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Russian
00:00:00
Congratulations, you have reached the
last interview in the company,00:00:02
that decides who among
you will be accepted to work with us.00:00:05
-Are you ready?
-We are ready!00:00:07
Sorry, what should we be ready for?00:00:08
The first question says,00:00:09
In Wegz's song,
"21 but my tongue is 60,00:00:12
my tongue is a knife, forget me if you can,
we grow old and we go grey"00:00:16
Parse the word "knife".00:00:18
"Knife" is the predicate of
the subject in the nominative case!00:00:20
Bravo!00:00:22
Bravo for what, ma'am? What does
parsing have to do with interview?00:00:26
We are computer engineers,
not Arabic teachers!00:00:28
Engineer Omar, before engineering,
what did you study in your school?00:00:32
Wait, Engineer Sameh, he is old enough
to respond on his own. So?00:00:35
What is this joke, people? What do
you mean what did I study in school?00:00:37
Please answer!00:00:38
I know, I know.00:00:39
Smouha, keep it down00:00:41
Okay, we know that you are
smart, leave the engineer to answer.00:00:43
Go ahead, Engineer Omar!00:00:44
I studied Maths, Physics, and Arabic.00:00:46
Arabic language.00:00:48
It means poetry, writing, and grammar.00:00:50
So what, are you really
going to ask me about grammar?00:00:52
I'll ask you about anything
you have studied, engineer!00:00:54
Any subject I like, even
if it's home economics!00:00:56
I can ask you now to write me
cake ingredients now!00:00:59
4 eggs, baking powder,
flour, butter, and...00:01:02
No, this is the sponge cake,
Sameh, not the molten.00:01:04
What is this freak show?00:01:05
Ma'am, what does grammar
have to do with interview?00:01:07
We used to joke about
this a long time ago.00:01:09
That will teach you then!00:01:11
The second question says,00:01:12
what are the subjunctive mood
causers in the Arabic language?00:01:14
I swear to God, there is no
greater fraud than what is happening!00:01:18
"if, will never, so that,
until, in order to, and therefore"00:01:21
He's excellent! Great!00:01:23
Now give him the full mark, and
stick a star on his forehead!00:01:25
You are a fraudulent,
inexperienced and substandard company!00:01:29
I was wrong to come here!00:01:30
What are you saying, sir!00:01:31
Smouha, parse "substandard"!00:01:33
Smouha, don't parse anything!00:01:34
"sub" is an added adverb in accusative case,
"standard" is a noun in genitive case.00:01:45
Hello my dear viewers,00:01:47
welcome to another episode of the El-Daheeh.00:01:49
In Baghdad, the capital
of the Islamic Caliphate,00:01:51
in the late second century AH, specifically
during the reign of Harun al-Rashid,00:01:55
and in the house of his minister,
Yahya ibn Khalid ibn Barmak,00:01:57
crowds of people gather to
watch a fateful match for the title00:02:01
between the two greatest
minds in grammar sciences,00:02:03
Sibawayh, the imam of
the grammarians of Basra,00:02:05
and Al-Kisa'i, the imam
of the grammarians of Kufa.00:02:07
Let me tell you, my friend, that
the Arabs' passion for linguistic debates00:02:10
was nothing less than
our current passion for football.00:02:12
This was a classico.00:02:13
The audience for the debate was
not only the educated Baghdad elite,00:02:16
no, there were also common people.00:02:17
This debate was not between two men.00:02:19
But between two countries, where
competition between them lasted long.00:02:22
It was not empty of hostility
political grudges left.00:02:25
The result of this
competition will determine00:02:26
who is most deserving of
the leadership of grammar,00:02:28
therefore being the country most deserving00:02:30
of being the beacon of
knowledge in the Islamic State.00:02:32
In order to understand why this
grammar competition is so important,00:02:34
let us go back a century and
ask the important question:00:02:36
How did grammar start?00:02:38
It all started with Zalim bin
Amr bin Sufyan bin Jandal.00:02:43
'What is this, Abo Hmeed? Who is this?'00:02:44
My friend! You don't know him?00:02:45
This, my friend, is Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali.00:02:47
'Oh yeah...00:02:48
sorry, Abo Hmeed, who
is this Abu Aswad Dokki?'00:02:50
Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali is the man00:02:52
who is credited with laying
the foundation of grammar.00:02:53
Before Islam, and after many
years of Islamic conquest,00:02:56
there was no such thing as grammar.00:02:57
Because, quite simply, the
Arabs did not need it at all.00:03:00
The Arabic language came
out of their tongue innately perfect,00:03:02
even with the
differences in tribal dialects.00:03:04
You ask me, what annoyed Arabs the most?00:03:06
I'll tell you, it's solecism,
which is the error in the language.00:03:08
Just in the slightest blunder,
they blame the sayer for it.00:03:11
For the Arabs, language was the miracle
with which the Holy Qur'an was revealed.00:03:13
Before that, markets, such as Souk
Okaz, were famous for literary festivals,00:03:17
tribes compete in reciting poetry.00:03:18
The Arabs also hung their best poems00:03:20
on the curtains of the Kaaba,
and they called them Al-Muʻallaqāt.00:03:22
Because, according to the description
of the book "A Collection of Arab's Poetry"00:03:25
by Muhammad bin Al-Khattab Al-Qurashi,00:03:26
they are like precious contracts
that stick to people's minds.00:03:29
The most famous of them are the Muʻallaqāt
of Imru' al-Qais and Amr ibn Kulthum.00:03:31
But with the arrival of
Arabs to Persia, Iraq,00:03:33
Eastern India, China, northern Siberia,
Andalusia, and the Mediterranean islands,00:03:38
there was constant mixing in homes,
mosques, markets, and public places00:03:42
between Arabs and foreigners.00:03:44
Our Arabic language was
beginning to be threatened,00:03:46
there are different nationalities
who don't speak Arabic well00:03:49
and try to speak Arabic, and
therefore, they may ruin the language.00:03:51
You could see a child whose
father spoke Arabic to him,00:03:53
while his mother spoke Persian.00:03:54
That's not a child, that's a language mixer.00:03:56
Before that, the Arab tribes
were a very closed community.00:03:57
But with this integration between Arabs and
those trying to learn the Arabic language,00:04:01
due to it being the language of
religion and the language of the state,00:04:03
solecism in the
language began to spread,00:04:05
to the point where Al-Asma'i counted
those who didn't use solecism in the language00:04:08
those who do not make mistakes
mean, in his famous phrase,00:04:10
"Four never to solecist:..."00:04:13
Who are they? He said their names.00:04:14
"...Al-Sha'bi, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan,
Al-Hajjaj, Ibn Al-Qaryah,00:04:17
and Al-Hajjaj is the most
eloquent among them."00:04:18
The caliphs continued to send their
children for a while to the desert00:04:21
with the pure Arabs, who are
Arabs who started from scratch,00:04:24
to fix the solecism,
the faults that the children have.00:04:27
The Umayyad Caliph, Al-Walid
bin Abdul-Malik himself,00:04:30
used to make mistakes in the language.00:04:31
Because his father did not send him to
the desert, like the rest of his sibilings.00:04:34
Because he was his favorite son.00:04:35
'Abo Hmeed, let the kids
have mistakes, it's just solecism!'00:04:38
'Is it a solecism by Aziz Al-Shafi'i,
it's just solecism, a kid makes mistakes!'00:04:41
My friend, the problem with solecism in the
language is that it will create a problem,00:04:44
a trouble understanding
meaning and communication,00:04:47
not only between people, but also00:04:49
in understanding
the meanings of the Holy Qur'an itself.00:04:51
During the reign of
Amir al-Mu'minin, Omar bin Al-Khattab,00:04:52
a bedouin hears a reader recite a verse:00:04:54
"Allah and His Messenger
are free of the polytheists."00:04:58
Instead of having "His Messenger" in
the nominative case, he said it in genitive,00:05:00
he used the genitive case
and changed the structure of the phrase.00:05:02
Here, the meaning of
the verse is that Allah00:05:04
and His Messenger are
free from the polytheists.00:05:05
But by using genitive case, it became: Allah
is free of the polytheists and His Messenger!00:05:09
Here, the bedouin denounces and asks,00:05:10
How can Allah be free of His Messenger?00:05:12
Here, the Amir al-Mu'minin
intervenes in the problem00:05:14
and then orders -according to what Al-Anbari
said in his book Al-Waqf and Al-Biddaa-00:05:17
that whoever reads the
Qur'an has to be a linguist.00:05:19
Because of the spread of the
solecism and errors among the Arabs,00:05:22
Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali thinks that
he needs to establish grammar rules,00:05:25
rules are inherently present00:05:27
in the Holy Qur'an,
Hadith, and Arab poetry.00:05:29
They just need someone to extract it.00:05:31
That is, unlike the
development of all sciences,00:05:33
in Arabic grammar, the
application was present,00:05:34
and what was missing was that we would
extract the theory out of this application.00:05:37
This is almost the opposite of any other
science, first theory, then application.00:05:40
Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali was one
of the most important supporters00:05:42
of the companion Ali bin Abi Talib,00:05:44
who had him appointed as governor of Basra.00:05:45
He had a sensitive linguistic sense,
with which he could distinguish styles,00:05:48
and the differences and
similarities between them,00:05:51
and the impact of this on the meaning.00:05:52
He described his linguistic sense and
sensitivity to mistakes with his famous phrase:00:05:55
"It's easy for me to detect solecism
as easy as detecting grease"00:05:58
Grease here refers to
what sticks on our hands00:06:00
of fat and smell after eating meat.00:06:02
There are two versions of the story,00:06:03
the first says that Abu Al-Aswad
went to the Umayyad governor of Basra,00:06:06
Ziyad bin Abih, and said,00:06:07
"Oh Prince, I want to grammarize for Arabs00:06:11
what would make them right their
words and balance their utterances."00:06:13
I apologize, I mean, for my solecism.00:06:16
The important thing is that Ziad rejects
Abu Al-Aswad's request and dismisses him.00:06:18
After that, a man came to Ziad and asked
him about an inheritance issue. He said,00:06:22
"Good Gracious Prince, Our father (accusative)
died and left children (nominative)"00:06:25
Ziad is here, of course, went crazy!00:06:26
Because the correct form is00:06:27
Our father (nominative not accusative) died
and left children (genitive not nominative)"00:06:31
Immediately, he called for
Abu Al-Aswad and said00:06:33
'Bring him to write
grammar, Arabic is in danger"00:06:35
He died before seeing our blunders.00:06:36
As for the second story,
which is unanimously agreed upon,00:06:38
Abu Al-Aswad was one of the most
important supporters of Imam Ali.00:06:40
So one day he went to him
explained his point of view,00:06:42
that Arabic language is in danger
because of the prevalence of solecism.00:06:45
Imam Ali took a newspaper and wrote on it:00:06:47
"In the name of Allah,
the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful00:06:48
speech is noun, verb, and preposition,00:06:50
noun is what refers to the subject,00:06:52
verb is what refers
to the action of the subject,00:06:54
preposition is what refers to00:06:56
what's not a noun or a verb."00:06:57
Grammar is complete.00:06:58
And he said, "Grammarize toward this."00:07:00
It means, continue in this way.00:07:02
My friend, the name
grammar comes from that.00:07:04
Abu Al-Aswad then studies people's
words and common mistakes,00:07:06
and falls back on the Qur'an,
Hadith, and Arabic poetry.00:07:09
After that, he returns to Imam Ali
and shows him the rules he has compiled.00:07:12
Among what was presented to him,
according to some stories, was:00:07:14
Inna and its sisters,00:07:15
That, if only, maybe, as if"00:07:18
Imam Ali says, Why
didn't you mention "but"?00:07:20
He replies, "I didn't think
it was one of them".00:07:21
Imam Ali says to him, "Add it."00:07:23
We can say that Imam Ali
paved the road first,00:07:26
and Abu Al-Aswad laid down the first
roots of the science of grammar.00:07:29
As far as he could with his mind,00:07:30
and according to what the
companion Ali bin Abi Talib approved of.00:07:32
This was not his only contribution.00:07:34
Also, he made the first attempt
to have diacritics on letters.00:07:37
If the letter is accusative, a dot
is placed above it in red ink.00:07:40
If it is genitive, the dot is put below,00:07:42
if it is nominative, the dot
is in front of the letter.00:07:44
A confusing system, but it was
the first attempt at diacritics.00:07:47
Me too, my friend, I have
many attempts at composition.00:07:51
This is what I know how to do!00:07:52
What is striking, my friend,
to look at and pay attention to00:07:56
is that the people who most studied and
developed grammar were Al-Mawali.00:08:00
Sorry, Abo Hmeed, who are these Mawali?00:08:01
Mawali is a word that was used to
refer to Muslims who were not Arabs,00:08:04
like Persians, Africans, Turks, and Kurds.00:08:06
Because they were most in
need of learning Classical Arabic00:08:10
with correct grammar and diacritics00:08:12
in order to get rid of the foreign
mistakes that come out of their tongue.00:08:14
And on another hand, they'd know the
language of the religion they embraced,00:08:17
where deeply and really understanding it
will be difficult without the language.00:08:20
Also, studying grammar will help
them to learn the Arabic language.00:08:24
Therefore, their social
position will be higher within Arabs.00:08:27
Like, my friend, who travels to
America and wants to get a Green Card,00:08:29
the first thing he does is learn English00:08:30
in order to be able to advance socially.00:08:32
This was the situation in the Arab world.00:08:33
Let me tell you that Al-Mawali
took this study very seriously.00:08:37
The science flourished in the
Umayyad and Abbasid eras,00:08:40
and flourished in two cities in
particular, Basra and Kufa.00:08:43
Basra preceded Kufa by at least
a century in the study of grammar.00:08:46
Kufa was more occupied with literature,
such as poetry, news, and anecdotes.00:08:50
Scientific rivalry and
hostility between the two cities00:08:52
warned Kufa that it must
compensate for what it missed00:08:54
and to surpass Basra in grammar.00:08:56
In Basra, which is considered
the formative stage of grammar life,00:08:59
classes of distinguished
grammarians appear,00:09:01
who develop the work
of Abu Al-Aswad Al-Dawali,00:09:03
such as Nasser bin Asim
and Abd Al-Rahman ibn Hurmuz,00:09:05
who can derive more grammar rules.00:09:07
Their problem, my friend, is that
they didn't leave books behind for us,00:09:09
they relied on transmitting their knowledge
through memorization and narration.00:09:12
The next generation wrote things,00:09:13
but unfortunately, most
of them didn't reach us.00:09:16
Also, some of them were
not specialized in grammar,00:09:18
they combined grammar
and linguistics in literature.00:09:20
Suddenly, Kufa entered the race,00:09:22
and begins to be a strong
competitor to the Basra school.00:09:24
The grammarians of Kufa found that00:09:25
the grammarians of Basra
focused more on grammar,00:09:27
so they said they would
focus on morphology.00:09:29
'Abo Hmeed, one second, there
is a loophole in what you are saying.00:09:31
first, aren't grammar and morphology the
same thing? like Luxor and Aswan?'00:09:35
My friend, Luxor and
Aswan are not the same thing.00:09:36
Morphology and grammar
are not one thing.00:09:38
Let me, my friend, differentiate
between grammar and morphology.00:09:40
My friend, don't let anyone tell
you morphology is syntax (grammar)!00:09:42
Grammar, my friend, is
the case of the ends of words,00:09:45
whether the parsing of the end of the word00:09:47
is in the nominative case,
accusative case, or genitive case.00:09:49
But morphology is the structure
and purpose of the word itself,00:09:52
and the changes that occur,
such as plural, dual, and singular.00:09:55
Of course, my friend, this is a simple
brief that you should look more into.00:09:59
Here, the grammarians of Kufa are not
only filling a major gap in morphology,00:10:02
but also, they document
their knowledge through writing.00:10:05
The first book they covered
was Al-Faisal by Al-Raasi.00:10:08
It was natural that the Basra School
focused on parsing the ends of words.00:10:11
Because sometimes a mistake in it
causes a mistake in the entire meaning.00:10:14
This, if you think about it, was the
first reason for establishing grammar.00:10:17
We want to save our language,
we want to save the meanings.00:10:19
However, in the beginning, the errors
in the sentence structure itself were few,00:10:22
they were more at the end of the words.00:10:24
Hence, the scholars of Basra
focused on deducing grammar rules00:10:28
by examining the ancient
saying of the Arabs,00:10:31
and going to the Arabs in the desert tribes00:10:34
and hear the language on their tongues,00:10:35
the people in Hijaz, the people
in Najd, the people in Tihama.00:10:38
In particular, Al-Khalil bin Ahmed,00:10:39
who by traveling to the desert,
heard the language in its original form.00:10:42
He returned to Basra,
analyzing what he heard,00:10:44
until he was able
to collect the basics of grammar,00:10:45
and set the evidence,
reasons, and rulings,00:10:47
and reach a point further
than the previous ones.00:10:49
But the problem is that he did
not write this down in a book.00:10:52
He didn't save the document,
he didn't press Ctrl + S!00:10:54
He believed it was enough
that his students memorized his work.00:10:56
On the other hand, the
Kufa school was unlike Basra,00:10:58
it absorbed the Arabic language
more than all tribes,00:11:01
not only the Bedouin tribes.00:11:02
Here, the biggest difference
between them appears:00:11:04
The Basra School thought
the most important purpose00:11:06
was to establish disciplined rules00:11:07
for the language in the nominative,
accusative, genitive, and jussive.00:11:10
It wanted to commit to
it and oblige everyone to it,00:11:12
to unite Muslims, Arabs and Mawalis,00:11:14
on one catalog they refer to for
the correctness of the language.00:11:17
They reached the point of finding mistakes
in sayings popular among the Arabs,00:11:20
if they break the rules they put in place.00:11:21
It was a condition in
order to derive a rule,00:11:23
to be in circulation
with more than one example,00:11:25
in the words of the eloquent Arabs.00:11:26
They thought that they could accept
anything coming from the Arabs,00:11:29
even if they don't follow the rules.00:11:31
If they find an abnormal parsing, they
can make a new general rule from it.00:11:34
This is the dispute, my friend,
between the two schools,00:11:36
a conservative school says, there are rules
we'll stick to them no matter what.00:11:40
This is Basra. The other school says, no we'll listen00:11:42
and we will form rules from what we
hear, and we will make flexible rules.00:11:46
And this was Kufa.00:11:47
Also, the Kufans were more poetic
writers than the people of Basra.00:11:50
When it comes to literature, it is
always free in its dealings with language.00:11:53
Al-Suyuti says,00:11:54
"If the Kufans here one poetry verse00:11:56
where something is said
that goes against the rules,00:11:57
they made it a rule
and created a chapter for it"00:11:59
This, according to the opinions of some
scholars, may have corrupted grammar.00:12:03
As for Basra, which
had no interest in poetry,00:12:05
they compensated for this by
using logic and abstract thinking.00:12:08
The direction that it best represents,00:12:10
were the words of one of the grammarians
of Basra, Abu Ali Al-Farsi, when he says,00:12:13
"I'd rather be wrong 50 times in literature00:12:16
than to be wrong one time in grammar."00:12:19
That is, in grammar.00:12:20
Meaning, to be mistaken
in literature 50 times00:12:23
is better than making
a single mistake in grammar.00:12:25
'Why doesn't he just say that, Abo
Hmeed, why is he so upset?'00:12:27
Let me tell you, that's why the
Kufans were never embarrassed00:12:29
to take grammatical rules from Basra.00:12:32
But Basra was very embarrassed
if they took rules from Kufa,00:12:35
the Kufa that are flexible with everything.00:12:37
Of course, my friend, the two schools00:12:38
have all the respect and
appreciation, at least from me.00:12:40
And I don't mean anything!00:12:41
One's role is to unify the language, so
it remains understandable to everyone,00:12:44
and the other opens the door
to renewing the language.00:12:46
We cannot be sure which
of them is more correct.00:12:48
This is something we leave to linguists.00:12:49
All this is fine, but my friend,
grammar is still in its early stages.00:12:53
It is still developing, and its scientific
approach is not coming together.00:12:56
There is no real and
comprehensive book on grammar.00:12:58
A book that documents all the efforts
that began from the era of Imam Ali00:13:01
until the Abbasid state.00:13:02
Here, the imam of grammarians
shone in the sky of Basra00:13:05
which will surpass all that came before
it, and surpass all that comes after it.00:13:07
Amr bin Othman bin
Qanbar, known as Sibawayh.00:13:10
Let me tell you, my friend,
that one of the most important00:13:13
grammar scholars in the
history of the Arab world,00:13:16
was not Arab, but Persian.00:13:18
He was born in the year
184 AH in the city of Shiraz.00:13:21
He moved to Basra when he was young.00:13:23
He was described to be beautiful
and of a gentle disposition,00:13:25
smells sweet like apples,00:13:26
hence, he was called Sibawayh,00:13:28
which is the smell of apple in Persian.00:13:30
It is said that his mother used to
pamper him when he was young,00:13:31
because his cheeks were red like apples.00:13:33
At the beginning of Sibawayh's academic
career, he decided to study hadith.00:13:36
He received the knowledge of Hadith
through Sheikh Hammad Al-Basri.00:13:39
And his genius is evident,00:13:41
but one day, the sheikh
read a hadith to him;00:13:47
Here, he is mistaken by Sibawayh00:13:49
and correct him Abu Al-Darda'(nominative),
not Abu Al-Darda'(accusative).00:13:51
Considering here that
"Lais" is one of "Kan" sisters,00:13:53
so its subject is in the nominative case.00:13:55
But his sheikh tells him, You
made a mistake, Sibawayh!00:13:57
Because "Lais" is
a preposition for exception,00:13:59
it means except for Abu Darda'.00:14:01
Sibawayh discovers
that he is wrong and says,00:14:03
"I swear I'll bring knowledge
where no one will accuse me of solecism"00:14:07
Meaning, he'll reach a degree of knowledge
that no one will find a mistake in his words.00:14:11
Since he made a grammar mistake,00:14:12
he abandons the knowledge of hadith00:14:13
and focuses all his energy on the
knowledge in which he made mistakes.00:14:16
He studied it very well.00:14:17
It's something that reveals to us
Sibawayh's spirit of challenge,00:14:20
but it also reveals to
us the pride inside him,00:14:22
also, severe sensitivity,00:14:24
which its origin may be
that he is of Persian origin.00:14:26
No matter how well he studies
and achieves proficiency in his work,00:14:28
the Arabs will always
see him as a non-Arab.00:14:30
You know, my friend, now
when someone speaks English,00:14:33
and he speaks wrong, people
laugh at him and make fun of him.00:14:35
He feels weak and feels inferior!00:14:37
At that time, Sibawayh felt that way.00:14:38
He began attending gatherings
of distinguished grammarians,00:14:41
such as, for example, Yunus bin Habib,00:14:42
but he was a student under the scholar
Al-Khalil bin Ahmed, the first professor.00:14:46
I would not be exaggerating, if I told you00:14:47
that Al-Khalil was a genius of
his era and ahead of his time.00:14:49
His knowledge is still
living with us to this day,00:14:52
like the science of prosody
or meter in Arabic poetry,00:14:54
that he discovered
that ancient Arabic poetry is based on it,00:14:56
and it reached 15 meters,00:14:58
"Mufaʿalatun, Mufaʿalatun, Faʿūlun"00:15:00
'Abo Hmeed, sorry, there is
a loophole! Weren't they 16?'00:15:02
Yes, my friend, the 16th meter
was discovered by Al-Akhfash,00:15:05
who was a student of Sibawayh.00:15:06
He called "Al-Motadarak"
(Followed-up)meter.00:15:08
Because it followed up the
meters that Al-Khalil missed.00:15:10
Do we let any meter pass by?00:15:11
No man, someone rechecks.00:15:13
Also, Al-Khalil was the
one who came up with00:15:15
the idea of the first dictionary
of the Arabic language.00:15:16
Not only that, Al Khalil does more,00:15:18
he develops the diacritics system00:15:20
into something easier than the Abu
Al-Aswad method with the red dots.00:15:23
A small "F" above the
letter indicates Al-Fatihah,00:15:26
a small "Y" under the
letter, to indicate Al-Kasra,00:15:28
a small "W" above the
letter, to indicate the dhamma.00:15:31
In the case of Tanween, the
small letter is repeated twice.00:15:34
The Al-Khalil method is still used
in the Qur'an and Qira'at until today.00:15:37
Basra's obsession with theoretical work00:15:39
and concluding rules for
everything in the language00:15:41
was all embodied in the
genius of Al-Khalil bin Ahmed.00:15:43
So much so, my friend, that he
founded a theory for sounds,00:15:46
when he devised laws for poetic meters,00:15:48
and an index of the
language and its diacritics,00:15:50
a genius that could have disappeared,00:15:51
because Al-Khalil, like most Basra
scholars, didn't care about documentation.00:15:55
Had it not been for the
presence of his student, Sibawayh,00:15:57
perhaps much of this knowledge
would not have reached us.00:16:00
The relationship, my friend, between
Al-Khalil bin Ahmed and Sibawayh00:16:02
was an ideal relationship
between a professor and his student.00:16:05
Al-Khalil recognized
the genius of Sibawayh00:16:06
and saw in him an extension
of his linguistic thought.00:16:08
While Sibawayh saw in him
a model of a unique world.00:16:11
Ibn al-Nattah says, One of the
most beautiful things that was said00:16:13
in describing Al-Khalil's
love for Sibawayh is:00:16:15
"Welcome to a never boring guest"00:16:17
It is said that Al-Khalil was not heard
saying this to anyone except Sibawayh.00:16:21
When Al-Khalil dies, he asks his
student to write a book on grammar.00:16:24
Here, Sibawayh reflects
the influence of his teacher,00:16:26
and the most important idea
that he seeded inside him,00:16:28
that any science must be
based on a scientific method.00:16:30
The first step of this approach00:16:32
is to extrapolate the correct
language in poetry and prose.00:16:35
Therefore, Sibawayh
continues Al Khalil's journey,00:16:37
he extrapolates the language from
Arab Al-Aqah, the pure Arabs.00:16:41
He migrated to the desert for a long time.00:16:43
Finally, he returns to Basra to write
the first comprehensive book on grammar.00:16:47
He will cite Al-Khalil's
opinions in 370 places,00:16:50
and in other sources, 522 places.00:16:52
There are no less than 1,000 opinions from
scholars he studied or learned from.00:16:57
This, my friend, was a
complete documentation00:17:00
of all the efforts of the Basra School.00:17:01
From the beginning of its
inception, until what he reached.00:17:04
A book that reached its peak in his time,00:17:05
and for centuries after it, it was
considered the leader in its field.00:17:07
A book that contains everything the reader
needs in terms of arrangement and tabulation00:17:10
in a consistent and connected manner.00:17:12
It shows the strong personality of
Sibawayh, who is able to reach the rules.00:17:15
He thought about everything literally,
and didn't leave questions for others.00:17:18
To the point that one of the leading
grammarians, Abu Othman Al-Mazni, says,00:17:22
"Whoever wishes to write
a comprehensive grammar book00:17:25
after Sibawayh, should be ashamed."00:17:26
He should be shy
and dunk his head in the ground!00:17:30
-'Did he say that, Abo Hmeed?'
-No, that's me.00:17:31
Sibawayh did not name his book,00:17:33
he was busy with the content,
he didn't have time to name.00:17:34
People called it "The Book", with
the definite alif and lām.00:17:38
This indicates the greatness
and importance of this book.00:17:41
It was so high in status00:17:42
that if it was said in Basra that
someone was reading "the book",00:17:45
they immediately understand that
what is meant is the book of Sibawayh.00:17:47
At that time, Sibawayh
was missing one step,00:17:50
the recognition of the
state he belonged to,00:17:51
that he fought to correct its
language with his knowledge.00:17:53
He decides to go to Baghdad
in order to gain literary glory.00:17:56
Because the Kufans were in
control of the gifts given from the caliphs.00:17:59
They were closest to them than Basra.00:18:01
Because of Basra's position
in support of the Abbasid state.00:18:04
Sibawayh had confidence, knowledge, and
belief in his superiority and abilities00:18:08
what made him sure that
he can go with the name of Basra school,00:18:11
and beat the Kufans.00:18:12
Sibawayh was a guest at
Yahya bin Khaled Al-Barmaki,00:18:14
this was the minister of Harun al-Rashid.00:18:16
He asks to compete with Al-Kisa'i,
the imam of the grammarians of Kufa,00:18:19
and the favorite grammarian
of Harun al-Rashid,00:18:21
the teacher of his sons,
Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun.00:18:23
Al-Kisa'i, my friend, was a true scholar,00:18:24
despite warnings that were sent to
Sibawayh of Al-Kisa'i is the sheikh of Kufa,00:18:28
and Caliph Harun
al-Rashid was on his side,00:18:29
and everyone in Kufa supports him.00:18:31
Meaning that Sibawayh
even if he was the best in grammar,00:18:34
in the end, he is not playing on
his home soil, nor among his fans.00:18:36
However, my friend, he
is determined to debate,00:18:39
because he was confident in his knowledge,00:18:40
that he inherited, developed, wrote,00:18:42
and documented on Al-Khalil bin Ahmed,00:18:44
who was described by his contemporaries00:18:45
that no one came after the Companions,
whose biography was better than his.00:18:48
I will go out, my friend, and come back
to talk about the match of the century,00:18:52
in the world of grammar.00:18:55
The debate begins amidst large
crowds and enthusiasm,00:18:59
as if it's a football match,00:19:00
between a prolific and humble scholar,00:19:02
and another scholar who's famous
and enjoys all the support.00:19:05
Al-Kisa'i begins and says to Sibawayh:00:19:07
"You want to ask me, or I ask you?"00:19:08
Sibawayh says to him, "You ask".00:19:10
Al-Kisa'i asks:00:19:11
"Is it said that, 'I used to think that the scorpion
was more vehement in stinging00:19:14
than the hornet,
and he is (as vehement as) she',00:19:16
or is it said,
'he is (as vehement as) her'?"00:19:19
My feeling, Abo Hmeed, is that
this is a trick question.00:19:22
Simply, my friend, because I
know that the matter is complicated,00:19:24
I hope there are people who
understand Arabic better than me00:19:27
who can help explain what happened.00:19:29
Just a summary of the question,00:19:30
should we say
"He is as she" or "He is as her"?00:19:33
This, my friend, is an issue
known as The Question of the Wasp.00:19:35
This is a grammatical question that
everyone who studies the language knows.00:19:38
Sibawayh replies, "It's 'He is as she',00:19:40
because it is in the nominative case,
and can't be in the accusative case.00:19:42
He said, "All of which is nominative".00:19:43
Al-Kisa'i says Arabs say
some in nominative and accusative.00:19:46
The disagreement between them increases.00:19:48
Yahya Al-Barmaki
intervenes and tells them:00:19:49
"You have disagreed
while you are the presidents00:19:52
of your countries, so
who will rule between you?"00:19:54
Who will rule among you while
you are great among your people?00:19:56
Its attendees are fluent
in the Arabic language.00:19:59
We will govern them.00:20:00
Indeed, 4 of the Bedouins
standing are summoned.00:20:03
Four of whom were immortalized in
history because of this debate.00:20:05
And whenever someone asks
about them, he responds and says,00:20:08
"What Al-Kisa'i said is correct".00:20:09
Sibawayh asks the prince to have them
pronounce the phrase in the accusative case,00:20:13
if Al-Kisa'i was actually right.00:20:14
Because the tongue of the Bedouins will not
obey them when they pronounce it incorrectly,00:20:17
but they are determined
that Al-Kisa'i is correct.00:20:19
Al-Kisa'i wins the debate,00:20:21
Sibawayh, who knew he
was right, is heartbroken.00:20:24
Al-Kisa'i does not remain silent,
he goes to the minister and tells him:00:20:26
"May God bless the minister.
He came to you willingly,00:20:29
so if you want to
don't return him disappointed."00:20:31
He meant that Sibawayh came
hoping for some money, give him anything.00:20:33
Give him something and let him go.00:20:34
Here, the minister
places in Sibawayh's hand00:20:36
a bundle containing
10,000 dinars and lets him go.00:20:39
This of course breaks
Sibawayh's heart even more.00:20:41
According to the words of Muhammad Tantawi
in his book The Origins of Grammar,00:20:44
Sibawayh was more correct, as
evidenced by the Qur'anic verse:00:20:47
"and it was ˹shining˺ white for all to see"00:20:48
He used to say that the Bedouins
only agreed with Al-Kisa'i's words00:20:52
because they know
his status with Harun al-Rashid.00:20:54
Part of Sibawayh's failure, according
to some historians, in this debate,00:20:58
wasn't because he
was less knowledgeable.00:20:59
But it was because his tongue was heavy
that he made out words with difficulty,00:21:03
especially since he is of Persian origin,00:21:04
his true eloquence was in the
written word, not the spoken word.00:21:07
Writer Ahmed Amin believes that
politics played a role in the issue.00:21:10
Because it was an arbiter between
two countries, not between two men.00:21:12
Ibn Khallikan says that the matter
was planned against Sibawayh,00:21:15
because he is from Basra!00:21:16
You remember the hostility,
the rival match of Kufa and Basra.00:21:19
Also, Al-Amin, the son of Harun
Al-Rashid and a student of Al-Kisa'i,00:21:22
is said that he agreed with the
Bedouins to agree with Al-Kisa'i.00:21:25
Sibawayh, because he is a real scholar,00:21:27
imagined that it is a debate00:21:28
enough for him to
enter with his knowledge, in order to win.00:21:30
He was so confident in this
that he went to Baghdad alone,00:21:33
without his supporters or
students, unlike Al-Kisa'i.00:21:35
In his book, Hayat
Sibawayh, Ahmed Badawi says,00:21:37
the defeat of Sibawayh was inevitable.00:21:39
Aside from politics and conspiracy,
he lost for a simpler reason:00:21:41
which is the fundamental difference
between Kufa and Basra.00:21:44
While the people of Basra took the rules
only from the Arabs of the desert,00:21:48
Kufa, as we said, took
them from all the tribes.00:21:50
Although the Basra catalog
is more organized and accurate,00:21:52
the Kufa Catalog was more respectful
of what was reported about all the tribes.00:21:56
Therefore, even if it is less precise,00:21:58
it understood
the language of his time.00:21:59
It was surrounded by
the influence of the tribes,00:22:01
by recognizing their dialects and
including them in its grammar.00:22:04
Therefore, according to
the words of Ahmed Badawi,00:22:06
it is easy for them to raise any
strange issue other than the wasp issue.00:22:08
And they bear witness to its
authenticity from a distant tribe00:22:10
outside the consensus and
recognition of the Basra School.00:22:13
Sibawayh was an accurate and
genius scholar far beyond his time.00:22:16
But he stood in front of
a more intelligent school,00:22:18
and more understanding
of the time in which it was,00:22:20
and aware of his politics and influence.00:22:21
Sibawayh paid the price
after losing in the debate.00:22:24
He leaves Baghdad, but
does not return to Basra,00:22:25
he travels to Persia
and isolates himself from people.00:22:27
Because he couldn't show them
his face after the loss.00:22:29
He dies of grief while he
is in the prime of his youth,00:22:31
without leaving any children after him.00:22:32
What is interesting and sad, my friend,00:22:34
is that when Sibawayh's
book was read to Al-Kisa'i,00:22:36
he was impressed and gave
his reader 70 dinars, and said,00:22:39
"I never heard this preposition
before, write it for me"00:22:42
This is what would make Al-Jahiz say about
the grace of Basra over Kufa,00:22:45
"Sibawayh, whom you depended on
his books and denied his credit and grace"00:22:48
The book of grammar would remain
immortal along with Sibawayh's name,00:22:51
and will reach times
that finally understand it.00:22:53
Not only among scientists and specialists,00:22:54
but also among the public who
were influenced by it00:22:56
and applied it in their daily lives.00:22:58
Sibawayh failed in the caliphs'
councils, influence, and court.00:23:01
But his knowledge lived on
after him in taste and books,00:23:03
even the markets, and
on the tongue of all Arabs,00:23:05
up to the high school exam and the
grammar question that comes to you.00:23:07
Sibawayh's book was
the most important book00:23:09
in the theory of Arabic grammar itself.00:23:11
The theory of grammar has not changed00:23:13
since Sibawayh set it and until now.00:23:14
Because with his exceptional
scientific mentality and diligence00:23:16
he understood that the
main goal of grammar00:23:18
is to create a science whose
rules are stable and solid,00:23:20
and able to extract meaning from differences
in pronunciation and pronunciation.00:23:23
If we understand the meanings, my friend,
we will be able to understand each other.00:23:25
Because language is the vessel
for thinking and communication.00:23:28
Grammar is the keeper of this
vessel, its ruler, and its measure.00:23:31
That's why, at all times and places, if we
want to understand the Arabic language,00:23:34
we cannot do without the book.00:23:36
'What book, Abo Hmeed? The book of life?'00:23:37
The book, my friend, the book!00:23:39
The man died of grief, have some respect.00:23:41
In conclusion, my friend, do not
forget to watch the old episodes,00:23:43
wait for the new episodes,00:23:45
and don't forget to
check the sources below,00:23:47
and subscribe if you're on YouTube.00:23:50
Don't forget to activate the bell button.00:23:53
Thank you, my friend.00:23:54
I hope you are in good health,00:23:56
take care of your health,00:23:58
make sure that you speak Arabic correctly,00:24:02
like me.Description:
تاريخ نشأة النحو العربي منذ بداياته مع أبو الأسود الدؤلي حتى وصولنا إلى العصر الذهبي مع العالم اللغوي سيبويه. بدأت الرحلة مع الدؤلي، الذي أسس لقواعد النحو العربي ووضح قواعده الأساسية. ثم تطورت هذه القواعد وازدهرت في عصور لاحقة، على يد العديد من العلماء كالخليل بن أحمد. وصولاً إلى القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي، والثاني الهجري حثي ظهر سيبويه، الذي قام بتنظيم وتوثيق النحو العربي في كتابه "الكتاب"، الذي يُعد مرجعًا لا غنى عنه لدارسي اللغة العربية. استمد سيبويه معارفه من أعمال السابقين وأضاف إليها بفضل ذكائه وفهمه العميق للغة. #الدحيح المصادر: نشأة النحو وتاريخ أشهر النحاة https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13558738 سيبويه: حياته وكتابه https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/52277002 ضحى الإسلام https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6392608?ref=nav_sb_ss_1_11 شيء من حتى https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6019878 سيبويه: إمام النحاة https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZ-mS9zY-Ks
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