create01:22:05
supernatural effects including01:22:08
yourself The first is comparison01:22:10
human proportions with realistic01:22:12
second textures do not mix01:22:15
human and human elements and01:22:18
third ensuring that behavior01:22:21
appearance and abilities are not01:22:24
contradicted each other01:22:26
there is a lot of research to be done01:22:28
the uncanny valley phenomenon is therefore more01:22:31
information about it and why it is01:22:33
happens and how to overcome it01:22:35
will definitely appear in time01:22:38
as technology continues01:22:40
develop It is quite possible that robots and01:22:43
digital animation can become so01:22:45
incredibly realistic that they are just01:22:47
merge with reality when people don't01:22:50
will experience any more01:22:52
discomfort or anxiety A couple more01:22:55
dozens of generations and everyone will get used to it01:22:58
will a person ever overcome the effect?01:23:01
The Uncanny Valley and Once Upon a Time Ivan Ivanovich01:23:04
will forever be our star comrades01:23:11
[music]01:23:13
in a huge symphony of space where the heavenly01:23:17
body performs each of his parts01:23:20
Gravity is central to01:23:22
as chief conductor this01:23:25
a mysterious force that is invisible01:23:28
intertwine everything in the Universe including01:23:32
colossal-sized clusters01:23:33
galaxies plunging into the mysterious01:23:36
The kingdom of gravity invites you01:23:39
join us in this today01:23:41
heavenly journey revealing01:23:44
subtleties of the most mysterious hero01:23:47
universe01:23:49
Gravity universal fundamental01:23:52
interaction between material01:23:54
bodies is the fundamental force in01:23:57
nature that affects everyone01:23:59
object in the universe seems to be tiny or01:24:02
massive to fully understand this01:24:05
concept must be addressed01:24:07
history of our understanding01:24:10
and the concept of gravity was pondered by the sages01:24:13
different countries and eras they were accurate and not01:24:17
very truthful and fabulous But with01:24:21
time law of universal gravitation sir01:24:24
Isaac Newton and general theory01:24:27
Albert Einstein's relativity steel01:24:30
be the basis of our knowledge and01:24:33
gravity today01:24:35
Yes Newton's law of universal gravitation01:24:38
states that every particle in the universe01:24:41
attracts all other particles by force01:24:44
directly proportional to their masses and01:24:48
inverse square01:24:50
the distances between their centers are simpler01:24:52
speaking objects with more mass01:24:54
attract each other with greater force01:24:57
than objects with low mass and this01:25:00
attraction weakens as you move away01:25:03
objects from each other However, Einstein01:25:07
his general theory of relativity01:25:08
suggested that Gravity is not just01:25:11
force acting between masses instead01:25:15
of this it represents a curvature01:25:18
spacetime caused01:25:20
presence of a mass of energy from this point01:25:23
vision of objects such as planets and01:25:25
the star moves and is under01:25:28
influence of curvature01:25:30
space-time What leads to01:25:33
what we perceive it as01:25:35
gravitational force So what is01:25:37
gravity is a force but it depends where for example in01:25:42
Newtonian mechanics certainly has strength in01:25:45
classical theoretical mechanics01:25:47
one can consider some kind of gravitational01:25:50
field, that is, every point is there01:25:52
space has this characteristic01:25:54
as the gravitational field potential through01:25:58
potential can be calculated the force that01:26:01
will act on the body with one or another01:26:04
mass placed at this point. You can also01:26:08
calculate the trajectory of a body's movement in01:26:11
gravitational field with the one we know01:26:13
potential Which means tasks for example01:26:16
launch an Earth satellite or calculate01:26:19
comet's orbital period With this approach01:26:21
successfully solved So you are quite01:26:25
you can consider the force Gravity in the series01:26:28
cases but in general theory01:26:30
relativity no gravitational01:26:32
there is no field in the theory of gravity01:26:36
is the power to use it01:26:38
falls where we need high01:26:40
accuracy of calculations or where we have01:26:43
there are very large compact masses01:26:45
for example, the merger of neutron stars by others01:26:50
in words Gravity in the approximation of small01:26:52
compared to the speed of light01:26:54
speeds and weak gravitational01:26:57
interaction theory describes01:26:59
Newton's gravity or is described01:27:02
Einstein's general theory of relativity A01:27:05
here in the quantum limit01:27:07
gravitational interactions01:27:09
supposedly described by quantum01:27:11
theories of gravity01:27:13
Well now a new hypothesis has been put forward01:27:16
what if there are three fundamental forces01:27:20
the corresponding quantum theory then for01:27:23
by gravity, the particle must also stand in01:27:26
an attempt to combine Gravity with01:27:28
quantum theory exists01:27:29
hypothetical particle named01:27:32
Graviton gravity carrier Or01:27:36
in other words, gravitational01:27:38
interactions are essentially quantum01:27:41
gravitational field without electric01:27:43
and other particle charges01:27:46
presumably always moving with01:27:49
the speed of light and Although Gravity's01:27:52
Cosmic scale is strong in scale01:27:55
small She's pretty weak so01:27:57
weakly that when a magnet attracts01:27:59
paper clip overcomes01:28:01
gravitational force of the entire planet and01:28:04
moves in the direction of the magnet01:28:06
means that one Graviton if he01:28:09
exists must be very weak and01:28:12
to measure it you need a detector01:28:14
the size of Jupiter but still there is a theory01:28:18
which presupposes the existence01:28:19
graviton after ten years of silence01:28:22
due to mathematical inconsistencies was01:28:25
the same theory was revised and clarified01:28:29
String is a promising contender for01:28:32
creation of quantum theory of gravity01:28:34
The fact is that in string theory01:28:37
mathematical calculations indicate01:28:39
universe with ten dimensions However01:28:42
these spatial dimensions are too01:28:44
too small to see them, but as we know01:28:48
gravitational waves carry information about01:28:51
my origin I am the nature of gravity01:28:53
Moreover, today we can even01:28:56
listen to the signal of gravitational waves01:28:58
converted sound gravitational01:29:01
waves are the result of curvature01:29:04
space-time under the influence01:29:06
massive objects01:29:08
existence of particles and graviton so far01:29:11
for now there is no lemon left because science01:29:14
has not yet presented experimental01:29:16
evidence and its existence01:29:18
despite this, Gravity whatever it is01:29:22
she appeared we see her and she01:29:25
affects us and the entire universe in01:29:28
In general, its importance is difficult to overestimate01:29:31
firstly, this is the formation of celestial bodies01:29:34
Gravity is responsible for itself01:29:37
existence of celestial bodies such as01:29:39
the stars of the planet and galaxy it condenses01:29:43
dust and gas initiating nuclear reactions01:29:46
which lights the stars second01:29:50
Gravity is responsible for harmonious01:29:53
orbits that determine our01:29:55
space neighborhood01:29:58
gravitational pull of the sun01:30:00
holds our planet and others01:30:02
celestial bodies in the solar system and01:30:04
does it in its place thanks01:30:07
The Earth maintains this delicate balance01:30:10
optimal distance from the sun01:30:13
calculating the required amount of energy for01:30:15
sustaining life01:30:17
thirdly, the ebb and flow of the ocean on01:30:21
of our planet arise mainly01:30:22
as a result01:30:24
gravitational dance between the Earth and the moon01:30:27
and the sun and fourthly Gravity01:30:31
holds galaxies and clusters01:30:33
galaxies together ensuring that the celestial01:30:36
bodies will not fly into the depths of space this01:30:39
space glue maintains structure01:30:42
and the integrity of the huge and impressive01:30:45
formations that define our01:30:47
Universe01:30:49
study of understanding the nature of gravity01:30:52
may in the future shed light on01:30:54
mysterious dark matter invisible01:30:57
a form of matter that does not interact01:30:59
with light or other electromagnetic01:31:02
radiation However, its presence can01:31:05
judge by its gravitational pull01:31:08
to visible matter in space dimension01:31:11
rotation curves of galaxies and01:31:13
large-scale structures in the Universe01:31:16
show that matter must exist01:31:18
much more than what we see in01:31:21
the form of luminous stars and gas is considered01:31:24
that this excess mass consists of01:31:27
dark matter which influences01:31:29
movement and distribution of galaxies and01:31:31
galaxy clusters through01:31:33
gravitational forces01:31:35
thanks to technological progress in01:31:38
studying gravitational waves01:31:40
humanity has a new tool01:31:42
and to study elusive characteristics01:31:45
gravity is ultimately the answer01:31:48
the mysterious force of gravity will help us01:31:51
better understand our place in space and01:31:54
shed light on reality as we see it01:31:56
we know01:31:59
[music]01:32:20
[music]Description:
🔹 Тема обсуждения: __________________________________ Сложно представить, как выглядела бы наша цивилизация без классической физики и математики. Понятия об абсолютной «объективной реальности, существующей независимо от нашего сознания», о трехмерном евклидовом пространстве и равномерно текущем времени настолько глубоко укоренились в сознании, что мы не замечаем их. А главное, отказываемся замечать, что принципы квантовой физики применимы лишь в некоторых рутинных ситуациях и для объяснения устройства Вселенной оказываются попросту неверны. (Тайны квантовой физики которую может решить математика.) 🔹 Космические детали: __________________________________ ● Поддержать Автора / Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/evilspace ● Банк - Tinkoff: 5536 9138 2137 1313 ● Станьте спонсором канала, и вы получите доступ к эксклюзивным бонусам. Подробнее: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-RyhIEG3is1Sfe70-dHYQw/join ● Наш Космический канал (Telegram): https://t.me/evil_space ● Группа (ВК): https://vk.com/club66650642 ● Наш ЧАТ: (Telegram) : https://t.me/ES_BRO ● Яндекс Дзен: https://dzen.ru/id/6230a14e85aee80c20310622?lang=ru 🔹 Наши Каналы: __________________________________ ● Evil Space - https://www.youtube.com/@DeepEvilSpace ● Espacio Profundo - https://www.youtube.com/@EspacioProfundo ● Raumfahrt - https://www.youtube.com/@Raumfahrt_ ● Space Voyage - https://www.youtube.com/@Space-Voyage ● 宇宙旅行 - https://www.youtube.com/@Space_Japan ● Voyage spatial - https://www.youtube.com/@Voyage_spatial ● Weltraumreise - https://www.youtube.com/@Weltraumreise ● Space Journey - https://www.youtube.com/@SpaceJourney_ ● Viagem espacial - https://www.youtube.com/@ViagemEspacial ● अंतरिक्ष यात्रा - https://www.youtube.com/@user-cm3xf8zd3b ● Perjalanan luar angkasa - https://www.youtube.com/@Perjalananluarangkasa-te2qm ● Злой Космос - https://www.youtube.com/@ROIIN 🔹 Музыка: __________________________________ https://synthwave-radio.bandcamp.com/ https://www.apple.com/itunes/ https://bleep.com/ https://www.qobuz.com/gb-en/shop https://www.wob.com/en-gb/category/media-music 🔹 Анимация: __________________________________ https://vimeo.com/260093120 melodysheep: https://www.youtube.com/user/melodysheep Jeremy jozwik: https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_... Egor Demin: https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Darth Biomech https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Fish tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree Ken York of YD Visual https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Kristiityan Tavkar https://www.miragedereve.com/ Chris Holland (Mafic Studios) www.maficstudios.com LegionTech Studio https://hades9.com Kris Holland of Mafic Stufios: www.maficstudios.com Sergio Boterio https: https://www.artstation.com/sboterod Bryan Versteeg https://spacehabs.com/ Keith Carson, Jarred Eagley, Udo Schroeter, Mihail Yordanov, https://vimeo.com/188056550 Misho Yordanov, Pierre Demet. Stefan Blandin. 🔹 Источники: __________________________________ http://www.trappist.one/ https://nplus1.ru/news/2023/03/27/trappist-1-b-no-atm https://hightech.fm/2022/12/15/webb-trappist https://www.nasa.gov/universe/webb-rules-out-thick-carbon-dioxide-atmosphere-for-rocky-exoplanet/ 🔹 Теги: __________________________________ 🔹 Автор ӏ Сотрудничество: __________________________________ Email: [email protected] / https://vk.com/id243180193
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