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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:06
Captain Lloyd W Williams can hear the00:00:09
sounds of combat men of the fifth Marine00:00:12
regiment pick their way through Bellow00:00:14
wood newly arrived to reinforce their00:00:17
flagging French and British allies00:00:20
suddenly forms come bursting from the00:00:23
thick00:00:24
Woods the Marines raised their rifles00:00:27
but instead of stalh helmed Germans they00:00:30
find their lines swamped by battered00:00:32
French00:00:34
infantry as their comrades Retreat00:00:36
through the American line a French00:00:38
Colonel approaches Captain Williams but00:00:41
his English is broken and00:00:43
unintelligible the French officer gives00:00:46
a snort of frustration and pulls a00:00:48
notepad from his kit scribbling a note00:00:51
Captain Williams reads the proferred00:00:53
order before fixing his bayonet uttering00:00:56
six words that will echo through the00:00:58
history of the United uned States Marine00:01:01
Corps Retreat hell we just got00:01:07
here General George S Patton once00:01:10
referred to the M1 Garand as the00:01:13
greatest battle Implement ever devised00:01:16
its reliability and accuracy on the00:01:18
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today safe behind its twin Moes of the00:02:25
Atlantic and Pacific the United States00:02:27
watched the development of the first00:02:29
world war with concern when hostilities00:02:32
broke out in July of 1914 American00:02:35
ambassador to France myant T heric00:02:38
advocated taking an active role in00:02:40
mediation expression from our nation00:02:43
would have great weight in this crisis a00:02:45
strong plea for delay and moderation00:02:48
from the president of the United States00:02:50
would meet with the respect and approval00:02:52
of Europe President Wilson called for00:02:55
neutrality on an existential level00:02:58
exhorting all Americans to preserve00:03:00
neutrality in thought and in deed to00:03:03
this end the government prohibited00:03:05
American Banks from loaning money to any00:03:07
belligerent Nation an act that the then00:03:10
Secretary of State and noted gold hater00:03:12
William Jennings Brian hoped would both00:03:14
cement American neutrality and bring the00:03:17
war to a speedy conclusion one cannot00:03:20
fight with an empty War chest after all00:03:23
this fiscal neutrality was not long00:03:25
lived as President Wilson reversed the00:03:28
decision in 1915 in response to the00:03:30
British Empire indicating their00:03:32
stockpiles of cash were about to run out00:03:35
and thus they could not afford to00:03:37
continue buying American Goods though00:03:39
protesting its neutrality at each turn00:03:41
the United States was all too Keen to do00:03:44
business with the anant with the00:03:46
metaphorical floodgates opened American00:03:49
creditors sent a veritable tsunami of00:03:51
greenbacks to the British Empire who00:03:53
turned right around and spent that money00:03:55
in the United States but the British00:03:58
were not the only foreign shoppers in00:04:00
American markets as the German Empire00:04:02
too sought to buy critical supplies from00:04:05
Uncle Sam with the Western Front00:04:07
grinding to a stalemate Germany hired00:04:10
ships from neutral countries to Ferry00:04:12
food and other necessities purchased in00:04:14
the United States to the continent but00:04:16
British Naval Supremacy and their00:04:18
blockade of Germany prevented much of it00:04:21
from getting through the United States00:04:24
formerly protested the British blockade00:04:26
in March of 1915 but the issue was quite00:04:29
resolved in a meeting that saw the00:04:31
United States accept a British00:04:33
prohibition on selling food to Germany00:04:37
when the blockade began impacting00:04:38
American cotton exports and threatening00:04:41
a vital pillar of the economy Britain00:04:43
agreed to increase their cotton00:04:45
purchases to cover the shortfall the00:04:47
upshot of all of this economic backro00:04:49
dealing was an ostensibly neutral United00:04:52
States bowing to any small pressure from00:04:54
the British Empire to stop selling to00:04:57
Germany between 1914 to 19 16 American00:05:00
trade with the German Empire plummeted00:05:03
by an economy shattering00:05:06
99% Germany backs to an economic wall00:05:09
ordered a submarine blockade of Great00:05:12
Britain in retaliation the United States00:05:15
protested declaring this to be a00:05:17
violation of international law this00:05:20
double standard accepting a British00:05:23
blockade of Germany but not a German00:05:25
blockade of Britain was acknowledged and00:05:27
waved Away by President Wilson00:05:30
who claimed that the British Navy did00:05:32
not threaten American lives in the same00:05:34
way that Germany's powerful Fleet of00:05:36
submarines did Wilson was unaware that00:05:39
Germany had only nine submarines with00:05:42
which to enforce its blockade hardly the00:05:45
mammoth threat to American life that he00:05:47
seemed to imagine but the threat was00:05:49
still there as the sinking of the00:05:52
Lucitania on March 7th 1915 would throw00:05:56
into sharp00:05:58
relief00:06:00
the sinking of the RMS Lucitania which00:06:03
killed 128 American citizens was only00:06:07
one in a series of incidents that drove00:06:10
the American people further and further00:06:12
into the anons camp the American public00:06:16
already displeased at reports of German00:06:18
atrocities in Belgium condemned the00:06:21
apparent sinking of a civilian vessel00:06:23
and a diplomatic back and forth between00:06:25
Washington and Berlin ensued calls to00:06:29
enter the war rang in the halls of the00:06:31
capital stopped only by German promises00:06:34
to scale back their submarine operations00:06:37
America was pacified for now but German00:06:40
Americans began to face Prejudice at00:06:42
home Prejudice that would only intensify00:06:45
as the war progressed doubts of00:06:47
german-americans loyalty would be00:06:49
continuously raised with President00:06:52
Wilson declaring that any man who00:06:54
carries a hyphen with him carries a00:06:56
dagger that he is ready to plunge into00:06:58
the vital of this Republic when he gets00:07:01
ready a nakedly hostile remark towards00:07:04
the largest non-english-speaking group00:07:06
in the United States at the time00:07:08
government stoked and homegrown paranoia00:07:11
escalated into violence with German00:07:13
Americans shot forced from their homes00:07:16
or lynched such as the case of Robert00:07:19
Paul Prager a naturalized citizen who00:07:21
was lynched as a spy in April of 191800:07:25
this hatred was further stoked by an00:07:27
incredible Act of sabotage00:07:30
as previously mentioned the antant00:07:32
funneled much money to Yankee businesses00:07:35
including Munitions plants Germany00:07:37
unable to buy American Weaponry thanks00:07:39
to the British blockade began sending00:07:42
spies to find where the anant was00:07:44
procuring and transporting weapons and00:07:47
munition and to Halt the flow of00:07:49
material if possible one such Point of00:07:52
Departure was black Tom Island in New00:07:55
York Harbor and on July 30th 1916 German00:07:58
agent decided to have a little fireworks00:08:01
show igniting over $20 million worth of00:08:05
stockpile Munitions the Germans created00:08:08
one of the largest non-nuclear00:08:10
explosions in human history a shock wave00:08:13
equivalent to a magnitude 5 earthquake00:08:16
was felt as far away as Philadelphia the00:08:19
Statue of Liberty was damaged and black00:08:21
Tom Island was devastated 110x 50 m00:08:25
crater left behind by the blast momentum00:08:28
was Stead building for the United States00:08:30
to enter the war and in a display of00:08:33
military acumin that would make Von00:08:35
bismar proud German planners determined00:08:38
that the best way to keep the United00:08:40
States from entering Wars was to00:08:42
actively Target their merchant shipping00:08:44
and threaten American00:08:46
lives their rationale was simple00:08:49
bringing back unrestricted submarine00:08:50
warfare and sinking every ship headed to00:08:53
Britain American or not would starve the00:08:55
anant into submission and end the war00:08:57
before the United States could even be00:08:59
moved to intervene American ships were00:09:02
sunk but President Wilson just barely00:09:05
reelected continued to Demmer instead00:09:07
proclaiming armed neutrality by ordering00:09:10
American ships to be armed and00:09:12
authorized to fire on any aggressor as00:09:15
their ships were raided and more were00:09:16
lost the American public began clamoring00:09:19
for more than just armed neutrality00:09:22
President Wilson continued to resist but00:09:25
his efforts were ended by the infamous00:09:27
Zimmerman Telegram an order by the00:09:29
German foreign minister to his men in00:09:31
Mexico to court America's Southern00:09:33
neighbor with Promises of recovering00:09:35
territory in Texas Arizona and New00:09:38
Mexico if they would invade the United00:09:40
States for these Central Powers00:09:43
President Wilson faced with all of these00:09:45
pressures asked his cabinet for advice00:09:47
and found a single word on all of his00:09:50
advisers lips both houses of the United00:09:52
States Congress passed resolutions00:09:54
supporting a war on Germany and00:09:57
President Wilson forly requested00:09:59
Congress acknowledge a state of War had00:10:01
been created by Germany's actions rather00:10:03
than declare war outright Congress00:10:05
responded by declaring war outright on00:10:09
April 6th 1917 neutrality had ended and00:10:12
it was time to go over00:10:16
there the United States that entered the00:10:18
first world war was far from a military00:10:21
power isolationism had taken its toll on00:10:23
America's Armed Forces leaving President00:10:26
Wilson to call up a minuscule standing00:10:28
army and dust off a Navy of Aging00:10:31
battleships this in a way suited the00:10:34
president just fine as Wilson believed00:10:36
the simple Act of entering the war would00:10:38
tip the balance of power firmly in the00:10:41
favor of the anant while the British and00:10:43
French clamored for a fight to the00:10:45
Finish Wilson had his gaze fixed firmly00:10:48
on bringing the Germans to the00:10:50
negotiating table and truly making this00:10:52
the war to end all wars with the passage00:10:56
of The Selective Service Act widespread00:10:58
conscription swelled the Americans00:11:00
numbers 2 million men had volunteered at00:11:02
the outbreak of war and conscription00:11:04
would see 2.8 million more go over there00:11:08
whether volunteers or conscripts Yankee00:11:10
troops began making their way to00:11:14
Europe American troops landed on00:11:16
European Shores in June of00:11:19
1917 British and French commanders00:11:21
initially viewed the newly arrived00:11:23
Americans as reinforcements they could00:11:26
use to supplement their dwindling00:11:28
numbers some black soldiers including00:11:31
the famous Harlem Hell Fighters were00:11:33
folded into the French army for the00:11:35
duration of the war but General John00:11:37
Blackjack persing Infamous pacifier of00:11:40
the Philippines and commander of the00:11:42
American expeditionary Force sought to00:11:45
keep his men together in a unified00:11:47
American Army persing would largely get00:11:50
his way and the first major engagement00:11:53
fought by the Americans would come the00:11:55
following summer the Battle of00:11:57
con00:11:59
a German Salient at the Village of con00:12:02
represented a golden opportunity to00:12:04
persing who committed the first Infantry00:12:07
Division better known as The Big Red One00:12:09
to wipe it out this strike would not00:12:12
only consolidate on taunt Lions but00:12:14
persing hoped seeing the Americans in00:12:16
action would boost French confidence in00:12:18
their American comrades at 6:45 a.m. on00:12:22
May 28th 1918 American infantry Advanced00:12:26
under cover of French artillery French00:12:28
tanks and flamethrower detachments00:12:30
Advanced alongside the Yanks and the00:12:32
combined Force Advanced up the slopes of00:12:35
con despite the help of the French00:12:38
Gunners tankers and air support the00:12:40
Americans were mauled during the uphill00:12:42
battle yet they succeeded in capturing00:12:44
the village German counterattacks began00:12:47
not long thereafter but the Americans00:12:49
held firm turning back 2 days of00:12:51
offensives and keeping a firm grip on00:12:54
Quant the Americans accomplished their00:12:56
objective of not only taking the village00:12:58
but also demonstrating that they could00:13:00
be counted on in a scrap that scrap00:13:03
would come at Bellow wood a German00:13:05
offensive punched a hole in French lines00:13:08
and the US Marines were sent to plug the00:13:10
Gap pushing back the German assault and00:13:12
repelling numerous attempts to reopen00:13:14
the hole from there the Marines00:13:17
assaulted critical German positions in00:13:19
and around Bellow wood taking heavy00:13:21
casualties but accomplishing their00:13:23
objectives it was among the Trees of00:13:26
bellow that Marine lore could be written00:13:29
Captain Williams refusal to retreat has00:13:31
become the motto of the fifth Marines00:13:34
but Bellow wood and con were only the00:13:36
Prelude to the largest offensive in00:13:38
American military history to that point00:13:41
from September 26th to November 11th 1.200:13:45
million American troops embarked on the00:13:47
Muse argon offensive aimed at capturing00:13:50
the rail head at sedon the offensive hit00:13:53
immediate stumbling blocks as the00:13:55
Americans deployed inexperienced units00:13:57
already weakened by by the Spanish Flu00:14:00
as the battle dragged on both the00:14:02
Americans and the French sent troops to00:14:04
shore up the line the onon spirits would00:14:07
be lifted by an incredible Act of00:14:09
heroism Corporal Alvin York a sharp00:14:12
shooting infantryman from the 82nd00:14:13
infantry now the 82nd Airborne killed 2500:14:17
and captured 132 Germans a feat that00:14:20
would earn him the Medal of Honor in a00:14:23
bid to break the stalemate The Big Red00:14:26
One assaulted the German stronghold at00:14:29
kot duaon an imposing position that00:14:31
American Lieutenant General Robert Bard00:14:34
described thus not a line a net 4 km00:14:37
deep wire interlaced knee high in Grass00:14:41
wire Tangled devilishly in forests pill00:14:44
boxes in succession one covering another00:14:47
no Foxhole cover for Gunners here but00:14:50
concrete masonry bits of trenches more00:14:52
wire a few light guns defense in depth00:14:57
the mighty first was repulsed by this00:14:59
net but their loss was quickly Avenged00:15:01
by your friend and mine Douglas00:15:03
MacArthur of the 42nd Rainbow division a00:15:06
patchwork of National Guard troops from00:15:08
States from Iowa to Alabama the00:15:10
Guardsmen were able to succeed where the00:15:13
Big Red One failed cracking coat to00:15:15
ChatOn and turning the tide of the00:15:17
offensive just in time for the Armistice00:15:19
to be signed on November 11th America00:15:23
would prove as active in peace as they00:15:25
were in the final days of the war00:15:27
President Wilson brought his 14 points00:15:30
to the negotiations at Versailles and00:15:32
pushed for these principles to provide00:15:34
the Bedrock for the post-war World00:15:37
Wilson envisioned A League of Nations00:15:40
that would promote Global Peace and00:15:41
provide a diplomatic alternative to00:15:44
fighting Wilson also sought to impose00:15:47
his peaceableness on Europe as a whole00:15:49
dismantling the Old Colonial system and00:15:52
promoting self-determination for All00:15:54
Peoples across the world but Wilson's00:15:56
ideas were not universally accepted with00:15:58
the previously mentioned secretary of00:16:00
state Lancing remarking that promoting00:16:03
self-determination would raise hopes00:16:05
which can never be realized and that the00:16:08
phrase is simply loaded with dynamite00:16:11
the British and French were equally00:16:12
skeptical with the French representative00:16:14
only reading Wilson's points when the00:16:16
German delegation requested that they be00:16:19
the basis of the peace talks fearing00:16:21
that the Americans and Germans would00:16:23
conclude a separate piece based on00:16:24
Wilson's ideas the French and British00:16:27
accepted the 14 points as Germany00:16:29
requested Wilson became quite popular00:16:32
for his peacemaking image and his League00:16:34
of Nations was formally established in00:16:36
1920 but neither the Treaty of00:16:38
Versailles which ended the first world00:16:40
war nor the United States entry into the00:16:42
League of Nations were approved by00:16:44
Congress a sign that isolationism had00:16:47
returned to America's Shores America's00:16:50
war was over for00:16:55
now the stock market crash of of00:16:59
1929 and the resulting Great Depression00:17:02
were especially hard on the United00:17:05
States in a desperate attempt to00:17:08
revitalize the economy president Herbert00:17:10
Hoover signed the 1930 Smoot Holly00:17:13
Tariff Act which raised customs duties00:17:16
to such an extent that imported goods00:17:19
became unaffordable to all but the00:17:21
wealthiest00:17:23
Americans instead of spurring domestic00:17:26
purchasing and production as intended00:17:28
the smoo Holly tariffs succeeded only in00:17:31
further damaging the world's economy as00:17:34
other nations passed retaliatory tariffs00:17:37
against American exports International00:17:40
Trade plummeted by 65% leading to the00:17:43
full collapse of banks in America and00:17:46
Europe as the world economy only00:17:48
increased its tail00:17:50
spin when Franklin Delano Roosevelt00:17:53
became president in 1933 he immediately00:17:56
set about implementing his New Deal00:17:59
program to strengthen America's economy00:18:01
and get people back to work it is August00:18:05
1939 World tensions are escalating at an00:18:08
alarming rate the United States a rising00:18:11
power in global Affairs becomes more00:18:13
active in deterring the spread of the00:18:16
Axis powers in Europe and the Pacific00:18:19
these decisions would Mark the beginning00:18:21
of a chapter that saw America confront00:18:24
its principles its enemies and its own00:18:27
legacy00:18:28
after the first world war the United00:18:31
States was Keen to remain out of00:18:33
European Affairs huge losses experienced00:18:36
during the war combined with economic00:18:38
hardships from the Great Depression00:18:40
prioritized domestic concerns over00:18:42
Foreign Affairs America's isolationism00:18:46
was further influenced by the NY00:18:48
committee's findings in00:18:50
1934 their report suggested that00:18:52
propaganda rather than genuine threats00:18:55
had been a significant factor in the00:18:57
US's decision to enter the first world00:19:00
war as a result the US government00:19:02
solidified its stance on remaining00:19:04
neutral in global conflicts by passing00:19:07
the Neutrality Acts between 1935 and00:19:10
1937 which prevented arms loans and00:19:14
credit being sent to belligerent00:19:16
Nations however the late 1930s showed00:19:20
unmistakable signs of a greater conflict00:19:23
Brewing President Franklin D Roosevelt00:19:25
while initially advocating for isolation00:19:28
started to reconsider America's role on00:19:30
the global stage as access countries00:19:33
snatched territories across Europe Asia00:19:36
and Africa he believed that it was00:19:38
essential to support the Allies00:19:40
indirectly the cash and carry policy00:19:43
introduced in November 1939 was one such00:19:47
initiative which allowed European00:19:48
nations to purchase goods from the US00:19:51
provided they handled transportation and00:19:53
payment another significant policy was00:19:56
the 1940 destroyers for bases deal which00:20:00
facilitated the transfer of Naval00:20:02
destroyers to Britain in exchange the US00:20:04
was granted access to specific military00:20:07
bases within British territory by March00:20:10
1941 Roosevelt signed the lentle bill00:20:13
which permitted him to sell or transfer00:20:16
any American defense articles to any00:20:18
government whose defense was also deemed00:20:20
vital to the defense of the United00:20:22
States in April this policy was extended00:20:26
to the nationalists in China and later00:20:28
in October to the Soviets due to00:20:31
operation00:20:32
Barbarosa parallel to these diplomatic00:20:34
and economic strategies the US Merchant00:20:37
Marine was actively involved in00:20:39
supporting the Allied efforts tasked00:20:41
with the crucial responsibility of00:20:43
transporting supplies they continually00:20:46
risked confrontations with German and00:20:48
Japanese forces recognizing their00:20:51
importance the US initiated the00:20:53
production of cargo vessels known as00:20:55
Liberty ships from January 194 1 onwards00:20:59
to bolster the merchant marines00:21:01
capacity a pivotal moment in the US's00:21:04
approach to the impending World conflict00:21:07
was the meeting between Roosevelt and00:21:09
British prime minister Winston Churchill00:21:11
in August of00:21:13
1941 the two leaders deliberated on00:21:16
potential strategies and mutual goals00:21:19
while Roosevelt was keen on supporting00:21:21
the Allies further he understood that a00:21:24
clear and direct reason was essential00:21:26
for the US to commit mil militarily that00:21:29
defining moment arrived in December 194100:21:33
with the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor00:21:35
propelling the United States into the00:21:37
second world00:21:41
war as Germany conquered Europe Japan00:21:44
set about acquiring the territories00:21:46
necessary for their co-prosperity00:21:49
beyond their gains in China Japan00:21:51
Incorporated French Indochina with00:21:54
German consent on September 22nd 194000:21:57
occup Ying the former colonies until the00:22:00
vichi French authorities bowed to the00:22:02
Japanese demands 4 days later the next00:22:06
day Japan signed The tripartite Pact00:22:08
concluding a defensive alliance with00:22:10
Germany and Italy against the United00:22:13
States who by this time had sought to00:22:15
Japan's war effort with harsh00:22:18
sanctions and embargos on much needed00:22:20
resources like Machine Tools aviation00:22:23
fuel and scrap metal the need for these00:22:26
resources coupled with fears of an00:22:28
eventual Oil Embargo drove Japan further00:22:31
toward establishing their co-prosperity00:22:33
sphere which was deemed vital for the00:22:35
ongoing War in00:22:37
China at home the Japanese public were00:22:40
galvanized into support of the Empire00:22:42
through intense repression and00:22:44
propaganda anti-subversion laws and00:22:47
controls over the intelligencia were00:22:49
implemented to discourage liberal00:22:51
Tendencies education on all levels was00:22:54
revoked to indoctrinate the youth00:22:56
shaping them as future assets for00:22:58
Japanese Supremacy over Asia and the00:23:02
Pacific Imperial propagandists00:23:04
Incorporated Shinto religious traditions00:23:06
in this effort forming a state00:23:08
sanctioned cult which served the00:23:10
Empire's interest first and foremost00:23:13
above all this Hirohito reigned as the00:23:16
Divine figurehead Emperor shaah it was00:23:18
under his name that Japanese Fighters00:23:21
dedicated their famous Bonsai battlecry00:23:23
charging recklessly into the enemy with00:23:26
bayonets swords or in the cockpit of a00:23:28
diving00:23:30
aircraft militarily resources of the00:23:33
co-prosperity sphere would be secured00:23:35
under a national resource Zone which00:23:37
stretched from Burma to00:23:39
Melania to protect this Zone the newly00:23:42
conquered territories would be defended00:23:44
by the Army while the Navy secured its00:23:47
ocean Lanes this daunting task of Naval00:23:50
superiority in the Pacific was made00:23:52
attainable thanks to Japan withdrawing00:23:54
from the Washington Naval limitation00:23:56
treaty in 193 7 giving the Navy ample00:23:59
time to construct some of the largest00:24:01
battleships ever built like the Yamoto00:24:04
and the00:24:06
Musashi at the same time senior staff00:24:09
held doubts about these super00:24:10
battleships urging those in government00:24:13
to shift Focus toward air power and00:24:15
submarines needed for the National00:24:17
Defense Zone of those senior staff the00:24:20
most notable was its commanderin-chief00:24:22
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto who was a00:24:25
longtime believer in Naval Aviation00:24:27
ation something which played a key role00:24:29
in his plans for operation Z the attack00:24:32
on Pearl00:24:34
Harbor operation Z envisioned a00:24:36
preemptive strike on the US Pacific00:24:38
Fleet and her aircraft carriers taking00:24:41
advantage of a delayed American response00:24:43
to quickly invade and occupy all of the00:24:45
plant Southern resource00:24:48
zones on December 7th 1941 combined00:24:52
elements of Japan's first air fleet00:24:54
attacked without a declaration of war00:24:58
350 aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor and00:25:01
military bases on Oahu with the US Navy00:25:04
losing four battleships 188 aircraft and00:25:07
2400 Sailors over the next 4 hours the00:25:11
Japanese Navy only lost 29 aircraft and00:25:14
55 Pilots soon after Japan invaded the00:25:18
Philippines Singapore and the rest of00:25:21
Southeast Asia with Little Resistance00:25:23
from the Allied Nations the surprise00:25:26
nature of these invasions succeeded00:25:28
thanks to the competence of Japanese00:25:30
commanders with examples like the Malay00:25:33
operation under General tomoyuki00:25:35
yamashta seeing the entire Peninsula00:25:37
captured by the 25th Army in a blitzk00:25:40
assault that lasted only 7000:25:43
days on the home front a mixture of00:25:46
excitement and anxiety lingered among00:25:48
the public no Lantern parades rang out00:25:51
like after the capture of Nan King00:25:53
instead the Japanese expressed resolve00:25:55
in the face of a waking Giant00:26:00
by the end of 1941 the US military faced00:26:03
challenges in terms of training and00:26:05
equipment with less than 1,000 modern00:26:08
fighter planes combat ready there was a00:26:10
pressing need for Swift action Roosevelt00:26:13
responded by setting ambitious00:26:15
production targets a planned creation of00:26:17
60,000 planes 45,000 tanks 20,00000:26:21
anti-aircraft guns and 500,000 machine00:26:24
guns over the course of 194200:26:28
the war production board was initiated00:26:30
overseeing the Monumental task of00:26:32
converting civilian Industries into00:26:34
wartime production units companies like00:26:36
Ford transitioned from Cars to aircraft00:26:39
while lonol switched from toy trains to00:26:42
nautical equipment Roosevelt's strategy00:26:45
was clear outproduced the enemies at00:26:47
every juncture to deny their progress as00:26:49
men left for the front lines women00:26:51
stepped into roles in factories fueling00:26:54
the war effort in the early months of00:26:56
194 4 2 the Pacific Theater witnessed00:26:59
intense combat between us and Japanese00:27:02
forces the doitt raid boosted American00:27:05
morale while the battle of the Coral Sea00:27:07
halted the Japanese Advance toward00:27:09
Australia in the Philippines American00:27:12
and Philippine troops made a Last Stand00:27:14
at Baton before succumbing this defeat00:27:17
led to the harrowing baton Death March00:27:20
where thousands of captured soldiers00:27:22
endured brutal conditions and treatments00:27:24
by their Japanese00:27:25
captors as these confrontations unfolded00:27:29
June brought about a pivotal change us00:27:32
intelligence anticipated a major00:27:34
Japanese offensive against Midway Island00:27:37
prepared for the onslaught American00:27:39
forces confronted a superior Japanese00:27:42
Fleet despite the odds US aircraft00:27:45
managed to break through hostile fire00:27:47
achieving a pivotal success dive bombers00:27:51
sank the Japanese carriers soru Kaka and00:27:54
akagi within a matter of minutes the00:27:57
here was later sunk the next day in late00:28:00
1942 allied Landings in guad Canal left00:28:04
the Japanese isolated into pockets of00:28:06
resistance allowing the Allies to bypass00:28:09
them for bigger targets over 1943 the00:28:12
Japanese defense of the occupied Gilbert00:28:15
and Marshall Islands was marked by00:28:17
Fierce fighting on both land and sea00:28:19
with the Japanese suffering heavy losses00:28:21
due to the superior Firepower of the00:28:23
Allied Forces the Midway Victory00:28:26
signified a major shift propelling the00:28:29
us into its strategic island hopping00:28:31
campaign methodically advancing towards00:28:33
the Japanese Mainland the European00:28:36
theater began with Operation Torch in00:28:39
November 1942 starting with North Africa00:28:42
a region where Germany and Italy had00:28:44
secured strategic Coastal holds axis00:28:48
forces also controlled vast portions of00:28:50
the northern Mediterranean Coast which00:28:52
prevented Allied Shipping in the region00:28:55
given the tensions between Britain and00:28:57
France's territorial interests the00:28:59
American forces led by General Dwight00:29:02
Eisenhower bore the brunt of the00:29:04
operation in North Africa the US faced00:29:07
seasoned German forces for the first00:29:10
time at the Battle of cerine pass the US00:29:13
suffered a considerable setback against00:29:15
the famed Africa Corps grappling with00:29:18
poor leadership ill-chosen defensive00:29:20
positions and communication issues00:29:22
leading to isolated units and Equipment00:29:25
deficiencies their tanks as especially00:29:27
the M3 League struggled against the00:29:30
superior German panzers however these00:29:32
early setbacks proved invaluable00:29:35
learning rapidly from their mistakes and00:29:37
underestimating the enemy's prowess the00:29:39
Allies eventually trapped the axis in00:29:41
northeastern Tunisia forcing a surrender00:29:44
this campaign exposed areas for00:29:46
improvement but also laid the groundwork00:29:49
for future successes by providing00:29:51
essential combat experience after their00:29:54
engagements in North Africa the US00:29:56
recognized these strategic importance of00:29:58
securing the Mediterranean here the00:30:01
Allies launched operation husky in July00:30:03
1943 this invasion of Sicily saw00:30:06
significant battles like the Battle of00:30:08
Jaya where American forces faced the00:30:10
full onslaught of combined German and00:30:13
Italian Air Raids as well as armored00:30:20
assaults with the successful capture of00:30:23
Sicily the path to the Italian Mainland00:30:26
was open September 1943 began with The00:30:28
Landings at solerno followed by the00:30:31
amphibious assault at anzio both00:30:33
operations met Fierce German resistance00:30:36
yet the Allies pressed on encountering00:30:38
bloody battles like Monte Casino which00:30:40
witnessed a series of four hardfought00:30:42
assaults before the Fortified Monastery00:30:44
was finally taken the push northward00:30:47
continued with the gothic line being00:30:50
another formidable German defensive00:30:52
position the Allies had to breach by the00:30:54
end of 1943 Italy officially surrendered00:30:57
but the battle against the German forces00:31:00
in the region raged on until May00:31:03
1945 the drawn out Italian campaign tied00:31:06
down significant German resources these00:31:09
26 divisions who engaged in Fierce00:31:11
battles against the Allies in Italy were00:31:14
absent from the Western Front00:31:15
potentially altering the Dynamics of the00:31:17
battles in00:31:19
Normandy 1944 heralded a pivotal phase00:31:23
even as battles raged in Italy the00:31:26
Allies were already plotting their next00:31:28
significant move the invasion of France00:31:31
the D-Day invasion officially termed00:31:34
Operation Overlord was the centerpiece00:31:37
of this strategy amidst pressure to00:31:39
launch a second front in France planning00:31:42
for this colossal operation did so under00:31:45
Supreme Commander Dwight D Eisenhower's00:31:47
supervision the strategy was audacious00:31:50
choosing Normandy as The Invasion point00:31:53
was unexpected given its challenging00:31:55
terrain and lack of ports00:31:57
Eisenhower banked on this very00:31:59
unpredictability to catch the Germans00:32:02
offg guard the scale of Operation00:32:04
Overlord was staggering its enormity is00:32:07
best described in the American Heritage00:32:10
new history of World War II the scope of00:32:12
Overlord defies imagination one00:32:15
comparison is that Overlord was the00:32:17
equivalent of moving the Wisconsin00:32:19
cities of Green Bay rine and Kenosha00:32:22
every man woman and child with every00:32:25
vehicle across Lake Michigan in one00:32:28
night the invasion of Normandy codenamed00:32:32
Operation Overlord commenced in the late00:32:34
hours of June 5th 1944 as an armada of00:32:38
c47 Transport planes carrying the00:32:41
American 101st and 82nd Airborne00:32:44
divisions made its way toward the couton00:32:48
peninsula the elite paratroopers were00:32:51
entrusted with the crucial task of00:32:53
Paving the way for the Seaborn forces00:32:55
landing at Utopia Beach just after Dawn00:32:58
the 101st would secure the causeways00:33:01
between the towns of sa Marton duville00:33:04
and Poopville while the 82nd would00:33:07
capture the crossroads at the town of s00:33:09
May iges and secure the vital Bridges00:33:12
across the meriday river at chef dupon00:33:15
and lafier00:33:16
Manor however things go arai almost00:33:19
immediately as thick Inland cloud cover00:33:22
and intense ground fire complicated00:33:24
things for the pilots in the result ing00:33:27
chaos most paratroopers miss their Drop00:33:29
Zones entirely as they are scattered all00:33:32
across the00:33:33
peninsula those who land safely00:33:36
nonetheless manage to quickly form00:33:38
makeshift units as they make their way00:33:40
to the nearest objective in most cases00:33:43
the confused German Defenders are00:33:45
quickly00:33:47
overwhelmed s iges becomes the first00:33:50
French town to be liberated at around00:33:52
4:30 a.m. as men of the 82nd dig in for00:33:56
the EXP expected Counterattack at the00:33:58
lafier manure and Chef dupal Bridges to00:34:01
the West the bulk of the 101st due east00:34:05
in the meantime are in the process of00:34:07
clearing the five causeways to The00:34:09
Landing Beach where the invasion Force00:34:11
anchored just offshore is about to make00:34:14
its00:34:16
approach the fleet's target was a 5 km00:34:19
stretch of flat Sandy Beach just east of00:34:21
the Airborne Drop Zones codenamed Utah00:34:24
Beach on board of the invasion Fleet00:34:26
were the men of the fourth infantry00:34:28
division their objective was to00:34:30
establish a beach head approximately 500:34:33
km wide and 8 km deep with the ultimate00:34:36
goal to isolate the coutal peninsula and00:34:39
capture the deep water Port of cherborg00:34:42
the first step in achieving this00:34:44
objective would be to break through the00:34:46
defensive position of the German 79th00:34:49
static Infantry Division before00:34:51
advancing Inland on the five main road00:34:54
exits besides flooding the near nearby00:34:57
Farm Fields The Defenders had littered00:34:59
Utah beach with three lines of obstacles00:35:01
consisting of steel spikes and mined00:35:04
wooden posts as well as an array of00:35:06
anti-tank obstacles the Utah sector was00:35:09
covered by nine resistance nests or00:35:12
veran neston which were manned by00:35:14
platoon strength garrisons totaling00:35:16
about 700 troops at 550 the fleet00:35:20
commences its bombardment of known00:35:22
German positions along the coast00:35:24
meanwhile 270 B s close in to further00:35:28
soften up the German strong points00:35:30
however hindered by poor visibility and00:35:33
anxious not to hit the invasion Force00:35:35
few Pilots managed to hit their00:35:38
targets at 6:30 hours the first wave of00:35:41
20 landing craft carrying part of the00:35:43
eighth regiment approaches the Beach's00:35:45
two sectors Uncle red and T green they00:35:48
are supposed to have landed behind a00:35:50
Vanguard of amphibious DD or duplex00:35:53
Drive tanks of the 70th tank battalion00:35:57
the 70th tanks however are struggling to00:36:00
advance in the face of heavy headwinds00:36:02
and wait ashore late around 6:45 a.m.00:36:05
luckily for the Infantry German00:36:07
resistance is lighter than expected and00:36:09
besides some small arms fire most00:36:11
casualties on the beach fall victim to00:36:13
artillery fire and00:36:15
mines as it turns out the strong swell00:36:18
that morning pulled the landing craft a00:36:20
mile or 1.5 km Southward to a sector00:36:24
less well defended than the previously00:36:26
designated Landing site despite this00:36:29
Good Fortune incoming artillery fire00:36:31
covering the various Beach exits00:36:33
continues to cause casualties and hamper00:36:35
the advance throughout the early morning00:36:38
hours a few miles Inland paratroopers of00:36:41
the 101st airborn division resolved the00:36:44
issue as they conduct a set of Daring00:36:46
assaults to silence the German batteries00:36:48
at oldi and bror Manor with these guns00:36:51
neutralized the men of the fourth00:36:53
infantry division managed to overrun the00:36:56
remaining German Beach defenses and by00:36:58
8:30 hours are ready to begin their00:37:00
Advance up the00:37:02
causeways around noon men of the eighth00:37:05
regiment make contact with elements of00:37:07
the 101st Airborne Division at Poopville00:37:09
further Inland at s Marie dumal the00:37:12
regiment's thirdd Battalion prepares for00:37:14
a battle but finds the town already00:37:17
liberated by Troopers of the 506th00:37:19
parachute Infantry Regiment who had00:37:21
cleared it in close quarters fighting00:37:23
earlier that day the Swift and mostly00:37:27
painless advance of the eighth regiment00:37:29
is finally ordered to a halt at the end00:37:31
of the day at the crossroads at Leo some00:37:34
10 km Inland meanwhile men from the 12th00:37:37
and 22nd regiments Landing in follow-up00:37:40
waves move to secure the northern and00:37:42
Northwestern flanks of the beach head00:37:44
until they too penetrate around 10 km00:37:47
into German held00:37:49
territory by the end of the day the Utah00:37:51
operation had been a success the fourth00:37:54
infantry division had achieved nearly00:37:56
all of its its objectives in return for00:37:58
just 197 casualties a number far lower00:38:01
than had been anticipated the Airborne00:38:03
divisions had suffered more heavily00:38:05
during their chaotic nighttime drop but00:38:07
they too had managed to achieve the00:38:09
majority of their primary00:38:11
objectives within 24 hours the Americans00:38:14
had established a firm Beach head on the00:38:16
couton peninsula through a mixture of00:38:19
exemplary skill and sheer luck some00:38:22
23,25 men and 1,700 Vehicles were asore00:38:26
with countless more to follow in the00:38:28
days weeks and months to come these00:38:30
fortunes however would be in short00:38:32
supply for the American forces set to00:38:35
land further00:38:37
east about 15 km to the east of Utah00:38:40
Beach a group of 225 elite soldiers from00:38:43
the second ranger battalion under the00:38:45
command of Lieutenant Colonel James00:38:47
Rudder are headed towards the protruding00:38:49
Cliffs of the penta dhawk the Rangers00:38:52
were entrusted with the daunting task of00:38:54
scaling the 30 m High Cliffs to to00:38:56
prevent its artillery battery from00:38:58
pummeling the American Invasion00:39:00
beaches once on top the Americans would00:39:03
have to fight their way through a series00:39:04
of defensive works and obstacles manned00:39:07
by men from the 716th static Infantry00:39:10
Division in order to reach the gun00:39:13
placements things don't start out well00:39:15
for rudder's men on D-Day his troops are00:39:18
scheduled to land at 6:30 but due to a00:39:20
navigational mishap they don't reach the00:39:22
beach until 10 7 the alerted Germans00:39:25
greet the Rangers with Small Arms fire00:39:27
grenades and even rocks as the lad begin00:39:30
making their way up the cliff by 7:3000:39:33
hours the first exhausted Rangers have00:39:35
made their way to the top to find a00:39:37
moonlike landscape of deep craters00:39:39
created by preliminary bombardment in a00:39:42
wild and frenzied scene rudder's men00:39:44
stormed the Imp placements only to find00:39:46
that the guns are not there fears that00:39:50
their sacrifice had been for nothing are00:39:52
soon alleviated when a patrol finds that00:39:54
the guns are intact in a field just00:39:56
behind the p with their main objective00:39:59
completed the remaining Rangers dig in00:40:01
for the inevitable German Counterattack00:40:03
and wait to be relieved by The Invasion00:40:05
Force landing at the neighboring Omaha00:40:08
Beach the Western end of Omaha Beach lay00:40:11
just about 6 km to the east of p dhawk00:40:14
and stretched all the way from the area00:40:16
around verville Su to the cliffs near00:40:19
cville Sumer some 8 km to the east the00:40:23
most prominent characteristic of this00:40:25
wide and mostly Sandy Beach was a series00:40:27
of Bluffs which offered a commanding00:40:30
view over the00:40:31
coastline five natural draws between the00:40:34
Bluffs offered the only exits off the00:40:36
beach for vehicles and heavy ordinance00:40:39
the Germans were well aware of the00:40:40
potential for a landing in the Omaha00:40:42
sector and had constructed an intricate00:40:45
web of obstacles and resistance nests to00:40:47
cover the approaches to the draws the00:40:50
beach itself had been littered with00:40:52
obstacles of all kinds soldiers00:40:54
disembarking in the shallows would first00:40:56
have to Traverse an array of mined00:40:58
stakes and iron frames as well as00:41:00
Hedgehog anti-tank obstacles barbed wire00:41:04
covered the seaw wall and dunes further00:41:06
on while the draws were blocked off by00:41:08
minefields and concrete walls as well as00:41:11
remote controlled00:41:12
flamethrowers furthermore in order for00:41:14
soldiers in most sectors to even reach00:41:17
the draws they would have to cross the00:41:18
Shelf which was a roughly football00:41:20
field-sized gap of open ground between00:41:23
the seaw wall and the base of the Bluffs00:41:27
but to even get to that point the00:41:29
Americans would have to Brave a deadly00:41:31
and sophisticated set of resistance00:41:33
nests most of these strong points were00:41:35
hidden from sight camouflaged and placed00:41:37
at an angle to protect them from enemy00:41:40
fire the slight curve of the coastline00:41:42
also meant that resistance nests on both00:41:44
the eastern and western edges of the00:41:46
beach could provide interlocking fields00:41:49
of fire Across The Landing ground three00:41:51
additional resistance nests were00:41:53
positioned behind the Bluffs should the00:41:55
Invaders manag to break00:41:56
breakthrough in total the resistance00:41:59
nests in the Omaha sector were composed00:42:01
of eight big gun imp placements 3500:42:03
pillboxes 18 anti-tank guns and 8500:42:07
machine gun nests being the largest and00:42:10
the most well- defended of the two00:42:12
American beaches Allied command had00:42:14
assigned both the 29th Infantry Division00:42:16
as well as the veteran first Infantry00:42:18
Division to secure the Bluffs by 73000:42:21
hours link up with the British forces00:42:23
advancing from Gold Beach at P Al Bon00:42:26
and securing an overall Beach head 26 km00:42:29
wide and 8 km deep at 555 hours the00:42:33
preliminary air and Naval bombardment00:42:35
begins pounding the German positions but00:42:38
once again the bomber Pilots delay too00:42:40
long and end up missing their target00:42:42
entirely with the German defenses still00:42:44
intact the first wave begins to make its00:42:47
Approach at00:42:48
6:30 some landing craft are hit as they00:42:51
close in on the beach and many soldiers00:42:53
are cut down to make matters worse00:42:55
almost all of the DD tanks that were00:42:57
supposed to land ahead of the Infantry00:42:59
have floundered in the rough Channel00:43:01
Waters after having been launched far00:43:03
too early at 5.5 km from the00:43:06
shore within minutes companies a and F00:43:09
of the 116th Infantry Regiment landing00:43:12
at dog green and dog red are virtually00:43:14
wiped out however not every sector of00:43:17
Omaha is as well defended at dog white G00:43:20
company reaches the base of the beach00:43:22
within 4 minutes of Landing while at Fox00:43:24
red at the Far Eastern end of Omaha men00:43:27
from the 16th regiment make use of the00:43:29
cliffs in that sector to Shield00:43:31
themselves from enemy fire at around00:43:33
8:00 a group of men under command of00:43:36
General Norman Kota in the dog white00:43:38
sector managed to blow a hole in the00:43:40
barbed wire in the dog white sector and00:43:42
Advance up the Steep Bluffs to take out00:43:45
w70 before moving on to clear the00:43:47
vieille00:43:49
draw to the east in the fox sector a00:43:52
group of soldiers led by Lieutenant00:43:53
Jimmy W montith similarly man man AG to00:43:56
fight their way up the exit and take out00:43:58
W n60 the majority of the troops near00:44:01
the draws are however still hopelessly00:44:03
pinned down and their sectors quickly00:44:05
become congested with the arrival of00:44:07
subsequent waves to make matters worse00:44:10
the incoming tide begins to shallow the00:44:12
wounded and the dead while slowly00:44:14
reducing the size of the beach even00:44:17
further sensing catastrophe a group of00:44:20
US Navy destroyers Brave enemy fire as00:44:23
they move in as close as 800 M from the00:44:25
shore line with their direct fire00:44:27
support eight German gun and placements00:44:29
are knocked out providing enough of an00:44:31
opening for the ground troops to00:44:33
recontinue their Advance up the00:44:35
bluffs with the German defenses now00:44:37
being breached in several sectors the00:44:39
tide begins to turn in the Americans00:44:41
favor the assault teams on the Bluffs00:44:43
quickly Swing West and East to flank the00:44:45
remaining German positions while the00:44:47
other groups Advance on the towns of00:44:49
verville and cville00:44:51
sume by the end of the day the Americans00:44:54
at Omaha had secured the Bluffs by but00:44:56
the advance off the beach had only00:44:57
reached 1.5 km Inland this precarious00:45:00
foothold on the Normandy Coast had come00:45:03
at the cost of over 4,000 us casualties00:45:06
still Omaha had been secured and the00:45:09
Germans lacked the strength to attempt00:45:11
to push the Americans back into the00:45:14
channel following the initial Landings00:45:16
in Normandy the Allies made significant00:45:18
progress into French territory marking00:45:20
notable victories including the iconic00:45:23
liberation of Paris importantly they00:45:26
were beginning to position themselves00:45:28
close to the Rind however as they pushed00:45:31
deeper into France the logistical00:45:33
challenges mounted distance from the00:45:35
initial Beach heads in Normandy strained00:45:37
their supply lines leading to a critical00:45:40
gasoline shortage that threatened to00:45:42
Halt their momentum this logistical00:45:44
challenge catalyzed a strategic debate00:45:46
among the top brass British General00:45:49
Bernard Montgomery believed that pausing00:45:51
General George S Patton's advance and00:45:53
relocating crucial resources to his own00:45:56
forces would allow for a swift push00:45:58
toward Berlin in contrast Patton was00:46:00
confident in leading the offensive00:46:02
himself Eisenhower responsible for the00:46:05
overarching strategy found Merit in00:46:07
Montgomery's approach in September 194400:46:11
the Allies launched operation Market00:46:13
Garden in the Netherlands aiming to00:46:16
seize key Bridges to pave a path into00:46:18
Germany the operation was split into two00:46:21
phases market and garden the Airborne00:46:25
component mark Market saw the US 101st00:46:28
Airborne capturing einthoven's Bridges00:46:31
the Airborne component Market saw the00:46:33
US's 101st Airborne capturing00:46:36
einthoven's Bridges while the 82nd00:46:39
targeted nyagan concurrently Garden00:46:42
involved ground troops advancing to00:46:44
support the Airborne units hoping to00:46:47
exploit the newly secured routes while00:46:50
the operation saw initial successes it00:46:53
met staunch resistance by German forces00:46:56
especially at arnam preventing the full00:46:58
achievement of operation Market Gardens00:47:04
objectives the Shadows have just begun00:47:06
to lengthen in the streets of aan and an00:47:10
American Rifle Team creeps cautiously00:47:12
along an ancient Street backs to00:47:15
imposing Gothic architecture though00:47:17
scarred by artillery fire the giant00:47:20
Stone monuments still retain the00:47:22
grandure of a former capital city behind00:47:26
the team an M4 Sherman slowly crawls00:47:29
into the open and the street behind the00:47:31
tank erupts in flame one GI snaps toward00:47:36
the source of the misdirected rocket and00:47:38
instead of a fanatic SS Grenadier his00:47:41
eyes meet the terrified gaze of a00:47:44
trembling old00:47:45
man a mly crew of Elders and boys fired00:47:49
down at the Americans with a hodg podge00:47:51
of antique00:47:53
firearms the G's View is obscured by00:47:56
smoke and debris as the Sherman's main00:47:59
gun fires into the ground floor of the00:48:01
closest building bringing it crashing00:48:04
down with a roar of falling masonry the00:48:07
gis come to a grim realization even in00:48:10
their chaotic desperation the Germans00:48:13
intend to make them pay for every inch00:48:16
of Aken in00:48:17
[Music]00:48:22
blood unfortunately for Adolf Hitler the00:48:26
Nazi governors of aen had taken one look00:48:28
at the onrushing Allied armies and00:48:31
promptly abandoned the civilian00:48:33
population to its00:48:35
fate infuriated by this display of00:48:38
cowardice Hitler had the officials00:48:40
arrested by the SS and shipped off to00:48:42
the Eastern00:48:44
front by the time General Gart vanarin00:48:47
dragged the shattered remnants of his00:48:49
116th Panzer Division through the city00:48:52
he found it full of thousands of00:48:54
terrified civilians ions and a rag tag00:48:57
collection of vstorm00:48:59
militia knowing a lost cause when he saw00:49:02
one vfin paused just long enough to00:49:05
leave a letter at the post office00:49:07
designating Aken as an open City for the00:49:10
incoming Allied00:49:12
Forces the deeply unlucky General then00:49:15
ran head first into orders coming the00:49:17
other direction telling him to turn his00:49:20
division around and return to the city00:49:22
for a Last00:49:24
Stand now naturally he had been gone00:49:27
just long enough for a Sharp eyed Sho00:49:29
staffle to have found the letter and he00:49:31
was promptly relieved of command defense00:49:34
of the sector now fell on the shoulders00:49:37
of Lieutenant General Friedrich J00:49:39
kling's 81st core consisting mainly of00:49:42
two vul Grenadier and two infantry00:49:45
divisions while the Germans scrambled to00:49:48
put together a viable strategy the three00:49:50
Army Corps of the American first Army00:49:52
under General Courtney H Hodges crept00:49:55
close closer and closer despite the00:49:58
Apparently tenuous nature of the German00:50:00
defenses nobody was under any Illusions00:50:03
about the meat grinder that lay ahead00:50:06
Sergeant Harley Reynolds of the bloody00:50:08
first division described the mood thusly00:50:11
I can remember the talk and comments00:50:13
about the city of Aken that no way would00:50:16
the Germans give up this city without a00:50:18
fight to the last German standing we00:50:20
talked about this among the ranks I felt00:50:22
there was a good chance that they would00:50:24
possibly Drive us back with a big00:50:26
Counterattack we were a finger sticking00:50:29
out in front of the US line a very00:50:31
dangerous00:50:33
position surprisingly enough the initial00:50:35
skirmishes that took place as the first00:50:37
Army moved to breach the West wall00:50:40
around aen in early September proceeded00:50:42
with minimal casualties while three00:50:44
infantry regiments pushed through the00:50:46
forest to the west side of the city two00:50:49
armored regiments began a flanking00:50:51
attack towards the town of00:50:54
stolberg at first the attackers were00:50:57
daunted by the sheer scale of the00:50:59
defensive Works they encountered00:51:00
hundreds of pill boxes and dozens of00:51:03
bunkers with overlapping fields of fire00:51:05
overlooking extensive Mine Fields and00:51:08
concrete anti-tank obstacles yet00:51:10
resistance was light as the Eastern00:51:12
Front was still occupying the majority00:51:14
of German Manpower leaving only a00:51:17
scattering of exhausted veterans and00:51:19
walking wounded to man a network of00:51:21
defenses originally intended to be00:51:24
garrisoned by entire00:51:30
armies unfortunately General Courtney's00:51:33
Swift progress was ground to an abrupt00:51:36
halt by factors beyond his control00:51:39
granting the Germans the critical break00:51:41
they needed to get their act together00:51:43
the Allied Supply situation had been00:51:45
shaky at best since the Normandy00:51:47
Landings and it would not improve for00:51:49
the boys near Aken as September rolled00:51:52
in the planners of operation Market00:51:54
Garden which occurred at about the same00:51:57
time seemingly did their best to waste00:52:00
as much fuel ammunition and Manpower as00:52:03
possible in their abortive attempt to00:52:05
breach German lines in the Netherlands00:52:08
having been bumped far down the priority00:52:10
list the men of the first Army trudged00:52:12
onwards trying to make best use of the00:52:15
good weather whilst their supplies00:52:19
dwindled on the 22nd of September the00:52:23
same day operation Market Garden ended00:52:25
the 16th Infantry Regiment was on the00:52:28
verge of capturing the town of isor just00:52:31
south of aen when they abruptly came00:52:33
under massive artillery00:52:35
fire as the smoke cleared the German00:52:38
12th Infantry Division arrived to00:52:40
politely informed the Allies that the00:52:42
good times were over and the real fight00:52:45
had just begun though few in Number the00:52:48
professional soldiers of the 12th had00:52:50
been supplemented by a swarm of voler00:52:53
militia and traumatized Americans later00:52:56
recalled the sight of women and children00:52:58
fighting with pistols knives and even00:53:00
Panzer fou anti-tank weapons one00:53:03
Commander reported that the Germans had00:53:05
simply gone mad and are bent on00:53:08
destroying00:53:09
themselves the Americans were able to00:53:12
hold their positions during the Savage00:53:13
engagement but were prevented from00:53:15
advancing just long enough for heavy00:53:17
cloud cover to descend over the region00:53:20
eliminating the possibility of close air00:53:23
support now exper experiencing major00:53:26
shortages of fuel heavy Munitions and00:53:28
spare parts for armored vehicles the00:53:30
frustrated men of the first Army were00:53:33
forced to Halt all offensive operations00:53:36
until the first week of00:53:38
October during this critical period00:53:40
Lieutenant General kling's 81st Corp was00:53:43
heavily reinforced the exact number of00:53:45
German soldiers committed to the battle00:53:47
is impossible to determine but by the00:53:49
2nd of October around 24,000 raw00:53:53
recruits traumatized veterans SS00:53:55
Fanatics and terrified vogm stood ready00:53:58
to give their lives to defend the00:54:00
capital of the actual Thousand-Year00:54:03
Reich together they huddled in their00:54:06
bunkers and pill boxes as the Allies00:54:08
saturated the region with artillery fire00:54:10
and bombing raids between September 27th00:54:13
and October 2nd after which the ground00:54:16
offensive00:54:17
resumed having now partially enveloped00:54:19
Aken the first Army sought to break00:54:22
through German lines in the north to00:54:24
encircle the old Capital00:54:26
completely sadly for the Americans the00:54:29
West Wall absorbed the bombardment with00:54:31
barely a scratch forcing the Infantry to00:54:34
begin the incredible laborious process00:54:36
of dislodging the Defenders one00:54:38
fortification at a00:54:40
time in the town of ubach palen GIS00:54:44
engaged in brutal Urban Warfare with the00:54:47
German Defenders which often devolved00:54:49
into both sides flinging grenades at00:54:51
each other until entire neighborhoods00:54:53
were reduced to Rubble00:54:56
with most of the bridges in the region00:54:57
having been destroyed American armored00:54:59
forces were constantly delayed by river00:55:02
Crossings and were unable to provide00:55:04
support for the Infantry by the end of00:55:07
just the first day of fighting the00:55:09
leading American 117th infantry00:55:11
battalion had lost 146 men another00:55:14
Battalion had 58 wounded and 12 dead00:55:17
over 50 pill boxes had been destroyed or00:55:20
captured but hundreds still lay between00:55:22
the first Army and victory in the sector00:55:25
over the next few days The Vicious Urban00:55:27
Warfare intensified and GIS quickly00:55:30
learned to approach enemy pillboxes only00:55:32
if flamethrowers or demolition charges00:55:35
were available Defenders were roasted in00:55:37
their concrete shells or blasted into00:55:40
ruin by tanks and self-propelled guns00:55:42
but rarely chose to00:55:44
surrender all the wild German00:55:46
reinforcements raced into the sector00:55:48
including the elite first SS Panzer00:55:51
Division by the 7th of October the00:55:53
Allies had successfully secured the area00:55:55
around ubach palag and pushed southwards00:55:59
as far as aldorf but had yet to enter00:56:01
Aken itself which was now home to about00:56:04
5,000 enemy troops instead fighting was00:56:08
concentrated around these suburbs with00:56:10
the 26th Infantry Division led by00:56:12
Lieutenant Colonel darl M Daniel slowly00:56:15
clawing a foothold out of the rtha era00:56:17
District once this area was secured00:56:20
plans were made for the regiment to push00:56:22
North Into the Heart of the City00:56:24
[Music]00:56:29
in an effort to avert a blood bath00:56:31
Lieutenant General Clarence R hubner of00:56:34
the first infantry division sent an00:56:36
ultimatum to the commander of German00:56:38
forces in aen Colonel Gart Vil on00:56:41
October 10th in his letter Huer demanded00:56:44
the city surrender or be bombed to00:56:46
Oblivion but Aken was now fully in the00:56:49
grip of the SS who were quite ready to00:56:52
execute any soldier who showed even a00:56:54
hint hint of cowardice Beyond this fear00:56:57
of capital punishment the soldiers00:56:59
defending the aan section of the West00:57:01
Wall knew that they were now fighting to00:57:03
protect the very Heartland of Germany as00:57:06
a result the offer was rejected and00:57:09
Colonel Vil assumed full responsibility00:57:11
for the defense after establishing his00:57:14
headquarters in the north side of the00:57:18
city the 11th of October saw a shift in00:57:21
Allied tactics with their supply00:57:23
situation stabilized ing Mass artillery00:57:26
bombardment commenced on Aken and the00:57:28
surrounding German held00:57:30
townships tired of the bloody street00:57:32
fighting the Americans were ready to00:57:34
Simply level every building that could00:57:36
feasibly hold enemy combatants this00:57:39
forced the Germans onto the offensive00:57:41
but their efforts to reclaim The High00:57:43
Ground surrounding Aken all ended in00:57:46
Failure by this point the picturesque00:57:48
City had been subjected to an on andof00:57:51
bombardment for weeks as well as00:57:53
numerous Air Raids but the Gothic00:57:55
architecture had proven surprisingly00:57:58
resilient with the majority of the first00:58:00
Infantry Division holding off German00:58:02
counter attacks two battalions of the00:58:04
26th Infantry Regiment began to move00:58:06
through the industrial district between00:58:08
rtha adaa and the suburb of00:58:11
hen their objectives were three hills00:58:14
dominating Akin's Northern quarter which00:58:16
contained the bulk of the 246th folks00:58:19
grenadiers and Colonel Vil's00:58:21
headquarters by the 12th the second and00:58:24
third battalions had managed to clear00:58:26
out the industrial district and were00:58:28
ready to enter the narrow Twisted Maze00:58:30
of streets that made up the inner00:58:33
city knowing that massing his troops00:58:36
would lead to a Slaughter Colonel Daniel00:58:38
split up his men into assault platoon00:58:40
assigning a single M4 Sherman or00:58:42
self-propelled gun to each unit upon00:58:46
seeing the massive stone structures at00:58:48
the Heart of the City Daniels issued00:58:50
simple instructions knock them all00:58:52
down despite letting their artillery00:58:55
rain fire over 10,000 shells prior to00:58:58
the main assault the first American00:59:00
soldiers to set foot in Aken were still00:59:02
greeted with a hail of machine gun fire00:59:05
forcing them to scramble for cover in00:59:07
the imposing Stone buildings that lined00:59:09
the narrow streets here they were00:59:11
ambushed by Wildey vstorm who sprung00:59:14
from hidden basements and cellers to00:59:16
engage the gis in hand-to-hand00:59:19
combat the tanks fared little better00:59:21
being at the mercy of hidden anti-tank00:59:23
guns and lone German soldiers armed with00:59:26
Panzer FS or sticky grenades once again00:59:28
the attackers were forced to go room by00:59:30
room checking for Germans waiting to00:59:33
Ambush them the instant their backs were00:59:35
turned as they crawled closer to their00:59:38
objectives second Battalion was00:59:40
confronted by increasingly tough00:59:42
fortifications including hardened air00:59:44
raage shelters improvising Colonel John00:59:46
T Corley ordered an M12 155 mm gun00:59:50
mortar Carriage to Lumber through the00:59:53
streets the exposed crew no doubt00:59:55
ducking at every shadow as they wheeled00:59:57
into position to blast holes in enemy00:59:59
strongholds at Point Blank01:00:02
Range delighted with the results of the01:00:04
attack Corley rewarded the m12s crew by01:00:07
informing them they would be staying01:00:09
with his men as they Advanced deeper01:00:11
into the city the rest of the day was01:00:13
spent advancing towards Observatory Hill01:00:16
so named for the observation tower built01:00:18
upon its nearly 900t tall Crescent by01:00:22
the end of the 13th Third Battalion had01:00:24
managed to reach the base of one of01:00:26
these three hills they had been assigned01:00:28
to capture prompting Colonel Vil to01:00:30
request reinforcements from the German01:00:32
divisions still counterattacking to the01:00:35
east thanks to the dense Urban Terrain01:00:38
several hundred troops and at least a01:00:40
half dozen assault guns slipped through01:00:42
the tenuous Allied line the next day01:00:45
they were just in time to engage Colonel01:00:47
corley's men as they attacked Vil's01:00:49
headquarters at farwick Park where an01:00:51
intense battle raged until the early01:00:53
evening01:00:55
but as Corley prepared to renew his01:00:57
Advance he was countermanded by Colonel01:01:00
hubner the forces outside aen had01:01:02
launched another attack tying up all01:01:04
available01:01:06
reserves for over 24 hours General01:01:09
kling's 81st Corps battered the01:01:11
beleaguered first division until both01:01:13
sides were utterly exhausted but aided01:01:15
by artillery and air support the01:01:17
Americans were able to dig in and01:01:19
weather the assault then strike back at01:01:21
the collapsing German line with a01:01:23
decisive blow01:01:26
finally the jaws of the Allied pincer01:01:28
movement were able to slam shut01:01:30
completely encircling aen and leaving01:01:32
Colonel Vil isolated from further01:01:35
reinforcements their Eastern flank now01:01:38
secure the first Army was able to take01:01:40
its time mopping up the remaining01:01:42
Germans in Aken on the 18th second01:01:45
Battalion resumed its attack on farwick01:01:47
Park driving the Defenders into the01:01:49
basement with an artillery barrage01:01:51
before sending assault squads in to01:01:53
secure the kelin Hof01:01:55
Hotel though Colonel Vil had already01:01:58
left the hotel The Defenders put up a01:02:00
tremendous fight hurling grenades from01:02:02
every entrance and forcing GIS back in01:02:05
the end Colonel Corley had to threaten01:02:07
to demolish the entire structure before01:02:09
the Germans finally agreed to01:02:12
surrender the loss of farwick Park was a01:02:15
death blow to the German resistance in01:02:17
Aken and not even a written order from01:02:19
Colonel Vil encouraging his troops to01:02:21
fight to the last man inspired much01:02:23
determination01:02:25
with huge swaths of the city now under01:02:28
American control the survivors of the01:02:30
246th vks grenadiers were hemmed in on01:02:33
their remaining hilltops with01:02:34
Observatory Hill falling to the second01:02:37
Battalion on the 19th by now aen was01:02:40
little more than a mound of Rebel as the01:02:42
Americans systematically demolished any01:02:44
building that could even potentially01:02:46
Harbor enemy01:02:48
combatants with essentially no ground01:02:50
left to go Colonel Vil was finally01:02:52
cornered in an air raage shelter on the01:02:54
20th as Corley wheeled his favorite 15501:02:57
mm gun into position Outside The01:02:59
Fortress Vil realized the game was up01:03:02
and dispatched several American PS to01:03:05
carry a message of surrender to the01:03:09
besiegers this Victory served as a01:03:12
Prelude to the challenges in the huren01:03:14
forest here amidst snow Laden terrain01:03:17
and minefields American troops faced01:03:19
dogged German defenses incurring heavy01:03:21
casualties December marked a German01:03:23
research01:03:24
with a surprise counter offensive in the01:03:26
Arden aiming to exploit the thinly01:03:29
spread lines of the US 12th Army01:03:35
group in the snow drifts of Bastone a01:03:38
young GI grips his01:03:41
rifle the Americans stand ready to meet01:03:44
their foes eager to have a standup fight01:03:46
after nights of fruitless watches our GI01:03:50
scans the tree line expecting to see01:03:52
black clad SS soldiers burst forth into01:03:55
his Firing01:03:56
Line gunfire in the distance the den of01:04:00
combat finally some action figures01:04:04
emerge from the trees and he raises his01:04:06
rifle to those aren't Germans as his01:04:09
comrades from the 99th division dive01:04:11
into cover scrambling to get as far away01:04:13
from the forest as they can our GI grabs01:04:16
a runner by the arm what's going on the01:04:19
Haggard soldier from the 99th barely01:04:22
gets it out the 99th is gone and the SS01:04:26
who wiped them out are right behind01:04:34
them the Battle of the Bulge was Nazi01:04:37
Germany's final attempt to wrestle back01:04:39
control of the war on the Western Front01:04:42
at this stage of the war Germany was01:04:44
hemmed in on three sides and the Nazis01:04:47
had few options to relieve the pressure01:04:49
an offensive in the East would simply be01:04:51
swallowed by the immense Soviet Red arm01:04:54
Army while doubling down on the Italian01:04:56
front would have only a marginal impact01:04:59
to Hitler the natural option was a01:05:02
surprise push across the relatively01:05:04
lightly defended Arden and a drive01:05:07
toward the Dutch Coast to force a wedge01:05:10
between the Commonwealth and American01:05:12
forces and if he was lucky Force the01:05:14
Allies into a second evacuation like01:05:20
dunker the vermos laid out their plans01:05:23
in the utmost secrecy code naming the01:05:26
offensive operation V amran after a01:05:29
Prussian patriotic Anthem only a handful01:05:33
of Hitler's closest commanders knew of01:05:36
the plan and each was forced to sign a01:05:38
pledge of secrecy on pain of death01:05:41
before learning its details regimental01:05:44
commanders meanwhile were only to be01:05:46
briefed the day before the attack was to01:05:48
take place to avoid tipping off the01:05:51
Americans troops moved across the01:05:53
thickly forested Eiffel region during01:05:55
the night and sheltered in villages by01:05:58
day with their vehicles concealed in01:06:01
Barns Maps were distributed only at the01:06:04
very last moment and total radio silence01:06:07
was01:06:08
observed consequently Allied air01:06:11
reconnaissance completely failed to01:06:13
notice these new troop01:06:15
concentrations though made a high01:06:17
priority Vash amran was a divisive01:06:20
operation field Marshall vham kidle was01:06:23
an ardent supporter but many other01:06:25
commanders remained skeptical believing01:06:27
the units would be better utilized in01:06:29
the defense of the01:06:31
Reich General zek freed vestfall was01:06:34
among those who did not believe the01:06:36
available forces could ever reach the01:06:38
River Muse but refrained from Raising01:06:40
any objections for fear of being labeled01:06:43
a defeatist Garrett Von runat and wter01:06:46
modal also agreed this was simply one of01:06:48
Hitler's map fantasies although modal01:06:51
saw the offensive as a final gamble he01:06:54
had no choice but to carry01:06:56
out the Allies certainly didn't expect01:06:59
an attack the highest echelons of Allied01:07:02
command assumed the Germans were01:07:04
preparing a Counterattack against an01:07:06
American crossing of the River01:07:08
Roar on the eve of the offensive British01:07:11
Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery said01:07:13
the shortages of German Manpower01:07:16
equipment and resources precluded any01:07:18
offensive action on their01:07:21
part he wasn't far wrong field commander01:07:23
ERS knew fuel would be a major problem01:07:26
particularly in the difficult terrain of01:07:28
the01:07:29
Arden the sixth Panzer Army under sep01:07:33
would advance in the north the fifth01:07:36
Panzer Army under HOV Von manto in the01:07:39
center and Eric brandenberger seventh01:07:41
Army would take the01:07:43
South the two Panzer forces were to push01:07:46
toward ANP while the Infantry would01:07:48
protect the southern flank against01:07:50
General George ESP Patton's third Army01:07:54
Dietrich was to cross the vital Bridges01:07:57
Over the River Muse within the first 2401:08:00
hours of the assault before pushing onto01:08:03
onp Monto meanwhile would capture01:08:07
Brussels to reach the Muse the Germans01:08:10
first had to pass through the Junctions01:08:12
at sonit and pone the capture of which01:08:15
was crucial for maintaining a stream of01:08:18
supplies to the advancing01:08:20
forces the sixth Panzer Army advancing01:08:23
toward m was given special priority by01:08:26
Hitler it included the elite of the01:08:29
waffin SS most notably com groupa Piper01:08:32
led by its ruthless namesake Piper's01:08:35
unit consisting of roughly 4,800 men and01:08:38
800 Vehicles would form the Vanguard of01:08:40
the northern thrust the offensive would01:08:43
be preceded by operation gri during01:08:45
which a special Brigade trained under01:08:47
the command of ss Colonel OSI was to01:08:50
adopt American customs and infiltrate01:08:52
Enemy Lines dressed as American soldiers01:08:55
to capture key01:08:56
Bridges eight of his nine Jeep teams01:08:59
managed to slip through the net01:09:01
undetected cutting wires tampering with01:09:03
road signs and committing minor acts of01:09:05
sabotage one even managed to misdirect01:09:08
an entire Infantry01:09:10
Regiment the Germans would not find01:09:13
themselves facing the cream of America's01:09:15
fighting men the American Defenders01:09:17
comprised six divisions of seventh Corp01:09:19
most of them brand new to the field or01:09:21
redeployed to the Arden as a kind of01:09:24
working vacation after intense battle01:09:27
days before the attack the 106th01:09:29
Infantry Division heard tanks and other01:09:31
vehicles moving to their section of the01:09:33
front but their inexperience gave them01:09:35
no idea what it meant even the01:09:37
experienced fourth infantry division01:09:39
assumed the engine noises were merely01:09:42
one of Folk's Grenadier division01:09:43
replacing01:09:45
another in the early hours of December01:09:48
16th the Americans were torn from sleep01:09:50
by the screams of rockets and Bone01:09:52
rattling pounding of field guns sep01:09:55
dietrich's sixth Panzer Army had opened01:09:57
fire against known US Army positions in01:10:00
the first action of the01:10:02
battle as the gis scrambled out of their01:10:05
sleeping bags manful who had decided to01:10:08
ignore Hitler's insistence on an opening01:10:10
artillery barrage crossed the river sour01:10:13
in secret preferring to take the01:10:14
sleeping Americans by surprise as he did01:10:18
so engineer battalions began Bridging01:10:20
the river Ur So the 116th 2 and 130th01:10:24
Panzer Lair could follow evidently the01:10:27
Gambit succeeded a number of American01:10:29
soldiers panicked and fled one officer01:10:32
acknowledged that a few men broke Under01:10:34
The Strain wetting themselves repeatedly01:10:36
or vomiting or showing other severe01:10:39
symptoms many American positions were01:10:41
surrounded and captured but others were01:10:43
defended in stunning acts of Bravery01:10:46
such as when Lieutenant Lyle JB Jr of01:10:48
the 99th division held a null at Lonzo01:10:52
for the entire day with only only 18 men01:10:55
they killed and wounded over 400 enemies01:10:57
at a cost of just one life the fierce01:11:00
resistance of the 99th held up comp01:11:03
group Piper in particular in his01:11:06
impatience Piper ordered his vehicles to01:11:08
push forward rapidly and to ruthlessly01:11:10
run down anything in their way even01:11:12
driving them through the American01:11:14
Minefield at the cost of five01:11:16
panzers although the element of surprise01:11:19
counted for a lot the German Advance was01:11:21
not a total success and some suffered01:11:23
from numerous delays and errors early in01:11:26
the morning the 326th V Grenadier01:11:29
division Advanced with the aim of01:11:31
blocking the roads to openen and aen and01:11:34
prevent any American reinforcements01:11:36
coming in from the north however the01:11:38
Germans own artificial Moonlight a glow01:11:41
created by bouncing search lights off01:11:43
clouds silhouetted the vog grenadiers01:11:45
perfectly against the mist and snow and01:11:48
the Americans had themselves a turkey01:11:49
shoot forcing the01:11:51
326 back within an hour01:11:54
the weather was a constant irritation01:11:56
German forces experienced horrendous01:11:59
conditions on the road and in terms of01:12:01
visibility which meant while they01:12:02
struggled to move the Allies also01:12:04
struggled to impose their air power over01:12:07
the01:12:12
battlefield nevertheless on December01:12:15
17th the Germans were satisfied with01:12:17
their progress and morale was high a01:12:20
soldier in the third ponzer Grenadier01:12:22
division wrote I think the war in the01:12:24
west is again turning the main thing is01:12:27
that the war will soon be decided and I01:12:30
will be coming home again to my dear01:12:32
wife and we can again build a new home01:12:36
that day Eisenhower ordered all Reserve01:12:38
formations to the front he decided that01:12:40
Bastone through which the main roads01:12:43
leading to the Muse passed was the01:12:45
obvious place to block the German01:12:47
Advance the 101st and 82nd Airborne01:12:50
divisions were immediately dispatched if01:12:52
the first could reach Bastone before01:12:55
monto's spearhead perhaps these01:12:57
Screaming Eagles could turn the01:13:02
tide Eisenhower had ample reason to be01:13:05
concerned Piper had chosen to ignore the01:13:08
route mapped out by Hitler due to muddy01:13:10
tracks instead capturing hunfeld and01:13:13
bingan where he seized a fuel dump01:13:16
unopposed at each Village his men01:13:19
massacred American PS and local01:13:21
villagers Piper committed his most01:13:23
heinous crime at bonier here he murdered01:13:27
84 PS of the 285th field artillery01:13:30
observation Battalion in what would01:13:32
become one of the most infamous episodes01:13:34
on the Western01:13:36
Front Hereafter rumors of the SS massacr01:13:39
spread fear among the American forces in01:13:42
the South monto's Fifth Panzer Army01:13:44
moved against the 28th division01:13:46
surrounding the ancient town of01:13:48
clairville which was defended heroically01:13:50
But ultimately fruitlessly by01:13:52
outnumbered and out gunned men despite01:13:55
this Brave defense first Army HQ ended01:13:58
the day in somber Spirits fearing the01:14:00
Germans were on the verge of forming01:14:02
vital Bridge heads over the Muse the01:14:05
next day the Germans continued their01:14:07
assault overrunning American positions01:14:10
in an attack against the last battalion01:14:12
of the second division just 19701:14:15
Americans survived the01:14:17
assault their final stand combined with01:14:20
artillery support helped save the rest01:14:22
of the01:14:23
division first Army HQ was hastily01:14:26
evacuated and moved to sh Fontaine but01:14:29
Defenders at twon managed to saave off01:14:31
Panzer grenadiers trying to cross the01:14:33
river searching for alternative routes01:14:36
Piper found the forested slopes at llaz01:14:39
impossible to Traverse and the bridge01:14:41
over the river Leen already blown up01:14:45
resistance prevented the Germans from01:14:47
reaching best stone but US headquarters01:14:49
was still struck by paralysis by the end01:14:52
of the day General Bradley still had no01:14:54
idea first Army HQ had been abandoned01:14:57
the Americans were fighting and dying to01:14:59
protect an empty house on the 19th01:15:02
Bradley and General Patton were summoned01:15:04
to Verdun to meet Eisenhower the meeting01:15:07
led to a reorganization of the Allied01:15:09
defense and thanks to intercepted German01:15:11
Communications they now had a clearer01:15:14
idea of the lay of the land Eisenhower01:15:17
insisted there would be no withdrawal01:15:19
behind the Muse instead Alexander01:15:22
patches seventh Army would extend01:15:25
northward to cover for part of Patton's01:15:28
thirdd Army while Patton himself would01:15:30
advance to bestone to relieve the city's01:15:33
beleaguered01:15:35
Defenders both sides continued to suffer01:15:38
heavy casualties over the next few days01:15:40
with repeated German attempts to capture01:15:42
bone repulsed by heavy American01:15:44
artillery01:15:46
bombardments nonetheless by the evening01:15:49
of the 21st the town was almost entirely01:15:52
surrounded despite resistance and delays01:15:55
the Germans were confident one cheerful01:15:57
lant wrote to his wife you cannot01:16:00
imagine what glorious hours and days we01:16:02
are experiencing now it looks as if the01:16:05
Americans cannot withstand our important01:16:07
push on the 22nd the German Commander01:16:11
litz sent the Americans a demand to01:16:14
surrender General Anthony Mcall in01:16:16
charge of baston's Garrison simply sent01:16:19
the words nuts in return yet the demand01:16:22
was a block litz lacked the strength to01:16:24
annihilate the Defenders preferring01:16:26
instead to wait for reinforcements or01:16:28
else starve the besieged men out the01:16:32
latter was a distinct possibility as the01:16:34
Americans lacked resupply and had been01:16:36
constantly shelled if they didn't starve01:16:38
they may well have just01:16:40
broken the snow had returned too causing01:16:43
poor visibility with Americans and01:16:46
Germans frequently Crossing each other's01:16:48
lines in the01:16:49
Merc meanwhile another attack on S vit01:16:53
drove away the last of the American01:16:54
Defenders there although traffic jams01:16:56
faced by the Germans the following day01:16:59
would give the US Army time to regroup01:17:01
and pull back to form a new01:17:04
line the next day marked a turning point01:17:08
the weather finally cleared the skies01:17:10
were suddenly filled with Allied01:17:12
aircraft allowing transport planes to01:17:14
conduct a massive supply drop of01:17:16
ammunition fuel rations and medical01:17:19
supplies all around bestone meanwhile01:17:22
fighter bomber ATT attacks proved01:17:23
extremely effective at breaking up01:17:25
German attacks as they were01:17:28
assembling however General Patton01:17:30
struggled to punch through to bestone01:17:32
and was repeatedly styed by ruined01:17:34
bridges that had been blown up by01:17:36
American Engineers earlier in the01:17:38
battle on the 24th acting chief of the01:17:41
general staff hin garan visited Hitler01:17:44
to argue that the ardan offensive had01:17:46
clearly failed to achieve its goals and01:17:49
was not worth continuing calling instead01:17:51
for renewed attention on the Eastern01:17:53
front Hitler however refused to withdraw01:17:57
he would have been cheered by an01:17:58
apparent German Triumph early that01:18:00
morning when forward elements of the01:18:02
second Panzer Division reached cell this01:18:05
would be the furthest west the Germans01:18:07
would reach during the battle but it01:18:09
would only be a fleeting Victory01:18:11
ammunition and fuel were running01:18:13
dangerously low to the point that even a01:18:15
complete withdraw from their positions01:18:17
had become impossible food 2o was short01:18:21
and by the time the Allied troops had01:18:23
entered cell the following afternoon01:18:25
they encountered only famished and01:18:27
exhausted Panzer01:18:28
troops that night was Rad's turn to01:18:31
inform Hitler the offensive had failed01:18:35
but still the furer refused to order a01:18:37
withdrawal angrily dismissing01:18:40
him on the 26th Patton finally relieved01:18:43
bestone true to form Patton arrived via01:18:46
a reckless charge straight through the01:18:48
asena and North into bestone covered by01:18:51
artillery Fire and Air dropped01:18:53
Napalm it succeeded in driving a hole01:18:56
through German lines allowing troops and01:18:58
tanks from the fourth Armored Division01:19:00
to rushan and relieve the town by this01:19:03
point Hitler no longer made any mention01:19:05
of onp instead bestone was to become his01:19:09
symbol of Victory and he wanted no01:19:11
effort spared in capturing it refusing01:19:14
to listen to the protestations of his01:19:16
commanders Hitler ordered the creation01:19:18
of army group litz out of the remains of01:19:20
his forces to crush the town's def01:19:26
Defenders the Germans launched attack01:19:28
after attack against Bastone but by the01:19:31
beginning of 1945 total Allied air01:19:35
superiority and Relentless American01:19:37
artillery salvos had caused massive01:19:40
casualties German resistance and poor01:19:42
weather slowed the advance and by the01:19:44
11th of January there were unmistakable01:19:47
signs that the Germans were withdrawing01:19:50
at the end of the month the front line01:19:51
had been more or l less restored to its01:19:54
position before the offensive and the01:19:56
Germans had totally failed to reverse01:19:58
the course of the war and despite01:20:00
inflicting heavy casualties upon the01:20:02
Americans they had only succeeded in01:20:04
delaying the inevitable Japan's fighting01:20:07
Spirit remained tenacious with the01:20:09
Americans forced to contend with01:20:11
displays like that of General yoshitsugu01:20:14
saito's 4,300 man Bonsai charge during01:20:17
the Battle of sipan a ferocious assault01:20:20
which decimated the American 105th01:20:22
Infantry Regiment at the cost of nearly01:20:24
all of its01:20:26
attackers General yamashta defense of01:20:29
the occupied Philippines was crippled by01:20:31
another Naval defeat at the Battle of01:20:33
leate Gulf where the first organized use01:20:36
of kamakazi attacks did little to sway01:20:38
the01:20:39
tide in early February 1945 Roosevelt01:20:43
Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta01:20:45
crafting post-war peace aims and01:20:47
planning the Soviet Union's engagement01:20:49
against Japan as Europe's warfront01:20:51
neared its end the Pacific conflict01:20:54
intensified 1945 marked the final01:20:57
Turning Point as March saw the US launch01:20:59
a firebombing campaign across Tokyo01:21:02
devastating the city's industrial01:21:04
capacity and leaving a death toll of01:21:06
880,000 to nearly 100,000 people the01:21:09
Allied Forces closing in Japan found01:21:12
itself using all means necessary to01:21:14
defend the home01:21:16
Islands meanwhile Japan's second fleet01:21:19
was thrown at the Allies in a suicidal01:21:21
attack known as operation Teno which01:21:24
promptly failed after having their Naval01:21:26
codes once again decrypted by us01:21:28
intelligence despite a barrage of01:21:30
kamakazi attacks the US fifth Fleet had01:21:33
sunk the Yamoto and five of the other01:21:35
nine ships present at the01:21:38
battle the Americans after a hard-fought01:21:41
victory at iojima turned their focus to01:21:43
okanawa a pivotal point for a potential01:21:46
invasion of the Mainland the Battle of01:21:48
okanawa however proved the deadliest01:21:51
Pacific encounter inflicting over 49,00001:21:55
American01:21:56
casualties as this battle raged America01:21:59
mourned Roosevelt's death in April with01:22:01
Harry Truman stepping up to the enormous01:22:04
responsibility with Europe breathing01:22:06
relief after Germany's May surrender the01:22:08
Pacific remained a cauldron of conflict01:22:11
Truman was eager to end the war without01:22:14
Soviet involvement and was given the01:22:16
devastating power to do so thanks to the01:22:18
success of the Trinity test on July01:22:21
16th01:22:34
that month the big three convened in01:22:37
potam the significant outcome was the01:22:40
potam Declaration an ultimatum to Japan01:22:43
surrender or unconditionally face prompt01:22:46
and utter destruction Japan's refusal01:22:50
led to the Fateful decision to drop a01:22:52
atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki01:22:55
compelling Japan to an unconditional01:22:57
surrender by mid August marking the01:23:00
final end of the second world01:23:03
war with the end of the war came the01:23:05
American occupation of Japan from August01:23:08
1945 to May of 1952 a period of almost 701:23:13
years Japan functioned as a colony01:23:16
during this period with no military or01:23:18
political Independence all decisions of01:23:21
the Neutered Japanese government01:23:22
government had to be approved by the01:23:24
United States this was the world into01:23:27
which demobilized Japanese soldiers01:23:29
returned if they did at all the end of01:23:32
the war is usually associated with01:23:34
homecomings and happy reunions but for01:23:37
the Japanese soldier the end of the war01:23:39
meant uncertainty as he made his way01:23:41
back to a Homeland he no longer01:23:43
recognized while the conflict was01:23:45
ongoing the Japanese government made it01:23:48
extraordinarily difficult for captured01:23:50
soldiers to contact their families and01:23:53
propagandists in the military pushed the01:23:56
narrative that surrender was as01:23:58
dishonorable as it was impossible a01:24:00
Japanese soldier was expected to fight01:24:02
to the death and if for some reason he01:24:05
couldn't honor demanded he take his own01:24:07
life to surrender was not only to invite01:24:10
the greatest shame upon yourself but01:24:13
also to horribly dishonor your family01:24:15
and forfeit one's very identity as01:24:18
Japanese to spare their families the01:24:21
shame being ass associated with them01:24:23
returning Japanese PS would often not01:24:26
mention their capture to family and01:24:28
friends hiding what they were told was01:24:30
the most mortifying unforgivable sin01:24:32
they had ever committed in their01:24:35
lives the Western allies had no interest01:24:38
whatsoever in keeping Japanese PS on01:24:42
hand unlike their German counterparts01:24:44
the Japanese were not leas out to01:24:46
reconstruct shattered infrastructure or01:24:49
press ganged to clear minefields the01:24:51
rump Japanese government called for01:24:53
their repatriation and in concert with01:24:55
the Americans had made Provisions for01:24:57
getting the demobilized men home01:25:00
repatriation began in December of 194501:25:04
with the sick or wounded ethnic01:25:06
Taiwanese or Koreans and all Japanese01:25:08
soldiers in China pushed to the front of01:25:11
the line the returning soldiers were01:25:13
forced to exchange any foreign money01:25:15
they'd come into for the rapidly01:25:17
crashing Yen but were far more eager to01:25:19
exchange their prison clothes for old01:25:21
uni forms while they waited for their01:25:24
turn to head home they were housed in01:25:26
either old Barracks or warehouses at01:25:29
their ports of entry with basic01:25:31
furniture and no protection from the01:25:33
chill of the Japanese winter conditions01:25:36
were squalid to the point that one01:25:38
returning Soldier noted he wished he'd01:25:40
stay in the01:25:41
Philippines when it came time for the01:25:43
repatriates to complete their Journey01:25:45
they were given enough money for train01:25:47
fair and enough rations to see them01:25:49
through the arrival home was not always01:25:52
a happy one families of PS sometimes01:25:55
wrongly received notices of death an01:25:58
intentional distortion on the01:26:00
government's part so it's easy to01:26:01
imagine the emotional shock of seeing01:26:04
your dead husband brother or son walk01:26:06
through the front door the returning01:26:09
soldiers limped through the streets of01:26:11
their hometowns often still wearing01:26:13
Surplus uniforms given to them by their01:26:15
former captors and sometimes reduced to01:26:17
begging from American01:26:20
troops though many Japanese civili Ians01:26:22
privately supported their returning01:26:24
veterans the loss of the war and01:26:26
overnight restructuring of their society01:26:28
was too fresh of a wound and some01:26:30
soldiers were greeted with outright01:26:32
hostility by these same crowds that once01:26:35
cheered them as01:26:37
Heroes they came home quietly said toru01:26:40
Takaya a high school student at the time01:26:43
some of the soldiers told me that when01:26:45
they left to join the war everyone01:26:47
cheered and sent them off but when they01:26:49
came back there was nothing people01:26:51
looked at them them01:26:53
coldly regardless of how they were01:26:56
received it was all too common for01:26:57
returning soldiers to suffer a01:26:59
psychological collapse and many who made01:27:01
it back to their hometowns simply walked01:27:04
into their homes closed the door and01:27:06
were never seen01:27:10
again during the War years German01:27:12
soldiers were imprisoned in roughly 2001:27:15
countries around the world including in01:27:17
the continental United States while01:27:20
State Side many German prisoners were01:27:22
were leased out to Farms or factories to01:27:24
serve as laborers providing additional01:27:27
hands to make up for the workers lost to01:27:29
the draft a hot bed of this leasing01:27:32
activity was the southern us where01:27:34
German PS befriended American citizens01:27:37
and watched Hollywood films during their01:27:39
off hours overall PS sent to the US were01:27:43
treated humanely and deaths of Germans01:27:45
in American custody were low at01:27:50
491 the the war criminals of Nazi01:27:53
Germany from the highest echelons of01:27:55
military and civilian leadership to rank01:27:58
and file guards were arraigned on01:28:00
charges of crimes against humanity and01:28:02
prosecuted at a series of Trials most01:28:05
famously at01:28:07
nurenberg prosecutors from all Allied01:28:09
Nations presented a preponderance of01:28:12
evidence ranging from private Diaries to01:28:14
ledgers of concentration camps to01:28:17
military01:28:18
dispatches the prosecution's point was01:28:21
clear the milit was equally responsible01:28:23
for Hitler's Horrors as the SS and01:28:26
civilian leadership there was no01:28:28
distinction to be drawn between the01:28:30
independent and politically minded SS01:28:32
and the duly enlisted soldiers of the01:28:35
vermos while separate these two cogs in01:28:38
Hitler's machine of annihilation would01:28:40
often work in Sinister concert the01:28:43
vermos would take an area and the SS01:28:45
would Purge it of01:28:48
undesirables Military Officers such as01:28:51
kidle and High ministers like ribbon01:28:53
trop were hanged While others were01:28:55
sentenced to prison terms ranging from01:28:58
life to time01:28:59
served others such as Herman guring took01:29:02
their own lives rather than face the01:29:05
hangman there were even a few female01:29:08
defendants such as the sadistic hyena of01:29:10
aitz Emma CA Caza was ultimately hanged01:29:15
for her brutal treatment of01:29:16
concentration camp inmates unusual for a01:29:19
time when executing women was a stark01:29:21
Rarity01:29:23
but these people were still allowed a01:29:25
defense and theirs was simple we were01:29:27
just following orders the thrust of01:29:30
these arguments was that any Nazi01:29:31
Soldier officer official or Minister01:29:34
accused of crimes against humanity was01:29:36
simply following a directive from a01:29:38
higher01:29:39
authority some in fact falsified orders01:29:42
to show that they had no choice in the01:29:44
matter creating false Paper Trails to01:29:46
justify their own malice and cruelty01:29:49
toward Jews Roma lgbtq people and others01:29:53
the Nazi party declared01:29:56
undesirable many of these false stories01:29:58
were pushed by the defendants families01:30:00
who were tired of the war tired of the01:30:02
Reckoning and just wanted their sons01:30:04
daughters husbands or wives home whether01:30:07
they were a monster or01:30:09
not this attitude began to pervade01:30:12
German public Consciousness with01:30:13
unfortunate results in 1949 the Federal01:30:17
Republic of Germany was founded a new01:30:19
German state for a new German people01:30:21
people the first Chancellor of this new01:30:24
Germany Conrad adenau opened his tenure01:30:27
by announcing plans for a general01:30:29
amnesty for war criminals who had been01:30:31
sentenced by the occupying01:30:33
Powers the desire for Germany to be an01:30:36
ally against possible Soviet aggression01:30:38
trumped the desire for justice and01:30:41
spring of 1950 saw The Advisory board on01:30:44
clemency for war criminals established01:30:47
to review cases for leniency 105 cases01:30:50
were brought to the advis Advisory Board01:30:52
in August of 1950 as family and friends01:30:54
of convicted war criminals as well as01:30:57
representatives of the new German01:30:58
government presented all manner of01:31:00
mitigating evidence from medical history01:31:03
to the newly birthed clean vermos myth01:31:05
which stated emphatically that all Nazi01:31:08
crimes were the fault of the SS and01:31:10
Hitler's Inner Circle proponents of the01:31:12
clean vermos myth argue to this day that01:31:15
the common soldier of Nazi Germany was01:31:17
an honorable chalous man fighting for01:31:20
home and hear untainted by the01:31:22
atrocities of his peers and the hateful01:31:24
rhetoric of his01:31:25
leaders 84 of the 105 cases heard by The01:31:29
Advisory Board were dramatically01:31:31
lessened or outright commuted and the01:31:33
fairy tale myth of the clan verm spread01:31:36
through the German populace generations01:31:38
of Germans believed in a sharp divide01:31:41
between their ancestors who fought for01:31:43
Hitler and his crimes eager to01:31:45
compartmentalize the shame of their01:31:47
nation's atrocities and their own family01:31:50
histories01:31:55
War like history is never simple nor01:31:58
clean the solders of Germany captured on01:32:01
the battlefield rightfully expected to01:32:03
be treated in accordance with the Geneva01:32:06
Convention and in many cases they were01:32:08
until the war's end the pragmatic and01:32:11
vindictive moves by the Allies to force01:32:14
German PS into rebuilding Europe do not01:32:17
excuse the crimes of Nazi Germany just01:32:20
as Nazi atrocities do not excuse Allied01:32:23
violations of the Geneva Convention it01:32:25
is imperative that we remember history01:32:28
is not entirely black and white but01:32:30
rather painted Shades of Gray with01:32:32
definite areas of clear morality and01:32:34
Humanity to simplify history into West01:32:37
versus East good versus evil or any01:32:39
dichotomy is to ignore the true lessons01:32:42
our history has to teach us and the most01:32:44
profound lessons are often to be learned01:32:47
in its darkest01:32:50
chapters special thanks again to the01:32:52
sponsor of today's video goat guns01:32:54
support our Channel today by clicking01:32:56
our Link in the description below and01:32:58
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Thank you to GoatGuns for sponsoring this video! Support our channel by clicking the link and get your tactically inclined friends and family the perfect Holiday gift: https://goatguns.com/ Sign up for Armchair History TV today! https://armchairhistory.tv/ Merchandise available at https://armchairhistory.tv/collections/all Android App: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fourthwall.wla.armchairhistory IOS App: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/armchair-history-tv/id6471108801 Armchair Historian Video Game: https://store.steampowered.com/app/1679290/Fire__Maneuver/ Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/armchairhistorian Discord: https://discord.com/invite/thearmchairhistorian Twitter: https://twitter.com/ArmchairHist Sources: Ambrose, Stephen E. and C. L. Sulzberger. American Heritage New History of World War II, Rev. ed. New York: Viking, 1997. Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. “Soviet Policy toward Japan during World War II.” Cahiers du mond russe 52/2-3 (2011): 245-271. OpenEdition Journals. Hinnershitz, Stephanie. “Supplying Victory: The History of Merchant Marine in World War II.” February 7, 2022. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/merchant-marine-world-war-ii. Matloff, Maurice, ed. American Military History, Rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1973. Office of the Historian. “American Isolationism in the 1930s.” Accessed August 3, 2023. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/american-isolationism#:~:text=During%20the%201930s%2C%20the%20combination,non%2Dentanglement%20in%20international%20politics. PBS. “War Production.” The War. Accessed August 3, 2023. https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-war/war-production. “Proclamation Calling for the Surrender of Japan, Approved by the Heads of Governments of the United States, China, and the United Kingdom 26th July, 1945.” http://www1.udel.edu/History-old/figal/hist371/assets/pdfs/potsdam.pdf. Ryan, David. The United States and Europe in the Twentieth Century. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2003. ProQuest Ebook Central. Vergun, David. “During WWII, Industries Transitioned From Peacetime to Wartime Production.” DOD News, March 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/2128446/during-wwii-industries-transitioned-from-peacetime-to-wartime-production/ (Additional sources can be found in the compiled videos that are included in this documentary, which include our "Battle of the Bulge," "Battle of Aachen," "D-Day from the American Perspective," "WW1 From the American Perspective," "How did America Become a Superpower After WW2," "What Happened to German Soldiers After WW2," and "What Happened to Japanese Soldiers After WW2" videos) Armchair Team Credits: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYjrtdKP67bvEH4UWOv-24_dwJGxZ395ZuczyKOUFNw/edit?usp=sharing
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