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Subtitles
Russian
00:00:03
we exchanged goods in the00:00:05
form of trade in everyday life,00:00:09
the place where trade takes place we00:00:11
call the market, we will get acquainted with the scientific00:00:14
understanding of the market and how it00:00:17
functions, and so the market is an00:00:20
economic system of voluntary00:00:23
interaction between buyers and sellers00:00:26
to make an exchange through concluding a00:00:29
contract for the sale and purchase of goods and services,00:00:33
as follows from the definition, the main00:00:37
participants in market relations are the00:00:40
buyer and the seller in market conditions,00:00:43
they are free to make economic00:00:45
decisions, therefore their interaction is00:00:49
voluntary and based on an agreement, that00:00:53
is, the buyer, of his own free will,00:00:54
chooses a product from the many00:00:57
offered,00:00:58
he chooses the seller from among those who will00:01:01
better serve and sell the goods at the best00:01:04
price, and so on, and the freedom of the seller00:01:08
lies in the fact that he independently00:01:11
chooses the most suitable buyer,00:01:15
has the right to set the selling price at00:01:19
his own discretion, disposes of profits,00:01:22
and so on, another main participant in00:01:26
the market is the state, it regulates with the00:01:30
help of laws, market relations00:01:33
protect competition, fight against00:01:36
illegal economic00:01:38
activities and perform many other00:01:41
important economic tasks that we will00:01:44
consider in a separate lesson, but00:01:46
for now we need to understand the market00:01:49
mechanism of the relationship and interaction of the00:01:53
main elements of the00:01:56
supply-demand market, prices and competition,00:02:00
and will help us with this a simplified example,00:02:04
let's imagine this situation: people's00:02:07
incomes have increased, now they have00:02:10
the opportunity to eat sm every day00:02:13
and not just potatoes,00:02:15
consumers began to ask more and00:02:18
buy meat00:02:20
less potatoes, that is, the demand for meat00:02:24
increased, potatoes fell, the demand for00:02:28
meat remained high even after00:02:30
some increase prices, an increase in00:02:34
demand led to an increase in the income of00:02:37
meat producers; they had00:02:40
the opportunity to invest large means of00:02:43
production in order to hire00:02:45
more workers, thereby increasing the00:02:49
supply of meat for sale, and a decrease in00:02:52
demand for potatoes led to a decrease in00:02:55
prices for it, a00:02:57
fall in producers’ incomes and a00:02:59
decrease in the supply of potatoes by market,00:03:03
some potato producers, realizing00:03:07
that it was profitable to engage in livestock farming,00:03:09
switched to this branch of the economy; high00:03:13
prices for meat attracted00:03:15
other entrepreneurs. Over time,00:03:18
many competing00:03:21
meat producers appeared on the market, so the00:03:24
prices established in the market led to an00:03:27
increase in meat production and a decrease in00:03:30
potato production, that is to the00:03:33
equilibrium of supply and demand for meat00:03:36
and potatoes, this is a simplified situation that00:03:39
illustrates how the market functions,00:03:43
which is based on the00:03:45
interaction of supply and demand,00:03:47
let's look at the main elements of the00:03:50
market mechanism, let's start with demand,00:03:54
demand is formed under the influence of a00:03:56
person's needs for the goods of life00:03:59
and the choice of goods and services he needs00:04:03
of a certain quality and price,00:04:06
what is demand demand is this relationship00:04:10
between the price and quantity of a product of a00:04:12
certain type that buyers00:04:15
are willing to purchase at a certain price and00:04:18
in a certain period in00:04:20
me this relationship is depicted on the00:04:24
graph of the demand curve d where p is the price of00:04:28
the product or the quantity of the product on the graph can be00:04:32
seen that the higher the price, the smaller the00:04:35
quantity of goods buyers purchase,00:04:38
and vice versa, the lower the price, the00:04:41
greater the quantity of goods buyers00:04:44
purchase; this situation in00:04:47
the market00:04:48
is called the law of demand, which sounds like this:00:04:51
the higher the price, the lower the demand, and00:04:55
vice versa, the lower the price,00:04:58
the higher the demand, it is worth paying attention00:05:01
to that essential goods00:05:05
will be purchased at inflated prices,00:05:08
from the definition and law of demand, we understand00:05:12
that its volume is influenced primarily by00:05:15
price, but there are also non-price factors that00:05:18
shape demand, these include00:05:22
consumer income, as it grows, the00:05:25
demand for more useful and high-quality00:05:28
goods increases and services, demand is affected by a00:05:32
change in the prices of substitute goods,00:05:35
for example, an increase in the price of coffee leads to an00:05:38
increase in the demand for tea while maintaining00:05:41
its price, a change in demand also leads to a change in the00:05:44
prices of complementary goods00:05:47
that ensure each other’s work,00:05:50
for example, a car and gasoline,00:05:53
if the price of gasoline increases, the demand for00:05:56
cars decreases in the formation00:06:00
demand is also influenced by00:06:01
the number and gender and age composition of00:06:04
buyers, cultural and religious00:06:07
traditions,00:06:09
seasonality, expectation of price changes in00:06:13
the future, taste preferences,00:06:16
fashion, and so on, we have sorted out the demand, we will00:06:20
consider the supply without which00:06:22
consumers will not be able to buy the00:06:26
goods and services they need,00:06:27
so the supply depends on the type of00:06:31
product of a certain type which00:06:34
manufacturers or sellers are ready to00:06:36
offer for sale on the market, depending on the prices at00:06:40
which this product can be sold, this00:06:44
dependence is depicted on the graph of the00:06:47
supply curve with where, as we know, this00:06:51
price of the product is also the00:06:52
quantity of the product on the graph, it can be seen00:06:56
that the higher the price, the more goods are00:06:59
offered for sale and the lower the price,00:07:02
the less the product is offered for sale,00:07:06
this situation, as you might guess,00:07:09
illustrates the law of supply, which00:07:13
sounds like this: the higher the price, the higher the00:07:17
supply; the lower the price, the00:07:18
lower the supply; what00:07:23
affects the volume of supply, first00:07:26
of all, the price of the product or the expectation of a00:07:30
price change in the future by the formation of00:07:33
supply is influenced by the cost of raw materials,00:07:36
equipment, labor and other00:07:39
factors of production00:07:41
that the manufacturer purchases and00:07:43
uses to create its products; an00:07:46
increase in the cost of factors of production leads to an00:07:49
increase in the cost and price of the product,00:07:52
which can make it00:07:55
uncompetitive; therefore, the00:07:57
manufacturer will reduce the purchase of factors of00:08:00
production and, accordingly,00:08:03
production output, or will look for more00:08:06
cheap factors of production have been sorted out00:08:09
and with the supply now we will consider00:08:13
two more important elements of the market mechanism00:08:16
price and competition price is the amount of00:08:21
money expressing the cost of a product or00:08:24
service and the cost of the product paid in the exchange process00:08:28
includes00:08:30
the following elements cost price of the product,00:08:33
that is, the costs of production and00:08:35
sale of goods expenses to pay00:08:39
taxes, fees and others, oblige00:08:42
other payments to the state budget, as00:08:45
well as the profit of the enterprise, that is, the income of00:08:48
its owner, which can be00:08:51
spent on personal needs or00:08:54
business expansion, who sets prices for00:08:58
goods or services on the market, it seems that00:09:02
these are producers and sellers, yes, but they00:09:06
they set only the starting price and the00:09:09
final market prices are formed00:09:11
as a result of the coordination of supply and00:09:14
demand,00:09:15
this coordination occurs under the influence of00:09:18
competition, what is competition, this is00:09:23
the competition between market participants for00:09:27
the best conditions for the production and00:09:29
purchase and sale of goods and services in the market,00:09:32
competition develops between00:09:35
producers or sellers between00:09:38
manufacturers or sellers and00:09:41
buyers and between buyers,00:09:45
manufacturers00:09:46
or sellers compete with each other for00:09:49
buyers, if the product is similar in quality to00:09:53
competitors’ products, then the manufacturer00:09:56
or seller cannot deviate greatly00:09:59
from the average price of such a product on the market,00:10:02
because inflated prices will lead to a decrease in00:10:05
demand, and if the product is unique that is,00:10:09
there are no analogues on the market when00:10:12
determining the price, the manufacturer or00:10:15
seller must take into account the purchasing00:10:18
capabilities of its potential customers;00:10:21
if the brand has a successful image,00:10:25
consumer trust, then the influence of competitors’ prices00:10:30
weakens since the consumer00:10:32
prefers this brand without paying00:10:35
attention to the price, but of course if it00:10:39
is within reasonable limits,00:10:41
competition between sellers and00:10:44
buyers consists in the00:10:46
confrontation of the00:10:47
interests of the seller and the buyer; the interests of the00:10:51
seller are to sell00:10:54
more expensive00:10:56
rice and the buyer is to buy a00:10:58
useful product cheaper; if through00:11:02
bidding the seller and buyer00:11:04
establish a mutually beneficial price, then the00:11:07
purchase and sale transaction consists of if the00:11:10
seller insists on a high00:11:13
price, the buyer will go to another seller,00:11:16
and the competition between the buyer00:11:19
consists of competition for the purchase of the00:11:22
desired product at a low price00:11:24
from a specific seller, the seller, noticing an00:11:28
increase in demand, raises the price in order to00:11:31
increase profits, but if the demand for a00:11:35
certain product00:11:36
falls, then the seller has to reduce00:11:39
prices to prevent00:11:41
losses, this is how market prices are set under the00:11:44
influence of supply and demand, which00:11:49
is why they say that in market conditions00:11:52
there is free pricing, the00:11:56
modern Russian market is a whole00:11:59
system consisting of many markets,00:12:02
let’s look at what00:12:04
types of markets exist for the object of purchase and sale, that00:12:09
is to what is bought and sold,00:12:12
there is a market for goods,00:12:14
for example, a vegetable market, a market for00:12:17
building materials, a00:12:18
real estate market, an automobile market, a market for00:12:22
services,00:12:24
for example, a market for cellular communication services, a market for00:12:28
educational services, a market for00:12:29
banking services, a market for00:12:33
production resources, which includes the00:12:36
labor market, where the object of purchase and sale00:12:39
is labor, the00:12:41
capital market, which includes itself a00:12:44
securities market00:12:46
where shares are sold, for example, a market for00:12:49
innovation,00:12:50
that is, new technologies for the production of00:12:53
know-how and other intellectual00:12:56
products, a land market where00:13:00
natural resources are sold and bought on a00:13:03
territorial basis, they distinguish a00:13:05
world market where countries trade among themselves, a00:13:09
national or00:13:11
all-Russian market where purchase and sale00:13:14
carried out within the entire country, a00:13:17
regional market where trade00:13:20
is carried out in one or several00:13:22
regions of Russia and a local market of a00:13:26
limited territory of one00:13:28
settlement, according to the type of competition,00:13:31
they distinguish a market of perfect competition00:13:34
where many sellers offer00:13:37
the same type of goods or services00:13:40
that satisfy one need; none00:13:43
of the sellers here can influence00:13:46
prices are set due to the00:13:49
equilibrium of supply and demand, the market of00:13:53
perfect competition is considered by00:13:55
modern economists as an ideal00:13:58
market model that exists only in00:14:01
theory, but in practice, some markets00:14:04
come close to this model, for example, the00:14:07
meat market, which we looked at at the00:14:09
beginning of the lesson, remember the00:14:11
growth in demand for meat did not decrease even with an00:14:15
increase prices by sellers, but with the arrival of00:14:18
many new competitors on the market,00:14:21
sellers will no longer be able to set the00:14:23
desired prices because the buyer will00:14:27
go away. The most common market in our00:14:30
life is00:14:31
monopolistic competition, where there are as00:14:34
many sellers as in the market of00:14:37
perfect competition, but they do00:14:40
not sell the same type, but different00:14:44
but satisfying goods. the same00:14:47
need, for example, the clothing market where00:14:50
clothes from different manufacturers are00:14:53
interchangeable00:14:54
but at the same time have unique00:14:56
characteristics00:14:57
due to which buyers00:15:00
prefer a specific manufacturer00:15:03
despite prices being higher than those of other00:15:06
manufacturers;00:15:08
if there are several00:15:10
large sellers and many buyers in the market,00:15:14
this is an oligopoly market the competition here is00:15:18
low, so sellers can get tired of00:15:21
pouring in the desired prices and the league00:15:23
is political, for example, the00:15:26
mobile communications market and the passenger transportation market,00:15:30
if there is only one seller in the market,00:15:34
then this is a monopoly market, since00:15:37
there is no competition in such a market,00:15:40
the monopolist controls the production of their00:15:43
purchase and sale of their products, the monopolist00:15:47
can overprice price and does not strive for00:15:50
quality, monopolies can be formed00:15:53
when a successful company00:15:55
squeezes competitors out of the market or00:15:57
absorbs them; this is not a healthy situation for the market,00:16:00
therefore the state pursues an00:16:03
antimonopoly policy, and finally, if there is00:16:07
only one buyer in the market,00:16:10
then this is a monopsony; such a buyer,00:16:14
for example, is the state in the00:16:17
arms market well guys, we have completed00:16:20
studying the topic, I hope you liked the00:16:23
video lesson and you will like it,00:16:26
share this video with your00:16:28
classmates and also subscribe00:16:31
to the channel if you have not subscribed yet, see you again00:16:35
on the channel00:16:47
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[music]Description:
Подготовка к ОГЭ по обществознанию с нуля. Тема урока: Рынок, рыночный механизм. 🔹️🔹️🔹️ ШКОЛА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1MgtZDTpLpUu_Y8x6J7qDw 🔹️🔹️🔹️ ВЕСЬ КУРС подготовки к ОГЭ по разделам кодификатора: Раздел I "Человек и общество" 📚 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1vJNklcCwX39Oaxk8d_wDtIYjC8hS_rg Раздел II "Сфера духовной культуры" 📚 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1vJNklcCwX1A3-my9kmRc4iqdLAZlOBr Раздел III "Экономика" 📚 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1vJNklcCwX0V2mMSxgTtsj4Nu4jT3YIL Раздел IV "Социальная сфера" 📚 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1vJNklcCwX3Wq5A_1lkZL0Pn047COfGR Раздел V "Сфера политики и социального управления" 📚 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1vJNklcCwX2HJ7epQNVHA-IuGzF2W8o5 Раздел VI "Право" 📚 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1vJNklcCwX3725YX7lnRj-ff8lU595xi 🔹️🔹️🔹️ Разборы заданий ОГЭ, обязательно посмотрите их https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1vJNklcCwX1khpNoSVS7ABsFr_ws4Sjp 🔹️🔹️🔹️ Канал существует за счёт личных ресурсов и средств монетизации YouTube. Вы очень поможете проекту развиваться если будете делиться моими видеоуроками со всеми, кому они будут полезны.
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