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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:00
[music]00:00:06
[music]00:00:15
lecture today is my last one, it’s00:00:18
dedicated to the jet, yes, these are the objects in00:00:23
the universe that are visible very often, and00:00:28
in particular I will also talk about00:00:30
relativistic budgets, these are those gets00:00:32
that fly at high speeds00:00:35
close to the fast speeds of color,00:00:39
a certain one is written here a set of astrophysical00:00:42
objects in which these gets are observed,00:00:44
well, the first words djed you understand, all00:00:46
this means you’ve probably heard, yes, this is a00:00:49
doped jet, that’s enough00:00:52
physics with the word jetta, but it is often00:00:55
used that there can be completely different00:00:58
contexts, but in astrophysics this is a00:01:01
very clear thing it’s just00:01:03
some kind of structure that is tinted in a narrow,00:01:06
fairly narrow corner,00:01:08
well, in a small corner, that is, we will each00:01:11
talk about about a few degrees in00:01:14
each corner, so it turns out that these00:01:16
tinted jets are visible in very00:01:19
different objects, they exist from00:01:22
two objects and young stellar00:01:24
to young stars that is, these are objects00:01:26
that stars are just being born00:01:28
and gets are visible there00:01:29
and these are stars, in fact, they00:01:32
correct the matter from the disk which00:01:38
year of the stellar disk, that is, that star00:01:40
just tested the ardis which is00:01:42
called the disk that formed00:01:45
you a star there and a thing, and that is it still00:01:47
falls on the star and it turns out that it can00:01:49
lower the djed taken is observed in00:01:53
x-ray double sources of00:01:55
this reduction of terrible we, as it were,00:01:57
haima sex with a fish does not mean00:02:00
neutron stars of a black hole with00:02:02
massive companions, yes, that is,00:02:04
massive companions say 10 masses of00:02:06
the sun, there is a black one a hole with low-00:02:10
massive companions they are called00:02:12
x-ray transients tomorrow00:02:14
Alexander will tell you something about them that is00:02:16
also neutron stars00:02:19
resin massive companions in this00:02:21
abbreviation st m x00:02:23
yes this lauma sex fish does not mean we have an00:02:25
x-ray00:02:26
binary black hole or a neutron00:02:28
star there is a small star flying around it,00:02:31
like the sun or even00:02:32
smaller, there are such objects that00:02:36
correct white dwarfs, sometimes00:02:38
they are visible in X-rays00:02:40
called super soft x-ray source, that00:02:42
is, if the form is reduced three times from00:02:45
super soft as of source to x with this00:02:50
is mined this cafe is called super00:02:52
soft for sex it sometimes lets in00:02:54
x-ray sources in soft00:02:55
light which are also associated with00:02:57
compact objects white dwarf but00:02:59
it undergoes accretion there00:03:01
thermonuclear burning occurs not very bright there00:03:04
are some called symbiotic00:03:07
stars this is where we have a white dwarf and00:03:10
nearby with him there is a star that you can00:03:12
say for now, well, there is like a red red00:03:15
giant that is simply covered by a white00:03:16
dwarf in its own atmosphere, that is,00:03:18
they are generally a white dwarf or fly in the00:03:20
atmosphere of another big star, there are00:03:25
rotating neutron stars on which00:03:27
we talked about pulsars of this00:03:29
lecture took place nutmeg, it turns out they also00:03:31
launch jetta, that is, everything along the way,00:03:33
everything that rotates or cinnamon roars, they00:03:35
launch gets, well, there are even00:03:38
planetary nebulae, that is, these are the00:03:40
remains of00:03:42
red giants that are shed00:03:45
during evolution, and the chance will be a red00:03:47
giant will shed a shell that is formed00:03:50
so beautiful shell which00:03:51
is called a planetary nebula on00:03:52
sometimes they also show some gets00:03:55
all this is so and galaxies of which all these are00:03:57
objects that we can observe in00:03:58
our galaxy on and from which not00:04:00
galactic objects these are00:04:03
supermassive black holes in the centers of00:04:04
galaxies these are black holes of which there are00:04:07
millions or even billions, even tens of00:04:09
tenths of billions, there are the masses of the sun, that00:04:12
is, a very massive formation in the00:04:13
center of the galaxy, around of course there is00:04:16
matter falling into this black hole,00:04:18
so we see them such objects,00:04:20
this ijen abbreviation is called active00:04:23
galaxies not coal,00:04:24
which means in Russian they sometimes write abbreviations00:04:26
oh ok yes the active nucleus of the galaxy, I do00:04:30
n’t know that the sail to the frequent00:04:32
use of abbreviations and money is00:04:35
like me before galaxies,00:04:37
this object is completely unique and the00:04:40
ones that are written here are Derby00:04:45
means Homer and you take gamma-ray bursts,00:04:47
and here are gamma-ray bursts short00:04:50
bursts in gamma radiation, which are either00:04:53
due to the fact that a supernova exploded, a00:04:55
massive star has evolved, exploded a00:04:58
supernova, formed a black hole, but the00:05:00
matter is not yet falling, the amount of matter is formed there, spinning00:05:02
around the black hole,00:05:04
falling and accelerating the djed, which00:05:08
breaks through the star and we will see a00:05:10
powerful burst gamma radiation here00:05:13
or here is the second what is the second option00:05:16
to form gamma-ray bursts which are00:05:18
short bursts this is when it from 200:05:20
neutron stars collide in the process of00:05:22
evolution from 2 from 2 massive stars00:05:24
preval tinted formed me two00:05:26
neutron stars they gradually00:05:28
fly around each other from00:05:31
falling off but rumors about are starting00:05:33
to collide why some of their energy is00:05:36
here angular momentum it just comes out00:05:37
in the form of gravitational waves and in a billion00:05:40
years there and a few billion years they00:05:41
can collide in the end and00:05:43
this process can also cause00:05:44
gamma-ray bursts 1 this is the main theory00:05:46
again hypothesis of how short00:05:48
gamma-ray bursts are formed also we have a lot of00:05:51
everything that spins and all six form compactly00:05:53
enough gets so they are00:05:56
visible look at the object and x on these00:06:02
buttons haha I remember that x 2 is a horror movie00:06:09
who is this this one you're a good farmer, well done,00:06:13
Pasha remembers correctly, but00:06:15
you see this, in fact, these are young00:06:17
stars, yes, they are often visible here in00:06:19
this field shell around them, that is, it does00:06:21
n’t just have a lot of gas and stuff and00:06:24
dust, a star is formed in the center and00:06:27
now Often these rather00:06:29
narrow jets are visible, which in general spectral00:06:32
lines from some are observed,00:06:33
surprisingly, quite strongly00:06:35
tinted objects that will come out00:06:38
here are 200 astronomical units, these00:06:40
hundreds of astronomical units are visible,00:06:42
well, and more gets here are beautiful planetary nebulae00:06:47
to which so why is it not possible00:06:49
planetary nebulae there and before00:06:53
looked like planets like disks00:06:55
that are just big not like stars and they are not00:06:58
them they did not twinkle before the planets do not00:07:00
twinkle stars twinkle they are quite00:07:02
large in angular size this is the Internet00:07:06
we can see here here is what a more or less00:07:08
spherical shell is around a white00:07:10
dwarf which sits in the center and is00:07:12
visible here bright. it is now a hot white00:07:15
dwarf and around it there is a bunch of gas that00:07:18
was ejected there thousands of years ago00:07:20
before the white dwarf was formed,00:07:21
but you see they are very asymmetrical,00:07:24
some jets fly out from here, this is00:07:26
generally surprising, in fact, the phenomenon is00:07:27
not even sure people really understand how00:07:30
make such formations for such very much00:07:32
like without hot these hot areas are so00:07:36
something makes them like this maybe there is probably a00:07:40
binary system there in00:07:41
fact there is a star itself which is poorly00:07:43
visible this is00:07:46
called these criticizing white00:07:49
dwarfs whose matter falls onto the00:07:51
surface of a neutron star00:07:52
thermonuclear burning occurs under you need to apply a lot00:07:55
to the white dwarf so that the thermonuclear00:07:59
burning is white to Alexandra,00:08:00
nothing burns before and burns new00:08:03
maybe very slowly00:08:04
yoki little, it turns out that on the surface00:08:08
this substance can burn, it falls the00:08:11
companion is00:08:12
compacted and maintains such a00:08:14
constant burning and it turns out to be a bright00:08:17
X-ray source, but in soft00:08:19
X-rays, and here, in fact, the widget00:08:22
here is not a picture, but here we00:08:24
will attach the spectrum, this is how long the helium line will take you,00:08:26
for example, but here,00:08:29
if you look, it has satellites here00:08:31
with 1 minus s plus here or not00:08:37
hb then they gave the role of the line of hydrogen polymers00:08:40
from the knees and you see even in place with00:08:42
minus s plus satellites00:08:43
from a heap of what kind of satellites they took on and even00:08:45
those that travel along with00:08:48
these lines, the line of course themselves does00:08:51
n’t form somewhere a lot but according to the00:08:54
star or somewhere nearby, these are00:08:56
the companions of these lines, and you find yourself00:08:58
shifted from red to blue,00:09:00
not a region at all, simply because00:09:03
it also has a jet that flies at00:09:06
high speed and we can00:09:08
calculate the speed here00:09:09
just from this shift00:09:12
do you know how to evaluate the Doppler effect00:09:15
1100 Doppler effect00:09:16
something is flying delta la [ __ ] lambda00:09:20
this is about order means vfc let's immediately00:09:24
evaluate a good exercise for you yes00:09:27
look let's take the line hb then 486000:09:33
how much will it be here who remembers the pashas00:09:35
for sure know the lambda is about 4000 but00:09:39
here on in fact, it doesn’t matter about five00:09:40
thousand, let’s write for just tx300:09:42
and delta lambda, well, this is still00:09:45
more decent, we already know the number to without00:09:47
it, the fact is that by mistake it00:09:49
will be several percent, but it would be good for us to00:09:50
know here 4800 there I don’t know 31 series00:09:55
700 4800 200 I will be here 50 of the world there00:10:02
will be seven hundred will start00:10:04
600 angstroms of this order 600 x 36000:10:14
this is 660 carried out for up to 600 donut here is 6000:10:19
inx and well that means delta lam so lamda it00:10:21
turns out 6 5 hundredths in general about00:10:24
one percent to small here is ours00:10:28
the speed of light the speed is about 1 100:10:31
percent the speed of light these are the white00:10:33
dwarfs we launch jetta00:10:35
here it is written satellites there are00:10:38
other satellites here I talked about it00:10:40
here and Jeffey wavelengths according to the00:10:43
measure this is the same thing that I said everything00:10:46
that was said really about four00:10:48
thousand kilometers per second but the speed of00:10:50
light is 30 300000 14 seconds also here’s00:10:52
a little bit correctly done correctly00:10:54
calculated on the slide the same as00:10:56
great here we have this neutron star00:11:00
now we have pulsars here is the most00:11:03
famous as how can everyone know yes the00:11:05
pulsar of the crab nebula is less00:11:08
well-known is called bicycle lanes of the kind,00:11:11
well, they are just twin brothers,00:11:13
this is with the help of the territory of Chandra Vera,00:11:15
the matter is of course not the same, not so well00:11:17
studied and not so not so beautiful00:11:19
images further away from us, but it’s00:11:22
very similar, here we have a pulsar00:11:24
here and here what do you see gets00:11:26
I do that is due to the fact that there are00:11:29
magnetic fields, our object is spinning, the00:11:32
magnetic field is spinning like this and00:11:34
they make some kind of tower along00:11:36
which the matter is accelerated and flies off00:11:37
somewhere everything that is spinning with magnetic00:11:40
fields then we have the same00:11:42
they are doing this but there are some prominent people here why are00:11:44
such spherical shells you00:11:47
are flying apart let's now come to00:11:49
me galactic source actually00:11:51
jetta is the most famous probably the00:11:55
more parent gets those that00:11:56
move quickly yes they were discovered in00:12:00
radio00:12:01
emission using radio telescopes00:12:03
quite a long time ago there 60 years when00:12:07
he arrived, they began to build a fairly good image00:12:09
and now they are observed at night00:12:11
in some kind of well, in fires, that00:12:14
is, what is called kozara, this is a00:12:15
massive00:12:16
drama of strong massive cores of galaxies,00:12:19
well, massive galaxies, and here00:12:21
we have an image, probably one of00:12:24
one of the most famous sources00:12:27
close to us is the elliptical00:12:29
galaxy M87,00:12:30
you know where this center of the00:12:35
virga cluster is located, and it’s there, [ __ ] it, in fact,00:12:39
not so far from us, the cube is low there, a couple of00:12:43
tens of these megaparsecs, here and here, look at the00:12:47
center,00:12:49
look at this here big picture here, I do00:12:52
n’t even know how long it is here, there00:12:55
will probably be some megaparsecs, that00:12:57
is, here is the center center of the source here are00:12:59
these widgets and then these00:13:03
djed are falling apart interacting with the00:13:04
intergalactic medium,00:13:06
well, we start to look inside and you can see that there is a00:13:09
certain jet here, here is one jet you can see in the00:13:11
other direction the jet is not visible how so00:13:14
why in one direction of the jet you can see the other00:13:16
side flying in formation and not visible00:13:19
here we are still starting to improve it is very00:13:21
clearly visible in one direction of the formation are00:13:23
you okay the other you can’t see anything at all but00:13:25
and so on here the resolution is already00:13:27
increasing or increasing, we are all00:13:28
looking deeper and deeper on smaller00:13:31
scales and you can still clearly see these00:13:33
narrow jets are directed, yes here is00:13:36
the deal.by00:13:38
this means we already have several00:13:40
radio telescopes in which the base is of the order of the00:13:42
size of the earth and the angular resolution can00:13:45
to be there tens of micro to arc00:13:50
seconds, that is, very good for him00:13:53
anyway, apparently such can now be00:13:54
resolved even at the cost there is no picture of exactly00:13:57
what happens as a teen gets accelerated00:13:59
directly from the most like a central source, well,00:14:02
less a very jet of very narrow00:14:05
directed beams of plasma or flying and00:14:07
amazing that we see only one00:14:09
side and the other we don’t see anything, but00:14:11
this is in fact and we have a simple00:14:14
explanation, simple without it is not called00:14:17
relativistic color aberration when00:14:20
something flies towards us, that’s what00:14:24
this formula comes from, we see that00:14:27
something is flying radiation that is released to us00:14:29
more or less beyond the path in this00:14:31
system and it flies somewhere, it turns out to be00:14:33
external to the system but is directed in the00:14:37
direction where the object is flying to it, well, that is,00:14:41
alpine, if you have a standard00:14:43
operation, you know, yes, here you are riding a00:14:45
bicycle you for some reason, always00:14:47
if it’s raining, it’s always in your face, they00:14:49
never call you in the back, very00:14:52
rarely, but when it’s always your chest and your face, it’s a00:14:55
must, yes, you drive fast and00:14:59
get that the wind can rain that00:15:02
falls from above, for some reason the list00:15:04
was for you will also hit you if we are riding00:15:06
fast on a bicycle, the ball will simply be00:15:08
thrown from the point of view of an external00:15:10
observer, it will not fly vertical at all,00:15:12
but the ball will fly somewhere00:15:14
forward because we are moving with00:15:16
it, that is, what is thrown00:15:18
perpendicular to the direction of movement00:15:20
actually turns out to be flies forward00:15:22
together with moving objects, the00:15:25
same thing here only here the speeds are00:15:27
relativistic, that is, close to the00:15:28
speed of light, if we00:15:29
throw something out perpendicularly, even it turns00:15:31
out everything flies in the same00:15:33
direction towards the direction of00:15:35
motion of the jetta,00:15:36
that is, this is what we only see one00:15:38
side djed it means to say that00:15:40
gets it flies towards us and all the photons00:15:43
are emitted in our direction just come in00:15:46
parental aberration from 2 djed it00:15:48
grows from us we would therefore not see it00:15:51
all forbes fires the opposite00:15:53
side and then when it is djed already on a00:15:56
large scale somewhere it collides, it’s00:15:58
already falling apart and then we start00:16:00
hitting these what they call for the sake of00:16:02
them in the radio range to bring atoms to the face00:16:06
given to Odessa on land and Thanos in the middle,00:16:11
but several pictures are also00:16:13
similar, you know what kind of00:16:17
galaxy is very famous, also Centauri00:16:20
santarossa00:16:21
and this is the image in the pharmacy, it’s00:16:25
just an elliptical galaxy like this, you00:16:26
can see a field bullet floor a field00:16:29
stripe, well, probably some ordinary00:16:33
spiral galaxy collided with it with00:16:35
a lot of dust, it left00:16:37
such a heap of dust and what’s interesting is that in the00:16:39
center there00:16:40
is also what looks like a supermassive black hole there is00:16:42
no radio image of him here, you see00:16:44
two two ears like this here you can also00:16:47
look here some other objects00:16:49
in childhood are often visible that these narrow00:16:51
directed beams of plasma form00:16:54
such and when the00:16:55
beam with a groove already interacts with the00:16:57
intergalactic medium, this one requires00:16:59
the same dream towers00:17:01
which is now visible in different long00:17:05
waves from the left left below the00:17:07
X-ray image I can see with the help of the Chandra Observatory00:17:09
jab now you see yes from the left00:17:12
up there and here comes the djed narrow jet00:17:14
reverse jet we don’t see here this00:17:17
optics00:17:18
here here on the radio is also good it’s visible, but00:17:20
here we already have something here, too, like about00:17:22
someone, the lengths are long waves here, here00:17:25
at the central source and you can see a narrow00:17:27
jet goes up to the top, turned00:17:29
and this one, now we’ll also return to M87,00:17:32
probably the most famous, and then simply00:17:34
because it’s the most the old one, as you know,00:17:37
has been open since 1917,00:17:39
that is, just since we00:17:42
started 101 years ago this year, that is, 10100:17:45
years something, unfortunately, I’m invisible,00:17:47
the conference is dedicated to the opening of the00:17:49
Elven djed, consecrated last year,00:17:52
it was necessary to hold conferences not00:17:53
except October of the Great October00:17:55
Revolution further that year there00:17:58
were completely different events00:18:00
her bir kurd from he was an astronomer at a00:18:03
nearby observatory in California, so of00:18:07
course he didn’t have a radio telescope in00:18:09
those years, he didn’t have an X-ray00:18:11
telescope, he looked through optics and the00:18:12
resolution then he had, oh, not very well,00:18:14
but nevertheless he saw on00:18:16
the photographic plate a certain stripe like this,00:18:20
which he called straight grain,00:18:23
that is, some kind of straight line is better there, but00:18:26
on one here and here this is considered to be the00:18:29
first mention of the fact that he won00:18:32
in this object really has a direct00:18:34
shelf to the one that now we will play00:18:36
with this jet, but now we can see both00:18:38
in radio and in x-rays, we can even see00:18:41
various details of00:18:43
the fault, but let’s talk a little about those00:18:47
jets that are observed in these00:18:50
active galactic nuclei,00:18:51
this is how they manifest themselves they00:18:55
manifest themselves so that they are visible not only00:18:57
there in optics, but in X-rays it turns out that00:19:00
they shine a lot in the gamma range.00:19:02
About the pulsar, he said that they were discovered in the00:19:04
radio range; in fact, most00:19:06
of the energy is pumped into the gamma00:19:07
ranges; for this you need some kind of gamma00:19:09
detectors here the spectral00:19:13
spectra of several galaxies are shown here, the00:19:15
energy from love here in wave this00:19:18
kef in fact there is an x-ray narrow00:19:20
range moment here minus 3 but this is00:19:22
all homo range to the right and it turns out that00:19:25
there are galaxies in which00:19:27
nothing shines in gamma they are called a hammock00:19:29
white that is, here, too, there is black00:19:32
doses of massively supermassive they are in the00:19:34
Gandhi base, nothing shines they shine00:19:36
here in the print, not but00:19:37
there are galaxies that launch00:19:39
these relativistic gets and we walk in the gamma00:19:41
range here, more of the energy00:19:43
turns out to be in the poor range, which means but the00:19:47
electron is running it will look like this and00:19:50
in fact open this discovery is00:19:52
only actually 20 there three00:19:54
years before we didn’t know that these00:19:57
objects in the gamma range are so bright00:20:02
thank you we need to write to the observatory00:20:04
which is called the Canton00:20:06
observatory Hong Kong orbitals launched by00:20:08
NASA in 1991 worked out00:20:12
about ten years old died in two thousand in00:20:15
2000 when she was lowered into the Pacific00:20:17
Ocean due to the fact that00:20:21
one of the gyroscopes broke there, but they also considered that00:20:22
she was heavy, 7 tons or00:20:24
many tons, what if she breaks down in the00:20:26
account where the excavation is that it will be impossible to00:20:27
lower controlled to the ground and00:20:30
therefore I mean they are controllable 10 tons00:20:33
will fall on someone’s leg it won’t00:20:34
seem like much at all there was a lot of things left there00:20:37
so they decided to lower the controllable00:20:39
where it should be but unfortunately00:20:42
the observatories were destroyed many did not00:20:44
agree I was then in NASA in goddard00:20:47
space fights android was00:20:48
just discussed for millions;00:20:50
local scientists there were very unhappy with00:20:52
the decision and the Nazi bureaucrats who00:20:54
decided to destroy the observatories; she could have00:20:57
worked there quietly for ten years, why for 10 years of ours she00:21:02
was buried in 2000 in the Pacific Ocean,00:21:04
but the next observatory that00:21:05
made a great discovery this is an00:21:07
observatory on their farm, which is a company called Gamma guys, it00:21:12
was launched in 2008, so far they00:21:14
wouldn’t have finalized the other, it didn’t00:21:17
happen, but this Canton observatory00:21:19
had such a detector called play00:21:22
xtreme gamer and something telescopic almost00:21:26
why in this one I don’t remember00:21:27
energetic xtreme gamer no, I don’t remember00:21:30
the experiment, in general, some kind of00:21:32
telescope, but in fact it is clear that he00:21:34
observed in the gamma range, the00:21:35
sensitivity was not very00:21:37
good, but then he made us a map of the00:21:39
Vityaz galaxy, basically the galactic00:21:40
density is visible, the plane is visible, but there are00:21:42
some visible there crab ut you can see some00:21:45
other objects here that are most likely00:21:48
associated with extra-galactic sources00:21:49
and these are not galactic sources00:21:51
so we gave it seemed that in00:21:54
fact they are in the bright gamma range and that the00:21:56
luminosity there in the gamma range is actually a00:21:58
hundred times higher than everything else we00:22:00
saw it before in the optical or00:22:02
radio range,00:22:03
several years have passed in 2008,00:22:07
they launched the farm observatory and the00:22:10
same sky is now being observed with00:22:12
a sensitivity that is of course00:22:13
much higher, this is in fact00:22:15
a movie made in 2008, that is, this is00:22:18
literally in a few months after the00:22:20
launch a couple of months in the life of the observatory that00:22:24
some sources are to blame here because00:22:25
they appear and disappear appears at00:22:28
10 appears disappear acts00:22:30
moved even rolling towards you the star00:22:33
cluster shown yes here is the northern00:22:35
hemisphere southern hemisphere that camp the00:22:37
big dipper appeared on here and00:22:41
here it says about the fact that firstly00:22:44
the sky in gamma rays is very variable,00:22:47
these are all the sources of gamma that we are,00:22:49
they are very eerie changes, this is the00:22:51
constellation Virgo, and here there is only one00:22:57
object that is moving in some way,00:22:58
look, see,00:22:59
flew here, here it will be now,00:23:01
see he flew and the daughters explained to us a little bit00:23:03
here who this sun is00:23:07
in the galaxies, they feed their suns with a fragile00:23:10
Fri, it moves this kitty kid and we have00:23:13
the sun here, this is how the sun moves, it turns00:23:14
out that it even shines in gamma rays, but00:23:16
not because there is clearly something there00:23:18
accelerates to because, in fact,00:23:20
some chicken particles fall onto the sun,00:23:21
and there00:23:26
gamma rays are formed on the surface of the sun,00:23:28
so the sun turns out to be a fairly00:23:30
bright object that can be studied there,00:23:32
flashes can be observed, too,00:23:34
which are already local effects, but these00:23:37
are all this is mostly clear to me00:23:39
galactic sources this map of the sky in00:23:42
galactic coordinates where our00:23:43
galaxy is here think here the00:23:47
northern and southern hemispheres were00:23:49
depicted yes so our galaxy is00:23:53
here in a circle going almost invisible00:23:57
here it is specifically shown in the village00:23:59
the matter in [ __ ] outside galactic sources the00:24:02
whole galaxy you see the red stripes of00:24:04
khinkali00:24:05
that's why we won't00:24:09
watch this this is where it doesn't apply anymore and then00:24:13
there's a pulsar why did they draw this for us00:24:14
because some of these sources are00:24:15
from so we had pulsars in our galaxy00:24:17
here here is this map of the sky about the00:24:23
integrated one already in a couple of years00:24:25
you can see it now here it’s already good this is another00:24:27
projection here you can see we already have the plane00:24:29
of the galaxy the center of the galaxy here in this00:24:32
galactic sources visible to me00:24:33
we look in the gamma range here we have the00:24:36
brightest non-galactic sources00:24:38
what - at that time, during the flares, there was00:24:40
such a quasar 3c00:24:42
450 4.33 c, which means it’s from some radio00:24:46
catalog that was created there decades00:24:48
ago, then00:24:49
I actually created an object that is known to00:24:51
all Turks, it turns out to be very terribly bright in the00:24:53
gamut of rays if you look at the radio00:24:55
then they all have these jettas visible,00:24:57
see here the image is specially00:24:59
this is in the radio, this is a map from the radio, jettas are visible,00:25:03
these were ng water quasars, we have00:25:07
massive black holes, but no,00:25:11
a little more than 20 years ago, 24 years00:25:14
ago already an amazing event00:25:17
happened in the world, a00:25:20
new type of object was discovered, it was discovered,00:25:23
which is called micro00:25:25
quasars, and that’s what it’s connected with, first of00:25:29
all, with objects whose name is00:25:31
gear from 1915 to 5, but through means00:25:35
grenade source grenade, it was a Russian00:25:37
observatory,00:25:40
even said Soviet observatory00:25:43
because it was built in Soviet00:25:44
times even before the00:25:46
Soviet Union collapsed and it00:25:50
worked for several years and discovered00:25:52
many bright sources, including00:25:54
in 1992, this source00:25:57
broke out, that is, it didn’t exist before,00:25:59
we don’t know anything about it, it00:26:00
flared up 1915 this is the coordinate of it just00:26:04
simply galactic there is no00:26:07
galactic naturally00:26:09
but in reality it00:26:12
flared up and it became bright it is still00:26:14
bright in the sky and they exist for00:26:17
25 years until 26 years since00:26:20
Felix Mirabel has been working such radio astronomers00:26:25
but in general not only infrared00:26:26
he was studying astronomy, so he somehow00:26:28
decided to look at me in the radio range00:26:30
and saw what he saw here in00:26:32
this movie, well, of course it’s not so00:26:34
beautiful, he probably saw it there at first, he00:26:35
saw this central source,00:26:38
he saw it just so that the 2nd side00:26:40
would fly apart - well, balls, well, what is00:26:44
called a blog in English literature,00:26:46
that is, how it is translated into Russian,00:26:49
this clot can be called a clot00:26:52
of matter up to which it shines, but in this00:26:55
case in the radio range,00:26:56
here and then what is drawn on these maps,00:26:59
look here at the maps at00:27:01
different points in time yes, that is, they are not00:27:02
visible00:27:03
brother if the image quality is such,00:27:05
but it is clear that you are the central source00:27:07
somewhere, but these would fly out,00:27:09
they are moving and simply by the speed of00:27:12
movement you can also00:27:13
measure their speed in our sky and00:27:16
it turned out that they are also here they are all00:27:19
moving at high speed, I’ll tell you00:27:21
what other very famous sources00:27:23
from 433 are also in our galaxy, the00:27:27
central source is somewhere here and it00:27:29
releases these blogs in different00:27:31
directions and here you can see by the way that00:27:33
they are visible or in up a budget these different00:27:36
sides flying into one just in00:27:38
fact this djed is located approximately in the00:27:40
plane of the picture, that is, they are left,00:27:42
as it were, and in the left right jab they are00:27:44
approximately equally bright for us and00:27:46
a little when quoted so this is the djed00:27:48
spinning like this, you see the same we00:27:50
have objects in our galaxy00:27:52
extragalactic show gets but00:27:55
this is unfortunately the images from the telescope00:27:58
this is the artist’s fantasy what happens to a00:28:00
massive star the00:28:01
transformation of a black hole when and there is00:28:04
formed in the center here is a black hole00:28:05
around it around it the material falls00:28:08
to me and here a djed is formed which we00:28:11
gives a gamma-ray burst, that is, if we are00:28:13
lucky in any sense, we are looking at this00:28:16
object directly along the jetta, then all the photons00:28:19
that were born in this jetta will fly in00:28:21
our direction, but if all the photons that00:28:24
were seen with the opposite jetta, we00:28:25
will never see it, but it will be and00:28:28
it shines in the gamma-ray range,00:28:31
so a black hole is formed from a massive star,00:28:32
and now there are these00:28:35
objects that are associated with gamma-ray bursts,00:28:37
an association with supernovae, that is,00:28:40
many objects, many bursts were00:28:42
seen as so funny, therefore, a more or00:28:44
less reliable interpretation is that00:28:46
gamma-ray bursts and supernovae they are connected to each00:28:48
other, this is also00:28:51
a simulation 0 more precisely, and not even a00:28:55
computer simulation, I would say,00:28:58
but they just made a movie like that, and how the00:29:01
challenge is that00:29:03
neutron stars collide with each other, well, of course, some00:29:05
concept of physics and eating for a neutron00:29:07
star due to gravitational radiation00:29:09
was lost angular momentum and then they00:29:11
got too high like that and let's look at00:29:14
them and then there is also an axis about00:29:18
communicating rotation most likely00:29:20
then a black hole can form around00:29:22
it around the black hole background after the00:29:24
collision there is still00:29:25
matter formed and accelerating djed this is a short00:29:29
list dynamic times here are micro00:29:32
milliseconds, yes, that’s when we00:29:33
start to have neutrons stars collide,00:29:35
you catch them flying almost the speed of00:29:36
light characteristic size 10 kilometers00:29:39
before that is why everything happens instantly00:29:42
several orbits we and the birds are all00:29:44
over, well, now what is she with00:29:47
these to kill you here here i am still are00:29:50
an object these are young stars they have00:29:52
accretion happening on them supersoft00:29:55
source searched three times these are white dwarfs00:29:58
on them accretion occurs again from00:30:00
yes these black holes of different types00:30:03
they always have a jet 433 massive00:30:08
x-ray binary there there is accretion00:30:10
there there is djed x-ray transients00:30:13
this is the object where once 1915 105 which is00:30:18
transient means it is a variable strongly not00:30:20
with a variable source here it is there too there00:30:21
is accretion of a gamma-ray burst henna in00:30:24
different types it seems there are also accretions then00:30:25
for all for all concepts00:30:27
two active and adele galaxy 5 secret00:30:30
for some substance that is supplied by00:30:31
andrey golub well,00:30:32
what happens in planetary00:30:33
nebulae is not very clear to me, there is always00:30:35
something spinning, some kind of magnetic00:30:38
fields as a result, they launch gets, well,00:30:41
then the most interesting thing begins from00:30:44
my point of view, to what some gets00:30:46
turn out to be superluminal you know how to00:30:50
fly at speeds higher than the speed of light or00:30:56
told how they fly at speeds00:30:59
will be the speed of light unfortunately00:31:01
the special theory of relativity00:31:03
forbids us this but astronomers00:31:06
can afford it we00:31:08
look at an object called 3c00:31:10
273 one of the00:31:12
famous quasars in the radio range in00:31:15
here here you can see the blog what is called00:31:17
in come here you in general 7 7 years of observation00:31:21
78 a long time ago up to 40 years ago everything was00:31:25
done and we simply measure the distance in the sky00:31:27
as they move yes these00:31:30
blogs this object quasar is known to have a00:31:33
red shift it is known there are00:31:35
cosmological models we can calculate a00:31:36
fairly accurate distance to this00:31:38
object00:31:39
state we know we know with what00:31:42
angular velocity they are moving you see00:31:44
this head speed but in the sky the00:31:46
proper motion of these blobs is00:31:48
small like yes it needs good00:31:51
resolution look00:31:54
808 thousandths of arc seconds per year00:31:57
moves dodi try to measure00:31:59
you need to measure this way and00:32:02
in motion you need to have a radio telescope00:32:04
with a large base, at least00:32:07
the size of the earth, then the angular resolution00:32:09
will be what you know for telescopes, about 100:32:18
lam to divide by the date the wavelength of00:32:20
a centimeter there what base there thousands of00:32:23
kilometers excellent the angular resolution00:32:25
is obtained then the angle will be of the00:32:27
order of this, in order to00:32:29
see such movements you need good00:32:31
resolution, this means then00:32:34
we consider what speed it is moving,00:32:35
well, just00:32:37
a shift to delta p of some kind, this is the speed00:32:42
v1, this is what we see on it, the00:32:44
speed in the sky multiplied for the time00:32:46
that we are observing, well, we can00:32:48
calculate from here, for example, an angle, yes, just what00:32:52
is an angle, this distance is divided by the00:32:54
physical shift in a centimeter, how is it divided by the00:32:57
distance to the object, this is just an angle,00:32:59
it would be clear, but what if, for00:33:03
example, we have a circle00:33:06
and we take some kind of then the angle at which it is00:33:08
defy is some kind, and here its radius is r,00:33:11
then this distance is r defy,00:33:16
let’s call this delta r and this00:33:19
distance d d delta r, etc. on the def00:33:25
here twice d will be delta feta or00:33:28
deltas from this it is very clear that the angle00:33:30
is simply in relation to what we see00:33:33
divided at a distance and this is00:33:36
the speed but receives its own00:33:37
movement, this by definition is just00:33:39
such a speed toogle it changes in the sky00:33:42
this delta t t t t t t t t t00:33:46
but this is the same as dividing the speed00:33:49
by d but we don’t know how to distance we know,00:33:53
so we can measure the speed, here’s the00:33:55
distance we know, well, here is the00:33:57
Hubble constant, this means the Sahaba in00:34:00
units of 100 what’s a kilometer in second00:34:03
per megaparsec00:34:04
here it is about 0 7 totals about00:34:06
600 there 550 megaparsec that's constantly00:34:10
hubble 1 clock is determined I counted 07 from00:34:13
anyway super move on in made a report00:34:15
he said that 070 68 or there is approximately a00:34:18
plank measured measured there and others00:34:22
tell us 071 y I was .00:34:24
because once someone said 07000:34:27
in general, so I would now round up to00:34:28
0 7,00:34:30
well, let’s see what the speed is,00:34:33
this is what we are observing to the observed00:34:35
speed in the sky in English is called the00:34:38
apparatus observed object to in another way00:34:41
it to call it Mew, this is the00:34:45
same thing, so that from this we simply multiply00:34:47
meow, this is a terrible small number of this00:34:50
10 30 000 8 arc seconds, I’ll give in order to00:34:54
understand arc seconds, let’s00:34:56
also convert this into radians,00:34:59
because angles are still angular00:35:00
seconds cannot be represented here, you still need00:35:02
to substitute radians, there is a00:35:04
translation in radians, that is, and00:35:06
divide by the number of degrees00:35:10
up to 300 degrees 80 degrees here00:35:13
the number of minutes stick the number of minutes00:35:16
in degrees the number of seconds in minutes00:35:18
this is how this can be00:35:20
translated into radians were written there00:35:25
in a year, we already have to convert it into seconds, in this00:35:28
we need to find out how many seconds we have in a year00:35:30
in 365 days in a day we have approximately 800000:35:33
186000 seconds, here is another multiplier00:35:36
obtained with a distance of 440 megaparsecs,00:35:42
but blinking means a million, yes, there are all pairs,00:35:45
Katherine 18 centimeters but they are minus 100:35:49
there it was now set so it turned out the00:35:51
observed speed is five and a00:35:53
half x minus 1 will brighten up the speed of00:35:56
light by another 0 7 let's divide this and it00:35:59
turns out 8 8 speeds of light is normal that's how it00:36:02
turned out great00:36:04
an astronomer can fly at a speed greater than the00:36:06
speed of light00:36:07
no one forbids us to look at the sky and00:36:10
see 8 speeds of light, but then I’ll00:36:13
spend q this time, maybe not everyone knows00:36:15
how we can fly, how can an astronomer00:36:18
specifically allow the body of thousands00:36:20
forbids, but we can, how will we00:36:23
fly at the speed of light or even00:36:25
exceed and I brought you something that is00:36:29
observed, it would be some, but here are00:36:32
the clumps of matter that fly out from the00:36:33
central source from the black hole and00:36:36
they fly, they actually fly straight00:36:38
almost towards us, so we see one00:36:40
side of this jetta, we don’t see the second,00:36:42
yes, that’s why first, we have a00:36:44
clump of matter and we are here below it00:36:47
says s yes this is the earth and it is00:36:50
almost flying almost towards us this angle00:36:52
theta it is very small well it doesn’t matter how00:36:54
small it is there a few degrees00:36:56
maybe that’s what this clump of matter00:36:59
does it releases photons released00:37:02
photons and after some point in time00:37:04
we will again take a photograph in the sky until00:37:07
dreams the sky will finish again in a month we00:37:09
again according to the exact same as after some00:37:12
month again released photons yes, in00:37:14
essence, this is at least one photon of the00:37:16
prostate let there be two photons released,00:37:18
not a lot there, how many let two photons00:37:20
in general at some point in time 000:37:23
we have a photon flying distance to the ground d here00:37:27
's a car photon number two flew out after00:37:30
some time much later here00:37:32
he says he flew too to us,00:37:35
that’s what the distance is now from this00:37:39
source to us, of course, is no longer00:37:40
the distance to it, but then it approached, so00:37:43
this distance will be d minus the00:37:47
distance that it flew, well, you also00:37:49
need to multiply by the cosine of this angle, so00:37:51
it released a photon, the moment in time i.e. e.00:37:55
two but due to this 2 units means and00:37:58
rush that is, released before Plato,00:37:59
he had some kind of speed, that is,00:38:02
in this it is he who flew00:38:03
the distance, that is, this is the distance we00:38:07
measure here, there is no special theory00:38:08
of relativity, in fact, we00:38:10
just have distance in our topic of00:38:12
the report, he flew like this, and00:38:13
we timed some time, and this is the00:38:16
distance he flew, cosine00:38:18
theta projection, this is how much on00:38:21
the observer it turned out like this vt2 on00:38:26
cosine theta, this is the distance he00:38:28
flew, and here the projection turned out to be00:38:30
this sine theta is left, this is00:38:33
the distance written, but now let’s calculate how00:38:36
much of the Speer the photon has long flown off, this00:38:38
distance is divided by the speed of light of00:38:39
this distance, we don’t care which one is00:38:41
here, and the second photon is00:38:44
now worth declaring, and there it means a00:38:47
break, this time, the observed time, when we00:38:51
will observing this distance divided00:38:54
by the speed of light is understandable, and the second photon00:38:56
arrives; firstly, some time has gone away;00:39:01
two00:39:03
and then add the time of passage of00:39:05
the photon from the moment of departure to us, that is,00:39:08
this is what remains: the distance is the00:39:09
determinant for the speed of light,00:39:11
which is what we are interested in; in fact, cough,00:39:13
divide into prices; a completely interesting00:39:15
distance to bio; we already have the difference between00:39:17
those times, but00:39:18
find out what the difference is Meanwhile, the00:39:19
time of arrival of the photon to the detector,00:39:22
we subtract one from the other, yes, that's it, and00:39:26
dividing the nations is perfectly reduced and what00:39:28
remains is that the time between the arrival of00:39:31
two two photons to us is the time between00:39:34
them flying out, multiplied by the jacket,00:39:38
bracket look one minus you divide00:39:40
by c by cosine theta and the00:39:43
whole dog is buried in these brackets now I’ll draw00:39:47
this, let’s not show00:39:50
this for now, let’s think about what’s in00:39:53
the brackets, it’s actually very important00:39:56
and because this bracket is00:39:59
one minus, let’s call it beta and do00:40:02
cosine theta00:40:03
b then the speed is in units of the speed of light00:40:07
and here is the cosine theta so we will now00:40:10
try to get00:40:13
what it depends on what kind of number it is, is it00:40:16
big or small00:40:19
something flies at the speed of light and00:40:21
means a bad beat of the order of one we00:40:24
are talking about a speed of the order of the speed of00:40:26
light I said that this small one00:40:29
means cosine this is this00:40:33
angle this is a small corner well I don’t know in the00:40:37
Taylor series they went to but home then00:40:40
put it in the Taylor series this is a00:40:41
small argument this is this00:40:43
small yes and get that in this one00:40:45
minus theta square in half, well, it’s roughly00:40:48
clear, I follow the rest of the terms by throwing out00:40:50
90, so this is how the cosine00:40:53
decomposes about this, of course, units from00:40:56
them are not very interesting beta, I’ll write it00:40:59
through the Lawrence factor, yes, here’s the form00:41:02
they wrote for you in the previous lecture,00:41:04
and now we’ll depict as it should be00:41:07
written correctly like this,00:41:13
yes, of course it’s not like that, it’s a disgrace like this, the00:41:18
root of 1 minus 1 divided by00:41:20
gammas sold by running is Lawrence factors00:41:22
gamma what does big mean gamma if it’s00:41:26
big then we will00:41:28
fly close at speed and this is possible it’s also00:41:30
unlikely to expand there is such a formula 100:41:33
plus x to the power of alpha this is one plus00:41:36
alpha x plus something else we00:41:39
only need this first term for the lion00:41:40
some some degree from here you can00:41:42
write something there will be one minus here like00:41:44
this no need to one minus 1 divided by00:41:47
2 camo square this is such a wonderful00:41:49
shape approximately equal to yes right with a large00:41:53
gamma sea of Tibet approximately one with a00:41:57
small correction program large00:41:59
cosine theta also one with a small00:42:02
correction but now look at this00:42:04
formula look here beta order00:42:06
one cosine theta about one one00:42:08
minus 1 it turned out nothing00:42:10
happened 0 until00:42:11
in fact here I exist00:42:13
now substitute this beta here in00:42:15
this form and cosine theta there not here it’s00:42:19
normal all this because it’s00:42:22
wrong to write like this, it’s in vain that it won’t00:42:26
work out otherwise it would be no longer that00:42:27
one from the point of view specifically in front of it is00:42:29
relatively not very good and let’s00:42:32
substitute this hole and it turns out that the unit00:42:35
is reduced by 1 multiplied by 1 and there -1 they00:42:38
left the point and leaving only this00:42:42
small number multiplied by this00:42:43
small number will be very00:42:44
we won’t write a small number at all, all that’s00:42:46
left is just that you’re a square00:42:49
in half, that’s this shape, yes, that00:42:58
is, that’s small, that’s small 200:42:59
small numbers left, I hope I00:43:03
wrote it correctly00:43:04
and to be honest, they roughly00:43:06
figured out that it would be a little difficult to recognize by logic00:43:09
I checked so well, that is, if we have a00:43:15
time of departure of photons, say for example,00:43:18
it was a year, I would say right away that for example, at00:43:22
this distance there could be a parsec,00:43:24
yes, between two points where it flew out, a00:43:27
pair of sect a lot before the time of flight, the00:43:30
speed of light is several00:43:31
light years, well then it will take several years for00:43:33
this blog to fly, but if the gamma is00:43:37
of the order of, for example, 20, here it will be00:43:42
20 squared,00:43:44
you know, the course is 400, another deuce, that is,00:43:48
if this is a small bugle of cars,00:43:49
then it will be about one00:43:51
thousandth, that is, the departure time between00:43:55
these events comes from actually00:43:57
in fact, there may be a year or several00:43:59
years before, and we will observe this00:44:02
for several days, also thousands of00:44:04
times less, maybe not a single day, that is,00:44:08
it turns out that everything that flew out00:44:09
over a long period of time00:44:11
gets to us in a very, very short00:44:13
time, just in due to the fact that at00:44:14
the speed of light there is a constant00:44:17
and light that 1 as well as from the speed and00:44:19
something flies towards us at almost the same00:44:21
speed because of00:44:22
this it turns out that during the00:44:24
arrival of photons to us it turns out to be00:44:26
very small in this and the essence then of00:44:29
this is beyond of this phenomenon as we see00:44:31
in the sky, this is the shift that is between00:44:34
two positions of the blog in the sky, it’s00:44:36
just clear who the same thing is in t 200:44:39
multiplied by the sine of this angle theta, I’m00:44:42
just counting now the observed00:44:45
speed is this shift in the sky00:44:49
divided by delta t which has already been00:44:51
observed tass poison of the observer looked at the00:44:55
photographs, it doesn’t matter to me how00:44:57
often how all that then 2nd all this is a bot00:45:00
or weeks it doesn’t matter that it’s important for me00:45:03
when how often I make an observation00:45:05
every month delta t 1 month here00:45:08
now this is delta t substituting00:45:10
this formula m2 and it is generally reduced and it00:45:14
turns out such a wonderful form00:45:16
that the observed speed is the00:45:18
real speed on sine theta1 nose beta00:45:22
cosine theta but here it is written in00:45:24
terms of beta that is, without when the00:45:27
speed of light is equal to one00:45:29
it turns out observable and the speed is beta00:45:32
sine theta for one with bt cosine theta but00:45:34
now it’s even more interesting, here00:45:39
we have the observed speed in units of00:45:42
Russian light, this is in this for sine theta100:45:47
minus b then for cosine theta, now we’re00:45:53
looking at00:45:54
we can substitute it, I’ll just now immediately00:45:56
substitute this number here.00:45:58
I’ll substitute the decomposition there, why do I get problems of the00:46:02
order of one no at all not interesting to the00:46:04
beam here I can throw it into this form for00:46:07
sine theta order theta for small00:46:10
angles but who in Taylor’s formula is this this00:46:12
will be flying the first term peta and in the00:46:15
denominator I need to substitute00:46:17
this square in half with plus 1 by 2 hama00:46:21
square approximately this will be equal to yes, well,00:46:27
let me just do it here like this00:46:30
now here we will write I will bring it to a00:46:33
common denominator here two to whom the00:46:35
square will stand here will be 1 plus00:46:38
gamma this is what it00:46:43
will turn out like this me 2 hama square this is00:46:47
correctly interesting and for the treatment of the tournament00:46:49
I wrote this divided by 1 plus the gamma of00:46:52
colors in the square is something like00:46:54
this, maybe it’s correct that’s00:46:59
the order, now I’ll make00:47:02
the assumption that gamma theta is of order00:47:04
one that’s it then I’ll have two00:47:10
for the gamma of programs from this is 2 legs00:47:14
from the knife and than two just com00:47:17
if I just look look gamma you are out00:47:20
of here without a two I’ll take it out of here just00:47:23
ones I put a one here there are00:47:24
two left on the scales and here I00:47:27
also have a two one plus a gamma that is about00:47:29
one also two the kontakion00:47:31
was reduced, it turned out to be just a gamma, that00:47:34
is, such a simple father’s estimate00:47:36
says that if00:47:37
we look at a small angle which is of the00:47:42
order of 1 divided by gammas, then we00:47:45
get the speed the observed speed of00:47:47
movement in the sky turns out to be of the order of00:47:48
lawrence factor lawrence factor can00:47:50
be anything 12 10 thousand there00:47:54
any thousand in general how much well00:47:56
depends on the object up to that is, in00:47:59
fact, the observed speed can simply00:48:00
be equal to lawrence factors means00:48:03
something can be a very large number00:48:05
much greater than the speed of light it turns out00:48:07
well, now we have another exercise,00:48:12
we can do the opposite, express beta00:48:14
through the observed speed is this by00:48:15
the parent, yes, that is, let's find out00:48:18
what the speed actually is, at what00:48:20
speed the object must move for the00:48:22
observed speed to be there 1000:48:23
speeds of light so that beta for this00:48:25
observed was Nov 10 beings 1000:48:28
minus the cosine are included in this angle00:48:30
observation is that we don’t know where we00:48:32
can know initially at00:48:34
what lower angle the jetta is above smart 1 degree 500:48:37
or there are 10 degrees new in advance00:48:38
it’s not clear here you can how but00:48:42
it turns out here you can calculate it at00:48:45
home and if you want what is the minimum beta00:48:50
because if by cosine you can simply00:48:53
build this as a function of the bones of the legs ok'00:48:55
function theta calculator it on hand00:48:57
the formula of the forms the function can put00:48:59
it has just a minimum value well,00:49:02
where the derivative 0 turns and at00:49:04
this level that is the minimum00:49:06
speed of movement of the real objects the00:49:09
observed speed will send the power00:49:11
to divide by 1 plus b squared but if00:49:14
beta 10 to then it turns out to be 10 divided00:49:18
by 10 but he's a guy from 10100:49:23
root 101 this one is close because in00:49:26
fact this form also doesn't make much00:49:29
sense, just whenever it's00:49:30
big it's much more interesting to write00:49:35
it through00:49:37
not the speed from through the Lawrence factor, but00:49:40
this is what it is with the minimum factor00:49:41
should be when00:49:42
not speeds but in the yard from the factor00:49:45
receives all the speed is close to the speed00:49:47
of light and this happens but this angle is00:49:51
where which 1 divided by beta00:49:55
apparent that is one a tenth for example00:49:57
if we have beta 10 observed one00:50:00
tenth it turns out 5 degrees at an00:50:02
angle of 5 degrees it will be approximately so it00:50:05
turns out that we00:50:06
got superluminal movements, this00:50:11
was like an application to super collect the00:50:14
movements were discovered in these00:50:16
supermassive black holes and then00:50:19
they were discovered it turns out00:50:21
this object 1915 this is such a beautiful00:50:23
picture made where we have an object in00:50:28
our galaxy there is a black hole there there is00:50:30
something shining in X-rays00:50:32
with try luminosity here you00:50:35
can see such oscillations00:50:36
this is the light curve in X-rays black00:50:39
such a curve because it is fast fast00:50:41
what -changes, that is, the object is highly00:50:43
variable, then they make a menu like this,00:50:46
but here there seems to be such00:50:49
a hypothesis that part of this accretion00:50:52
disk around the black hole fell into the00:50:54
black hole and at that moment there was an00:50:57
ejection of this budget substance, then00:51:00
there was a flash in the infrared range00:51:02
which is the range of the photon comes00:51:04
close to the black hole and then this00:51:07
bean has flown to far enough00:51:10
that it can see in the radio range00:51:12
and now the flare is observed in the00:51:13
radio range this is actually a00:51:14
real light curve this is a picture00:51:17
like this this picture by the artist oh well not00:51:19
Felix Mirabelle and this is a real00:51:22
observation of the fork itself in the range in the radio,00:51:23
that is, it is clearly visible here, then in the X-ray00:51:25
there is a garden, here something happened,00:51:28
a flash in the radio in the infrared,00:51:31
then that’s it. in the radio, that is, these are some kind of00:51:33
clumps sitting on them, flying out and then00:51:36
shining at different wavelengths,00:51:37
and of course, Felix made the world big,00:51:40
just took it and measured the speed of00:51:43
movement in the sky, you can also see that these00:51:45
are flying apart and saw that these00:51:48
clumps are flying with such a00:51:50
now the angular velocity is one hundredth of an00:51:53
arc second per day, now you don’t have to wait for00:51:56
years, you can00:51:57
measure it from the back, this distance is00:52:01
about 12 parsecs,00:52:04
we’ll even have homework on how to00:52:06
determine the distance to this object,00:52:08
but this is00:52:09
approximately known from other data, again00:52:13
we consider this the observed speed, but I00:52:15
won’t explain the same00:52:17
formula that is written here, it turns out a little00:52:19
more than the speed of light, well, it moves very slowly00:52:21
up to 12700:52:22
the speed of light this object Akainu with00:52:26
it the object is known that the orbit is large00:52:28
there 33 days the black hole there is 15 ma by the sun00:52:31
here oh, by the way, this one was supposed to be in the wrong place,00:52:35
this picture is not there, I do00:52:38
n’t have it, it will be there, then all the00:52:42
girls will be rearranged, for some reason I have a picture of the00:52:44
vows00:52:46
that we see in the wrong place, but here it is as a00:52:48
function of the cosine of the angle in 10 is just00:52:50
vital, such a pair was well, almost00:52:52
like a parabola, it looks and it00:52:54
just has a menu for the minimum speed, but for00:52:57
this object it’s from 1915, so in00:52:59
principle, the mind needs to appear here00:53:01
if you use the same formula, the00:53:03
observed speed is now 12700:53:06
speeds of light, this is how00:53:08
the pair turns out, so we do00:53:11
n’t know, but we don’t know yet, but it00:53:13
turns out that the minimum speed is00:53:14
07500:53:16
not 078 from the speed of light, quite00:53:19
large, here 07 08 here, if00:53:23
we had an angle of 40 degrees, as00:53:25
we will show a little further it turns out that00:53:27
the shaitan is not 40 degrees at all, but this for the00:53:30
quasar is 3c 273, it has an observed00:53:33
speed of 8 speeds of light, so it00:53:35
should become there, its real speed00:53:38
there is 090 how much is here in total 6 well, the00:53:43
audi becomes written even more than 09900:53:46
speeds of light for this micro quasar00:53:50
here we got up00:53:51
to 38 degrees it turned out 07900:53:55
what is interesting is that we actually get some kind of00:53:58
limitation on the inclination00:53:59
because if this jet were flying00:54:01
sitop across in the plane of the sky, then we would00:54:05
not be able to observe superluminal speeds in this case for00:54:07
this case since 191500:54:09
that is, the00:54:11
inclination of the objects but the jetta towards us00:54:13
should not be from 0 it should be from 0 to there00:54:15
70 with a little degrees, the most00:54:20
interesting thing is that in this where 1 19 we00:54:22
saw there it would have flown in the other direction,00:54:25
they are also observed and they too you can00:54:27
measure the speed of their speed 000:54:30
92 speed of light and then we00:54:33
get two equations for two00:54:38
unknowns and we have such a problem00:54:41
to measure the angles is great, look00:54:46
we have written for a jetta that flies00:54:49
towards our observed speed is the00:54:52
speed of movement multiplied on sine theta00:54:54
this is the angle between the direction of movement and00:54:56
us one nose beta cosine theta yes and00:54:58
now we have one that flies in the other00:55:00
direction in the opposite direction to the00:55:03
exact same formula is written for beta00:55:05
observed for another jetta00:55:07
but it assumes that this is the same from00:55:09
this we are all so that it’s not the same, yes, because00:55:12
here the jer is only on the other side,00:55:15
so you need a cue minus to write this, then00:55:17
here the sine does not change the cosine,00:55:19
change the sign, you know, yes, that’s how it00:55:22
turns out that the formula is approximately the same00:55:24
with a slight correction of00:55:25
minus to plus, and we get it on the00:55:29
left side we observe him and on the right00:55:32
there are 2 unknowns this inhabits and can00:55:36
solve the equation he looks it turned out00:55:37
70 degrees so you will have to00:55:39
start finding in to prove that this is how we00:55:43
come to this critical operation but I do00:55:45
n’t know how to effectively00:55:46
deduce the velocities, I don’t even I’ll00:55:48
probably draw it out and tell you on my fingers00:55:51
what’s going on here, that is, the first00:55:54
topic we wanted to talk about is that it’s a00:55:55
movement that’s more or00:55:57
less clear to someone, following I’d like to00:55:59
mention the next00:56:01
hours there, this is a Lycian operation with a low00:56:05
light operation because it00:56:06
actually turns out to be a very important phenomenon in00:56:10
parent astrophysics, but00:56:11
high-energy astrophysics, everything that00:56:13
flies at a speed close to the speed of light00:56:16
turns out to be terribly important in this effect,00:56:18
we have a source in this case, we are00:56:23
considering it in some kind of our own00:56:25
reference system, but this is a stroke in00:56:27
this case, this is this system, the00:56:32
source, yes, the topic is moving relative to00:56:34
us, some kind of speed in this case,00:56:37
let’s not do this now, I want to know,00:56:43
for example, the angle between I generally would like to00:56:47
know it was between photons, the angle between the00:56:54
photon and the direction of movement,00:56:56
for example, real estate here along the axis00:56:59
X's, that's how I am, then this angle00:57:05
needs to be taken, well, in fact, the00:57:07
simplest thing is just the ratio of the projection onto00:57:09
two axes, yes, that is, if we00:57:12
had an angle of zero, it would be equal to 0,00:57:14
then our object would move exactly along the axis of00:57:17
movement to then it’s clear that our00:57:20
cash coordinate00:57:22
somehow changed, bo y his didn’t change at all00:57:25
because00:57:27
he didn’t fly up the game at all, and that’s why his00:57:29
speed was zero defense in the new game00:57:31
would be zero, and that’s why if00:57:33
we have this is not equal to the flight I will lift it as if by00:57:36
some large angle here you just need to00:57:38
divide one speed by another project00:57:43
2 projections you need a projection this is a cosine in00:57:47
fact in order to design a new sexo00:57:49
another projection another Vasya Vasin charter of the00:57:51
same angle then that’s all the mathematics00:57:53
there now we have the00:57:56
Lorentz transformation of velocities, and we have velocities,00:57:58
so Pavel was in the last lecture, but00:58:02
I have written the dance, here’s how to derive it,00:58:06
that is, in fact, the00:58:08
Lorentz transformation was written here, the00:58:10
Lorentz transformation for coordinates,00:58:12
if we move along the x axis, then we have a00:58:16
sexologist ordinate somehow changes and y of00:58:18
this does not change in any way and time00:58:20
somehow changes in one00:58:21
coordinate system connected to another this is the mind the00:58:24
speed of movement t this time means00:58:28
in our we observe stimulus laboratory00:58:30
as if x is what we observe h300:58:34
Khovan, this is all in the reference system which is00:58:36
connected there with the source,00:58:37
well, we have such a transformation, so00:58:41
it can be written like this for movement00:58:43
along the x axis,00:58:44
and here, just take00:58:47
differentiation, just look00:58:48
for small elements, for example, we have a00:58:50
small shift along X,00:58:52
it is simply connected with so su stroke are given00:58:54
with a friend by x00:58:56
from time here and also for time we00:58:59
introduce just the same small00:59:03
elements one another we divide we get the00:59:05
speed of movement one speed we00:59:08
measure the sinfulness of the topic of the report before in the00:59:10
system they accompany another speed00:59:11
these mean bx this is just dx for us pdt00:59:16
gives the speed to the extent that we have in fill a00:59:18
bra top on the reference system but get00:59:20
the formula that this thing is 3 but here00:59:22
it is, the formula turns out that the stroke00:59:25
speed is textually this is a different kind of non-00:59:27
stroke minus the speed of movement and00:59:29
divide by this there the conduction of00:59:32
velocities giving the crown the speed of light 1200:59:34
days of velocities here for z for y here00:59:37
too the speed is now changing a lot00:59:39
because we divide that by a00:59:41
time interval which we can transform00:59:43
using Lorentz transformations well00:59:48
if my path is now discussed00:59:50
and in photons we are all moving at the speed of00:59:52
light, that’s just Wright there, it was00:59:54
formulas written that are general for anything,00:59:57
you move in two reference systems, yes, and00:59:59
now we have a photon, there is a photon, we always01:00:01
fly at the speed of light in both01:00:03
reference systems, in an amazing way, that is,01:00:07
in fact, now I’m here I apply this01:00:09
Lorentz transformation,01:00:10
these are the formulas for xai for y and here is01:00:16
x you are in front of the previous one, only 301:00:19
bathrooms and these bitter fungi through y and x01:00:23
through x stroke, it’s easy to substitute until01:00:26
it turns out this is the formula where your01:00:29
stroke is now we have it already the speed of01:00:32
movement, well, sinful with those report and01:00:35
theta stroke is the angle that is then01:00:39
made with the x-axis stroke direction of01:00:41
movement again in its own01:00:43
reference system, this is the shape now your stroke01:00:45
can simply put the speed of light01:00:46
is equal to the letter c01:00:47
write like this, so we just have 24 of them01:00:51
we say if we are talking about the operation of01:00:53
light, the speed of light, we imagine that we get that the01:00:56
tangent theta is expressed by this01:00:57
formula through the prime unit of01:00:59
gamma, this is the Lawrence factor associated, but01:01:03
there is a need to divide y by c, it’s clear that we01:01:05
wrote missing why, that is, it is clear01:01:07
that it simply combines x times those01:01:10
colors, here is an alternative formula01:01:13
for writing, this is the operation of light not01:01:15
through cosine01:01:16
or through sine through sine, it is the most01:01:18
interesting form, and this formula01:01:21
for the operation of light through sine is01:01:23
actually the most transparent, the one01:01:25
that most explains to us what is01:01:27
happening look, I’m releasing a01:01:33
photon that, accompanying the topic of the report,01:01:36
flies in a perpendicular direction01:01:37
of movement, that means what is this01:01:40
stroke, you are in half and exactly 90 degrees before01:01:43
I can drink and the photon is vertical, it01:01:46
flew there to the top in this topic, a01:01:48
miracle releasing means this is a stroke for me01:01:50
like in half sine pi in half is01:01:52
equal to what does anyone remember still units01:01:58
to and cosine pi in half yesterday was still01:02:02
equal to zero, yes, that means that here cosine is01:02:04
equal to zero, we just throw it out,01:02:06
this sine is equal to ones, otherwise it turns out01:02:08
sine theta is equal to 1 divided by gamma that01:02:12
is if I wrote this form and01:02:15
say that the photon was released01:02:17
perpendicularly, that is, this stroke is equal to01:02:20
pi in half01:02:21
that is, well, more precisely, sine theta is equal to01:02:26
exactly equal to 1 divide by gamma, even01:02:28
such an approximation is some kind of accurate and01:02:30
responsible, and then the next thing if01:02:34
from this stroke I’ll write pain,01:02:36
well, sine theta is equal to 001:02:38
you sine theta stroke is equal to zero and01:02:39
sine theta is also equal to zero yes it’s clear yes01:02:42
what if you learned here here 0 then01:02:47
here zero turns out really I want them01:02:52
here that’s what this stroke is equal to some01:03:00
sine theta yes here there you also see sine01:03:05
theta prime is equal to what zero is01:03:10
also equal to cosine one here01:03:15
it turns out actually some01:03:18
terrible thing is also of course 0 I01:03:22
understand yes well some kind of cartoon that is01:03:27
insta is equal to zero in two cases again yes01:03:30
in fact I will write here so, too,01:03:33
pi is also equal to 3, because this can01:03:37
only be understood when to attach go to01:03:39
this little one, well, this is a stroke close to01:03:41
if we send a photon back, but it01:03:44
will fly no matter where the reference system grows,01:03:46
that is, it flew to the left to the01:03:48
left and will fly to in both01:03:50
reference systems to the right flew along the system01:03:52
along the directional movement01:03:53
he will fly there this angle is preserved01:03:55
the most interesting thing happens when01:03:56
the fatality is neither forward nor backward but when01:03:58
he flew to the side and this one01:04:01
instead of pi in half became 1 divide the legs01:04:03
and now think about looking at I have a01:04:06
source in the middle hanging emits a photon01:04:08
then in all directions01:04:09
let it release half of it forward and01:04:13
half of it released back half of the photons01:04:16
forward released play back and then01:04:18
flew all these photons that it01:04:21
released forward gathered in a beam with an01:04:25
angle of 1 divided by gomu but if the gamma is01:04:27
large this is the sine this is the same thing01:04:29
yes then the gamma for example 10 means all the01:04:32
photons that I released in half the01:04:34
hemisphere they gathered in such a01:04:36
small angle that there all day01:04:38
a few degrees01:04:39
there five degrees that is, it turns out that01:04:44
due to the relativistic operation we have01:04:47
a flux for the observer01:04:49
it appears terribly changes01:04:51
that if I don’t move anywhere, I01:04:54
went down photons behind the tropon, well, you01:04:56
may never see me, yes,01:04:58
because the source is weak, but if all these01:05:01
photons, instead of releasing an01:05:02
isotropic one, you launch a narrow beam01:05:05
whose solid angle is one hundredth01:05:08
or maybe be less than the full01:05:09
solid angle, yes, that means your brightness01:05:11
there in that direction rises a hundred times,01:05:13
also the same photons are released in01:05:15
narrow beams and it’s easy to get this angle01:05:19
that this is 1 divided by gamma solid01:05:22
angle from 1 divided by gamma squared01:05:23
then there is a small one, which means01:05:25
we get the brightness increases in01:05:28
gamma square 1, a terrible thing, in01:05:30
fact, there are other effects that I01:05:32
will not discuss with the fact that it is precisely the01:05:34
time of arrival of photons that also01:05:36
changes, that it becomes, as it were,01:05:38
small there, therefore,01:05:40
homophobia in some other degrees 30401:05:43
and photons themselves, the energy increases,01:05:45
so the fourth degree arises,01:05:49
in fact, you know, give the01:05:50
Doppler effect there, not only angles, but in this01:05:51
operation we also discussed the energy of01:05:53
photons and on the floor there were formulas, yes, when the01:05:55
energy of a photon changes if the energy01:06:00
to the observed photon, this energy and the01:06:02
released photons, I’ll write the answer01:06:05
right away, I won’t enter it below, well, this is01:06:09
such a terrible thing,01:06:11
or it’s the same thing here, it’s equal to the01:06:15
prime of the legs and 1 plus beta cosine theta01:06:20
prime, this can prove something the01:06:22
same thing, let's look if the cosine of the theta01:06:25
stroke is equal to zero, well, yes, that is, this01:06:28
stroke is 3 in half, I wrote the photons01:06:30
perpendicularly, this is 0, I got that in01:06:32
gamma times I have a photon value of energy,01:06:34
they just collected all the ways of Satan01:06:37
into a bundle,01:06:38
but I still have their energy increased the characteristic gamma times,01:06:41
and the time of arrival of the01:06:45
photons has also been taken away from me; it will actually decrease01:06:47
in some sense, yes, because they will all arrive01:06:49
together, released at different01:06:50
time intervals, it turns out that the brightness01:06:52
just increases terribly for the observer,01:06:54
so we see bright01:06:56
sources like these if so01:06:58
it talks about how cosine theta is01:07:00
equal to zero,01:07:01
so we get a terrible acceleration like this,01:07:04
because all the photon checks are flying in our01:07:07
direction of movement, you can say01:07:10
this completely explains what we01:07:12
observe, that we get one-sided01:07:14
because they are moving towards us at high01:07:17
speeds all the photons are emitted in a narrow01:07:19
beam in the other direction, we don’t see them01:07:21
which are released,01:07:22
but in the other direction which half01:07:24
are released they are smeared throughout01:07:26
space, now half of the01:07:28
photons are called in this narrow beam and the01:07:30
second half in this big one01:07:32
at 4p,01:07:33
roughly speaking throughout they01:07:34
were smeared in space so they are not theirs we will01:07:37
never see each other saying these01:07:39
we will see well well like this it does01:07:45
n’t matter that it is 7 degrees there some kind of well01:07:47
now let’s see something interesting here01:07:49
we have an image of this our01:07:51
source in our galaxy with 433 they were01:07:55
talking about quasars up to 30 to 7301:07:57
application as if here here 433 here it is01:08:01
interesting this image is in01:08:02
the radio range here the budget and it’s not visible01:08:04
actually this is visible this is the01:08:07
remnant of a supernova w50 and then it01:08:11
inflates inflates with these colors01:08:13
and you can see this picture the model01:08:18
here we have such a very massive01:08:20
star, but it’s very there, after all, one is the01:08:23
sun itself, according to the model here, in my opinion, Sergei01:08:25
Factory01:08:26
was looking for a collab speaker, there is a01:08:28
black hole, probably not very massive, about01:08:31
three masses of the sun,01:08:33
one was discussed for a long time by citron from afar, Chorna01:08:35
Gora, often people more vile than us in a01:08:37
black hole, he has a jet like this that the01:08:40
Osprey man sorts and so it01:08:42
moves there he has a recession period of 16401:08:46
days01:08:47
a2 that he turns out to be at a fairly01:08:50
high speed of a quarter of the speed of01:08:53
light and here you can see again these01:08:55
satellites of the lines, look here the line is01:08:58
not written here the truth what is the01:09:00
wavelength and here here it is extreme01:09:03
here it is clear what line who01:09:05
knows 6000 hours there the circle is our grief01:09:08
Alfreda01:09:09
this is the village Bandera line yes here is01:09:11
hydrogen and you can see that here01:09:13
you see satellites have appeared and they01:09:15
float at different times we observe these01:09:17
satellites are moving all the time,01:09:20
this is due to the movement of these01:09:23
satellites, and then it became clear that01:09:25
this is actually an object that we have, not a01:09:26
stationary one, it doesn’t look in one direction all the time01:09:28
because it01:09:30
dangles like this at an angle direction01:09:32
between the directional movement of the observer01:09:34
is changing all the time, so the01:09:35
Doppler effect is always different, it turns out that it’s01:09:38
just clear that if I had01:09:40
non-relativistic movement, I would let’s01:09:43
define Roger the red shift, just the01:09:46
difference between the wavelengths to divide01:09:48
by the wavelength delta lambda wedge yes that’s it01:09:50
and then at low speeds of light it would01:09:52
just be delta lambda klim and it just01:09:54
directly gives the speed, because the speed of light is not01:09:57
multiplied by the cosine of this angle, that is,01:09:59
if everything flies towards us it will be one,01:10:01
this is the largest01:10:02
radial movement directly towards us or from01:10:04
us to immediately the speed light in the world, and01:10:06
if you have something flying like a pro Dikul or01:10:08
coasting along,01:10:09
then so on, such a line, the Doppler effect01:10:11
is called linear, it would seem that it gives 0,01:10:14
but you know the Doppler effect, in01:10:16
fact, there is not only linear, but here it is01:10:19
written the Doppler effect if here,01:10:23
in a small way, the parameter beta is decomposed, you01:10:25
get there, gamma is equal to one01:10:27
here, here is one there minus beta cosine01:10:30
theta, it turns out new one plus if we01:10:32
transfer one plus beta cosine theta to the numerator from this,01:10:33
this is what is written, the01:10:35
formula is linear Doppler effect, but there01:10:38
is also look at the quadratic term and01:10:40
because gamma actually needs to be01:10:42
taken into account in the alpine boiled in this01:10:44
case and the form actually01:10:46
becomes clear look01:10:48
at this formula cosine theta is equal to zero01:10:50
this means in ours with those report job01:10:53
perpendicular cosine theta is equal to zero01:10:57
stage, we remove this in half, we get the01:11:00
energy of the observed photon, this is the energy of the01:11:03
lowered one, divide by the laurent factor,01:11:06
this is the red shift, we have the01:11:08
photon shifting to the red side, if you are in the same01:11:10
plane of the picture, we have a01:11:13
red shift and this is actually01:11:16
observed in this object, then here is its01:11:19
speed but if homo had a large one,01:11:21
then01:11:22
maybe it would have been worse observed01:11:24
because we haven’t seen such an object here,01:11:25
this gamma is not very large, so it’s01:11:27
observed here, I’m already01:11:29
using the full formula, and then01:11:34
we have this red shift, it will be01:11:36
needed this one minus b squared.01:11:39
actor here the city factor is written there and01:11:44
then it turns out that when something moves in the plane of01:11:47
the head in the plane of the picture,01:11:49
this01:11:51
Doppler shift should be observed, red shift 101:11:55
divided into gammas, well, that is, ten years01:11:56
or legs -1 because some kind of01:11:59
but is needed base here you will subtract in fact01:12:02
one plus z will be 1 divided by gamma01:12:05
well and then we just directly measure01:12:07
this speed as we yes let's01:12:11
call this the speed perpendicular01:12:13
to in fact we can measure this speed01:12:17
from the red glow and from here it is01:12:19
derived in profit is real live01:12:22
speed, but here it is shown that we have01:12:24
these lines depicted as satellites, if01:12:27
it may not be clear, I will repeat once again01:12:29
how they are from the phase of the process of this jetta, they01:12:31
simply change these, here we have one line01:12:33
to make such a sinusoid and 2 lines to01:12:35
make a sinusoid now if you look01:12:38
where these two lines intersect, yes,01:12:41
here they are, don’t hate the red line from the01:12:43
thin red01:12:44
line drawn, it’s shifted, here’s one here,01:12:47
one president is written, they should have been01:12:49
if there had to be a linear doppler effect,01:12:50
purely they should not have intersected at01:12:53
0, well, that is, when the planes and here they01:12:57
don’t intersect at 0, they just have01:12:59
a shift, this red shift01:13:02
is four hundredths, here we have four hundredths, which01:13:07
means this is z, we measured01:13:09
four hundredths, but this is the relationship, and01:13:11
from here we find with direct speed01:13:13
water straight from straight line speed 1201:13:15
kilometers well this is in t12 and this is01:13:19
soon jetta it turns out that for the last01:13:23
value rotating there somewhere it is written01:13:24
026 the speed of light beats 27 note quarter01:13:27
the speed of light that is, we directly cause01:13:30
this precession we can just measure01:13:32
the speed01:13:33
but I don’t even know the angle so I think under judged01:13:35
under from different angles we observe approximately in the01:13:38
plane of the picture, we can immediately measure01:13:40
the speed, it turns out like this, from01:13:43
all this it follows that we have many01:13:47
objects that show these01:13:50
relativistic, but not necessarily01:13:52
for a reason, some movements of the jet, but01:13:55
the jet shows, so you can ask yourself01:13:58
the question why the speeds are so different01:14:01
in fact, if we take01:14:02
white dwarfs as an angle, their speed is01:14:04
several thousand kilometers per second,01:14:06
let’s take01:14:07
Herbig-Aro objects, which means it01:14:10
turns out there are not hundreds of kilometers per01:14:12
second before, but for black holes, they have01:14:15
the speed of light there, well, in principle it’s reasonable01:14:18
that just the speed of the jetta is probably somehow connected with the01:14:22
escape velocity 2 the second escape01:14:25
velocity is what it’s called and we01:14:28
just let’s think that if01:14:30
we had but here it’s written just even01:14:34
a few this is the kinetic energy is equal to01:14:36
the potential yes here’s how to find the01:14:39
escape velocity just 2 root of 2 g n tagile01:14:41
tra we just substitute the mass of the white01:14:43
dwarf and the radius of the white dwarf code and01:14:45
we get several thousand kilometers01:14:47
seconds and what is observed in the program01:14:49
with a white dwarf, it seems to work, but01:14:51
for a neutron star it should turn out to be a01:14:53
large fraction of the speed of light01:14:56
in The pulse series is probably true, but in01:14:58
fact it’s difficult to check the01:15:00
jets from such neutron stars as there are01:15:02
n’t many that are drawn, I’ve seen01:15:05
statements of Scorpius x1 observed, well, it’s01:15:08
more likely that pulsars are directed in general, yes, the01:15:10
expected speed is quite large, well,01:15:12
black holes in general, it’s difficult to say there01:15:14
they have no surface what is such a joke is the01:15:16
size of the speed of escape from which to01:15:19
the horizon black holes must be exactly the speed01:15:22
of light if the matter that is01:15:24
hanging around it is01:15:26
what it, of course, will also have to01:15:28
move at high speeds,01:15:30
well, here’s the characteristic speed, you can the01:15:33
speed of light, that’s both rest in stellar01:15:35
systems, let’s take a radius of the order of the01:15:37
radius of the sun there, or several01:15:39
radii, the solar mass turns out to be01:15:40
low, hundreds of kilometers per second, the01:15:42
escape velocity, well, it seems like the mind should be like that, and it’s01:15:44
approximately observed, here’s an01:15:47
observation sheet for young these green01:15:51
systems, not an01:15:52
escape velocity of 500, let’s say,01:15:54
hundreds of kilometers are observed second01:15:56
here is a01:16:00
galactic one ssss this is a supersoft01:16:03
source which is custom nonsense 4000 frames01:16:05
seconds that is excellent coincides with01:16:08
black holes more difficult for some reason in01:16:10
some quarter the speed of light in01:16:12
some objects this is close01:16:14
to the speed of light this is being discussed well here01:16:18
these are unique objects that are associated with the01:16:20
collapse of massive stars or with01:16:22
neutron stars, they are associated01:16:26
with behind, less often, movements that turn01:16:28
and whiskey, but someone says hundreds of Lawrence01:16:30
factors, someone says there are 300, there are01:16:33
even thousands, they say, well, that is, at01:16:35
least judging by all around, these jetta are01:16:36
really very strong, like the strong ones in the01:16:39
world, baths and huts fly at high01:16:41
speeds with large lawrence01:16:43
factors, yes, that is, but it is clear that if01:16:47
such lawrence factors are most likely01:16:48
it should really be associated with01:16:49
compact objects black holes or01:16:51
neutron stars but Thus, we now01:16:55
move on to the conclusion that I wanted to01:16:58
tell you today that in01:17:00
astrophysics, different objects show01:17:02
these jets and from the beginning of young01:17:05
stars to black holes of01:17:06
different masses and micro quasars of01:17:09
our galaxy and super massive01:17:10
black holes and what launches these01:17:16
djed is associated with rotation, usually either01:17:18
gas rotates around the accretion disk01:17:20
compactly in someone object like and01:17:22
even massive in young stars or the01:17:24
object itself rotates like for example it01:17:26
can be in culture, so we talked a little01:17:30
about superluminal movements01:17:32
which are simply a consequence of the fact01:17:34
that something then it moves at a close speed of01:17:38
light again to the side, yes, and this is naturally01:17:41
direct evidence that the movement is01:17:43
close to light speeds, but the speeds are01:17:46
close to light speeds01:17:48
and an important phenomenon is a Russian operation01:17:50
that leads to the fact that these gets01:17:53
radiation, which can be isotropic in their01:17:55
reference frame of these clumps the01:18:00
same one flies in all directions, yes, we can observe them at01:18:02
enormous distances, large there,01:18:04
Sarychev tov, there are four and five,01:18:06
there are blazars, they are observed only01:18:09
due to the fact that this radiation is01:18:11
local, it turns out to be highly01:18:14
concentrated in a very narrow angle and01:18:16
therefore it becomes 1000 times01:18:18
brighter otherwise, in principle, we generally01:18:20
could not observe such01:18:22
sources that are very very very01:18:28
bright sources, they are some kind of son01:18:31
such as searchlights that01:18:34
shine through the entire universe, in01:18:35
fact they are interesting because these01:18:37
gets which 2 dashes come from01:18:40
quasars above organizations of the blazar the world01:18:42
we have here smooth shines on me here they01:18:44
pass through a huge space01:18:46
they shine in the gamma range it is in01:18:49
fact these gamma photons they01:18:51
can even interact with photons along the01:18:53
road named01:18:54
there is annihilation of the electron and positron of their01:18:57
breeds tailoring for you who have the opposite01:18:59
effect when two photons collide01:19:01
to form an electron cartridge pair, these01:19:03
photons cannot be absorbed in01:19:05
intergalactic soft photons,01:19:08
infrared, for example,01:19:09
and then we can even study01:19:12
absorption, study intergalactic01:19:14
space, that is, in fact, in the USA I did01:19:15
n’t mention at all that you are such a bright01:19:18
source will be Oryasina that they01:19:20
can be used far away as a kind of01:19:23
spotlight to shine through and study photons01:19:26
and the field at high redshifts, that’s01:19:30
all, thank you01:19:33
[applause]Description:
23 августа 2018 года / Университет Турку, Финляндия Юрий Иормович Поутанен, профессор астрономии, директор обсерватории Туорла Университета Турку (Финляндия). Лекция "Джеты и релятивистские джеты" Данная лекция проводилась в рамках 5-й Астрофизической школы "Траектория" https://astroschool.space/ Подписывайтесь на нас ВК: https://vk.com/traektoriafdn ФБ: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Telegram: https://t.me/traektoriafdn
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