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0:00
Золотая история Бреттон Вудса: хроника демонтажа системы 1971-1973 гг | Валентин Катасонов | Статья
0:15
Никсоновский шок
0:53
Встреча G10
2:57
Результаты встречи Большой десятки
4:00
Многие страны требовали девальвации доллара
4:55
Позиция США в начале 70-х годов
5:56
Смитсоновское соглашение
7:04
Фундамент ЕЭС
8:50
недовольство Европы
10:32
Америке нет дела до интересов других стран
11:19
Чрезвычайная встреча членов ЕЭС
12:32
Бреттон-Вудс
13:05
Знаменательное событие 1973 года
13:25
СССР
14:29
Замена системы Бреттон-Вудса
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00:00:00
article Valentin Katasonov Golden
00:00:03
history of Breton Woods chronicle of dismantling
00:00:05
the system
00:00:07
1971 1973 join the
00:00:11
golden Invest
00:00:14
club previous article I wrote about the
00:00:18
Nixon shock of August 15,
00:00:21
1971 which de facto knotted
00:00:24
Breton Woods' decision the final official
00:00:28
exercise occurred
00:00:30
years later at the Jamaican conference in
00:00:32
January 1976 During this period of time,
00:00:36
which can be called a transition
00:00:38
period, the participating countries made
00:00:41
efforts to adapt to the new situation.
00:00:43
Negotiations were also carried out behind the scenes on
00:00:46
how a
00:00:48
new international monetary and financial
00:00:51
system should be structured. In December 1971, an
00:00:55
important event of the transition period took place -
00:00:57
the meeting of the G10 group in In Washington, at the
00:01:01
Sonoran Institute, I will give preliminary
00:01:03
explanations of the group of ten G10, the core of the countries
00:01:07
that make up Western Civilization. This was
00:01:10
originally Belgium Canada France Italy
00:01:14
Japan Netherlands Great Britain USA
00:01:17
Sweden Germany the group arose in
00:01:21
1962, these countries then gathered in
00:01:24
Paris to sign the
00:01:26
General Agreement on Borrowings, this
00:01:28
agreement considered the possibility of the IMF
00:01:32
fulfilling its obligations by
00:01:34
borrowing from the governments of the member states of the
00:01:36
group, the funds were intended for
00:01:38
lending by the fund to other member states of
00:01:41
the IMF, by the way, in 1964, the G10 group
00:01:46
provided the fund with funds to save the
00:01:48
British pound sterling, it was then
00:01:51
saved, which, by the way, made it possible to delay the
00:01:54
collapse of Reton Woodson in 1964
00:01:58
Switzerland joined the group, there were 11 members,
00:02:01
but the name of the group was not changed along
00:02:04
the way, I note that the Big Ten group
00:02:06
exists to this day, but its
00:02:09
activities are not advertised. The member countries
00:02:12
carry out mutual consultations and
00:02:14
cooperation in the financial and
00:02:16
economic sphere. The official
00:02:18
observers of the activities of the Group of
00:02:20
Ten are the following international
00:02:22
organizations BIS International Monetary
00:02:25
Fund European Commission and Organization for
00:02:28
Economic Co-operation and Development
00:02:31
OSD meeting place of the group of
00:02:33
ten Smithsonian Institution is the
00:02:36
name of a research and
00:02:38
educational institute in the United States and
00:02:40
includes a complex of museums founded on August 10,
00:02:44
1846 by an act of the US Congress officially
00:02:48
considered a government agency
00:02:50
funded by the US government as well as
00:02:52
private donors, most
00:02:55
institutions are located in Washington
00:02:57
to force Uncle Sam to restore the
00:02:59
convertibility of dollars into gold. At a
00:03:01
meeting of the Smithsonian Institution,
00:03:04
US partners were unable to
00:03:06
persuade Washington to increase the price of gold
00:03:09
from 35 to 38 dollars per troy ounce.
00:03:13
Which meant the devaluation of the dollar by
00:03:16
7.89 About countries participants in the Breton
00:03:19
Woods system had long sought from Washington the
00:03:22
devaluation of the dollar, but everything was quite
00:03:24
remarkable that according to Washington’s logic,
00:03:30
any IMF member countries
00:03:33
except the United States should have carried out revaluation of the devaluation of their currencies. Remember, Kuprin in the story of the
00:03:36
duel in 1905 gave birth to the
00:03:39
catchphrase the whole company is not in one
00:03:42
lieutenant marches in step, so Uncle Sam
00:03:45
considered himself the very lieutenant to
00:03:47
whom the whole company should adapt.
00:03:50
That is, all other countries are members of the fund.
00:03:52
Meanwhile, Uncle Sam had to either
00:03:55
correct his deficit balance of payments
00:03:57
or carry out the Virgin Qi dollar
00:04:00
demanded from Washington, many
00:04:02
countries But France was especially persistent,
00:04:05
for example, the French economist and
00:04:07
adviser to President Charles de Gaulle Jacques
00:04:09
Raf wrote the Wall Street Journal On June 9,
00:04:13
1969, the price of gold was set
00:04:17
at the current level in 1934 by
00:04:20
President Roosevelt Since then, all
00:04:22
prices in the United States have more than
00:04:25
doubled end quote Based on this
00:04:28
assessment, the French demanded that Washington
00:04:30
carry out a 100% devaluation of the
00:04:32
dollar, that is, the price of gold had to
00:04:35
rise from 35 to 70 dollars per
00:04:38
troy ounce for transnational
00:04:41
corporations and US banks, such a
00:04:43
demand was unacceptable and even
00:04:45
outrageous. After all, they had long since set a
00:04:48
course for replacing the export of goods
00:04:50
export of capital And for this an
00:04:53
overvalued dollar exchange rate was needed. I will allow
00:04:56
myself to make another lyrical
00:04:58
digression to explain the position of the United States in the
00:05:01
early seventies back in 1916,
00:05:05
Vladimir Lenin in his work imperialism as the
00:05:07
highest stage of capitalism wrote
00:05:10
that at the stage of monopoly
00:05:12
capitalism the export of capital begins
00:05:15
prevail over the export of goods; however,
00:05:17
other researchers of capitalism also wrote about such a predominance
00:05:20
at the beginning of the 20th
00:05:23
century, then this predominance was most clearly
00:05:25
visible in
00:05:27
countries such as Great Britain France
00:05:29
Belgium Holland American
00:05:32
capitalism of that time was not yet so
00:05:34
mature Therefore, its export of goods
00:05:37
prevailed over the export of capital A Here
00:05:40
in America, the predominance of the export of capital
00:05:42
over the export of goods in the sixties
00:05:45
became especially significant in comparison
00:05:47
with other economically developed
00:05:49
countries. America, like no other
00:05:52
country, needed an overvalued exchange rate of the
00:05:55
national currency. Let’s return to the
00:05:57
Smithsonian Agreement. At the same time with the
00:06:00
forced depreciation of the dollar,
00:06:02
there was an increase in the exchange rates of many
00:06:04
other countries by 7
00:06:07
-1% in exchange for the revaluation of non-
00:06:10
US currencies Washington abolished the
00:06:12
ten percent
00:06:15
Nixon announced on August 15,
00:06:18
1971, at the same time,
00:06:21
changes occurred in the previously stable
00:06:24
exchange rates of non-US currencies, which
00:06:26
created additional tension in the
00:06:28
relations of a number of G10 countries and
00:06:31
was also established quite a large
00:06:34
gap in possible deviations in exchange
00:06:36
rates, plus or minus
00:06:38
2.25; before that, the gap was plus or minus 1%;
00:06:43
today, some economists call the
00:06:45
Smithsonian agreement an act of despair; a
00:06:48
successful decision; complete inaction of the
00:06:50
G10 member countries would have brought
00:06:53
less damage; in fact, the countries have
00:06:55
committed themselves to support the exchange rates
00:06:57
of their currencies with the exception of the United States, which,
00:07:00
by inertia, continued to enjoy their
00:07:03
privileged status, the unilateral
00:07:05
actions of the United States in the monetary sphere increased the
00:07:08
interest of Western European countries in the
00:07:10
development of their currency grouping, and the
00:07:13
return to the system of fixed exchange rates
00:07:15
laid the foundation for a new attempt
00:07:17
to link European currencies with each other
00:07:20
following the country's Werner plan -members of the
00:07:22
European Economic Community (
00:07:25
EU) introduced a mechanism for joint floating of
00:07:27
currencies; the Basel Agreement of
00:07:30
April 24, 1972 introduced narrowed limits for
00:07:34
fluctuations in the exchange rates of EU member countries
00:07:36
within
00:07:38
1.125 per both countries; in May 1972, the
00:07:44
agreement was joined by
00:07:46
candidate countries for accession to the EU Great
00:07:48
Britain Denmark Ireland Norway,
00:07:51
the system of coordinated fluctuations in
00:07:54
exchange rates was called the snake in the tunnel
00:07:57
or the European currency snake; the snake
00:08:00
meant the limits of joint fluctuations in
00:08:02
EU currency rates equal to
00:08:06
1,125% in both directions, and the tunnel is their
00:08:09
external limits of fluctuations in relation to the
00:08:12
dollar and other currencies equal to 2 and
00:08:16
25% On the other hand, central banks had to
00:08:20
conduct joint interventions and
00:08:22
provide short-term
00:08:24
loans to each other for these purposes. Each country had the
00:08:27
right to devalue or
00:08:29
revalue the national currency and then
00:08:32
had to again maintain the exchange rate
00:08:34
within the corridor; the mechanism consisted of two
00:08:37
corridors: a narrow European one and a wide
00:08:40
dollar one the one that was
00:08:42
determined at a meeting in Washington in
00:08:44
December 1971 and the first was
00:08:48
called the currency snake in the corridor from the
00:08:51
countries of Western Europe,
00:08:53
criticism increased against the United States. Europeans complained
00:08:56
that the government of Richard Nixon was
00:08:58
doing nothing to implement the
00:09:00
Smithsonian agreement and did not
00:09:02
support the devaluation of the
00:09:04
dollar. appropriate monetary and
00:09:06
fiscal policies, as
00:09:08
evidenced by the budget deficit and low
00:09:11
Key rate does not want to
00:09:13
commit to returning at least
00:09:15
partial convertibility of the dollar into
00:09:17
gold and is indifferent to the
00:09:20
problems of European countries in
00:09:21
maintaining new exchange rates in
00:09:24
early 1973, high inflation and the
00:09:27
abolition of controls wages and
00:09:30
prices increased pressure on the dollar in
00:09:33
February 1973, the United States and Western
00:09:36
European countries agreed to re-
00:09:38
devaluate the dollar by 10% The gold
00:09:42
parity of the dollar was now equal to 42 and
00:09:45
22 dollars per troy ounce the price of the
00:09:48
precious metal increased by
00:09:51
11.1 pro along the way I note that this price is
00:09:55
still used by the American
00:09:57
Treasury to calculate the
00:09:59
US gold reserve for many years, in the
00:10:02
financial reports of the US monetary authorities the
00:10:05
same indicators of the
00:10:07
US gold reserve appear in physical
00:10:09
terms:
00:10:11
8133.5 tons, worth 11 billion 41 million
00:10:17
dollars, the above-mentioned
00:10:19
transatlantic the agreement of February
00:10:22
1973 on the new exchange rate of the
00:10:25
dollar and its new Gold parity
00:10:28
lasted only a month after which
00:10:30
the dollar went into free float, the new
00:10:32
US Treasury Secretary Shultz, who replaced
00:10:35
zero in May of seventy-two,
00:10:38
said that the American policy of the
00:10:41
key rate and domestic liquidity
00:10:43
would determined only in accordance
00:10:46
with the needs of the American economy,
00:10:48
excluding other considerations of an international
00:10:51
nature, the new system lasted
00:10:54
no more than a year, after 5-6 months
00:10:57
it became absolutely clear that the debt was
00:10:59
unfairly overvalued in Europe
00:11:03
and Japan. On the contrary, it was
00:11:06
undervalued in February-March
00:11:08
1973, financial markets around the world
00:11:12
panic struck, the dollar
00:11:14
collapsed and the state with strong currencies
00:11:17
suspended its acquisition On March 11,
00:11:21
1973, at an emergency meeting,
00:11:25
EU members except Great Britain, Ireland and
00:11:28
Italy agreed that they would no longer
00:11:30
maintain a fixed parity with
00:11:32
respect to the dollar, but would
00:11:34
maintain fixed exchange
00:11:35
rates between European currencies, this
00:11:38
meant joint swimming
00:11:40
relative to the dollar and other currencies in
00:11:43
order to protect the common market from external
00:11:45
turbulence, which was a further
00:11:47
step towards the autonomous development of the
00:11:50
European currency snake in the same
00:11:54
1973 in the old world, the
00:11:58
European unit of account eq was created for non-cash payments, which
00:12:01
was a currency basket
00:12:04
made up of currencies of the EU member countries, its
00:12:07
exchange rate was more stable since
00:12:09
fluctuations in the basket of currencies
00:12:11
balanced each other, it was expected that the
00:12:13
eq would eventually become a single
00:12:16
European currency and reserve unit.
00:12:18
Along with the dollar and the special
00:12:21
drawing rights SDR, it would not be an
00:12:23
exaggeration to say that the creation of a
00:12:25
single European currency began the eq and
00:12:28
Later, the euro was provoked by the
00:12:30
collapse of the Breton Uson system. Let me remind you that
00:12:34
in 1944, at the Breton GVA conference,
00:12:38
all 44 delegations agreed that the stove
00:12:41
from which they would dance, that is,
00:12:43
construct an international
00:12:45
monetary and financial system, should become
00:12:48
fixed stable exchange rates without
00:12:50
fulfilling this condition for the development of
00:12:52
the international trade and the post-war
00:12:55
economic recovery are very
00:12:57
problematic; everything else in relation to the
00:12:59
task of ensuring fixed
00:13:01
stable exchange rates
00:13:03
was considered as a means, and in
00:13:05
March 1973 a very
00:13:08
significant event occurred: the system of
00:13:10
fixed exchange rates, even with
00:13:12
extended gaps in permissible deviations,
00:13:15
finally and irrevocably turned
00:13:18
into a floating exchange rate system and
00:13:21
restoring Breton Woods, no one
00:13:24
was thinking about the USSR, as I have already written several times,
00:13:27
Breton Woods did not become a member of the system,
00:13:30
but nevertheless, the State Bank of the USSR
00:13:33
pegged the Soviet ruble to the
00:13:35
US dollar, while within the Breton Woods system there
00:13:38
were fixed exchange rates, then the
00:13:40
ruble rate set by the State Bank was the same all
00:13:43
the time at one point in the sixties
00:13:45
and seventies it was equal to 90 kopecks per
00:13:49
US dollar in 1971, the rate
00:13:53
was increased to 83 kopecks for the first time in many years. But the
00:13:57
ruble rates were subsequent kopecks per
00:14:00
US dollar 1971 83 1972 83 1973
00:14:07
76
00:14:09
1974 73 1975 74 1976 74
00:14:17
1977 70 kopecks per dollar by the end of the
00:14:21
eighties, the ruble exchange rate became even
00:14:23
higher in
00:14:24
1987, it rose to a record
00:14:27
level of 58 kopecks since March 1973, when
00:14:32
exchange rates began to float freely within the Breton Woodson system, the
00:14:35
phase of
00:14:38
active preparation for the replacement of Breton
00:14:40
Woods began for another international
00:14:43
monetary and financial system, the preparation
00:14:45
was almost entirely behind the scenes; the
00:14:47
results were made public at the Jamaican
00:14:50
conference in January
00:14:52
1976 end of
00:14:58
article N
00:15:02
[music]

Description:

🔥🔥🔥 Покупка золотых монет Георгий Победоносец оптом и в розницу здесь - https://www.zolotoy-club.ru/ Инвестируйте в золото. Официальная эмиссия Банка России.🔥🔥🔥 ======= Новая статья Валентина Катасонова. Раз за разом Америка в своём стремлении к мировому господству наступала "на любимую мозоль" всему миру. Это вызывало недовольство у Европейских стран. В итоге, международная система Бреттон-Вудса постепенно была ликвидирована. Слушаем новую статью друга Золотого Инвест Клуба Валентина Катасонова о демонтаже системы Бреттон Вудса. Читает автор. Текстовая версия статьи: https://www.zolotoy-club.ru/tpost/kus8gt0tt1-zolotaya-istoriya-bretton-vudsa-hronika Навигация: 00:00 Золотая история Бреттон Вудса: хроника демонтажа системы 1971-1973 гг | Валентин Катасонов | Статья 00:15 Никсоновский шок 00:53 Встреча G10 02:57 Результаты встречи Большой десятки 04:00 Многие страны требовали девальвации доллара 04:55 Позиция США в начале 70-х годов 05:56 Смитсоновское соглашение 07:04 Фундамент ЕЭС 08:50 недовольство Европы 10:32 Америке нет дела до интересов других стран 11:19 Чрезвычайная встреча членов ЕЭС 12:32 Бреттон-Вудс 13:05 Знаменательное событие 1973 года 13:25 СССР 14:29 Замена системы Бреттон-Вудса ========================================================================= 💥👆 ПОДПИСЫВАЙТЕСЬ НА КАНАЛ, В НЕМ МЫ ПУБЛИКУЕМ МНОГО ИНТЕРЕСНОГО ОБ ИНВЕСТИЦИЯХ И ЗОЛОТЕ 👆💥 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBO7IDlSlpuSTtIGd_xt3dw?sub_confirmation=1 ========================================================================= ДЕЛИТЕСЬ ВИДЕО С ДРУЗЬЯМИ И ЗНАКОМЫМИ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPpwB_6yZqg +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ЗОЛОТОЙ ИНВЕСТ КЛУБ НА RUTUBE https://rutube.ru/channel/26541447/ =================================================== 🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻 КУПИТЬ ИЛИ ПРОДАТЬ ЗОЛОТЫЕ И СЕРЕБРЯНЫЕ МОНЕТЫ ГЕОРГИЙ ПОБЕДОНОСЕЦ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 🛎 Связаться с нами 🛎 Москва: +7 495 205 82 31 Регионы: 8 800 222 72 10 (бесплатно по всей России) Telegram и WhatsApp: +7 916 728 03 43 📍 Представительства во многих регионах РФ. 🏢 Адрес главного офиса Золотого Инвест Клуба: г. Москва, Бизнес-Парк “Орджоникидзе 11”, ул. Орджоникидзе, д.11, строение 44 Реклама. ООО "ИМПЕРИАЛЪ" ИНН 9725042269 erid: LjN8KBVJM

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mobile menu iconWhy does my computer freeze when loading a "Золотая история Бреттон Вудса: хроника демонтажа системы 1971-1973 гг | Валентин Катасонов | Статья" video?mobile menu icon

  • The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.

mobile menu iconHow can I download "Золотая история Бреттон Вудса: хроника демонтажа системы 1971-1973 гг | Валентин Катасонов | Статья" video to my phone?mobile menu icon

  • You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.

mobile menu iconHow can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Золотая история Бреттон Вудса: хроника демонтажа системы 1971-1973 гг | Валентин Катасонов | Статья"?mobile menu icon

  • The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.

mobile menu iconHow can I save a frame from a video "Золотая история Бреттон Вудса: хроника демонтажа системы 1971-1973 гг | Валентин Катасонов | Статья"?mobile menu icon

  • This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.

mobile menu iconWhat's the price of all this stuff?mobile menu icon

  • It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.