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Table of contents

6:46
Jets in Planetary Nebulae?
29:48
Do jet-producing systems have accretion disks?
56:19
Relativistic beaming, aberration
58:04
Lorentz transformation of velocities
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  • ruRussian
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00:00:00
[music]
00:00:06
[music]
00:00:15
lecture today is my last one, it’s
00:00:18
dedicated to the jet, yes, these are the objects in
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the universe that are visible very often, and
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in particular I will also talk about
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relativistic budgets, these are those gets
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that fly at high speeds
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close to the fast speeds of color,
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a certain one is written here a set of astrophysical
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objects in which these gets are observed,
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well, the first words djed you understand, all
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this means you’ve probably heard, yes, this is a
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doped jet, that’s enough
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physics with the word jetta, but it is often
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used that there can be completely different
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contexts, but in astrophysics this is a
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very clear thing it’s just
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some kind of structure that is tinted in a narrow,
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fairly narrow corner,
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well, in a small corner, that is, we will each
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talk about about a few degrees in
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each corner, so it turns out that these
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tinted jets are visible in very
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different objects, they exist from
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two objects and young stellar
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to young stars that is, these are objects
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that stars are just being born
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and gets are visible there
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and these are stars, in fact, they
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correct the matter from the disk which
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year of the stellar disk, that is, that star
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just tested the ardis which is
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called the disk that formed
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you a star there and a thing, and that is it still
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falls on the star and it turns out that it can
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lower the djed taken is observed in
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x-ray double sources of
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this reduction of terrible we, as it were,
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haima sex with a fish does not mean
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neutron stars of a black hole with
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massive companions, yes, that is,
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massive companions say 10 masses of
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the sun, there is a black one a hole with low-
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massive companions they are called
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x-ray transients tomorrow
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Alexander will tell you something about them that is
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also neutron stars
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resin massive companions in this
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abbreviation st m x
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yes this lauma sex fish does not mean we have an
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x-ray
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binary black hole or a neutron
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star there is a small star flying around it,
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like the sun or even
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smaller, there are such objects that
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correct white dwarfs, sometimes
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they are visible in X-rays
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called super soft x-ray source, that
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is, if the form is reduced three times from
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super soft as of source to x with this
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is mined this cafe is called super
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soft for sex it sometimes lets in
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x-ray sources in soft
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light which are also associated with
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compact objects white dwarf but
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it undergoes accretion there
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thermonuclear burning occurs not very bright there
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are some called symbiotic
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stars this is where we have a white dwarf and
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nearby with him there is a star that you can
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say for now, well, there is like a red red
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giant that is simply covered by a white
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dwarf in its own atmosphere, that is,
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they are generally a white dwarf or fly in the
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atmosphere of another big star, there are
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rotating neutron stars on which
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we talked about pulsars of this
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lecture took place nutmeg, it turns out they also
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launch jetta, that is, everything along the way,
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everything that rotates or cinnamon roars, they
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launch gets, well, there are even
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planetary nebulae, that is, these are the
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remains of
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red giants that are shed
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during evolution, and the chance will be a red
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giant will shed a shell that is formed
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so beautiful shell which
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is called a planetary nebula on
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sometimes they also show some gets
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all this is so and galaxies of which all these are
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objects that we can observe in
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our galaxy on and from which not
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galactic objects these are
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supermassive black holes in the centers of
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galaxies these are black holes of which there are
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millions or even billions, even tens of
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tenths of billions, there are the masses of the sun, that
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is, a very massive formation in the
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center of the galaxy, around of course there is
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matter falling into this black hole,
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so we see them such objects,
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this ijen abbreviation is called active
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galaxies not coal,
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which means in Russian they sometimes write abbreviations
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oh ok yes the active nucleus of the galaxy, I do
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n’t know that the sail to the frequent
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use of abbreviations and money is
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like me before galaxies,
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this object is completely unique and the
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ones that are written here are Derby
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means Homer and you take gamma-ray bursts,
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and here are gamma-ray bursts short
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bursts in gamma radiation, which are either
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due to the fact that a supernova exploded, a
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massive star has evolved, exploded a
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supernova, formed a black hole, but the
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matter is not yet falling, the amount of matter is formed there, spinning
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around the black hole,
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falling and accelerating the djed, which
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breaks through the star and we will see a
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powerful burst gamma radiation here
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or here is the second what is the second option
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to form gamma-ray bursts which are
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short bursts this is when it from 2
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neutron stars collide in the process of
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evolution from 2 from 2 massive stars
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preval tinted formed me two
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neutron stars they gradually
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fly around each other from
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falling off but rumors about are starting
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to collide why some of their energy is
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here angular momentum it just comes out
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in the form of gravitational waves and in a billion
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years there and a few billion years they
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can collide in the end and
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this process can also cause
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gamma-ray bursts 1 this is the main theory
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again hypothesis of how short
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gamma-ray bursts are formed also we have a lot of
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everything that spins and all six form compactly
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enough gets so they are
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visible look at the object and x on these
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buttons haha ​​I remember that x 2 is a horror movie
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who is this this one you're a good farmer, well done,
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Pasha remembers correctly, but
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you see this, in fact, these are young
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stars, yes, they are often visible here in
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this field shell around them, that is, it does
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n’t just have a lot of gas and stuff and
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dust, a star is formed in the center and
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now Often these rather
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narrow jets are visible, which in general spectral
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lines from some are observed,
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surprisingly, quite strongly
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tinted objects that will come out
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here are 200 astronomical units, these
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hundreds of astronomical units are visible,
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well, and more gets here are beautiful planetary nebulae
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to which so why is it not possible
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planetary nebulae there and before
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looked like planets like disks
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that are just big not like stars and they are not
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them they did not twinkle before the planets do not
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twinkle stars twinkle they are quite
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large in angular size this is the Internet
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we can see here here is what a more or less
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spherical shell is around a white
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dwarf which sits in the center and is
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visible here bright. it is now a hot white
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dwarf and around it there is a bunch of gas that
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was ejected there thousands of years ago
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before the white dwarf was formed,
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but you see they are very asymmetrical,
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some jets fly out from here, this is
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generally surprising, in fact, the phenomenon is
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not even sure people really understand how
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make such formations for such very much
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like without hot these hot areas are so
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something makes them like this maybe there is probably a
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binary system there in
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fact there is a star itself which is poorly
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visible this is
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called these criticizing white
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dwarfs whose matter falls onto the
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surface of a neutron star
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thermonuclear burning occurs under you need to apply a lot
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to the white dwarf so that the thermonuclear
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burning is white to Alexandra,
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nothing burns before and burns new
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maybe very slowly
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yoki little, it turns out that on the surface
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this substance can burn, it falls the
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companion is
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compacted and maintains such a
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constant burning and it turns out to be a bright
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X-ray source, but in soft
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X-rays, and here, in fact, the widget
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here is not a picture, but here we
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will attach the spectrum, this is how long the helium line will take you,
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for example, but here,
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if you look, it has satellites here
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with 1 minus s plus here or not
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hb then they gave the role of the line of hydrogen polymers
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from the knees and you see even in place with
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minus s plus satellites
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from a heap of what kind of satellites they took on and even
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those that travel along with
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these lines, the line of course themselves does
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n’t form somewhere a lot but according to the
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star or somewhere nearby, these are
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the companions of these lines, and you find yourself
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shifted from red to blue,
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not a region at all, simply because
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it also has a jet that flies at
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high speed and we can
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calculate the speed here
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just from this shift
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do you know how to evaluate the Doppler effect
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1100 Doppler effect
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something is flying delta la [ __ ] lambda
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this is about order means vfc let's immediately
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evaluate a good exercise for you yes
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look let's take the line hb then 4860
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how much will it be here who remembers the pashas
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for sure know the lambda is about 4000 but
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here on in fact, it doesn’t matter about five
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thousand, let’s write for just tx3
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and delta lambda, well, this is still
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more decent, we already know the number to without
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it, the fact is that by mistake it
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will be several percent, but it would be good for us to
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know here 4800 there I don’t know 31 series
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700 4800 200 I will be here 50 of the world there
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will be seven hundred will start
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600 angstroms of this order 600 x 360
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this is 660 carried out for up to 600 donut here is 60
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inx and well that means delta lam so lamda it
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turns out 6 5 hundredths in general about
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one percent to small here is ours
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the speed of light the speed is about 1 1
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percent the speed of light these are the white
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dwarfs we launch jetta
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here it is written satellites there are
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other satellites here I talked about it
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here and Jeffey wavelengths according to the
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measure this is the same thing that I said everything
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that was said really about four
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thousand kilometers per second but the speed of
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light is 30 300000 14 seconds also here’s
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a little bit correctly done correctly
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calculated on the slide the same as
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great here we have this neutron star
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now we have pulsars here is the most
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famous as how can everyone know yes the
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pulsar of the crab nebula is less
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well-known is called bicycle lanes of the kind,
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well, they are just twin brothers,
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this is with the help of the territory of Chandra Vera,
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the matter is of course not the same, not so well
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studied and not so not so beautiful
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images further away from us, but it’s
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very similar, here we have a pulsar
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here and here what do you see gets
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I do that is due to the fact that there are
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magnetic fields, our object is spinning, the
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magnetic field is spinning like this and
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they make some kind of tower along
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which the matter is accelerated and flies off
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somewhere everything that is spinning with magnetic
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fields then we have the same
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they are doing this but there are some prominent people here why are
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such spherical shells you
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are flying apart let's now come to
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me galactic source actually
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jetta is the most famous probably the
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more parent gets those that
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move quickly yes they were discovered in
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radio
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emission using radio telescopes
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quite a long time ago there 60 years when
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he arrived, they began to build a fairly good image
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and now they are observed at night
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in some kind of well, in fires, that
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is, what is called kozara, this is a
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massive
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drama of strong massive cores of galaxies,
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well, massive galaxies, and here
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we have an image, probably one of
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one of the most famous sources
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close to us is the elliptical
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galaxy M87,
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you know where this center of the
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virga cluster is located, and it’s there, [ __ ] it, in fact,
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not so far from us, the cube is low there, a couple of
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tens of these megaparsecs, here and here, look at the
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center,
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look at this here big picture here, I do
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n’t even know how long it is here, there
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will probably be some megaparsecs, that
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is, here is the center center of the source here are
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these widgets and then these
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djed are falling apart interacting with the
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intergalactic medium,
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well, we start to look inside and you can see that there is a
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certain jet here, here is one jet you can see in the
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other direction the jet is not visible how so
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why in one direction of the jet you can see the other
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side flying in formation and not visible
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here we are still starting to improve it is very
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clearly visible in one direction of the formation are
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you okay the other you can’t see anything at all but
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and so on here the resolution is already
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increasing or increasing, we are all
00:13:28
looking deeper and deeper on smaller
00:13:31
scales and you can still clearly see these
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narrow jets are directed, yes here is
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the deal.by
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this means we already have several
00:13:40
radio telescopes in which the base is of the order of the
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size of the earth and the angular resolution can
00:13:45
to be there tens of micro to arc
00:13:50
seconds, that is, very good for him
00:13:53
anyway, apparently such can now be
00:13:54
resolved even at the cost there is no picture of exactly
00:13:57
what happens as a teen gets accelerated
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directly from the most like a central source, well,
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less a very jet of very narrow
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directed beams of plasma or flying and
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amazing that we see only one
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side and the other we don’t see anything, but
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this is in fact and we have a simple
00:14:14
explanation, simple without it is not called
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relativistic color aberration when
00:14:20
something flies towards us, that’s what
00:14:24
this formula comes from, we see that
00:14:27
something is flying radiation that is released to us
00:14:29
more or less beyond the path in this
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system and it flies somewhere, it turns out to be
00:14:33
external to the system but is directed in the
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direction where the object is flying to it, well, that is,
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alpine, if you have a standard
00:14:43
operation, you know, yes, here you are riding a
00:14:45
bicycle you for some reason, always
00:14:47
if it’s raining, it’s always in your face, they
00:14:49
never call you in the back, very
00:14:52
rarely, but when it’s always your chest and your face, it’s a
00:14:55
must, yes, you drive fast and
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get that the wind can rain that
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falls from above, for some reason the list
00:15:04
was for you will also hit you if we are riding
00:15:06
fast on a bicycle, the ball will simply be
00:15:08
thrown from the point of view of an external
00:15:10
observer, it will not fly vertical at all,
00:15:12
but the ball will fly somewhere
00:15:14
forward because we are moving with
00:15:16
it, that is, what is thrown
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perpendicular to the direction of movement
00:15:20
actually turns out to be flies forward
00:15:22
together with moving objects, the
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same thing here only here the speeds are
00:15:27
relativistic, that is, close to the
00:15:28
speed of light, if we
00:15:29
throw something out perpendicularly, even it turns
00:15:31
out everything flies in the same
00:15:33
direction towards the direction of
00:15:35
motion of the jetta,
00:15:36
that is, this is what we only see one
00:15:38
side djed it means to say that
00:15:40
gets it flies towards us and all the photons
00:15:43
are emitted in our direction just come in
00:15:46
parental aberration from 2 djed it
00:15:48
grows from us we would therefore not see it
00:15:51
all forbes fires the opposite
00:15:53
side and then when it is djed already on a
00:15:56
large scale somewhere it collides, it’s
00:15:58
already falling apart and then we start
00:16:00
hitting these what they call for the sake of
00:16:02
them in the radio range to bring atoms to the face
00:16:06
given to Odessa on land and Thanos in the middle,
00:16:11
but several pictures are also
00:16:13
similar, you know what kind of
00:16:17
galaxy is very famous, also Centauri
00:16:20
santarossa
00:16:21
and this is the image in the pharmacy, it’s
00:16:25
just an elliptical galaxy like this, you
00:16:26
can see a field bullet floor a field
00:16:29
stripe, well, probably some ordinary
00:16:33
spiral galaxy collided with it with
00:16:35
a lot of dust, it left
00:16:37
such a heap of dust and what’s interesting is that in the
00:16:39
center there
00:16:40
is also what looks like a supermassive black hole there is
00:16:42
no radio image of him here, you see
00:16:44
two two ears like this here you can also
00:16:47
look here some other objects
00:16:49
in childhood are often visible that these narrow
00:16:51
directed beams of plasma form
00:16:54
such and when the
00:16:55
beam with a groove already interacts with the
00:16:57
intergalactic medium, this one requires
00:16:59
the same dream towers
00:17:01
which is now visible in different long
00:17:05
waves from the left left below the
00:17:07
X-ray image I can see with the help of the Chandra Observatory
00:17:09
jab now you see yes from the left
00:17:12
up there and here comes the djed narrow jet
00:17:14
reverse jet we don’t see here this
00:17:17
optics
00:17:18
here here on the radio is also good it’s visible, but
00:17:20
here we already have something here, too, like about
00:17:22
someone, the lengths are long waves here, here
00:17:25
at the central source and you can see a narrow
00:17:27
jet goes up to the top, turned
00:17:29
and this one, now we’ll also return to M87,
00:17:32
probably the most famous, and then simply
00:17:34
because it’s the most the old one, as you know,
00:17:37
has been open since 1917,
00:17:39
that is, just since we
00:17:42
started 101 years ago this year, that is, 101
00:17:45
years something, unfortunately, I’m invisible,
00:17:47
the conference is dedicated to the opening of the
00:17:49
Elven djed, consecrated last year,
00:17:52
it was necessary to hold conferences not
00:17:53
except October of the Great October
00:17:55
Revolution further that year there
00:17:58
were completely different events
00:18:00
her bir kurd from he was an astronomer at a
00:18:03
nearby observatory in California, so of
00:18:07
course he didn’t have a radio telescope in
00:18:09
those years, he didn’t have an X-ray
00:18:11
telescope, he looked through optics and the
00:18:12
resolution then he had, oh, not very well,
00:18:14
but nevertheless he saw on
00:18:16
the photographic plate a certain stripe like this,
00:18:20
which he called straight grain,
00:18:23
that is, some kind of straight line is better there, but
00:18:26
on one here and here this is considered to be the
00:18:29
first mention of the fact that he won
00:18:32
in this object really has a direct
00:18:34
shelf to the one that now we will play
00:18:36
with this jet, but now we can see both
00:18:38
in radio and in x-rays, we can even see
00:18:41
various details of
00:18:43
the fault, but let’s talk a little about those
00:18:47
jets that are observed in these
00:18:50
active galactic nuclei,
00:18:51
this is how they manifest themselves they
00:18:55
manifest themselves so that they are visible not only
00:18:57
there in optics, but in X-rays it turns out that
00:19:00
they shine a lot in the gamma range.
00:19:02
About the pulsar, he said that they were discovered in the
00:19:04
radio range; in fact, most
00:19:06
of the energy is pumped into the gamma
00:19:07
ranges; for this you need some kind of gamma
00:19:09
detectors here the spectral
00:19:13
spectra of several galaxies are shown here, the
00:19:15
energy from love here in wave this
00:19:18
kef in fact there is an x-ray narrow
00:19:20
range moment here minus 3 but this is
00:19:22
all homo range to the right and it turns out that
00:19:25
there are galaxies in which
00:19:27
nothing shines in gamma they are called a hammock
00:19:29
white that is, here, too, there is black
00:19:32
doses of massively supermassive they are in the
00:19:34
Gandhi base, nothing shines they shine
00:19:36
here in the print, not but
00:19:37
there are galaxies that launch
00:19:39
these relativistic gets and we walk in the gamma
00:19:41
range here, more of the energy
00:19:43
turns out to be in the poor range, which means but the
00:19:47
electron is running it will look like this and
00:19:50
in fact open this discovery is
00:19:52
only actually 20 there three
00:19:54
years before we didn’t know that these
00:19:57
objects in the gamma range are so bright
00:20:02
thank you we need to write to the observatory
00:20:04
which is called the Canton
00:20:06
observatory Hong Kong orbitals launched by
00:20:08
NASA in 1991 worked out
00:20:12
about ten years old died in two thousand in
00:20:15
2000 when she was lowered into the Pacific
00:20:17
Ocean due to the fact that
00:20:21
one of the gyroscopes broke there, but they also considered that
00:20:22
she was heavy, 7 tons or
00:20:24
many tons, what if she breaks down in the
00:20:26
account where the excavation is that it will be impossible to
00:20:27
lower controlled to the ground and
00:20:30
therefore I mean they are controllable 10 tons
00:20:33
will fall on someone’s leg it won’t
00:20:34
seem like much at all there was a lot of things left there
00:20:37
so they decided to lower the controllable
00:20:39
where it should be but unfortunately
00:20:42
the observatories were destroyed many did not
00:20:44
agree I was then in NASA in goddard
00:20:47
space fights android was
00:20:48
just discussed for millions;
00:20:50
local scientists there were very unhappy with
00:20:52
the decision and the Nazi bureaucrats who
00:20:54
decided to destroy the observatories; she could have
00:20:57
worked there quietly for ten years, why for 10 years of ours she
00:21:02
was buried in 2000 in the Pacific Ocean,
00:21:04
but the next observatory that
00:21:05
made a great discovery this is an
00:21:07
observatory on their farm, which is a company called Gamma guys, it
00:21:12
was launched in 2008, so far they
00:21:14
wouldn’t have finalized the other, it didn’t
00:21:17
happen, but this Canton observatory
00:21:19
had such a detector called play
00:21:22
xtreme gamer and something telescopic almost
00:21:26
why in this one I don’t remember
00:21:27
energetic xtreme gamer no, I don’t remember
00:21:30
the experiment, in general, some kind of
00:21:32
telescope, but in fact it is clear that he
00:21:34
observed in the gamma range, the
00:21:35
sensitivity was not very
00:21:37
good, but then he made us a map of the
00:21:39
Vityaz galaxy, basically the galactic
00:21:40
density is visible, the plane is visible, but there are
00:21:42
some visible there crab ut you can see some
00:21:45
other objects here that are most likely
00:21:48
associated with extra-galactic sources
00:21:49
and these are not galactic sources
00:21:51
so we gave it seemed that in
00:21:54
fact they are in the bright gamma range and that the
00:21:56
luminosity there in the gamma range is actually a
00:21:58
hundred times higher than everything else we
00:22:00
saw it before in the optical or
00:22:02
radio range,
00:22:03
several years have passed in 2008,
00:22:07
they launched the farm observatory and the
00:22:10
same sky is now being observed with
00:22:12
a sensitivity that is of course
00:22:13
much higher, this is in fact
00:22:15
a movie made in 2008, that is, this is
00:22:18
literally in a few months after the
00:22:20
launch a couple of months in the life of the observatory that
00:22:24
some sources are to blame here because
00:22:25
they appear and disappear appears at
00:22:28
10 appears disappear acts
00:22:30
moved even rolling towards you the star
00:22:33
cluster shown yes here is the northern
00:22:35
hemisphere southern hemisphere that camp the
00:22:37
big dipper appeared on here and
00:22:41
here it says about the fact that firstly
00:22:44
the sky in gamma rays is very variable,
00:22:47
these are all the sources of gamma that we are,
00:22:49
they are very eerie changes, this is the
00:22:51
constellation Virgo, and here there is only one
00:22:57
object that is moving in some way,
00:22:58
look, see,
00:22:59
flew here, here it will be now,
00:23:01
see he flew and the daughters explained to us a little bit
00:23:03
here who this sun is
00:23:07
in the galaxies, they feed their suns with a fragile
00:23:10
Fri, it moves this kitty kid and we have
00:23:13
the sun here, this is how the sun moves, it turns
00:23:14
out that it even shines in gamma rays, but
00:23:16
not because there is clearly something there
00:23:18
accelerates to because, in fact,
00:23:20
some chicken particles fall onto the sun,
00:23:21
and there
00:23:26
gamma rays are formed on the surface of the sun,
00:23:28
so the sun turns out to be a fairly
00:23:30
bright object that can be studied there,
00:23:32
flashes can be observed, too,
00:23:34
which are already local effects, but these
00:23:37
are all this is mostly clear to me
00:23:39
galactic sources this map of the sky in
00:23:42
galactic coordinates where our
00:23:43
galaxy is here think here the
00:23:47
northern and southern hemispheres were
00:23:49
depicted yes so our galaxy is
00:23:53
here in a circle going almost invisible
00:23:57
here it is specifically shown in the village
00:23:59
the matter in [ __ ] outside galactic sources the
00:24:02
whole galaxy you see the red stripes of
00:24:04
khinkali
00:24:05
that's why we won't
00:24:09
watch this this is where it doesn't apply anymore and then
00:24:13
there's a pulsar why did they draw this for us
00:24:14
because some of these sources are
00:24:15
from so we had pulsars in our galaxy
00:24:17
here here is this map of the sky about the
00:24:23
integrated one already in a couple of years
00:24:25
you can see it now here it’s already good this is another
00:24:27
projection here you can see we already have the plane
00:24:29
of the galaxy the center of the galaxy here in this
00:24:32
galactic sources visible to me
00:24:33
we look in the gamma range here we have the
00:24:36
brightest non-galactic sources
00:24:38
what - at that time, during the flares, there was
00:24:40
such a quasar 3c
00:24:42
450 4.33 c, which means it’s from some radio
00:24:46
catalog that was created there decades
00:24:48
ago, then
00:24:49
I actually created an object that is known to
00:24:51
all Turks, it turns out to be very terribly bright in the
00:24:53
gamut of rays if you look at the radio
00:24:55
then they all have these jettas visible,
00:24:57
see here the image is specially
00:24:59
this is in the radio, this is a map from the radio, jettas are visible,
00:25:03
these were ng water quasars, we have
00:25:07
massive black holes, but no,
00:25:11
a little more than 20 years ago, 24 years
00:25:14
ago already an amazing event
00:25:17
happened in the world, a
00:25:20
new type of object was discovered, it was discovered,
00:25:23
which is called micro
00:25:25
quasars, and that’s what it’s connected with, first of
00:25:29
all, with objects whose name is
00:25:31
gear from 1915 to 5, but through means
00:25:35
grenade source grenade, it was a Russian
00:25:37
observatory,
00:25:40
even said Soviet observatory
00:25:43
because it was built in Soviet
00:25:44
times even before the
00:25:46
Soviet Union collapsed and it
00:25:50
worked for several years and discovered
00:25:52
many bright sources, including
00:25:54
in 1992, this source
00:25:57
broke out, that is, it didn’t exist before,
00:25:59
we don’t know anything about it, it
00:26:00
flared up 1915 this is the coordinate of it just
00:26:04
simply galactic there is no
00:26:07
galactic naturally
00:26:09
but in reality it
00:26:12
flared up and it became bright it is still
00:26:14
bright in the sky and they exist for
00:26:17
25 years until 26 years since
00:26:20
Felix Mirabel has been working such radio astronomers
00:26:25
but in general not only infrared
00:26:26
he was studying astronomy, so he somehow
00:26:28
decided to look at me in the radio range
00:26:30
and saw what he saw here in
00:26:32
this movie, well, of course it’s not so
00:26:34
beautiful, he probably saw it there at first, he
00:26:35
saw this central source,
00:26:38
he saw it just so that the 2nd side
00:26:40
would fly apart - well, balls, well, what is
00:26:44
called a blog in English literature,
00:26:46
that is, how it is translated into Russian,
00:26:49
this clot can be called a clot
00:26:52
of matter up to which it shines, but in this
00:26:55
case in the radio range,
00:26:56
here and then what is drawn on these maps,
00:26:59
look here at the maps at
00:27:01
different points in time yes, that is, they are not
00:27:02
visible
00:27:03
brother if the image quality is such,
00:27:05
but it is clear that you are the central source
00:27:07
somewhere, but these would fly out,
00:27:09
they are moving and simply by the speed of
00:27:12
movement you can also
00:27:13
measure their speed in our sky and
00:27:16
it turned out that they are also here they are all
00:27:19
moving at high speed, I’ll tell you
00:27:21
what other very famous sources
00:27:23
from 433 are also in our galaxy, the
00:27:27
central source is somewhere here and it
00:27:29
releases these blogs in different
00:27:31
directions and here you can see by the way that
00:27:33
they are visible or in up a budget these different
00:27:36
sides flying into one just in
00:27:38
fact this djed is located approximately in the
00:27:40
plane of the picture, that is, they are left,
00:27:42
as it were, and in the left right jab they are
00:27:44
approximately equally bright for us and
00:27:46
a little when quoted so this is the djed
00:27:48
spinning like this, you see the same we
00:27:50
have objects in our galaxy
00:27:52
extragalactic show gets but
00:27:55
this is unfortunately the images from the telescope
00:27:58
this is the artist’s fantasy what happens to a
00:28:00
massive star the
00:28:01
transformation of a black hole when and there is
00:28:04
formed in the center here is a black hole
00:28:05
around it around it the material falls
00:28:08
to me and here a djed is formed which we
00:28:11
gives a gamma-ray burst, that is, if we are
00:28:13
lucky in any sense, we are looking at this
00:28:16
object directly along the jetta, then all the photons
00:28:19
that were born in this jetta will fly in
00:28:21
our direction, but if all the photons that
00:28:24
were seen with the opposite jetta, we
00:28:25
will never see it, but it will be and
00:28:28
it shines in the gamma-ray range,
00:28:31
so a black hole is formed from a massive star,
00:28:32
and now there are these
00:28:35
objects that are associated with gamma-ray bursts,
00:28:37
an association with supernovae, that is,
00:28:40
many objects, many bursts were
00:28:42
seen as so funny, therefore, a more or
00:28:44
less reliable interpretation is that
00:28:46
gamma-ray bursts and supernovae they are connected to each
00:28:48
other, this is also
00:28:51
a simulation 0 more precisely, and not even a
00:28:55
computer simulation, I would say,
00:28:58
but they just made a movie like that, and how the
00:29:01
challenge is that
00:29:03
neutron stars collide with each other, well, of course, some
00:29:05
concept of physics and eating for a neutron
00:29:07
star due to gravitational radiation
00:29:09
was lost angular momentum and then they
00:29:11
got too high like that and let's look at
00:29:14
them and then there is also an axis about
00:29:18
communicating rotation most likely
00:29:20
then a black hole can form around
00:29:22
it around the black hole background after the
00:29:24
collision there is still
00:29:25
matter formed and accelerating djed this is a short
00:29:29
list dynamic times here are micro
00:29:32
milliseconds, yes, that’s when we
00:29:33
start to have neutrons stars collide,
00:29:35
you catch them flying almost the speed of
00:29:36
light characteristic size 10 kilometers
00:29:39
before that is why everything happens instantly
00:29:42
several orbits we and the birds are all
00:29:44
over, well, now what is she with
00:29:47
these to kill you here here i am still are
00:29:50
an object these are young stars they have
00:29:52
accretion happening on them supersoft
00:29:55
source searched three times these are white dwarfs
00:29:58
on them accretion occurs again from
00:30:00
yes these black holes of different types
00:30:03
they always have a jet 433 massive
00:30:08
x-ray binary there there is accretion
00:30:10
there there is djed x-ray transients
00:30:13
this is the object where once 1915 105 which is
00:30:18
transient means it is a variable strongly not
00:30:20
with a variable source here it is there too there
00:30:21
is accretion of a gamma-ray burst henna in
00:30:24
different types it seems there are also accretions then
00:30:25
for all for all concepts
00:30:27
two active and adele galaxy 5 secret
00:30:30
for some substance that is supplied by
00:30:31
andrey golub well,
00:30:32
what happens in planetary
00:30:33
nebulae is not very clear to me, there is always
00:30:35
something spinning, some kind of magnetic
00:30:38
fields as a result, they launch gets, well,
00:30:41
then the most interesting thing begins from
00:30:44
my point of view, to what some gets
00:30:46
turn out to be superluminal you know how to
00:30:50
fly at speeds higher than the speed of light or
00:30:56
told how they fly at speeds
00:30:59
will be the speed of light unfortunately
00:31:01
the special theory of relativity
00:31:03
forbids us this but astronomers
00:31:06
can afford it we
00:31:08
look at an object called 3c
00:31:10
273 one of the
00:31:12
famous quasars in the radio range in
00:31:15
here here you can see the blog what is called
00:31:17
in come here you in general 7 7 years of observation
00:31:21
78 a long time ago up to 40 years ago everything was
00:31:25
done and we simply measure the distance in the sky
00:31:27
as they move yes these
00:31:30
blogs this object quasar is known to have a
00:31:33
red shift it is known there are
00:31:35
cosmological models we can calculate a
00:31:36
fairly accurate distance to this
00:31:38
object
00:31:39
state we know we know with what
00:31:42
angular velocity they are moving you see
00:31:44
this head speed but in the sky the
00:31:46
proper motion of these blobs is
00:31:48
small like yes it needs good
00:31:51
resolution look
00:31:54
808 thousandths of arc seconds per year
00:31:57
moves dodi try to measure
00:31:59
you need to measure this way and
00:32:02
in motion you need to have a radio telescope
00:32:04
with a large base, at least
00:32:07
the size of the earth, then the angular resolution
00:32:09
will be what you know for telescopes, about 1
00:32:18
lam to divide by the date the wavelength of
00:32:20
a centimeter there what base there thousands of
00:32:23
kilometers excellent the angular resolution
00:32:25
is obtained then the angle will be of the
00:32:27
order of this, in order to
00:32:29
see such movements you need good
00:32:31
resolution, this means then
00:32:34
we consider what speed it is moving,
00:32:35
well, just
00:32:37
a shift to delta p of some kind, this is the speed
00:32:42
v1, this is what we see on it, the
00:32:44
speed in the sky multiplied for the time
00:32:46
that we are observing, well, we can
00:32:48
calculate from here, for example, an angle, yes, just what
00:32:52
is an angle, this distance is divided by the
00:32:54
physical shift in a centimeter, how is it divided by the
00:32:57
distance to the object, this is just an angle,
00:32:59
it would be clear, but what if, for
00:33:03
example, we have a circle
00:33:06
and we take some kind of then the angle at which it is
00:33:08
defy is some kind, and here its radius is r,
00:33:11
then this distance is r defy,
00:33:16
let’s call this delta r and this
00:33:19
distance d d delta r, etc. on the def
00:33:25
here twice d will be delta feta or
00:33:28
deltas from this it is very clear that the angle
00:33:30
is simply in relation to what we see
00:33:33
divided at a distance and this is
00:33:36
the speed but receives its own
00:33:37
movement, this by definition is just
00:33:39
such a speed toogle it changes in the sky
00:33:42
this delta t t t t t t t t t
00:33:46
but this is the same as dividing the speed
00:33:49
by d but we don’t know how to distance we know,
00:33:53
so we can measure the speed, here’s the
00:33:55
distance we know, well, here is the
00:33:57
Hubble constant, this means the Sahaba in
00:34:00
units of 100 what’s a kilometer in second
00:34:03
per megaparsec
00:34:04
here it is about 0 7 totals about
00:34:06
600 there 550 megaparsec that's constantly
00:34:10
hubble 1 clock is determined I counted 07 from
00:34:13
anyway super move on in made a report
00:34:15
he said that 070 68 or there is approximately a
00:34:18
plank measured measured there and others
00:34:22
tell us 071 y I was .
00:34:24
because once someone said 070
00:34:27
in general, so I would now round up to
00:34:28
0 7,
00:34:30
well, let’s see what the speed is,
00:34:33
this is what we are observing to the observed
00:34:35
speed in the sky in English is called the
00:34:38
apparatus observed object to in another way
00:34:41
it to call it Mew, this is the
00:34:45
same thing, so that from this we simply multiply
00:34:47
meow, this is a terrible small number of this
00:34:50
10 30 000 8 arc seconds, I’ll give in order to
00:34:54
understand arc seconds, let’s
00:34:56
also convert this into radians,
00:34:59
because angles are still angular
00:35:00
seconds cannot be represented here, you still need
00:35:02
to substitute radians, there is a
00:35:04
translation in radians, that is, and
00:35:06
divide by the number of degrees
00:35:10
up to 300 degrees 80 degrees here
00:35:13
the number of minutes stick the number of minutes
00:35:16
in degrees the number of seconds in minutes
00:35:18
this is how this can be
00:35:20
translated into radians were written there
00:35:25
in a year, we already have to convert it into seconds, in this
00:35:28
we need to find out how many seconds we have in a year
00:35:30
in 365 days in a day we have approximately 8000
00:35:33
186000 seconds, here is another multiplier
00:35:36
obtained with a distance of 440 megaparsecs,
00:35:42
but blinking means a million, yes, there are all pairs,
00:35:45
Katherine 18 centimeters but they are minus 1
00:35:49
there it was now set so it turned out the
00:35:51
observed speed is five and a
00:35:53
half x minus 1 will brighten up the speed of
00:35:56
light by another 0 7 let's divide this and it
00:35:59
turns out 8 8 speeds of light is normal that's how it
00:36:02
turned out great
00:36:04
an astronomer can fly at a speed greater than the
00:36:06
speed of light
00:36:07
no one forbids us to look at the sky and
00:36:10
see 8 speeds of light, but then I’ll
00:36:13
spend q this time, maybe not everyone knows
00:36:15
how we can fly, how can an astronomer
00:36:18
specifically allow the body of thousands
00:36:20
forbids, but we can, how will we
00:36:23
fly at the speed of light or even
00:36:25
exceed and I brought you something that is
00:36:29
observed, it would be some, but here are
00:36:32
the clumps of matter that fly out from the
00:36:33
central source from the black hole and
00:36:36
they fly, they actually fly straight
00:36:38
almost towards us, so we see one
00:36:40
side of this jetta, we don’t see the second,
00:36:42
yes, that’s why first, we have a
00:36:44
clump of matter and we are here below it
00:36:47
says s yes this is the earth and it is
00:36:50
almost flying almost towards us this angle
00:36:52
theta it is very small well it doesn’t matter how
00:36:54
small it is there a few degrees
00:36:56
maybe that’s what this clump of matter
00:36:59
does it releases photons released
00:37:02
photons and after some point in time
00:37:04
we will again take a photograph in the sky until
00:37:07
dreams the sky will finish again in a month we
00:37:09
again according to the exact same as after some
00:37:12
month again released photons yes, in
00:37:14
essence, this is at least one photon of the
00:37:16
prostate let there be two photons released,
00:37:18
not a lot there, how many let two photons
00:37:20
in general at some point in time 0
00:37:23
we have a photon flying distance to the ground d here
00:37:27
's a car photon number two flew out after
00:37:30
some time much later here
00:37:32
he says he flew too to us,
00:37:35
that’s what the distance is now from this
00:37:39
source to us, of course, is no longer
00:37:40
the distance to it, but then it approached, so
00:37:43
this distance will be d minus the
00:37:47
distance that it flew, well, you also
00:37:49
need to multiply by the cosine of this angle, so
00:37:51
it released a photon, the moment in time i.e. e.
00:37:55
two but due to this 2 units means and
00:37:58
rush that is, released before Plato,
00:37:59
he had some kind of speed, that is,
00:38:02
in this it is he who flew
00:38:03
the distance, that is, this is the distance we
00:38:07
measure here, there is no special theory
00:38:08
of relativity, in fact, we
00:38:10
just have distance in our topic of
00:38:12
the report, he flew like this, and
00:38:13
we timed some time, and this is the
00:38:16
distance he flew, cosine
00:38:18
theta projection, this is how much on
00:38:21
the observer it turned out like this vt2 on
00:38:26
cosine theta, this is the distance he
00:38:28
flew, and here the projection turned out to be
00:38:30
this sine theta is left, this is
00:38:33
the distance written, but now let’s calculate how
00:38:36
much of the Speer the photon has long flown off, this
00:38:38
distance is divided by the speed of light of
00:38:39
this distance, we don’t care which one is
00:38:41
here, and the second photon is
00:38:44
now worth declaring, and there it means a
00:38:47
break, this time, the observed time, when we
00:38:51
will observing this distance divided
00:38:54
by the speed of light is understandable, and the second photon
00:38:56
arrives; firstly, some time has gone away;
00:39:01
two
00:39:03
and then add the time of passage of
00:39:05
the photon from the moment of departure to us, that is,
00:39:08
this is what remains: the distance is the
00:39:09
determinant for the speed of light,
00:39:11
which is what we are interested in; in fact, cough,
00:39:13
divide into prices; a completely interesting
00:39:15
distance to bio; we already have the difference between
00:39:17
those times, but
00:39:18
find out what the difference is Meanwhile, the
00:39:19
time of arrival of the photon to the detector,
00:39:22
we subtract one from the other, yes, that's it, and
00:39:26
dividing the nations is perfectly reduced and what
00:39:28
remains is that the time between the arrival of
00:39:31
two two photons to us is the time between
00:39:34
them flying out, multiplied by the jacket,
00:39:38
bracket look one minus you divide
00:39:40
by c by cosine theta and the
00:39:43
whole dog is buried in these brackets now I’ll draw
00:39:47
this, let’s not show
00:39:50
this for now, let’s think about what’s in
00:39:53
the brackets, it’s actually very important
00:39:56
and because this bracket is
00:39:59
one minus, let’s call it beta and do
00:40:02
cosine theta
00:40:03
b then the speed is in units of the speed of light
00:40:07
and here is the cosine theta so we will now
00:40:10
try to get
00:40:13
what it depends on what kind of number it is, is it
00:40:16
big or small
00:40:19
something flies at the speed of light and
00:40:21
means a bad beat of the order of one we
00:40:24
are talking about a speed of the order of the speed of
00:40:26
light I said that this small one
00:40:29
means cosine this is this
00:40:33
angle this is a small corner well I don’t know in the
00:40:37
Taylor series they went to but home then
00:40:40
put it in the Taylor series this is a
00:40:41
small argument this is this
00:40:43
small yes and get that in this one
00:40:45
minus theta square in half, well, it’s roughly
00:40:48
clear, I follow the rest of the terms by throwing out
00:40:50
90, so this is how the cosine
00:40:53
decomposes about this, of course, units from
00:40:56
them are not very interesting beta, I’ll write it
00:40:59
through the Lawrence factor, yes, here’s the form
00:41:02
they wrote for you in the previous lecture,
00:41:04
and now we’ll depict as it should be
00:41:07
written correctly like this,
00:41:13
yes, of course it’s not like that, it’s a disgrace like this, the
00:41:18
root of 1 minus 1 divided by
00:41:20
gammas sold by running is Lawrence factors
00:41:22
gamma what does big mean gamma if it’s
00:41:26
big then we will
00:41:28
fly close at speed and this is possible it’s also
00:41:30
unlikely to expand there is such a formula 1
00:41:33
plus x to the power of alpha this is one plus
00:41:36
alpha x plus something else we
00:41:39
only need this first term for the lion
00:41:40
some some degree from here you can
00:41:42
write something there will be one minus here like
00:41:44
this no need to one minus 1 divided by
00:41:47
2 camo square this is such a wonderful
00:41:49
shape approximately equal to yes right with a large
00:41:53
gamma sea of ​​Tibet approximately one with a
00:41:57
small correction program large
00:41:59
cosine theta also one with a small
00:42:02
correction but now look at this
00:42:04
formula look here beta order
00:42:06
one cosine theta about one one
00:42:08
minus 1 it turned out nothing
00:42:10
happened 0 until
00:42:11
in fact here I exist
00:42:13
now substitute this beta here in
00:42:15
this form and cosine theta there not here it’s
00:42:19
normal all this because it’s
00:42:22
wrong to write like this, it’s in vain that it won’t
00:42:26
work out otherwise it would be no longer that
00:42:27
one from the point of view specifically in front of it is
00:42:29
relatively not very good and let’s
00:42:32
substitute this hole and it turns out that the unit
00:42:35
is reduced by 1 multiplied by 1 and there -1 they
00:42:38
left the point and leaving only this
00:42:42
small number multiplied by this
00:42:43
small number will be very
00:42:44
we won’t write a small number at all, all that’s
00:42:46
left is just that you’re a square
00:42:49
in half, that’s this shape, yes, that
00:42:58
is, that’s small, that’s small 2
00:42:59
small numbers left, I hope I
00:43:03
wrote it correctly
00:43:04
and to be honest, they roughly
00:43:06
figured out that it would be a little difficult to recognize by logic
00:43:09
I checked so well, that is, if we have a
00:43:15
time of departure of photons, say for example,
00:43:18
it was a year, I would say right away that for example, at
00:43:22
this distance there could be a parsec,
00:43:24
yes, between two points where it flew out, a
00:43:27
pair of sect a lot before the time of flight, the
00:43:30
speed of light is several
00:43:31
light years, well then it will take several years for
00:43:33
this blog to fly, but if the gamma is
00:43:37
of the order of, for example, 20, here it will be
00:43:42
20 squared,
00:43:44
you know, the course is 400, another deuce, that is,
00:43:48
if this is a small bugle of cars,
00:43:49
then it will be about one
00:43:51
thousandth, that is, the departure time between
00:43:55
these events comes from actually
00:43:57
in fact, there may be a year or several
00:43:59
years before, and we will observe this
00:44:02
for several days, also thousands of
00:44:04
times less, maybe not a single day, that is,
00:44:08
it turns out that everything that flew out
00:44:09
over a long period of time
00:44:11
gets to us in a very, very short
00:44:13
time, just in due to the fact that at
00:44:14
the speed of light there is a constant
00:44:17
and light that 1 as well as from the speed and
00:44:19
something flies towards us at almost the same
00:44:21
speed because of
00:44:22
this it turns out that during the
00:44:24
arrival of photons to us it turns out to be
00:44:26
very small in this and the essence then of
00:44:29
this is beyond of this phenomenon as we see
00:44:31
in the sky, this is the shift that is between
00:44:34
two positions of the blog in the sky, it’s
00:44:36
just clear who the same thing is in t 2
00:44:39
multiplied by the sine of this angle theta, I’m
00:44:42
just counting now the observed
00:44:45
speed is this shift in the sky
00:44:49
divided by delta t which has already been
00:44:51
observed tass poison of the observer looked at the
00:44:55
photographs, it doesn’t matter to me how
00:44:57
often how all that then 2nd all this is a bot
00:45:00
or weeks it doesn’t matter that it’s important for me
00:45:03
when how often I make an observation
00:45:05
every month delta t 1 month here
00:45:08
now this is delta t substituting
00:45:10
this formula m2 and it is generally reduced and it
00:45:14
turns out such a wonderful form
00:45:16
that the observed speed is the
00:45:18
real speed on sine theta1 nose beta
00:45:22
cosine theta but here it is written in
00:45:24
terms of beta that is, without when the
00:45:27
speed of light is equal to one
00:45:29
it turns out observable and the speed is beta
00:45:32
sine theta for one with bt cosine theta but
00:45:34
now it’s even more interesting, here
00:45:39
we have the observed speed in units of
00:45:42
Russian light, this is in this for sine theta1
00:45:47
minus b then for cosine theta, now we’re
00:45:53
looking at
00:45:54
we can substitute it, I’ll just now immediately
00:45:56
substitute this number here.
00:45:58
I’ll substitute the decomposition there, why do I get problems of the
00:46:02
order of one no at all not interesting to the
00:46:04
beam here I can throw it into this form for
00:46:07
sine theta order theta for small
00:46:10
angles but who in Taylor’s formula is this this
00:46:12
will be flying the first term peta and in the
00:46:15
denominator I need to substitute
00:46:17
this square in half with plus 1 by 2 hama
00:46:21
square approximately this will be equal to yes, well,
00:46:27
let me just do it here like this
00:46:30
now here we will write I will bring it to a
00:46:33
common denominator here two to whom the
00:46:35
square will stand here will be 1 plus
00:46:38
gamma this is what it
00:46:43
will turn out like this me 2 hama square this is
00:46:47
correctly interesting and for the treatment of the tournament
00:46:49
I wrote this divided by 1 plus the gamma of
00:46:52
colors in the square is something like
00:46:54
this, maybe it’s correct that’s
00:46:59
the order, now I’ll make
00:47:02
the assumption that gamma theta is of order
00:47:04
one that’s it then I’ll have two
00:47:10
for the gamma of programs from this is 2 legs
00:47:14
from the knife and than two just com
00:47:17
if I just look look gamma you are out
00:47:20
of here without a two I’ll take it out of here just
00:47:23
ones I put a one here there are
00:47:24
two left on the scales and here I
00:47:27
also have a two one plus a gamma that is about
00:47:29
one also two the kontakion
00:47:31
was reduced, it turned out to be just a gamma, that
00:47:34
is, such a simple father’s estimate
00:47:36
says that if
00:47:37
we look at a small angle which is of the
00:47:42
order of 1 divided by gammas, then we
00:47:45
get the speed the observed speed of
00:47:47
movement in the sky turns out to be of the order of
00:47:48
lawrence factor lawrence factor can
00:47:50
be anything 12 10 thousand there
00:47:54
any thousand in general how much well
00:47:56
depends on the object up to that is, in
00:47:59
fact, the observed speed can simply
00:48:00
be equal to lawrence factors means
00:48:03
something can be a very large number
00:48:05
much greater than the speed of light it turns out
00:48:07
well, now we have another exercise,
00:48:12
we can do the opposite, express beta
00:48:14
through the observed speed is this by
00:48:15
the parent, yes, that is, let's find out
00:48:18
what the speed actually is, at what
00:48:20
speed the object must move for the
00:48:22
observed speed to be there 10
00:48:23
speeds of light so that beta for this
00:48:25
observed was Nov 10 beings 10
00:48:28
minus the cosine are included in this angle
00:48:30
observation is that we don’t know where we
00:48:32
can know initially at
00:48:34
what lower angle the jetta is above smart 1 degree 5
00:48:37
or there are 10 degrees new in advance
00:48:38
it’s not clear here you can how but
00:48:42
it turns out here you can calculate it at
00:48:45
home and if you want what is the minimum beta
00:48:50
because if by cosine you can simply
00:48:53
build this as a function of the bones of the legs ok'
00:48:55
function theta calculator it on hand
00:48:57
the formula of the forms the function can put
00:48:59
it has just a minimum value well,
00:49:02
where the derivative 0 turns and at
00:49:04
this level that is the minimum
00:49:06
speed of movement of the real objects the
00:49:09
observed speed will send the power
00:49:11
to divide by 1 plus b squared but if
00:49:14
beta 10 to then it turns out to be 10 divided
00:49:18
by 10 but he's a guy from 101
00:49:23
root 101 this one is close because in
00:49:26
fact this form also doesn't make much
00:49:29
sense, just whenever it's
00:49:30
big it's much more interesting to write
00:49:35
it through
00:49:37
not the speed from through the Lawrence factor, but
00:49:40
this is what it is with the minimum factor
00:49:41
should be when
00:49:42
not speeds but in the yard from the factor
00:49:45
receives all the speed is close to the speed
00:49:47
of light and this happens but this angle is
00:49:51
where which 1 divided by beta
00:49:55
apparent that is one a tenth for example
00:49:57
if we have beta 10 observed one
00:50:00
tenth it turns out 5 degrees at an
00:50:02
angle of 5 degrees it will be approximately so it
00:50:05
turns out that we
00:50:06
got superluminal movements, this
00:50:11
was like an application to super collect the
00:50:14
movements were discovered in these
00:50:16
supermassive black holes and then
00:50:19
they were discovered it turns out
00:50:21
this object 1915 this is such a beautiful
00:50:23
picture made where we have an object in
00:50:28
our galaxy there is a black hole there there is
00:50:30
something shining in X-rays
00:50:32
with try luminosity here you
00:50:35
can see such oscillations
00:50:36
this is the light curve in X-rays black
00:50:39
such a curve because it is fast fast
00:50:41
what -changes, that is, the object is highly
00:50:43
variable, then they make a menu like this,
00:50:46
but here there seems to be such
00:50:49
a hypothesis that part of this accretion
00:50:52
disk around the black hole fell into the
00:50:54
black hole and at that moment there was an
00:50:57
ejection of this budget substance, then
00:51:00
there was a flash in the infrared range
00:51:02
which is the range of the photon comes
00:51:04
close to the black hole and then this
00:51:07
bean has flown to far enough
00:51:10
that it can see in the radio range
00:51:12
and now the flare is observed in the
00:51:13
radio range this is actually a
00:51:14
real light curve this is a picture
00:51:17
like this this picture by the artist oh well not
00:51:19
Felix Mirabelle and this is a real
00:51:22
observation of the fork itself in the range in the radio,
00:51:23
that is, it is clearly visible here, then in the X-ray
00:51:25
there is a garden, here something happened,
00:51:28
a flash in the radio in the infrared,
00:51:31
then that’s it. in the radio, that is, these are some kind of
00:51:33
clumps sitting on them, flying out and then
00:51:36
shining at different wavelengths,
00:51:37
and of course, Felix made the world big,
00:51:40
just took it and measured the speed of
00:51:43
movement in the sky, you can also see that these
00:51:45
are flying apart and saw that these
00:51:48
clumps are flying with such a
00:51:50
now the angular velocity is one hundredth of an
00:51:53
arc second per day, now you don’t have to wait for
00:51:56
years, you can
00:51:57
measure it from the back, this distance is
00:52:01
about 12 parsecs,
00:52:04
we’ll even have homework on how to
00:52:06
determine the distance to this object,
00:52:08
but this is
00:52:09
approximately known from other data, again
00:52:13
we consider this the observed speed, but I
00:52:15
won’t explain the same
00:52:17
formula that is written here, it turns out a little
00:52:19
more than the speed of light, well, it moves very slowly
00:52:21
up to 127
00:52:22
the speed of light this object Akainu with
00:52:26
it the object is known that the orbit is large
00:52:28
there 33 days the black hole there is 15 ma by the sun
00:52:31
here oh, by the way, this one was supposed to be in the wrong place,
00:52:35
this picture is not there, I do
00:52:38
n’t have it, it will be there, then all the
00:52:42
girls will be rearranged, for some reason I have a picture of the
00:52:44
vows
00:52:46
that we see in the wrong place, but here it is as a
00:52:48
function of the cosine of the angle in 10 is just
00:52:50
vital, such a pair was well, almost
00:52:52
like a parabola, it looks and it
00:52:54
just has a menu for the minimum speed, but for
00:52:57
this object it’s from 1915, so in
00:52:59
principle, the mind needs to appear here
00:53:01
if you use the same formula, the
00:53:03
observed speed is now 127
00:53:06
speeds of light, this is how
00:53:08
the pair turns out, so we do
00:53:11
n’t know, but we don’t know yet, but it
00:53:13
turns out that the minimum speed is
00:53:14
075
00:53:16
not 078 from the speed of light, quite
00:53:19
large, here 07 08 here, if
00:53:23
we had an angle of 40 degrees, as
00:53:25
we will show a little further it turns out that
00:53:27
the shaitan is not 40 degrees at all, but this for the
00:53:30
quasar is 3c 273, it has an observed
00:53:33
speed of 8 speeds of light, so it
00:53:35
should become there, its real speed
00:53:38
there is 090 how much is here in total 6 well, the
00:53:43
audi becomes written even more than 099
00:53:46
speeds of light for this micro quasar
00:53:50
here we got up
00:53:51
to 38 degrees it turned out 079
00:53:55
what is interesting is that we actually get some kind of
00:53:58
limitation on the inclination
00:53:59
because if this jet were flying
00:54:01
sitop across in the plane of the sky, then we would
00:54:05
not be able to observe superluminal speeds in this case for
00:54:07
this case since 1915
00:54:09
that is, the
00:54:11
inclination of the objects but the jetta towards us
00:54:13
should not be from 0 it should be from 0 to there
00:54:15
70 with a little degrees, the most
00:54:20
interesting thing is that in this where 1 19 we
00:54:22
saw there it would have flown in the other direction,
00:54:25
they are also observed and they too you can
00:54:27
measure the speed of their speed 0
00:54:30
92 speed of light and then we
00:54:33
get two equations for two
00:54:38
unknowns and we have such a problem
00:54:41
to measure the angles is great, look
00:54:46
we have written for a jetta that flies
00:54:49
towards our observed speed is the
00:54:52
speed of movement multiplied on sine theta
00:54:54
this is the angle between the direction of movement and
00:54:56
us one nose beta cosine theta yes and
00:54:58
now we have one that flies in the other
00:55:00
direction in the opposite direction to the
00:55:03
exact same formula is written for beta
00:55:05
observed for another jetta
00:55:07
but it assumes that this is the same from
00:55:09
this we are all so that it’s not the same, yes, because
00:55:12
here the jer is only on the other side,
00:55:15
so you need a cue minus to write this, then
00:55:17
here the sine does not change the cosine,
00:55:19
change the sign, you know, yes, that’s how it
00:55:22
turns out that the formula is approximately the same
00:55:24
with a slight correction of
00:55:25
minus to plus, and we get it on the
00:55:29
left side we observe him and on the right
00:55:32
there are 2 unknowns this inhabits and can
00:55:36
solve the equation he looks it turned out
00:55:37
70 degrees so you will have to
00:55:39
start finding in to prove that this is how we
00:55:43
come to this critical operation but I do
00:55:45
n’t know how to effectively
00:55:46
deduce the velocities, I don’t even I’ll
00:55:48
probably draw it out and tell you on my fingers
00:55:51
what’s going on here, that is, the first
00:55:54
topic we wanted to talk about is that it’s a
00:55:55
movement that’s more or
00:55:57
less clear to someone, following I’d like to
00:55:59
mention the next
00:56:01
hours there, this is a Lycian operation with a low
00:56:05
light operation because it
00:56:06
actually turns out to be a very important phenomenon in
00:56:10
parent astrophysics, but
00:56:11
high-energy astrophysics, everything that
00:56:13
flies at a speed close to the speed of light
00:56:16
turns out to be terribly important in this effect,
00:56:18
we have a source in this case, we are
00:56:23
considering it in some kind of our own
00:56:25
reference system, but this is a stroke in
00:56:27
this case, this is this system, the
00:56:32
source, yes, the topic is moving relative to
00:56:34
us, some kind of speed in this case,
00:56:37
let’s not do this now, I want to know,
00:56:43
for example, the angle between I generally would like to
00:56:47
know it was between photons, the angle between the
00:56:54
photon and the direction of movement,
00:56:56
for example, real estate here along the axis
00:56:59
X's, that's how I am, then this angle
00:57:05
needs to be taken, well, in fact, the
00:57:07
simplest thing is just the ratio of the projection onto
00:57:09
two axes, yes, that is, if we
00:57:12
had an angle of zero, it would be equal to 0,
00:57:14
then our object would move exactly along the axis of
00:57:17
movement to then it’s clear that our
00:57:20
cash coordinate
00:57:22
somehow changed, bo y his didn’t change at all
00:57:25
because
00:57:27
he didn’t fly up the game at all, and that’s why his
00:57:29
speed was zero defense in the new game
00:57:31
would be zero, and that’s why if
00:57:33
we have this is not equal to the flight I will lift it as if by
00:57:36
some large angle here you just need to
00:57:38
divide one speed by another project
00:57:43
2 projections you need a projection this is a cosine in
00:57:47
fact in order to design a new sexo
00:57:49
another projection another Vasya Vasin charter of the
00:57:51
same angle then that’s all the mathematics
00:57:53
there now we have the
00:57:56
Lorentz transformation of velocities, and we have velocities,
00:57:58
so Pavel was in the last lecture, but
00:58:02
I have written the dance, here’s how to derive it,
00:58:06
that is, in fact, the
00:58:08
Lorentz transformation was written here, the
00:58:10
Lorentz transformation for coordinates,
00:58:12
if we move along the x axis, then we have a
00:58:16
sexologist ordinate somehow changes and y of
00:58:18
this does not change in any way and time
00:58:20
somehow changes in one
00:58:21
coordinate system connected to another this is the mind the
00:58:24
speed of movement t this time means
00:58:28
in our we observe stimulus laboratory
00:58:30
as if x is what we observe h3
00:58:34
Khovan, this is all in the reference system which is
00:58:36
connected there with the source,
00:58:37
well, we have such a transformation, so
00:58:41
it can be written like this for movement
00:58:43
along the x axis,
00:58:44
and here, just take
00:58:47
differentiation, just look
00:58:48
for small elements, for example, we have a
00:58:50
small shift along X,
00:58:52
it is simply connected with so su stroke are given
00:58:54
with a friend by x
00:58:56
from time here and also for time we
00:58:59
introduce just the same small
00:59:03
elements one another we divide we get the
00:59:05
speed of movement one speed we
00:59:08
measure the sinfulness of the topic of the report before in the
00:59:10
system they accompany another speed
00:59:11
these mean bx this is just dx for us pdt
00:59:16
gives the speed to the extent that we have in fill a
00:59:18
bra top on the reference system but get
00:59:20
the formula that this thing is 3 but here
00:59:22
it is, the formula turns out that the stroke
00:59:25
speed is textually this is a different kind of non-
00:59:27
stroke minus the speed of movement and
00:59:29
divide by this there the conduction of
00:59:32
velocities giving the crown the speed of light 12
00:59:34
days of velocities here for z for y here
00:59:37
too the speed is now changing a lot
00:59:39
because we divide that by a
00:59:41
time interval which we can transform
00:59:43
using Lorentz transformations well
00:59:48
if my path is now discussed
00:59:50
and in photons we are all moving at the speed of
00:59:52
light, that’s just Wright there, it was
00:59:54
formulas written that are general for anything,
00:59:57
you move in two reference systems, yes, and
00:59:59
now we have a photon, there is a photon, we always
01:00:01
fly at the speed of light in both
01:00:03
reference systems, in an amazing way, that is,
01:00:07
in fact, now I’m here I apply this
01:00:09
Lorentz transformation,
01:00:10
these are the formulas for xai for y and here is
01:00:16
x you are in front of the previous one, only 3
01:00:19
bathrooms and these bitter fungi through y and x
01:00:23
through x stroke, it’s easy to substitute until
01:00:26
it turns out this is the formula where your
01:00:29
stroke is now we have it already the speed of
01:00:32
movement, well, sinful with those report and
01:00:35
theta stroke is the angle that is then
01:00:39
made with the x-axis stroke direction of
01:00:41
movement again in its own
01:00:43
reference system, this is the shape now your stroke
01:00:45
can simply put the speed of light
01:00:46
is equal to the letter c
01:00:47
write like this, so we just have 24 of them
01:00:51
we say if we are talking about the operation of
01:00:53
light, the speed of light, we imagine that we get that the
01:00:56
tangent theta is expressed by this
01:00:57
formula through the prime unit of
01:00:59
gamma, this is the Lawrence factor associated, but
01:01:03
there is a need to divide y by c, it’s clear that we
01:01:05
wrote missing why, that is, it is clear
01:01:07
that it simply combines x times those
01:01:10
colors, here is an alternative formula
01:01:13
for writing, this is the operation of light not
01:01:15
through cosine
01:01:16
or through sine through sine, it is the most
01:01:18
interesting form, and this formula
01:01:21
for the operation of light through sine is
01:01:23
actually the most transparent, the one
01:01:25
that most explains to us what is
01:01:27
happening look, I’m releasing a
01:01:33
photon that, accompanying the topic of the report,
01:01:36
flies in a perpendicular direction
01:01:37
of movement, that means what is this
01:01:40
stroke, you are in half and exactly 90 degrees before
01:01:43
I can drink and the photon is vertical, it
01:01:46
flew there to the top in this topic, a
01:01:48
miracle releasing means this is a stroke for me
01:01:50
like in half sine pi in half is
01:01:52
equal to what does anyone remember still units
01:01:58
to and cosine pi in half yesterday was still
01:02:02
equal to zero, yes, that means that here cosine is
01:02:04
equal to zero, we just throw it out,
01:02:06
this sine is equal to ones, otherwise it turns out
01:02:08
sine theta is equal to 1 divided by gamma that
01:02:12
is if I wrote this form and
01:02:15
say that the photon was released
01:02:17
perpendicularly, that is, this stroke is equal to
01:02:20
pi in half
01:02:21
that is, well, more precisely, sine theta is equal to
01:02:26
exactly equal to 1 divide by gamma, even
01:02:28
such an approximation is some kind of accurate and
01:02:30
responsible, and then the next thing if
01:02:34
from this stroke I’ll write pain,
01:02:36
well, sine theta is equal to 0
01:02:38
you sine theta stroke is equal to zero and
01:02:39
sine theta is also equal to zero yes it’s clear yes
01:02:42
what if you learned here here 0 then
01:02:47
here zero turns out really I want them
01:02:52
here that’s what this stroke is equal to some
01:03:00
sine theta yes here there you also see sine
01:03:05
theta prime is equal to what zero is
01:03:10
also equal to cosine one here
01:03:15
it turns out actually some
01:03:18
terrible thing is also of course 0 I
01:03:22
understand yes well some kind of cartoon that is
01:03:27
insta is equal to zero in two cases again yes
01:03:30
in fact I will write here so, too,
01:03:33
pi is also equal to 3, because this can
01:03:37
only be understood when to attach go to
01:03:39
this little one, well, this is a stroke close to
01:03:41
if we send a photon back, but it
01:03:44
will fly no matter where the reference system grows,
01:03:46
that is, it flew to the left to the
01:03:48
left and will fly to in both
01:03:50
reference systems to the right flew along the system
01:03:52
along the directional movement
01:03:53
he will fly there this angle is preserved
01:03:55
the most interesting thing happens when
01:03:56
the fatality is neither forward nor backward but when
01:03:58
he flew to the side and this one
01:04:01
instead of pi in half became 1 divide the legs
01:04:03
and now think about looking at I have a
01:04:06
source in the middle hanging emits a photon
01:04:08
then in all directions
01:04:09
let it release half of it forward and
01:04:13
half of it released back half of the photons
01:04:16
forward released play back and then
01:04:18
flew all these photons that it
01:04:21
released forward gathered in a beam with an
01:04:25
angle of 1 divided by gomu but if the gamma is
01:04:27
large this is the sine this is the same thing
01:04:29
yes then the gamma for example 10 means all the
01:04:32
photons that I released in half the
01:04:34
hemisphere they gathered in such a
01:04:36
small angle that there all day
01:04:38
a few degrees
01:04:39
there five degrees that is, it turns out that
01:04:44
due to the relativistic operation we have
01:04:47
a flux for the observer
01:04:49
it appears terribly changes
01:04:51
that if I don’t move anywhere, I
01:04:54
went down photons behind the tropon, well, you
01:04:56
may never see me, yes,
01:04:58
because the source is weak, but if all these
01:05:01
photons, instead of releasing an
01:05:02
isotropic one, you launch a narrow beam
01:05:05
whose solid angle is one hundredth
01:05:08
or maybe be less than the full
01:05:09
solid angle, yes, that means your brightness
01:05:11
there in that direction rises a hundred times,
01:05:13
also the same photons are released in
01:05:15
narrow beams and it’s easy to get this angle
01:05:19
that this is 1 divided by gamma solid
01:05:22
angle from 1 divided by gamma squared
01:05:23
then there is a small one, which means
01:05:25
we get the brightness increases in
01:05:28
gamma square 1, a terrible thing, in
01:05:30
fact, there are other effects that I
01:05:32
will not discuss with the fact that it is precisely the
01:05:34
time of arrival of photons that also
01:05:36
changes, that it becomes, as it were,
01:05:38
small there, therefore,
01:05:40
homophobia in some other degrees 304
01:05:43
and photons themselves, the energy increases,
01:05:45
so the fourth degree arises,
01:05:49
in fact, you know, give the
01:05:50
Doppler effect there, not only angles, but in this
01:05:51
operation we also discussed the energy of
01:05:53
photons and on the floor there were formulas, yes, when the
01:05:55
energy of a photon changes if the energy
01:06:00
to the observed photon, this energy and the
01:06:02
released photons, I’ll write the answer
01:06:05
right away, I won’t enter it below, well, this is
01:06:09
such a terrible thing,
01:06:11
or it’s the same thing here, it’s equal to the
01:06:15
prime of the legs and 1 plus beta cosine theta
01:06:20
prime, this can prove something the
01:06:22
same thing, let's look if the cosine of the theta
01:06:25
stroke is equal to zero, well, yes, that is, this
01:06:28
stroke is 3 in half, I wrote the photons
01:06:30
perpendicularly, this is 0, I got that in
01:06:32
gamma times I have a photon value of energy,
01:06:34
they just collected all the ways of Satan
01:06:37
into a bundle,
01:06:38
but I still have their energy increased the characteristic gamma times,
01:06:41
and the time of arrival of the
01:06:45
photons has also been taken away from me; it will actually decrease
01:06:47
in some sense, yes, because they will all arrive
01:06:49
together, released at different
01:06:50
time intervals, it turns out that the brightness
01:06:52
just increases terribly for the observer,
01:06:54
so we see bright
01:06:56
sources like these if so
01:06:58
it talks about how cosine theta is
01:07:00
equal to zero,
01:07:01
so we get a terrible acceleration like this,
01:07:04
because all the photon checks are flying in our
01:07:07
direction of movement, you can say
01:07:10
this completely explains what we
01:07:12
observe, that we get one-sided
01:07:14
because they are moving towards us at high
01:07:17
speeds all the photons are emitted in a narrow
01:07:19
beam in the other direction, we don’t see them
01:07:21
which are released,
01:07:22
but in the other direction which half
01:07:24
are released they are smeared throughout
01:07:26
space, now half of the
01:07:28
photons are called in this narrow beam and the
01:07:30
second half in this big one
01:07:32
at 4p,
01:07:33
roughly speaking throughout they
01:07:34
were smeared in space so they are not theirs we will
01:07:37
never see each other saying these
01:07:39
we will see well well like this it does
01:07:45
n’t matter that it is 7 degrees there some kind of well
01:07:47
now let’s see something interesting here
01:07:49
we have an image of this our
01:07:51
source in our galaxy with 433 they were
01:07:55
talking about quasars up to 30 to 73
01:07:57
application as if here here 433 here it is
01:08:01
interesting this image is in
01:08:02
the radio range here the budget and it’s not visible
01:08:04
actually this is visible this is the
01:08:07
remnant of a supernova w50 and then it
01:08:11
inflates inflates with these colors
01:08:13
and you can see this picture the model
01:08:18
here we have such a very massive
01:08:20
star, but it’s very there, after all, one is the
01:08:23
sun itself, according to the model here, in my opinion, Sergei
01:08:25
Factory
01:08:26
was looking for a collab speaker, there is a
01:08:28
black hole, probably not very massive, about
01:08:31
three masses of the sun,
01:08:33
one was discussed for a long time by citron from afar, Chorna
01:08:35
Gora, often people more vile than us in a
01:08:37
black hole, he has a jet like this that the
01:08:40
Osprey man sorts and so it
01:08:42
moves there he has a recession period of 164
01:08:46
days
01:08:47
a2 that he turns out to be at a fairly
01:08:50
high speed of a quarter of the speed of
01:08:53
light and here you can see again these
01:08:55
satellites of the lines, look here the line is
01:08:58
not written here the truth what is the
01:09:00
wavelength and here here it is extreme
01:09:03
here it is clear what line who
01:09:05
knows 6000 hours there the circle is our grief
01:09:08
Alfreda
01:09:09
this is the village Bandera line yes here is
01:09:11
hydrogen and you can see that here
01:09:13
you see satellites have appeared and they
01:09:15
float at different times we observe these
01:09:17
satellites are moving all the time,
01:09:20
this is due to the movement of these
01:09:23
satellites, and then it became clear that
01:09:25
this is actually an object that we have, not a
01:09:26
stationary one, it doesn’t look in one direction all the time
01:09:28
because it
01:09:30
dangles like this at an angle direction
01:09:32
between the directional movement of the observer
01:09:34
is changing all the time, so the
01:09:35
Doppler effect is always different, it turns out that it’s
01:09:38
just clear that if I had
01:09:40
non-relativistic movement, I would let’s
01:09:43
define Roger the red shift, just the
01:09:46
difference between the wavelengths to divide
01:09:48
by the wavelength delta lambda wedge yes that’s it
01:09:50
and then at low speeds of light it would
01:09:52
just be delta lambda klim and it just
01:09:54
directly gives the speed, because the speed of light is not
01:09:57
multiplied by the cosine of this angle, that is,
01:09:59
if everything flies towards us it will be one,
01:10:01
this is the largest
01:10:02
radial movement directly towards us or from
01:10:04
us to immediately the speed light in the world, and
01:10:06
if you have something flying like a pro Dikul or
01:10:08
coasting along,
01:10:09
then so on, such a line, the Doppler effect
01:10:11
is called linear, it would seem that it gives 0,
01:10:14
but you know the Doppler effect, in
01:10:16
fact, there is not only linear, but here it is
01:10:19
written the Doppler effect if here,
01:10:23
in a small way, the parameter beta is decomposed, you
01:10:25
get there, gamma is equal to one
01:10:27
here, here is one there minus beta cosine
01:10:30
theta, it turns out new one plus if we
01:10:32
transfer one plus beta cosine theta to the numerator from this,
01:10:33
this is what is written, the
01:10:35
formula is linear Doppler effect, but there
01:10:38
is also look at the quadratic term and
01:10:40
because gamma actually needs to be
01:10:42
taken into account in the alpine boiled in this
01:10:44
case and the form actually
01:10:46
becomes clear look
01:10:48
at this formula cosine theta is equal to zero
01:10:50
this means in ours with those report job
01:10:53
perpendicular cosine theta is equal to zero
01:10:57
stage, we remove this in half, we get the
01:11:00
energy of the observed photon, this is the energy of the
01:11:03
lowered one, divide by the laurent factor,
01:11:06
this is the red shift, we have the
01:11:08
photon shifting to the red side, if you are in the same
01:11:10
plane of the picture, we have a
01:11:13
red shift and this is actually
01:11:16
observed in this object, then here is its
01:11:19
speed but if homo had a large one,
01:11:21
then
01:11:22
maybe it would have been worse observed
01:11:24
because we haven’t seen such an object here,
01:11:25
this gamma is not very large, so it’s
01:11:27
observed here, I’m already
01:11:29
using the full formula, and then
01:11:34
we have this red shift, it will be
01:11:36
needed this one minus b squared.
01:11:39
actor here the city factor is written there and
01:11:44
then it turns out that when something moves in the plane of
01:11:47
the head in the plane of the picture,
01:11:49
this
01:11:51
Doppler shift should be observed, red shift 1
01:11:55
divided into gammas, well, that is, ten years
01:11:56
or legs -1 because some kind of
01:11:59
but is needed base here you will subtract in fact
01:12:02
one plus z will be 1 divided by gamma
01:12:05
well and then we just directly measure
01:12:07
this speed as we yes let's
01:12:11
call this the speed perpendicular
01:12:13
to in fact we can measure this speed
01:12:17
from the red glow and from here it is
01:12:19
derived in profit is real live
01:12:22
speed, but here it is shown that we have
01:12:24
these lines depicted as satellites, if
01:12:27
it may not be clear, I will repeat once again
01:12:29
how they are from the phase of the process of this jetta, they
01:12:31
simply change these, here we have one line
01:12:33
to make such a sinusoid and 2 lines to
01:12:35
make a sinusoid now if you look
01:12:38
where these two lines intersect, yes,
01:12:41
here they are, don’t hate the red line from the
01:12:43
thin red
01:12:44
line drawn, it’s shifted, here’s one here,
01:12:47
one president is written, they should have been
01:12:49
if there had to be a linear doppler effect,
01:12:50
purely they should not have intersected at
01:12:53
0, well, that is, when the planes and here they
01:12:57
don’t intersect at 0, they just have
01:12:59
a shift, this red shift
01:13:02
is four hundredths, here we have four hundredths, which
01:13:07
means this is z, we measured
01:13:09
four hundredths, but this is the relationship, and
01:13:11
from here we find with direct speed
01:13:13
water straight from straight line speed 12
01:13:15
kilometers well this is in t12 and this is
01:13:19
soon jetta it turns out that for the last
01:13:23
value rotating there somewhere it is written
01:13:24
026 the speed of light beats 27 note quarter
01:13:27
the speed of light that is, we directly cause
01:13:30
this precession we can just measure
01:13:32
the speed
01:13:33
but I don’t even know the angle so I think under judged
01:13:35
under from different angles we observe approximately in the
01:13:38
plane of the picture, we can immediately measure
01:13:40
the speed, it turns out like this, from
01:13:43
all this it follows that we have many
01:13:47
objects that show these
01:13:50
relativistic, but not necessarily
01:13:52
for a reason, some movements of the jet, but
01:13:55
the jet shows, so you can ask yourself
01:13:58
the question why the speeds are so different
01:14:01
in fact, if we take
01:14:02
white dwarfs as an angle, their speed is
01:14:04
several thousand kilometers per second,
01:14:06
let’s take
01:14:07
Herbig-Aro objects, which means it
01:14:10
turns out there are not hundreds of kilometers per
01:14:12
second before, but for black holes, they have
01:14:15
the speed of light there, well, in principle it’s reasonable
01:14:18
that just the speed of the jetta is probably somehow connected with the
01:14:22
escape velocity 2 the second escape
01:14:25
velocity is what it’s called and we
01:14:28
just let’s think that if
01:14:30
we had but here it’s written just even
01:14:34
a few this is the kinetic energy is equal to
01:14:36
the potential yes here’s how to find the
01:14:39
escape velocity just 2 root of 2 g n tagile
01:14:41
tra we just substitute the mass of the white
01:14:43
dwarf and the radius of the white dwarf code and
01:14:45
we get several thousand kilometers
01:14:47
seconds and what is observed in the program
01:14:49
with a white dwarf, it seems to work, but
01:14:51
for a neutron star it should turn out to be a
01:14:53
large fraction of the speed of light
01:14:56
in The pulse series is probably true, but in
01:14:58
fact it’s difficult to check the
01:15:00
jets from such neutron stars as there are
01:15:02
n’t many that are drawn, I’ve seen
01:15:05
statements of Scorpius x1 observed, well, it’s
01:15:08
more likely that pulsars are directed in general, yes, the
01:15:10
expected speed is quite large, well,
01:15:12
black holes in general, it’s difficult to say there
01:15:14
they have no surface what is such a joke is the
01:15:16
size of the speed of escape from which to
01:15:19
the horizon black holes must be exactly the speed
01:15:22
of light if the matter that is
01:15:24
hanging around it is
01:15:26
what it, of course, will also have to
01:15:28
move at high speeds,
01:15:30
well, here’s the characteristic speed, you can the
01:15:33
speed of light, that’s both rest in stellar
01:15:35
systems, let’s take a radius of the order of the
01:15:37
radius of the sun there, or several
01:15:39
radii, the solar mass turns out to be
01:15:40
low, hundreds of kilometers per second, the
01:15:42
escape velocity, well, it seems like the mind should be like that, and it’s
01:15:44
approximately observed, here’s an
01:15:47
observation sheet for young these green
01:15:51
systems, not an
01:15:52
escape velocity of 500, let’s say,
01:15:54
hundreds of kilometers are observed second
01:15:56
here is a
01:16:00
galactic one ssss this is a supersoft
01:16:03
source which is custom nonsense 4000 frames
01:16:05
seconds that is excellent coincides with
01:16:08
black holes more difficult for some reason in
01:16:10
some quarter the speed of light in
01:16:12
some objects this is close
01:16:14
to the speed of light this is being discussed well here
01:16:18
these are unique objects that are associated with the
01:16:20
collapse of massive stars or with
01:16:22
neutron stars, they are associated
01:16:26
with behind, less often, movements that turn
01:16:28
and whiskey, but someone says hundreds of Lawrence
01:16:30
factors, someone says there are 300, there are
01:16:33
even thousands, they say, well, that is, at
01:16:35
least judging by all around, these jetta are
01:16:36
really very strong, like the strong ones in the
01:16:39
world, baths and huts fly at high
01:16:41
speeds with large lawrence
01:16:43
factors, yes, that is, but it is clear that if
01:16:47
such lawrence factors are most likely
01:16:48
it should really be associated with
01:16:49
compact objects black holes or
01:16:51
neutron stars but Thus, we now
01:16:55
move on to the conclusion that I wanted to
01:16:58
tell you today that in
01:17:00
astrophysics, different objects show
01:17:02
these jets and from the beginning of young
01:17:05
stars to black holes of
01:17:06
different masses and micro quasars of
01:17:09
our galaxy and super massive
01:17:10
black holes and what launches these
01:17:16
djed is associated with rotation, usually either
01:17:18
gas rotates around the accretion disk
01:17:20
compactly in someone object like and
01:17:22
even massive in young stars or the
01:17:24
object itself rotates like for example it
01:17:26
can be in culture, so we talked a little
01:17:30
about superluminal movements
01:17:32
which are simply a consequence of the fact
01:17:34
that something then it moves at a close speed of
01:17:38
light again to the side, yes, and this is naturally
01:17:41
direct evidence that the movement is
01:17:43
close to light speeds, but the speeds are
01:17:46
close to light speeds
01:17:48
and an important phenomenon is a Russian operation
01:17:50
that leads to the fact that these gets
01:17:53
radiation, which can be isotropic in their
01:17:55
reference frame of these clumps the
01:18:00
same one flies in all directions, yes, we can observe them at
01:18:02
enormous distances, large there,
01:18:04
Sarychev tov, there are four and five,
01:18:06
there are blazars, they are observed only
01:18:09
due to the fact that this radiation is
01:18:11
local, it turns out to be highly
01:18:14
concentrated in a very narrow angle and
01:18:16
therefore it becomes 1000 times
01:18:18
brighter otherwise, in principle, we generally
01:18:20
could not observe such
01:18:22
sources that are very very very
01:18:28
bright sources, they are some kind of son
01:18:31
such as searchlights that
01:18:34
shine through the entire universe, in
01:18:35
fact they are interesting because these
01:18:37
gets which 2 dashes come from
01:18:40
quasars above organizations of the blazar the world
01:18:42
we have here smooth shines on me here they
01:18:44
pass through a huge space
01:18:46
they shine in the gamma range it is in
01:18:49
fact these gamma photons they
01:18:51
can even interact with photons along the
01:18:53
road named
01:18:54
there is annihilation of the electron and positron of their
01:18:57
breeds tailoring for you who have the opposite
01:18:59
effect when two photons collide
01:19:01
to form an electron cartridge pair, these
01:19:03
photons cannot be absorbed in
01:19:05
intergalactic soft photons,
01:19:08
infrared, for example,
01:19:09
and then we can even study
01:19:12
absorption, study intergalactic
01:19:14
space, that is, in fact, in the USA I did
01:19:15
n’t mention at all that you are such a bright
01:19:18
source will be Oryasina that they
01:19:20
can be used far away as a kind of
01:19:23
spotlight to shine through and study photons
01:19:26
and the field at high redshifts, that’s
01:19:30
all, thank you
01:19:33
[applause]

Description:

23 августа 2018 года / Университет Турку, Финляндия Юрий Иормович Поутанен, профессор астрономии, директор обсерватории Туорла Университета Турку (Финляндия). Лекция "Джеты и релятивистские джеты" Данная лекция проводилась в рамках 5-й Астрофизической школы "Траектория" https://astroschool.space/ Подписывайтесь на нас ВК: https://vk.com/traektoriafdn ФБ: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Telegram: https://t.me/traektoriafdn

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