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00:00:02
the natural satellite of our planet the most important object in our night sky00:00:19
the companion of human nights since ancient times00:00:29
the moon00:00:42
these changes in shape were observed very early night after night we saw it00:00:48
appear and then disappear look like a crescent and sometimes reach a00:00:53
perfect roundness even going so far as to steal the sun00:00:59
from these observations gradually understood that these phases reproduced faithfully00:01:05
through the same sequence these cycles demonstrated that nature was not00:01:10
subject only to random behavior and chaotic observation of00:01:16
our satellite has played a major role in the birth and evolution of science00:01:22
thus the moon was long before the sundial our first clock it was by observing the00:01:29
moon that man learned to measure the time its cyclic unfolding has served00:01:35
as a clock and natural calendars for all the inhabitants of the earth since prehistory00:01:40
it still sets the dates today easter, ramadan or chinese new year00:01:53
its birth is still a mystery today and scientists are00:01:59
still wondering how such a big satellite revolves around our planet00:02:06
the moon has many powers the tides the growth of plants but also00:02:12
the regulation of the biological rhythm of many animals going on a trip to the moon has haunted00:02:22
humanity for centuries. We are even becoming a major political issue00:02:30
. 600 million viewers00:02:42
today far from having revealed all its secrets the moon offers man a new stage in00:02:49
the conquest of space settling there permanently could offer a solid basis for the development00:02:56
of more distant interplanetary journeys perhaps to be even beyond our solar system00:03:18
where
boo00:03:28
we have00:03:56
the earth a natural satellite called the moon which is a very large satellites one of00:04:06
the largest satellites in the system solar teme there is a very specific couple between the earth and the moon00:04:12
a question that interests everyone is to know if there are other earths elsewhere is00:04:16
the earth exceptional or not and among nothing that in the solar among the things that00:04:21
make the earth a little bit special is the fact that it is a dual system complaint with00:04:24
the moon right next to it does the moon play a role from this point of view important in the00:04:29
fact that we are there among the things and exceptional that we can be that we can say00:04:34
about the earth it is obviously that we are on it and until proven otherwise00:04:39
there is no other proofs of the existence of life elsewhere in the universe elsewhere in the00:04:44
solar system so already that makes the earth completely unique there are plenty of things that make life00:04:49
appear on earth among the major things it is the appearance of the00:04:55
moon the origin of the moon is still today the subject of fierce debate between e scientists00:05:01
for nearly two centuries astronomers have had difficulty explaining00:05:08
why such a large satellite formed around a relatively peaceful planet leaves00:05:16
the first theories submitted the idea that the moon was originally a wandering stars a small00:05:23
lost planet from elsewhere in the solar system that the earth would have captured in its00:05:27
gravitational field but this theory collapsed after the analysis of the first lunar samples00:05:42
indeed the rock of its soil was almost similar to the components of the other terrestrial rock theory00:05:52
the earth used to turn very quickly little by little it would have ejected part of the matter that00:06:00
it constituted this rock would then have cornered and put into orbit around its planet a theory00:06:08
which encountered a major problem it breastfeeds at the against all the basic laws of00:06:15
physics there are not thirty six thousand ways to get moons first you can form them on the00:06:21
spot and that is not so much for the rocky planets it's more for the giant planets00:06:25
because they get so big that around it remakes itself like a mini00:06:29
solar system you also have a little 10 in which those who drop again by agglomeration00:06:33
of the moons for jupiter for for saturn to look at lépine it allows you to have a lot00:06:37
of moon then you can have once the solar system is completely built there00:06:42
obviously remains there are remnants of debris from comets from asteroids from time to time there are some one that00:06:47
is going to be captured by a planet and so you have there the capture of a moon and then the last00:06:53
thing is that well these famous debris which remain which are wandering around can sometimes impact the00:06:59
planets and in this case then obviously you have during the collision a set of debris00:07:03
which goes back into orbit and which can form moons a few tens of millions of years after00:07:07
the formation of the solar system, almost all of them stabilized there is already a proto earth a mars croteau00:07:14
something that looks like venus and conclusively a place all of this is starting to look like00:07:18
the solar system today but there is still some particular matter left and this as soon as00:07:21
we call protoplanet which those who are still light have since disappeared among00:07:28
those there would be one called theia which is about the size of mars maybe00:07:32
a bit smaller the latest work suggests that one thing a a little smaller than mars00:07:35
so 10 15% the mass of the earth it's not a huge thing and which will simply hit the earth00:07:49
hypothesis 2 the giant impactor00:07:58
on00:08:05
fusion would then have ejected a large quantity of debris projected into orbit around the earth00:08:18
it's a cataclysmic impact the energy released is so enormous that again the whole mantle00:08:24
finally the whole rocky surface of the earth is melting there are oceans of magma lava everywhere and a00:08:30
large part is ejected into space then to again there is this gravity that holds everything so00:08:35
we have a lot of rock that starts to turn around what remains of the earth finally the nest of00:08:40
the earth for a smaller earth has reformed and with the rest the moon it is created t we would00:08:46
probably have had a disc around the proto earth and the moon formed from this tissue00:08:56
yet this theory still does not fully explain lunar geology this scenario00:09:02
implies that the moon should be composed of a mixture of 80% of the hourly impact and 20% of the00:09:08
Earth's mantle while we observe a strict geochemical similarity between the two stars00:09:19
so there is a new, slightly more recent theory which says that ultimately it may be00:09:23
not a large body the size of mars which would have come to impact the proto earth but00:09:28
perhaps a set of planetary bodies more or less the size of mars perhaps a little00:09:35
smaller which would have come successively in fact also brought ingredients a00:09:40
little bit different which make that the two dna do not correspond to 100% but to 99.9999%00:09:47
the moon as for its forms and its forms is very close to the earth is little by little following00:09:52
physical mechanisms linked to the tidal forces that we knows now even00:09:56
today the moon makes the oceans move and indeed these energy exchanges00:10:01
have caused the moon which was very close to the earth at a few tens of thousands00:10:06
of kilometers to slowly move away and that it is now a350 1000 km but00:10:12
fo if you go on earth I advise you very beautiful place on earth 4 2 billion00:10:17
years ago in its youth you had a huge moon in the sky and which little by little is moving away00:10:23
the moon is not yet as we know00:10:31
it it will go through a period of between 3.8 and 4 billion years of00:10:37
intense bombardment meteor showers that will fall00:10:42
on its surface constellating its ground two million craters00:11:06
the moon today presents many s00:11:07
scars on its surface which tells of its tumultuous past00:11:15
besides what would have happened if the moon had not existed then we could do without it00:11:24
a venus would do well had a life very well served as a planet like that but it's true that on00:11:29
the earth that the moon has a rather particular characteristic precisely as it is big it00:11:33
will make it possible to stabilize the earth in celebration stabilize it started stabilize the00:11:38
axis of rotation of the earth the axes of rotation of the planets can switch more or less quickly moreover00:11:42
it can take only a few tens of thousands of years so on a human scale00:11:46
obviously it is an affinity but on a human scale it is not so trivial it makes several00:11:51
switches, that is to say that the north pole can be your the south the equator can become the north00:11:56
pole the south pole can become the equator and it is therefore if we take the earth currently and00:12:00
remove the moon not easy to do in reality but in computers o n can do it just we00:12:04
realize that the axis of rotation of the earth which currently is inclined by a little more than 2300:12:08
degrees so that is what creates the seasons the fact that they have polar annie the tropics us we have00:12:13
winter in summer and it is good this axis is stabilized it varies by plus or minus 1.4 degrees for almost00:12:19
always if we remove the moon this axis there it will start to vary almost between 0° and00:12:25
more than 70 degrees so here we find ourselves in not absolutely extreme situations you00:12:29
will see rare d a climate in paris where there will be polar night for five months then then00:12:34
permanent day for five months and the five months of the pole r it will be a very very different climate00:12:39
is what its region an effect on life I don't think it would have prevented life from developing00:12:43
but what it could have been s that we could have had an animal plant life in the end00:12:47
we do not don't know certainly don't know it would have been different what in one way or another00:12:52
especially the earth would have no tide or very little the sun still exert00:12:59
a gravitational attraction but half that of the moon00:13:03
some biochemist believes that the appearance of life owes a lot to the marsh which would have00:13:10
favored the formation of amino acids brick essential to the constitution of the first00:13:16
living organisms life would thus surely not have known the development that we know00:13:23
certainly it could have developed in the bottom of the oceans but the00:13:31
more complex organisms would have had to adapt to the brutal changes in temperature00:13:39
otherwise said without the moon man would have appeared00:13:47
therefore the earth-moon couple it is very important not just for the swamps not just00:13:53
for what is called the precession of the equinoxes it is indeed important for the00:14:00
lasting stability of the earth of its ecosystem in fact terrestrial ecosystems and terrace biosphere00:14:06
there are planets in the solar system that have very small l unes phobos and deimos00:14:11
around mars rather asteroids than real well-formed moons it is because ferric at all for00:14:17
this ferry to be that a certain amount of matter is needed which will allow00:14:24
gravity to shape a planetary body spherical if there is not enough material will00:14:28
only be working it will be potatoid to make the earth simple we think that the impact hours with in hand00:14:33
the size of mars so it's still a big thing and more besides it also depends on the type of00:14:39
collision you can have more frontal collisions collisions it brush against each other more is00:14:44
good so here you are also you can at that time we saw more matter in orbit or not for the00:14:49
earth it was a coalition quite frontal with a big hour impact and so we still had a00:14:52
lot of material which means that finally compared to the planet we have a big moon we00:14:56
have a moon which is about a quarter of the size of the earth which is still quite huge00:15:02
the moon orbit aut our earth at an average distance of 380 4000 km00:15:09
in 27.3 days is as much time as it takes to make a turn on00:15:15
itself the tidal forces having for a long time slowed down its rotation00:15:19
as a result of which only one of these hemisphere is constantly00:15:28
facing the earth a phase illuminated by the sun which constantly changes00:15:39
phases which repeat themselves every 29.5 days00:15:43
when the moon finds the same alignment with the sun its diameter and of 3474 km00:15:54
it represents almost a quarter of the size of the earth00:16:00
oh
the moon is the largest satellite in the solar system compared to the00:16:08
size of its planet per year the lunar gravity is very weak00:16:15
one sixth of the rooms of the earth far too weak to hold an atmosphere00:16:25
the temperatures there also between minus 170 degrees and 220 degrees00:16:33
but despite this absence of atmosphere the heart of the moon will still beat00:16:41
indeed the moon is regularly shaken by earthquakes00:16:49
and among these earthquakes some are not caused by gravity te rrestre but by real00:16:56
tectonics the apollo missions 11 12 14 15 and 16 each deposited a seismometer near00:17:06
their landing sites during their seven years of activity from 1969 to 1977 they00:17:14
recorded thousands of tremors but almost all of these earthquakes were due to00:17:20
the gravitational tidal forces exerted by the earth on the moon in the same way as the moon00:17:26
acts on the earth's oceans generating ocean tides earth's gravity00:17:31
causes our satellite to undergo cyclic deformations the space probe l nasa reconnaissance00:17:40
orbiters in orbit around the moon since 2009 photograph its surface00:17:46
with a resolution of up to 50 cm and thus reveal the slightest relief the slightest00:17:55
color variation the slightest crater and the slightest fault it is by comparing these new00:18:03
data to the seismic surveys of apollo that it was understood that the moon would have a tectonic00:18:12
it would be different from that which we know on t wanders where several plates00:18:16
come into play here it would be one and the same plates made up of the lunar crust00:18:24
the core of the moon would therefore perhaps still be active00:18:31
so that is very complex and the deep moon is the intimacy of the moon where indeed like00:18:37
all planetary bodies it will cool down it will contract over time indeed in00:18:42
a few million years it contracts it withers on itself but the moon a priori no00:18:49
longer has internal volcanic or major tectonic geological activity so it is indeed a00:18:57
dead star most likely like all the rest of the telluric planets modulo the earth00:19:02
and if we had two one in February 2020 we observed a small asteroid having been captured in00:19:15
the orbit of our planet an invisible phenomenon with amateur equipment its name 2020 ceded 300:19:27
it was while passing in the vicinity of our planet that it found itself trapped in its orbit00:19:32
thus becoming our natural satellite at the same title that the moon the other the big00:19:40
the new companion of the earth has a diameter between 1.9 and 35 m but this mini moon00:19:51
made several trips around the earth before regaining its freedom probably during the00:19:57
course of the month of april 2020 its orbit suggested it was captured by the earth's attraction in00:20:06
2017 according to scientists a second moon almost always orbits our00:20:13
planet among the many asteroid that normally orbits between mars and jupiter some of the00:20:20
lives from their trajectory and gets caught in the gravitational nets of the00:20:24
blue planet it remains in earth's orbit for a certain time before detaching itself from it and there would be00:20:33
so many of them that an asteroid 1 meter in diameter would permanently gravitate around the earth the00:20:43
moon has always been easy that from prehistory until now I was we find a lot of00:20:48
things whether in culture or in science that are linked to the moon so what00:20:53
has changed I will say it's in the 50s and 60s it's that we started to have access to space00:21:04
men have always dreamed of treading the lunar ground00:21:09
a crazy project which gradually materialized throughout the 20th century century how to reach00:21:19
this star which seems so close to us and yet so inaccessible first of all00:21:27
to tear oneself away from the earth's soil it is necessary to produce a speed of 28 thousand kilometers per00:21:32
hour the rocket already existed for fireworks or as a warlike projectile but00:21:39
he lacked his main asset to be able to propel himself in the void00:21:48
he is a modest soviet inventor, teacher of his state, constantin00:21:54
tsiolkovski, that we owe the first prototype of a rocket as a space vehicle00:22:05
on the causse, who is a visionary theorist00:22:08
for whom the future of the humanity goes through the conquest of space00:22:14
the earth is the cradle of humanity but no one stays forever in a cradle00:22:20
he wrote in 1920 the ussr will therefore become the pioneer of the conquest of space and00:22:43
on october 4, 195 7 it will launch the first hume satellite, sputnik, which will revolve00:22:54
around the earth emitting beeps beeps picked up by the whole world00:22:58
a simple beep but an immense message the space race has thus officially00:23:09
launched between the united states of america and the ussr with the ultimate goal of walking on the moon00:23:20
the reason why models want on one of course everyone00:23:24
knows is that the soviet union at that time had embarked on a space project00:23:29
ambitious related to the idea of you also had to make missiles for there to fight00:23:34
in front as part of the cold war of the time and so they all of a sudden took00:23:39
a huge lead sent that picnic and the americans at some point from the point of00:23:43
view of the world well we had the russians the soviets were great scientists and00:23:48
great engineers and americans they were cowboys the united states of america to catch up is00:23:55
going to create the most important space agency with a considerable budget00:24:05
the nasa will00:24:08
follow the american launches of several scientific satellites00:24:15
not without some failures00:24:21
on January 2, 1959 ussr aims for the first time the moon that the soviets00:24:29
will study with the moon program00:24:40
after a series of failures during the launches the probe one by one which was initially supposed to00:24:44
crash into the natural satellite in fact passes 6000 km from its ground00:24:51
it is only a half failure the probe thus carried out the first flyby of the ion00:24:58
this sphere of 3161 kg then placed in orbit around the sun00:25:03
becoming the first artificial object to orbit our star at the same time the00:25:11
americans failed with their first three00:25:19
seconds00:25:23
performance of one to 1 two months earlier00:25:33
on September 14, 1959 it is still the Russians who will crash00:25:40
their second moon at 2 on the city after a little more than 30 hours of00:25:45
flight is the first time that an artificial body reaches the moon on October 4,00:25:55
1959 it is the luna 3 probe which will take the first image of the hidden side of the moon00:26:01
these shots cover 70% of the star00:26:23
on April 12, 1961 the ussr is going to score another big blow by sending the first man into space00:26:38
oh youri gagarin born in 1934 in a working class background who became a fighter pilot he was00:26:48
selected for his excellent intellectual abilities before take-off it is estimated that00:26:56
his chances of success are 50% we do not know what will be his reactions in space00:27:01
soviet scientists fear that they will lose my mind that's why the mission00:27:07
is kept secret until the last moment on april 12 at 9:07 a.m. yuri gagarin s' flies to space00:27:31
his mission lasts 108 minutes he rotates in orbit no experience takes place00:27:41
while gagarin and in space the latter is content to communicate with his base I see00:27:48
the earth says he's fine the fon gear normally operates on may 25, 1961 jfk engages the00:28:02
united states of america in a new mission the one that must give new impetus to the country walk00:28:08
on the moon it is now time to take a big step forward i think this nation must00:28:17
commit to landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth before the00:28:23
end of this decade no other space project during this period will be more impressive00:28:29
to mankind this is the start of the apollo program there to work because at the time of00:28:36
kennedy's speech no one knows how to get to the moon there was no race between soviets and00:28:45
americans to do science let's be clear it was clearly a political question00:28:50
had shown itself his muscles to say here I am, I know how to do it and not you especially obviously in00:28:55
the head of the Americans that the Russians had accumulated successes at the start of which we were a00:28:59
little late we clearly the moon was a rather burnt subject slow nevertheless obviously because00:29:05
we had to go there it is clear that we had to know the place where we were going to the east00:29:11
and therefore there is in parallel all a science which is developing to try to better understand00:29:14
the moon the luna probe 9 launched on January 31, 1966 manages to land four days later and00:29:23
crashes on the surface of the moon in the ocean of storms the probe is protected by an00:29:30
airbag after a few bounces it stabilizes allowing these antennas to deploy it00:29:39
transmits the first photos taken from the lunar ground for the first time so close00:29:51
the Americans are once again overtaken by the Soviets00:30:00
their monitor probes 1 lands on June 2, 1966 on the surface of the night and00:30:14
after several uninhabited missions comes the turn of apollo 8 on december 21, 196800:30:21
astronauts williams enders james lovell and00:30:25
franck boorman are the first men to leave with a saturn 500:30:47
they are also the first men to leave earth orbit00:30:53
l he first to go around the moon they will make a total of 10 revolutions00:31:01
the first to observe the hidden face with their eyes00:31:06
they are also the first to observe the earth in its entirety00:31:10
and take the first shot of the earth rising00:31:23
on December 27, 1968 they return to earth00:31:33
apollo 9 in march set to 169 bears in turn three men who remain in earth orbit00:31:39
to test equipment will feature future00:31:48
apollo 10 missions two months later is the last dress rehearsal everything00:31:54
is there orbit around the moon and descents in the lunar module up to 15 km from the surface00:32:02
we check that everything is fine00:32:05
only the essentials are missing the astronauts do not land on the moon00:32:18
this great moment is reserved for the00:32:33
apollo 11 mission crew includes neil armstrong michael collins and buzz aldrin th00:32:44
july 16 1969 a million people watch the launch of the saturn 5 rocket at cape canaveral00:33:50
after three days of travel the spacecraft arrives in orbit lunar armstrong and aldrin take00:33:57
place in the lunar module while collins will remain in orbit despite an acrobatic approach00:34:04
where the planned site is exceeded by 7 km the moon landing is going well but he has the string will be first00:34:29
one inhabitant of the earth out of five watch the event live00:34:41
the two astronauts will stay only 2h30 on the ground of the moon marking history for eternity00:35:00
after a short night he returns to earth blood in progress00:35:09
they will start a world tour a few weeks later to tell their exploits00:35:25
will follow the apollo 12 14 15 16 and 17 missions00:35:31
only apollo 13 will experience a serious problem but will manage to return to earth since apollo 1700:35:41
no one has ever returned to the moon the twelve men who went to the moon are00:35:53
in the program with the apollo program so indeed they don't go there at all apart from00:35:58
the 12th by harrison schmitt they don't go at all to do science the twelfth man00:36:02
is harrison sch mitt is the only geologist the only real civilian of the band he makes him with00:36:09
the others 1 with the 11 others still makes major discoveries undoubtedly the most00:36:15
important are the dating of the samples of tens of hundreds of kilos reported00:36:21
and which will make it possible to calibrate the rest of the planetary surfaces roughly the more a00:36:27
flat surface and terpstra cratered the older it will be the larger the impact craters00:36:33
and in large diameter the older they will be so that is a law that we will be able to deduce directly00:36:40
from the dating in fact of the lunar samples moreover it is by looking at these00:36:45
dating samples by comparing with what we saw in the geology of the surface on the moon that we were00:36:51
able to highlight this idea that 3.8 billion years ago our whole solar system00:36:57
was bombarded by what we will call the great massive bombardment in any case it00:37:02
really made it possible to establish a large number of references in our conn knowledge that00:37:08
has served us at all times not only to understand the moon but also to understand00:37:12
the earth and the other planets the analysis of these samples has in addition to all this00:37:17
research that has been done from the earth has obviously made it possible to improve our knowledge00:37:20
of the moon, in particular this famous idea of the composition of the moon and finally saying to ourselves when00:37:26
we look at the composition of the moon, it's still really close to the composition of the00:37:29
earth and particularly the position of the earth, not yet of the earth but rather on the surface so00:37:34
that obviously reinforced very strongly this idea that the moon comes from the earth somewhere is00:37:41
therefore this idea of an impact which would have given rise to the birth of the moon but the research00:37:46
is not finished and the clear qu 'we haven't stopped doing science on the moon with00:37:50
the apollo missions which we sent humans to the moon 50 years ago and then since then basically we00:37:55
've only been spinning it in low orbit close to the earth it's the next step from the00:37:59
moment we master the satellite side near the earth the next step is the moon and00:38:06
scientifically it also teaches us things about us about our past so it there really are00:38:10
reasons to go there the moon represents a new center of interest or again a center of interest00:38:14
that's indisputable is it more scientific or more military than in the00:38:19
60s the question is worth really to be asked I am not convinced at all that the00:38:23
motivation has been scientific for ten years with the entry of China and00:38:34
private actors in the conquest of space the conditions are met to relaunch the space race00:38:41
landing the moon again is nasa's stated objective00:38:55
because our satellite has become an essential step to go to mars00:39:06
for 30 years the conquest of the red planet has become the recurring project for each00:39:12
american president in 1989 george bush senior promises was to send men to mars and beyond a00:39:21
too expensive project of several hundreds of billions of dollars which was quickly abandoned00:39:30
in 2004 his son george deubeuliou left launch the constellation program a return00:39:37
to the moon no later than 2020 with a permanent installation of astronauts on00:39:42
lunar soil by 2024 but in 2010 the obama administration will deem the project00:39:50
still too expensive and will replace it with new missions in 202500:39:55
a manned mission to an asteroid and manned missions to mars at the horizon 203500:40:06
but with the arrival of donald trump the congress has already given its approval nasa has00:40:12
one of the largest budgets since the end of apollo a00:40:17
long-term exploration and exploitation of the moon by insisting on the fact that this time it will not only be a question of planting00:40:23
our flag and leaving our mark, it is the idea that we must be present to00:40:30
have a voice in the chapter if, for example, Europe where the americans decided to stop00:40:36
urban human exploration by tying najet on the line at 50 years old then it's super expensive science is00:40:40
n't very interesting we stop down here but I didn't call the Chinese to do it when you have00:40:45
how we're going to start negotiating who has the right to exploit the ore on the moon who has the right00:40:49
to do such a thing it wears alone and the powers which do not have access to space do00:40:54
not break voice in the chapter and that I know it is 'one of the priorities currently, for example, the00:40:58
number 1 motivations for human exploration on the American side, that's it, it's being able to have00:41:03
a say in the matter when we negotiate what we think that if we modify the market and the right to space00:41:14
the project is emblematic but above all the project in support of the00:41:19
scientific community which considers that the moon is an essential stage in order to develop the00:41:25
technological knowledge necessary to go to mars the name of this project the00:41:34
artemis program a future base which will open the way e to an unprecedented scientific and economic activity00:41:45
unlike the apollo missions and their short scientific stays artemis00:41:50
is part of a broader strategy which consists in extending to the moon00:41:54
the sphere of geostrategic and economic influence of the united states because the moon00:42:04
is also seen as a relay for economic growth which could become important00:42:13
develop transport services for goods and people for the00:42:17
benefit of space agencies organize tourist activities or even00:42:22
commercially exploit the resources of the year00:42:25
ago this idea that 'we could exploit the moon and there we have the development rather of the00:42:36
private ones who see the moon under several aspects first of all will be a tourist aspect for they00:42:42
obviously want to offer flights in Earth orbit but once they have exhausted00:42:47
the resources latine là où tourbot voilà tout le monde aura fait son petit tout autour de la00:42:51
terre qu'est ce quelle sera l'étape suivante c'es t d'aller proposer un voyage vers la lune00:42:55
donc on a des projets sur space x notamment pour essayer d'aller proposer soit et des tout autour00:43:03
soit bon là on n'est plus dans le rêve mais carrément départ à zolder et genre de choses00:43:08
le camp de base artemis sera installé au pôle sud une région qui présente de très fort taux00:43:16
d'ensoleillement avec à certains endroits des périodes ensoleillées continue de 200 jours00:43:22
une région où l'on pense trouver les ressources nécessaires pour s'installer durablement00:43:30
on en 2022 le rover viper aura pour mission d'y étudier la glace d'eau présentes en grandes00:43:38
quantités l'eau constitue une ressource précieuse pour les futures missions avec00:43:47
équipage elle permet en effet de renouveler les consommables d'une mission l'oxygène l'eau00:43:53
pour la consommation mais aussi le carburant pour les moteurs fusées mais l'idée est là00:43:59
et d'utiliser les les glaces qui sont dans des cratères qui reste complètement toujours dans00:44:05
la nuit et de l'utiliser finalement d'utiliser la lune un peu comme stations-services alors00:44:10
là évidemment c'est une bonne idée parce que l'eau vous la décomposer vous avez d'hydrogène00:44:14
de l'oxygène c'est le carburant des fusées ils partirent de la lune c'est beaucoup plus00:44:18
facile que partir de la terre donc voilà c'est c'est clair que comme station service00:44:22
saas justifie mais une station-service ne s'installe que si on a une autoroute quelque00:44:28
part loin donc on a des projets pour aller et venir un peu partout dans le système solaire00:44:35
la nasa prépare les étapes suivantes qui amèneront les états unis jusqu'à mars00:44:40
d'une part situé à proximité de la lune la mise en orbite de la station lunaire00:44:48
internationale elle sera dotée d'un module d'habitation à grand volume00:44:56
comment d'autre part doté le camp de base artemis année après année du d'importantes00:45:03
infrastructures avec pour objectif l'autonomie nécessaire à la présence permanente de l'homme00:45:13
la station lunaire couple est au camp de base artemis00:45:16
permettront de simuler une expédition martienne00:45:22
la nasa a signé avec space x l'entreprise privée du magna et lone musk un contrat de00:45:28
livraison de fret entre la station et la base lunaire space x utilisera un nouveau00:45:34
cargo spatial baptisée dragon xl dérivés des capsules dragonne les américains se préparent00:45:41
à envoyer un équipage dès 2024 quatre personnes qui resteront pendant plusieurs mois imitant le00:45:48
voyage vers mars on va quand même passer par la lune pour s'entraîner pour vérifier qu'on00:45:54
et gap de de refaire ce qu'on a fait est que ce sera une étape pour aller vers mars00:45:59
ça reste l'idée mais il reste actuellement un vrai débat entre retourner sur la lune ça00:46:05
c'est sûr qu'on va le faire mais est-ce qu'on va y établir par exemple une base permanente00:46:07
à la surface beaucoup de personnes à la nasa et aussi à la dent à l'agencé spatiale européenne00:46:12
par exemple sont favorables à cette idée de faire une base permanente sur la lune00:46:20
l' agence spatiale européenne travaille à un projet de construction d'une base00:46:26
lunaire depuis de nombreuses années de multip les projets avaient vu le jour00:46:32
mais aucun ne fut retenu en raison de leur coût en effet le principal défi dans la fabrication00:46:43
d'une base lunaire et de pouvoir protéger les astronautes des effets dévastateurs du00:46:47
rayonnement cosmique omniprésent dans l'espace ce flux radioactifs de noyaux atomiques et de00:46:54
particules à haute énergie émis par les étoiles peut interférer avec l'adn provoquant notamment00:47:00
des cancers sur terre l'action combinée de l'atmosphère et du champ magnétique nous protège00:47:07
naturellement de ce rayonnement mais la lune ne possède ni l'un ni l'autre de ces boucliers il00:47:15
faut donc construire un bouclier naturel capables de piéger les rayons mais envoyer des matériaux de00:47:22
construction reviendrait extrêmement cher dix mille euros le kg un gouffre financier ainsi00:47:30
le projet sur lequel planche la gent spatiale européenne apparaît à la fois élégant et ambitieux00:47:38
recueillir sur place les matériaux nécessaires à la construction de la base et à sa protection00:47:48
c'est directement sur le sol lunaire que la matière première idéale serait00:47:51
situé larigot lite de la poussière de roche issus des bombardements de00:47:58
l'astre par les astéroïdes qui recouvre le sol sur plusieurs mètres d'épaisseur00:48:05
larigot lite sera fondue grâce à des capteurs solaires puis00:48:10
viendra recouvrir un habitat gonflables00:48:16
un dôme gonflable de 10 mètres de diamètre pouvant accueillir deux niveaux d'habitation00:48:26
le bâtiment serait construit par de petits robots à chenilles qui00:48:30
récolte ray les poussières alentours et imprimerait eux mêmes les parois en00:48:34
3d venant solidifier le tout couche après couche avec cette matière qui00:48:40
ressemblait du grès doté d'une résistance à la traction supérieure à celle du béton00:48:50
imaginez déployé deux grandes bases lunaires des habitations00:48:54
et coloniser notre satellite ne semble plus être un fantasme de science fiction00:49:05
la lune ne nous a jamais semblé aussi proche le débat il est un petit peu technique est ce00:49:11
qu'on a besoin d'apprendre à vivre sur la lune que juste à côté là quelques jours de la terre00:49:15
avant d'aller vivre sur mars où on n'est qu'à 2 juste vérifier qu'on écarte de retourner sur la00:49:20
lune et puis de mettre tous nos moyens pour aller vers mars c'est un débat il n'est pas00:49:23
tranché il n'est pas noir et blanc il n'est pas facile et donc voilà le débat qui ont00:49:27
cours il n'est pas clos et donc suspense bat ont décidé de faire une base permanente sur la00:49:32
lune ou juste d'y retourner de temps en temps donc on retournera peut-être sur la lune moi00:49:37
je gage qu'on ne retournera pas durablement sur la lune parce que ça n'a aucun sens de dépenser00:49:43
des centaines de milliards simplement pour être présent sur la lune et pour y faire de la science00:49:47
ça vaut le coup de s'y rendre d'y déposer des instrumentations des avants postes occupés plus00:49:55
ou moins longtemps mais probablement pas en permanence par des scientifiques et pas par00:50:02
des militaires mais ça c'est ma conception pacifique de l'utilisation de l'espace ça00:50:07
n'est pas équivalent à l'est vers mars ou là il ya des challenge encore beauc oup plus grand00:50:11
mais disons que c'est comme comme répétition ça peut s'envisager surtout qu'on n'a plus la00:50:17
technologie pour y aller pour le moment donc c'est il faut d'abord être capable de retourner sur la00:50:21
lune avant de se dire bon ok on va pouvoir aller plus loin développer des fusées encore plus forte00:50:35
la lune est donc bien plus que le compagnon de nos nuits oh00:50:41
sans elle nous n'existerions probablement pas00:50:47
après avoir offert à l'homme une source00:50:49
d'inspiration infinie elle ne nous a jamais paru aussi proche00:50:56
fille est probable de la terre elle est la prochaine étape de00:51:00
l'homme dans la colonisation de l'univers00:51:08
j'aime à penser que la lune est là même si je ne la regarde pas albert einstein00:51:54
àDescription:
Rejoignez-nous pour une expédition inoubliable à travers les mystères de l'espace dans notre documentaire intitulé "Satellite Lune". Ce film vous emmène à la découverte de la lune, cette soeur silencieuse de notre planète Terre, et vous révèle ses secrets les mieux gardés. 🌎 Pour plus de documentaires sur les merveilles de l'Espace, abonnez-vous 👉 bit.ly/3jbo45N 💫 Nous vous invitons à embarquer dans un voyage passionnant à travers les abysses de notre planète, où vous découvrirez des informations surprenantes sur l'histoire de la lune et son environnement. Vous apprendrez comment la lune est apparue, comment elle a affecté la vie sur Terre et comment elle a inspiré les humains à explorer les étoiles. Notre équipe de scientifiques et d'experts en exploration spatiale vous guidera à travers les dernières découvertes sur la lune, y compris les avancées technologiques qui ont permis aux humains de poser le pied sur son sol et de réaliser des missions de reconnaissance à sa surface. Ce film vous offrira un aperçu fascinant de l'univers et vous laissera sans voix par ses révélations surprenantes. Ne manquez pas cette chance unique de découvrir les merveilles de l'espace.
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