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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:03
[music]00:00:10
good afternoon today we will look at one00:00:13
of the most dramatic episodes of our00:00:15
history, called the00:00:18
Time of Troubles, the Time of Troubles in00:00:25
historiography is considered to be a deep00:00:28
spiritual economic social and00:00:30
external political crisis that befell00:00:32
Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries,00:00:35
this crisis coincided with the devastation of famine the00:00:39
desolation of the central part of the Russian00:00:41
lands, which were largely a consequence of00:00:43
the policies of Ivan the Terrible and his successors,00:00:46
trying to overcome economic00:00:48
devastation, the government tightens the00:00:50
policy of enslaving the peasants00:00:52
increases tax oppression in 1581, reserved years00:00:57
were introduced from the word00:01:00
commandment ban years in which the00:01:03
transition of peasants was prohibited even on St. George’s00:01:06
Day In 1597, a decree appeared on the search for00:01:10
fugitive peasants; the fugitive peasants00:01:12
had to be returned to their previous00:01:14
owners; the period of search00:01:16
was set at five years,00:01:19
after which the search stopped after the00:01:24
death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584,00:01:27
his son Fedor became king, a gentle man, and00:01:33
his brother became the religious de facto ruler of the country. the wife of Boris Godunov00:01:35
in 1591 in Uglich, under unclear00:01:39
circumstances, the youngest son of Ivan00:01:41
the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, died, there were00:01:43
no direct heirs to the throne,00:01:45
thus a00:01:48
dynastic crisis also appeared, accompanied by00:01:51
the struggle of boyar groups for power00:01:57
[music] the00:02:15
Zemsky Sobor in 1598 elected00:02:19
Boris Godunov as king00:02:26
[music ] the00:02:32
formal act of00:02:34
limiting the power of the new tsar expected by the boyars did not00:02:36
follow; the overall00:02:39
state order was shaken and could not be00:02:41
established by the tsar, despite all00:02:43
the energy he showed; the years of famine00:02:46
caused by crop failures that began from 160100:02:50
to 1603 intensified the general discontent00:02:53
of Godunov; despite the distribution of grain and the00:02:56
abolition of reserved years, the wave grew00:02:58
peasant uprisings at the very beginning of00:03:01
1604, rumors appeared about the rescue of00:03:07
Tsarevich Dmitry, who was previously considered killed in Uglich, and about his stay in00:03:09
Poland. According to the00:03:10
most common version, behind00:03:12
this name was a fugitive monk00:03:14
Grigory Ratepev;00:03:16
his imposture was not a secret for the boyars00:03:19
and Boris directly says that the Poles00:03:21
set him up impostor in the fall of 1604, Dmitry, with a00:03:28
detachment assembled in Poland and Ukraine, entered the Moscow00:03:31
state on April 13, 1605, Boris00:03:35
Godunov died suddenly, the impostor00:04:01
freely approached Moscow,00:04:03
where he00:04:04
entered on June 20, he remained a Polish00:04:07
protege and failed to gain00:04:09
political support in Russia on May 17 In00:04:13
1606, the boyar conspiracy merged with the00:04:16
uprising of the Muscovites, overthrew him from the00:04:18
throne after a short struggle00:04:27
for power, the boyars without the zemstvo council00:04:30
enthroned the head of the conspiracy,00:04:32
Vasily Shuisky, the00:04:47
boyars demanded from the chosen one00:04:49
certain guarantees00:04:51
reflected in the cross on the records of the00:04:53
new tsar,00:04:54
but Vasily Shuisky’s attempt to conclude an00:04:57
agreement with his subjects had no success, the00:04:59
southern cities rose up against him, the00:05:02
head of the rebels rose up with the head of the rebels, the fugitive slave00:05:05
Ivan Bolotnikov, the00:05:06
initial successes of the slingers00:05:08
forced many to join in the rebellion, the00:05:10
Ryazan and Tula lands rose up and with00:05:13
great difficulty, Shuisky managed to repel00:05:16
this onslaught00:05:18
[music]00:05:22
in July 1607, Dmitry, who allegedly escaped for the second time, appeared00:05:26
in In June 1608, the army of00:05:34
False Dmitry 2 founded a camp near the village of00:05:37
Tushino near Moscow, the country established a00:05:40
kind of dual power, there were two00:05:42
capitals, Moscow and the Tushino camp in00:05:46
which their boyar dumas operated, they00:05:48
had their own patriarchs in00:05:50
Moscow, Hermogenes and in Tushino, Filaret in a00:05:58
critical situation, the government of00:05:59
Shuisky entered into an agreement with Sweden in00:06:02
February 1609 about providing00:06:05
military assistance to Russia in exchange for the00:06:07
transfer of the city of Karela with the district to Sweden with the00:06:11
help of Swedish troops, the00:06:12
governors of Tsar Vasily managed to inflict a00:06:14
number of defeats on Tushin himself and liberate00:06:17
Moscow from their siege since the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth00:06:19
was at war with Sweden at that time00:06:21
Russian-Swedish treaty became the pretext00:06:24
for an attack on Russia by the Polish king00:06:26
Sigismund 3 in September 1609, the00:06:30
Polish army besieged Smolensk,00:06:33
the army sent by Shuisky was defeated, the00:06:35
Swedes went over to the side of the Poles00:06:38
[music]00:06:41
July 17, 1610, Vasily Shuisky was00:06:45
overthrown from the throne and tonsured a monk,00:06:48
power in the country passed to Boyar Duma00:06:51
seven-boyars in August 1610,00:06:55
Moscow boyars00:06:56
invited the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne,00:07:00
recognition of the power of the Tsar and Grand Duke00:07:03
Vladislav, which a sea tier of the00:07:06
Boyar Duma opened the way to Moscow for the00:07:08
Polish garrison in conditions of external00:07:23
aggression, the Russian Orthodox Church played an important role in saving the00:07:25
state00:07:27
led by Patriarch Hermogenes00:07:30
am, he not only refused to cooperate with the00:07:33
interventionists,00:07:34
but also in every possible way called on the people to00:07:36
organize resistance from December00:07:40
1610, he began to send letters to00:07:42
cities calling on them to rise up against the00:07:44
Lithuanian people and also freed the00:07:47
population from the oath to Prince00:07:48
Vladislav00:07:50
[music]00:07:58
people everywhere began to create00:08:01
militia detachments and prepare for a campaign against00:08:03
Moscow, the struggle initially took on the00:08:08
character of a national liberation00:08:10
struggle, the zemstvo armies that gathered near00:08:14
Moscow in the spring of 1611 received00:08:17
the name of the first militia from historians, without00:08:20
waiting for the liberation of the capital, the militias00:08:23
began to restore00:08:24
state order, the00:08:26
leaders of the zemstvo armies were elected, the00:08:29
Ryazan boyar Lipunov Tushino00:08:32
boyar Prince Trubetskoy and Cossack ataman00:08:34
Zarutsky as a result of aggravation of00:08:43
internal contradictions in the summer of 1611,00:08:47
the first militia disintegrated although its00:08:50
remnants led by Trubetskoy continued the00:08:52
siege of Moscow in the00:09:02
fall of 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod the00:09:06
organization of a new second00:09:08
militia began in Nizhny Novgorod, at the head of the second militia00:09:10
were the governor Prince Dmitry00:09:12
Mikhailovich Pozharsky00:09:14
and zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin00:09:16
[music] the00:09:27
formation of a new militia was00:09:30
attended by carts and northern Russian cities, the00:09:32
second militia, like the first, began00:09:35
to create authorities in early April00:09:39
1612, the second militia arrived in00:09:41
Yaroslavl and, slowly moving forward00:09:44
gradually strengthening its ranks, on August 20 it00:09:47
approached Moscow Trubetskoy00:09:49
joined Pozharsky, the united00:09:53
militia were recreated as a00:09:55
common zemstvo, in fact, general00:09:57
state authorities of the00:09:59
central administrative department, a00:10:02
kind of coalition00:10:04
zemstvo government was formed with the participation of the00:10:06
heads of both camps. On October 22, the00:10:10
militia occupied Kitay-Gorod and on00:10:13
October 26, the Poles were cleared and cream00:10:22
[music]00:10:27
in In December 1612, letters were sent00:10:31
everywhere00:10:32
about sending the best and most intelligent people to Moscow00:10:35
to elect a sovereign; they00:10:37
gathered at the beginning of the next year. The00:10:40
Zemsky Sobor of 1613 was00:10:43
unprecedentedly broad in its00:10:45
social composition;00:10:48
representatives of the highest and district black00:10:52
and white clergy of Moscow and00:10:54
city nobility Cossacks townspeople00:10:57
and black-sown peasants the00:10:59
number of cherished people gathered in Moscow,00:11:02
according to some information, exceeded00:11:05
800 people representing at least00:11:07
fifty-eight cities On00:11:09
February 21, 1613, the Zemsky00:11:13
Electoral Council proclaimed00:11:17
16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov,00:11:19
cousin of Tsar Fedor00:11:22
Ioannovich, Tsar and Grand00:11:23
Duke Patriarch Filaret00:11:28
[music] the00:11:33
new Russian sovereign had to00:11:36
agree to a certain limitation of00:11:38
his rights and privileges during the00:11:49
events that took place, the country was00:11:51
devastated and lost a number of territories;00:11:53
nevertheless, the main result was the00:11:56
rise of national consciousness00:11:58
[music]00:12:00
Yaroslavl residents, some Nizhny Novgorod residents, Rostovites00:12:04
and others now felt united00:12:06
people and responsibility for the future of a00:12:09
single party, this is the end of our lesson,00:12:14
thank you for your attentionDescription:
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