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Russian
00:00:03
Good afternoon dear friends these are lessons00:00:05
stories with Tamara and Delman today00:00:08
we will talk about the siege of Leningrad00:00:11
Thank you all thanks to whom we can00:00:12
record this lecture to our patrons on00:00:15
patreon by our sponsor on YouTube00:00:18
who supports us on the boost platform00:00:21
to those who repost to those who post00:00:23
likes Well, please don’t forget about00:00:26
us If anyone else wants to support us00:00:30
thank you very much00:00:34
thank you preparing for today's lecture I00:00:38
I made this list for myself00:00:42
I figured this is what I knew about the blockade00:00:45
I won’t talk about Leningrad since birth00:00:47
when I was little, that's what was in the air00:00:50
what they always talked about at school00:00:53
spoken on TV written in books in00:00:58
magazines in newspapers that's what I absorbed00:01:03
even having a vague idea about00:01:06
history and when I made this list00:01:08
I realized that it’s about the same00:01:11
there is a minimum for younger people00:01:16
generations is hardly something important00:01:18
has changed What is included in such a minimum00:01:21
which almost everyone knows00:01:24
the siege of Leningrad lasted almost 90000:01:26
days a little less the most important basis00:01:30
shaping the quality of life in Leningrad00:01:34
there was hunger, blockade rations and everything. What's wrong00:01:37
this is due to the cold, terrible bombing at00:01:40
artillery shelling on the street side00:01:43
dangerous diary of Tanya Savicheva Savicheva00:01:46
everyone died everyone died Leningrad Symphony00:01:49
Shestakovich her performance in the siege00:01:52
Leningrad, her main motive is Olga00:01:55
Bergolz e00:01:58
radio broadcasts00:02:01
meaning for the blockade of her words Nobody00:02:04
forgotten and nothing is forgotten This is probably00:02:07
such a minimum it is clear that it is possible00:02:09
further develop and expand this is about00:02:12
what do people who all have an idea00:02:14
interested in history not interested00:02:16
here are the images in concentrated form00:02:19
blockades and all these images are very important and00:02:23
they are all rooted in reality in00:02:27
Terrible reality00:02:28
blockade00:02:31
Having compiled this list, I realized how small it is00:02:34
they begin to spiral towards this minimum00:02:37
some new new knowledge, let's say00:02:40
for the generation of the sixties00:02:42
probably the most important moment was the exit00:02:46
not even so much books Olga Bergoltz with00:02:48
daytime stars how much of Igor's film00:02:51
Talankino for my generation is very00:02:55
important, of course, was the appearance of the blockade00:02:57
books by Ole Adamovich verges Well and further00:03:01
we can talk more and more, but00:03:05
it is absolutely clear that all this00:03:08
Not enough Blockade like almost everything00:03:10
what is connected with the second world war in00:03:12
our country cannot reflect00:03:21
there would be a memorial at the Piskaryovsky cemetery00:03:24
endless memories of the siege survivors and00:03:27
what happened and these images and00:03:30
probably about the blockade to some extent00:03:32
people know more than about Stalingrad00:03:35
Moscow Battle of Kursk but at the same time00:03:40
firstly, of course, there are many layers and00:03:44
the deeper you go, the scarier it gets00:03:46
and in the end it gets scary00:03:50
so you understand what you achieve00:03:52
some kind of level00:03:56
horror Well, that's how things are with the Holocaust00:04:00
which are impossible to describe, but people are everything00:04:03
they are still trying to describe it very much00:04:06
It is characteristic that the most important works00:04:10
literary works related to the blockade are00:04:12
of course Diaries where people are very00:04:15
in different ways to the best of one's ability to the best of one's ability00:04:17
your talent to the best of your experience00:04:20
tried to describe what happened And in reality00:04:24
in fact, none of these diaries are absolutely00:04:27
this doesn't adequately describe it because00:04:30
there is some kind of transcendental00:04:32
experience But distance yourself from this experience00:04:35
it's impossible you can't turn away you can't00:04:38
that's for me00:04:39
think You can't leave it in the rear This is it00:04:42
not thought out is not worked out and00:04:45
this applies not only to Leningraders or00:04:48
there are St. Petersburg residents not only residents00:04:50
Russia or the inhabitants of the Soviet Union is00:04:53
the kind of injury that calls into question00:04:57
in general, some important things related00:04:59
With00:05:01
and that’s why we need to talk about it00:05:03
think and need to live with it first00:05:08
Let's see how everything turned out00:05:11
Of course, at the end of the thirties, no one in00:05:14
it couldn't occur to me that the enemies00:05:18
will cross the western border and approach00:05:21
it was unimaginable to Leningrad00:05:24
absolutely when Soviet power00:05:27
was looking for a reason for war with Finland00:05:30
in the fall of '39 what are we talking about?00:05:33
spoke in a lecture about the first years of the Second00:05:36
world war is one of the proposals00:05:40
actually the main proposal which00:05:42
was put forward to the Finnish government00:05:45
there was an exchange of territories and this was explained00:05:48
because the border is too close00:05:50
I would like to move it to Leningrad00:05:52
to ensure the safety of Leningrad00:05:54
the border was really close after00:05:57
Soviet-Finnish war Finland00:05:59
I still had to agree00:06:01
give up a piece of your territory up to00:06:04
The Vyborg border has been pushed back, but still00:06:07
the closest border to Leningrad00:06:09
naturally was Finnish and if someone00:06:12
I was thinking about protection and strengthening with this00:06:17
sides to Western00:06:20
the borders were hundreds of kilometers not to mention00:06:24
about the fact that in00:06:26
within the framework of the ideas of the thirties00:06:29
any leader who would say that00:06:31
it is necessary to strengthen Leningrad, assuming that00:06:35
there will be some kind of invasion00:06:37
the manager would immediately be accused of00:06:43
zhenchenko00:06:45
the main one didn't come to mind00:06:49
propaganda idea concerning the future00:06:52
war was that war if00:06:55
she will then she will of course quickly00:06:59
because Soviet troops are holding00:07:02
victory with little blood on foreign territory00:07:05
no one could imagine that00:07:07
German armies are not just00:07:12
will cross paths ahead Well, about a little bloodshed00:07:15
here you don’t have to say it’s clear how much00:07:17
there was blood and that they were at such speed00:07:19
will begin to move across Soviet soil in00:07:23
particularly towards Leningrad00:07:26
this was of course completely unexpected00:07:28
the fortification was not really here anymore00:07:31
late June early July That is immediately00:07:33
after the start of the war they begin quickly00:07:35
build Luga defensive line in00:07:38
area of the Luga River which should cover00:07:41
Leningrad But much has been written about what00:07:44
efforts were made for this construction00:07:46
what wonderful fortifications there were00:07:48
but it is absolutely clear that they are real00:07:50
defensive lines are built over the years00:07:54
some00:07:55
weeks by women teenagers Old people00:07:59
Well, for some part of the army this is a real frontier00:08:02
it was impossible to build, especially since00:08:05
by 1200:08:06
July the Germans had already reached Luga naturally00:08:11
only part was built here00:08:13
there will be fierce fighting here00:08:16
Most of Leningradsky was destroyed00:08:18
Militia but the fate of the Militia00:08:20
Leningrad In general, the same as in all00:08:23
other cities when they called up those00:08:25
who was fit for non-combatant duty of some kind00:08:28
ingen00:08:30
those who were bespectacled were exempt from00:08:32
military conscription due to myopia Who00:08:35
I've never held a gun in my hands00:08:39
and so they throw them into this firebox But besides00:08:42
militias are of course fighting here00:08:44
the troops are fighting fiercely here but00:08:49
it is not possible to hold the Luga line00:08:52
mid-August he was born at the end00:08:55
August, more than 4,000 soldiers were caught here00:08:58
the environment, some part escaped00:09:01
some died around 20,00000:09:03
were captured and then in general there is little more00:09:07
what could hold the Germans back they are moving00:09:10
to the city that defends of course00:09:14
troops But every day the situation00:09:17
Getting more and more complex00:09:19
starting from June 29, that is, in a week00:09:22
after the start of the war to hostilities00:09:25
here on the Leningrad direction00:09:27
Finns are joining in. Finland is actually not00:09:31
really wanted to unite with Germany00:09:34
I really wanted to act on the side00:09:36
Germany00:09:37
but the Finnish war and completely00:09:42
aggressive attitude of the Soviet Union towards00:09:45
Finland has this desire to snatch00:09:47
a piece of Finnish territory, of course everything00:09:50
changed Finnish troops are starting00:09:52
move also towards Leningrad00:09:54
thereby reinforcing the German offensive00:09:57
closing it on the other side and this00:10:00
probably not the most important thing in00:10:03
history of the blockade But this is interesting from the point of view00:10:07
from the point of view of history as a whole and from the point of view00:10:10
how differently you can look at00:10:13
historical figures to historical00:10:15
events fil Marshal RGM who before this00:10:19
so successfully defended his country during00:10:22
the Soviet-Finnish war is now moving00:10:25
to Leningrad while commemorating himself00:10:30
later I wrote the following I took over00:10:33
responsibilities00:10:34
commander-in-chief on the condition that we00:10:37
we will not launch an attack on Leningrad00:10:40
This is a phrase from his memories00:10:42
gave rise to a wide variety of00:10:45
ratings and responses someone relies on00:10:48
speaking to her about the exceptional00:10:50
Mannerheim's nobility Whose youth00:10:52
was connected in many ways with St. Petersburg and00:10:55
or on the other hand a person who does not00:10:57
really wanted00:10:59
supports the fascists, while others are the opposite00:11:02
they think that this is all invented later that00:11:04
in fact, the role of the Finns was great in00:11:08
blockade that manners game just tried00:11:10
retroactively justify myself here00:11:12
historical political disputes rage00:11:15
which we won't go to now00:11:16
distracted but interesting just that too00:11:20
how poignantly all this resonates with Do00:11:23
today in 2007 in00:11:27
Petersburg at the Marshal Hotel which00:11:30
completely dedicated as I understand it00:11:32
Margate his bust caused outrage00:11:37
but no one could do anything about it00:11:39
here in 2015 2016 there were several00:11:43
such explosions of social contradictions00:11:45
when they tried to install twice00:11:48
memorial plaque in those places00:11:51
Petersburg which are associated with Morgames00:11:54
split someone thought it was00:11:57
completely justified at the same time00:11:59
there were screams00:12:01
outrage one of these boards was destroyed00:12:05
the other disappeared completely into the unknown00:12:07
the direction is completely clear00:12:09
this topic is still painful, although00:12:11
I say again that this is not the main thing00:12:14
question in the history of the blockade but in any case00:12:16
case the Finnish troops really00:12:19
directly under siege00:12:21
Leningrad did not take part, however00:12:24
They also covered the paths to00:12:26
Leningrad but naturally the main role00:12:29
German troops played here00:12:31
already by the beginning of September they are approaching the city00:12:34
On September 8 the Shlisselburg ring was taken00:12:37
locked in the only way left00:12:41
through Lake Ladoga which is also in00:12:43
in general it is shot through and for real00:12:47
did not always function and with00:12:50
this moment the blockade began00:12:52
Leningrad which will last until00:12:54
early forty-four situation00:12:57
at the front here near the city00:12:59
things turned out very differently, that is00:13:01
in these first weeks of September00:13:04
it seemed that the city was about to be taken00:13:07
there is of course a very big question mark here00:13:09
because Hitler didn’t want to take it at all00:13:12
Leningrad Not because he wanted00:13:14
strangle him immediately in the grip of hunger00:13:17
Hitler naturally wouldn't be upset00:13:19
if the entire population of Leningrad died00:13:22
but the problem was simply that00:13:24
he didn't want to take it upon himself00:13:25
responsibility if the Nazis took00:13:28
Leningrad then they should have, well00:13:31
establish some order there, manage it00:13:33
the city is not involved in supply00:13:36
letting them get sick is perfect00:13:38
it wasn't necessary but in the first half00:13:41
September, attempts are being made to break through to00:13:44
Leningrad, or at least very00:13:46
this feeling is clearly created00:13:49
commanded the Leningrad Front00:13:51
Voroshilov, who is here again00:13:53
since he couldn't cope Well, simply because he00:13:55
couldn't cope with anything and here we go00:13:59
On September 12, there was a complete feeling that the city00:14:02
Voroshilov will be taken just about fine00:14:04
understood what Stalin would do to him if00:14:06
now he will surrender the city they said that he00:14:08
was about to go to the front line and just00:14:11
seek death Well maybe that was all00:14:14
just some hysterical outbursts but00:14:17
in any case, Stalin understood the situation00:14:20
he sends Zhukov here, realizing that00:14:22
Zhukov is capable of the sharpest00:14:27
cruel and most decisive actions00:14:30
Zhukov heads the Leningrad Front00:14:32
starting from September 14 in many ways00:14:35
thanks to him probably not only of course00:14:38
him but largely thanks to this front00:14:41
survived The soldiers fought from the last00:14:44
Zhukov did not forget to threaten forces00:14:47
it is common to say that everyone who will00:14:49
retreat will be shot and his family00:14:52
will be shot, maybe00:14:54
the Germans at that moment thought that00:14:56
should you push the offensive too hard?00:15:00
is suspended further Almost a year before00:15:03
next summer will naturally go00:15:06
Naturally the battles will take place here00:15:08
Soviet troops on the other side00:15:11
Germans, the Blue Division will be here00:15:14
Spanish Volunteers who Franco00:15:16
allowed to go here But such00:15:20
there will be no more real assaults00:15:23
these months until the summer of '4200:15:26
the city will bear the main damage due to00:15:30
endless Artaud shelling, not to mention00:15:32
famine will be undertaken after this00:15:34
several attempts by Soviet troops00:15:36
two Sinyavinskaya will break the blockade00:15:39
operations will be in the fall of forty-one00:15:42
the terrible Lyuban operation in the first00:15:44
half of forty-two and one more00:15:47
The Sinyavinsk operation is already in the fall of forty00:15:50
second, all these operations are very different from00:15:55
different commanders with different00:15:57
participants through their various actions00:16:00
combine several things they were all00:16:02
very poorly organized very poorly00:16:06
[music]00:16:07
only Marshal Kulik was able to coordinate00:16:09
commander of the Fifty-fourth Army00:16:11
who was stubborn and did not want to comply00:16:13
Zhukov's order and go on the offensive00:16:16
Because his army was not ready00:16:19
Zhukov destroyed him and completely called him names00:16:22
he said that he was a coward, he was just indignant00:16:25
that this soldier is sorry and the soldiers are here00:16:29
died in incredible numbers and more00:16:31
one thing unites all these operations00:16:33
that they absolutely failed with one of them00:16:35
these attempts are connected with the tragedy of the second00:16:37
shock army commanded by a general00:16:40
Vlasov But this will be a special topic for00:16:43
another lecture the main thing in this case00:16:46
for our conversation today this is00:16:48
that these four operations within00:16:51
the years spent were worth a huge00:16:54
the number of lives and in general did not lead00:16:57
there’s no point in sometimes they write that they delayed00:17:00
some part of the German army did not take over00:17:04
let the Germans break through here and there, but this00:17:09
there were absolutely lost thousands and00:17:13
thousands of lives Nikolai Nikulin wrote00:17:16
amazing memories of the war00:17:18
quoted them in my last lecture00:17:20
abundantly You can’t do without it here either00:17:23
Nikolin then the young soldier fought00:17:25
next to the pogost station just in time00:17:29
Lyubansky operation during the next00:17:31
attempts to break the blockade and He wrote00:17:34
next stop for guest original00:17:37
point when trying to remove the blockade00:17:39
Leningrad, Lyubanskaya began here00:17:42
operation fifty-fourth army00:17:44
had to break through the front to the station00:17:47
Lyuban and connect with the second drum00:17:49
army advancing from Meat Bor to00:17:52
Volkhov and thus dismember00:17:55
German group of the second army00:17:57
will be surrounded00:17:59
General Vlasov is just about to begin00:18:02
tragic Odyssey And the army will lead the bees00:18:07
3 months of fierce battles filled with blood00:18:11
the churchyard will advance 20 km now this00:18:15
the operation was forgotten as a failure00:18:19
failed to break the blockade in the summer of 4200:18:23
obviously something has changed in00:18:25
German strategic plans00:18:27
command because they began again00:18:31
began to press again and tried to move into00:18:34
it is possible to attempt an offensive after all00:18:36
it was not possible to capture the city00:18:39
and then again it will be strengthened more and more00:18:43
and more Arto shelling in January forty00:18:45
third year the blockade will be broken then00:18:48
there is still such a corridor being formed in00:18:50
area of Shlisselburg where you can00:18:53
will be by land route and not just by00:18:56
it is unreliable to carry out Lake Ladoga00:18:58
with a big land and in general fundamentally00:19:02
this did not change the situation of Leningrad00:19:04
of course it made it easier to some extent, but not00:19:06
moreover, and only in the early forties00:19:09
in the fourth year the blockade will be lifted00:19:13
what happened in these years in the city with00:19:17
on the one hand we know a lot of details00:19:20
because they wrote Diaries then they wrote00:19:23
memories of this were made into films about00:19:26
studies have been written about this00:19:28
novels have been written, everyone has seen the chronicle footage00:19:31
these people wandering through the frozen city00:19:34
someone carrying a bucket of water on a sled00:19:37
who is the frozen corpse on one side is all00:19:40
these horrors are well known to us on the other hand00:19:43
side here is Nikolin who is the blockade itself00:19:46
did not describe he described the situation next to00:19:49
Leningrad but he has important words00:19:53
in the preface which he had already written for00:19:56
publications of his Memoirs which00:19:58
been lying under wraps for so long, where is he?00:20:00
writes that he was amazed after re-reading his00:20:03
the text how softly he wrote how much00:20:07
cruel and terrible remains behind00:20:09
outside of his memories Although you read00:20:12
and you think it’s much worse among00:20:14
many diaries left behind00:20:17
Leningrader Apparently the most00:20:19
scary diaries are diaries00:20:23
a wonderful philologist00:20:26
cousin of Mikhailovna Freidenberg00:20:28
who was driving and completely exhausted00:20:30
hungry and freezing but she was counting00:20:33
his duty like many others00:20:37
write down what she sees what she00:20:39
feels And since Freudenberg was00:20:42
was an outstanding scientist00:20:45
capable of incredible depth of analysis00:20:47
And by the way, apparently very heavy00:20:49
she's a person00:20:52
wrote an incredible document00:20:55
large containing country00:20:59
Delhi and unlike diaries for example00:21:03
Olya Bergolz which were hidden for a long time00:21:08
when during the blockade her husband buried00:21:10
her Diaries which also came out through00:21:14
many, many years after the blockade, in contrast00:21:17
from many other texts that00:21:18
printed and reprinted in the diary00:21:21
Olga Freidenberg VS is not completely00:21:24
printed like the entire archive which00:21:26
posted on the Internet but stored under00:21:30
locked with a password and doesn't open much00:21:33
times in my various lectures I quoted00:21:36
a wonderful book by philologist Evgeniy00:21:39
dobrenko which is called late00:21:40
Stalinism and in this book there is a whole00:21:43
chapter dedicated to the blockade and experience00:21:46
understanding the blockade I have a lot today00:21:48
I’ll refer to it and here’s a good one00:21:52
describing the situation with memories with00:21:56
blockade diaries burns about the fact that this00:21:59
the experience is so terrible that it is very00:22:03
hard to express and he writes about diaries00:22:06
Freudenberg the extent of their scandals00:22:13
to be infringed by unpublished and under00:22:16
make a fuss yet00:22:18
frankness is not meant here00:22:20
gossip some nasty things about other people00:22:23
but what I mean is how Olga00:22:26
Mikhailovna describes00:22:29
we'll talk more about the situation in the city00:22:31
we'll talk but for now00:22:34
let's see what happens first00:22:39
It’s unclear what the main threat will be00:22:41
hunger of course it was immediately sad00:22:43
there was not enough food card but the first threat00:22:48
- it was the Germans bombing continuously00:22:51
Leningrad was shelled quantity00:22:53
destroyed houses the number of victims was00:22:56
very large, understandably it was terrifying00:23:00
fear, despair and of course there was more here00:23:04
no one could imagine such a feeling00:23:07
what could this be?00:23:08
happen And this00:23:11
happened Unfortunately this suggests itself00:23:14
parallels with today and parallels00:23:17
these sad Olga Bergoltz in their00:23:19
amazing diaries writes the following in00:23:22
September from the first year when everything is just00:23:24
it starts no no how does it get into00:23:29
unarmed defenseless people explosive00:23:32
iron Yes, so that it is even before that00:23:35
whistled. She was incredibly tormented by what00:23:40
the sound of an approaching bomb was heard00:23:43
so that even before this it whistles like that00:23:47
that everyone would think it was me and die00:23:50
in advance00:23:51
died and she flashed by but a minute later00:23:55
will whistle again and again and again00:23:57
a man dies and translates again00:24:00
breath rises to die again and00:24:03
again Yes If it’s good Kill but not00:24:07
scare me don't you dare scare me with this00:24:10
damn whistle don't mock me00:24:13
kill me quietly, kill right away and not00:24:18
a little a few times a day Oh my God00:24:22
my Then she writes on the workers00:24:24
the outskirts have nowhere to hide from the Bombs00:24:29
it was called we are preparing for war oh00:24:32
Bastards adventurers ruthless Bastards00:24:37
another source another woman00:24:40
having lived through the blockade is wonderful00:24:43
philologist Lydia Yacona Ginsburg who00:24:46
also kept diaries and diaries very00:24:50
frank like Bergolz and then00:24:53
she reworked them into a book which00:24:56
called notes00:24:58
man this book is not immediately00:25:01
could be printed and there too00:25:05
thoughts constantly return to00:25:08
bombing daily routes pass00:25:11
bombed past houses00:25:14
cross-sections of houses demonstrate the system00:25:16
floors thin layers of floor and ceiling00:25:20
the person begins to understand with surprise00:25:23
that sitting in his room he hangs in00:25:27
in the air with his head under his feet also00:25:31
other people are hanging here this is it00:25:33
amazing image on the one hand00:25:35
very Well, I would say picturesque like this00:25:38
and imagine this cut of the house00:25:40
where really in a multi-story building00:25:42
everyone seems to be hanging in the air and with00:25:45
On the other hand, of course it's amazing00:25:47
the image of this human insecurity00:25:50
who at any moment from this apartment00:25:52
can literally fly up into thin air00:25:55
sense and disappear in those autumns00:25:59
sign boarded up windows And the windows are clear00:26:06
nail it down and then just when00:26:08
there was no glass to close the window in those00:26:12
Autumn days sign boarded up windows received00:26:15
terrible reverse meaning it has become a sign00:26:18
buried alive and dying in00:26:21
in the darkness in NM there was funeral symbolism00:26:24
boards walled up basements heaviness of floors00:26:29
falling on a person has long been00:26:33
It was noticed that the Siege Diaries Well00:26:38
Ginsburg's notes are practically the same00:26:40
diary they are much stronger than many00:26:43
works of art here this one00:26:47
the need to describe what you saw00:26:50
what you00:26:51
felt she created incredible00:26:54
important historical documents and00:26:56
incredibly important artistic00:26:59
works, but probably from all of them00:27:02
these great amazing diaries are the most00:27:05
terrible and most ruthless - it’s like00:27:08
times diary freudenberg00:27:09
which, as I already said, is still not00:27:12
published but there are parts of it that00:27:16
which have already been published, for example00:27:19
appeared in the book Irina Poper Siege00:27:22
people who were published by different people00:27:25
who received, to one degree or another, access to00:27:27
this00:27:29
so excerpts from the Raiden Diaries we00:27:31
we know And they are very scary for her00:27:35
Siege of Leningrad or Siege like it00:27:38
called This is not just a military phenomenon00:27:42
this is a manifestation00:27:44
tyranny suppression of man and00:27:47
suppression not only by Hitler00:27:50
We'll come to this later, but for now here it is00:27:52
that she is Pete about the sides constant shelling00:27:57
For00:27:59
the barbarity of Hitler and Stalin here00:28:02
It's amazing how completely different00:28:03
these three outstanding women describe what00:28:07
what they see and feel at the Bergoltz00:28:09
this horror is00:28:27
to bully the civilians in00:28:30
women in the midst of the citizens of the population and00:28:34
The Soviet government demanded that people00:28:37
were at their official places and00:28:39
being late for work was not allowed in00:28:42
as a result during the shelling people00:28:44
were on the street at stops00:28:47
trams and not in shelters it was00:28:50
double barbarism among the Germans for nothing00:28:53
do at Stalin's place out of disdain for00:28:56
the city is silent00:28:58
tram stops and all places00:29:01
gatherings of peaceful, unarmed public00:29:04
the public that our tyrant forced to live00:29:08
and work at the forefront of trams00:29:11
contacted the bloody Messe Freudenberg00:29:15
went the furthest in her mercilessly00:29:19
of her analysis because she is not just00:29:23
describes human suffering She00:29:24
by the way, he describes them with incredible00:29:27
creepy but she gets it in her analysis00:29:31
until something like this00:29:33
hopelessness and few people at that time already00:29:37
I understood that these were two00:29:40
cannibals fighting each other and she00:29:43
understood but00:29:45
bombings to which Well, in some way00:29:48
as people began to get used to it naturally00:29:50
who survived it was still not the best00:29:53
the worst thing is of course the worst thing for00:29:56
Leningraders had a famine, stories about00:30:00
Dutchess the question is how much each00:30:02
of them are frank and how much each of them00:30:04
they are deep let's just say what happened00:30:09
when the war started in the stores00:30:12
some kind of food Let's just say that00:30:14
naturally Soviet stores in forty00:30:15
the first year we weren’t bursting with food, but there00:30:19
there was food and some people started making00:30:22
stocks again in order to make00:30:24
supplies needed money and there was a lot of it00:30:27
not everyone had it, but people started00:30:31
buy something there as we know in00:30:33
The Soviet country is most feared00:30:36
panic, no matter whether there is a war or a nuclear war00:30:40
power plant is on fire or fire Main00:30:44
so that there is no panic on the one hand00:30:47
I see, it seems like we need to follow the order00:30:49
At the same time, people are not panicking00:30:51
controlled in Leningrad have already introduced00:30:54
there is no blockade card, there is nothing00:30:56
this is the hole right here00:30:59
naturally there was a market market naturally00:31:02
someone bought something sold 100:31:05
September, again, the blockade is not yet00:31:07
started but was banned on September 100:31:10
free trade00:31:12
products the state takes everything under00:31:15
control is naturally assumed that00:31:17
if the state takes control of everything00:31:19
then it will continue to provide citizens00:31:23
we know what horror is happening00:31:26
given September the Badaevskys were defeated00:31:29
warehouses where large stocks were stored00:31:33
food is really00:31:34
tragic00:31:36
Randomness will make things very worse in the city of No00:31:40
these were far from the only ones though00:31:43
warehouses of course and future hunger will not00:31:45
the matter depended only on this bombing00:31:48
it was completely different according to the cards00:31:52
they give out very little food and with each00:31:55
month of this first winter Date Sun00:31:58
the cards are much smaller00:32:00
vary yes working cards yes00:32:03
dependency cards00:32:07
maybe if you don't have a relative00:32:10
who works who gets more00:32:12
and who is ready to share this with you00:32:15
Naturally there is also a big problem00:32:18
numerous benefits numerous00:32:21
rations numerous passes to canteens00:32:24
which the Elite receives, let’s say so or00:32:28
party elite state elite00:32:30
artistic intellectual and this00:32:33
here the division of people turns out to be very00:32:37
scary But today a lot has been written about that00:32:40
as Zhdanov, who headed the Leningradsky00:32:42
The regional committee brought food in wagons like him00:32:46
played tennis to lose weight00:32:48
fat But this applies not only to00:32:51
there was a whole layer of people00:32:54
who not only ate normally but00:32:56
which is generally Zhirova and this is very00:32:58
scary when you think about it00:32:59
what was happening in the city, not only that, there was famine00:33:03
The cold got very quickly, but how are we?00:33:06
We understand that it’s cold in Leningrad in winter00:33:07
almost always winter in the early forties00:33:11
years were especially cold in December00:33:14
On the forty-first they turned off the central00:33:16
heating, which means that in houses00:33:20
a terrifying cold has reigned, that is, it is necessary00:33:23
was to keep warm with00:33:25
potbelly stoves that burned, books that burned00:33:28
the wallpaper is some kind of boards, pathetic and cold00:33:33
there was some incredible creeping up00:33:36
bones and how we know perfectly well that00:33:38
a hungry person freezes more00:33:40
a cold person wants to eat more00:33:42
there are these two things that strengthened each other00:33:44
friend at the same time in December00:33:47
naturally as soon as it was turned off00:33:48
heating pipes began to freeze and this00:33:51
means the water supply has stopped working00:33:53
and sewer scary description00:33:56
Freudenberg like how she drags out00:33:59
last bit of strength buckets of water okay00:34:03
she drags buckets of sewage around00:34:05
several times a day on the street and she00:34:09
can't leave these buckets for any reason00:34:12
for a second at home she's afraid of what's in the bucket00:34:15
the results of her and her life activity00:34:18
mothers will freeze and then they will not be able to00:34:20
I need to get them out of there and pour them out for now00:34:22
they are hot and she pulls it and they are hot00:34:26
It is impossible to wash yourself at some point in00:34:28
pipes burst in her house Well, just like in00:34:31
many houses and sewage from the neighboring00:34:34
apartments rose to it and filled00:34:37
bath and then she's so scary00:34:40
image of a bathtub in an apartment filled00:34:44
black frozen slurry that needs to be pulled out00:34:48
from there it is impossible and the image of yellow snow00:34:52
Because people of course prefer00:34:54
send your natural needs00:34:56
better outside the house so as not to00:34:59
pull it all out And by the way People00:35:02
stop being ashamed of each other about it00:35:04
cold is added to hunger00:35:07
also this terrible dirt. What if00:35:09
remember that one of the most common00:35:12
diseases there was dysentery that occurred on00:35:14
because of hunger, you can imagine00:35:17
like these creepy dirty liquids00:35:20
stinking streams flow, flow and flow00:35:23
the electricity was cut off and the trams were stopped00:35:26
and no one vacated the work. Moreover00:35:30
that work gives you a work card and00:35:33
this means you have to walk00:35:35
hungry and cold can sometimes be00:35:37
of course it was all across the city00:35:39
absolutely terrifying in the spring when it became00:35:43
It's warmer when it starts to grow somewhere00:35:45
some nettles, some wild herbs00:35:48
which could be collected became00:35:49
a little lighter Lydia Ginsburg in her00:35:52
in the notes of the besieged man she00:35:54
describes how the besieged man changed00:35:57
one thing is the siege man of autumn forty00:36:00
first winter forty first summer forty00:36:03
the second He is already different, he has already experienced00:36:05
terrible if he survived And now he has00:36:08
some kind of Hope appears again00:36:11
there were of course a lot of them00:36:14
subtle nuances dependent Well and on00:36:18
position of a person and from his cards and00:36:20
from his health but in particular from00:36:22
time of year she writes besieged man00:36:24
in the autumn of forty-one changed00:36:27
man of winter with the possibility of death00:36:31
existed in the mind of this person00:36:34
but his immediate experiences00:36:37
hunger and especially the fear of hunger00:36:40
there is if in the fall a person was afraid of bombing00:36:43
I was afraid to die, even this feeling00:36:46
retreats before the wild hunger of winter forty00:36:51
per so in a man of summer from vgo already00:36:55
changed a little she writes opened00:36:58
market Little by little you crawled speculators00:37:01
The revival of the money factor was heartwarming.00:37:04
the revolution created opportunities and00:37:07
Passions began to play around the possibilities and00:37:10
interests in spring dystrophic person00:37:13
so00:37:26
opelka gets food who has a pass00:37:29
and so on and speculators appeared00:37:34
Where are these people who have access to food from?00:37:38
who make money in one way or another00:37:41
on the hunger of other people, these are the ones who have00:37:46
some opportunities in 201900:37:49
director Alexey Krasovsky made a film00:37:52
A holiday that caused a storm of indignation00:37:55
IVS even with a sunset certificate for00:38:00
to release this film00:38:02
it was clear that he would not come out; moreover, he00:38:05
the film did not receive funding00:38:08
crowdfunding account and was posted on00:38:10
YouTube and this may be an interesting film00:38:14
not a big masterpiece but an interesting film00:38:17
in the same year nineteen it was 7500:38:19
years since the blockade was lifted and me00:38:21
invited to one good Moscow school00:38:24
tell the children about the blockade there were00:38:26
different kids00:38:28
And so I tell them something Then00:38:30
questions and a boy probably in fifth grade00:38:33
He says: But I have a question:00:38:36
that was just the time when there was a scandal00:38:37
around this film I heard him say00:38:41
that there is such a movie Well, he wanted me00:38:44
ask what I think about this movie I00:38:46
I heard that there is such a film and here it is00:38:48
he interrupts himself and says I haven’t seen him00:38:52
I'm on horseback with him Nege00:38:56
Imi sucks boy but he already knows what he needs00:39:04
disowned00:39:08
But I naturally told him that And you00:39:11
watch this movie first then decide00:39:13
Do you agree or disagree? But00:39:15
I like this movie, but this00:39:18
it was somehow very sad and very00:39:21
unpleasant, but the film caused such a holiday00:39:24
His rage was accused of the fact that the material00:39:28
the blockade of Leningrad is actually00:39:30
certainly not a comedy, and in any case00:39:33
this is not a film making fun of the blockade00:39:36
the film is about something completely different00:39:38
occurs on December 31, 194100:39:41
in the Zagorodny House of a certain large00:39:44
a scientist who lives accordingly00:39:46
very satisfying because it fulfills00:39:48
some government tasks and live00:39:51
they are well outside the city but next to a certain00:39:54
starving city Well, in general it’s clear00:39:56
What is this00:39:57
and then different things happen in this house00:40:00
weird people are really funny sometimes00:40:02
sometimes sad people are more sad00:40:04
terrible events when this one started00:40:07
propaganda campaign against it00:40:10
movie and it wasn't that this00:40:12
to some extent the film can be called00:40:13
situation comedy or something else00:40:16
what did it say about the topic that00:40:19
in many ways Until today it is Taboo00:40:22
about what's in00:40:25
dying number of people died from00:40:28
hunger there were people who lived very00:40:32
satisfying and it was not only Zhdanov00:40:36
and not just some chefs00:40:38
who stole from00:40:40
canteens these were people who had clearance Well00:40:45
to power in one form or another00:40:48
post-war years about the famine in Leningrad00:40:51
We didn’t speak at all, we didn’t write for a little while00:40:54
We'll talk about this later and of course we'll talk about it00:40:58
there will be a blockade book by Adamovich and00:41:00
Granina, which by the way was first in00:41:03
Leningrad banned on Leningradskie00:41:05
they were quite autonomous in power00:41:08
this is the time to prevent the sale00:41:11
this book even when it was already published there00:41:13
collected a lot of memories00:41:15
true memories, bright, strong00:41:18
terrible ones in particular about hunger but when00:41:21
it is absolutely clear that they did not reach00:41:26
the very bottom00:41:27
or maybe somewhere they got there but not00:41:30
recorded there are eyewitness accounts about00:41:33
how Granin records someone00:41:35
then he puts down his pen because00:41:38
understands what he needs now00:41:40
they told me it wouldn’t work and here we are again00:41:43
back to this question about00:41:45
it's indescribable what's there00:41:48
what happened describe00:41:56
write down already quoted writes the following00:41:59
as Lydia Ginsburg noted about famine00:42:03
were able to write only the most00:42:07
well-fed people in Leningrad Well, she00:42:10
gives an example of two remarkable00:42:13
women who wrote two very interesting00:42:15
diary is Olga Bergolts and Vera Inber00:42:18
they had access to canteens they had00:42:21
Bergolz have good cards00:42:23
scary words in her diary first She00:42:26
enough00:42:27
hunger And later her family changed00:42:31
the position of the cards changed and she00:42:34
writes how I have become prettier, how I have gained weight00:42:39
as I got full of juice, she writes This is in00:42:42
time00:42:43
blockade and it is clear that this is not narcissism00:42:47
I have a feeling that she’s more likely to write00:42:50
This is with horrors But in this way she Well she00:42:53
survived and she got the opportunity00:42:55
you can work precisely because she doesn’t00:42:58
survived all the wildest horrors00:43:02
so she got the opportunity about it00:43:04
write for a long time no one spoke or00:43:07
wrote about cannibalism, which of course happened00:43:10
in Leningrad and, in principle, until00:43:15
there are few existential depths00:43:17
who reached Evgeniy Dobrenko very00:43:20
subtle reasoning about what is needed00:43:23
a completely different language to00:43:25
express this00:43:28
and a poet who lived in Leningrad Then00:43:30
evacuated and then wrote00:43:35
scary unusual creepy poems00:43:39
Gennady Gor is a poet who has been around for a very long time00:43:41
was not known to anyone at all and the second00:43:44
he spent half his life writing science fiction00:43:47
stories today suddenly start00:43:49
call Paule Celan of Russian poetry00:43:53
but the poems that he wrote are just00:43:56
attempt00:43:57
creepy strange language and creepy00:44:01
express in images what cannot be done otherwise00:44:03
expressed Well, here's Dobrenko's comment00:44:07
poems by Gennady Gora motif of dismemberment00:44:09
bodies and fragmentation of bodies of their decay00:44:13
accompanied by discursive collapse Well00:44:16
that is, the text should be different when00:44:18
you describe this is found in them00:44:21
almost full spectrum00:44:27
the girl was eaten by laughing Reveko and Raven00:44:30
looked at my terrible dinner and Raven00:44:34
looked at me like I was bored, how slow00:44:38
Man ate man and Raven looked but00:44:42
It’s a shame I didn’t throw him Rebecca’s hand00:44:46
subject and object of eating - comments00:44:49
Dobrenko are changing roles here, don’t eat00:44:52
my leg Leave your tongue to pray I'm God00:44:55
By God I'm used to it, don't eat my hand00:44:59
Leave the hip and together with science do not00:45:02
throw it in the bucket don't eat my eyes00:45:05
he looks at you with contempt without sight00:45:09
don't eat my ear, don't touch my nose, but here00:45:13
optics changes and decay and destruction00:45:16
the enemy's body is already subject to suddenly everything is mine00:45:19
the German body was opened and illuminated and00:45:22
first the leg began to show through and then00:45:26
hand and heart opened cat liver00:45:30
Puppy and bird stomach and blood00:45:33
a pig and then I wanted to slaughter him00:45:36
stick a knife into him tell him what to do00:45:40
in this real world lyrical subject00:45:42
then he sees himself eating cat roast00:45:46
then we eat together with my wife in front of you on00:45:49
there's a rotten pie in the dish and in that pie I'm with00:45:54
my wife I lie at the Germans with anxiety like pies00:45:58
I look among all these terrible images00:46:01
What an elegant play on the word pie and00:46:04
pie but how scary and creepy it all is00:46:08
sounds and probably this is really the one00:46:12
the language that is most adequately possible00:46:15
express what happened there Olga00:46:16
Freudenberg, as always, goes the furthest00:46:19
and she formulates the idea that hunger00:46:23
led to the complete abolition of civilization as00:46:25
very accurate too00:46:27
explains Irina Paperna in her book About00:46:29
Freudenberg that she describes what00:46:34
takes place in Leningrad, including with00:46:37
she describes like an anthropologist what00:46:40
new customs What new actions How00:46:44
people live and she looks at this society00:46:47
and of course she doesn’t separate herself from herself00:46:50
like savages, that's how this thin one came down00:46:55
layer of civilization and what they believe00:46:57
turned into hunger, people were not vaccinated00:47:01
just ate anything but got used to it00:47:05
raw not cooked here you need to understand00:47:07
such a thing that Olga Mikhailovna00:47:09
freidenberg she was very large00:47:11
specialist in antiquity I find it difficult00:47:13
understand how much she was in00:47:17
aware of some images and00:47:21
thoughts formulated in the West But00:47:24
if it wasn’t then it’s all the more interesting because00:47:27
that this is a raw opposition00:47:29
boiled is the most important00:47:31
contrast between primitive life and00:47:35
civilization that was formulated00:47:37
Claude Levi-Strawsom Freudenberg00:47:40
comes to this completely independently00:47:42
people go from boiled to raw00:47:46
Lydia Ginsburg in winter While people were opening00:47:50
in myself bone by bone was accomplished00:47:54
alienation00:47:55
body00:47:58
will and body as a phenomenon of hostility00:48:01
outside world during the period of greatest00:48:04
exhaustion everything became clear consciousness on00:48:09
he's dragging his body, that's also very00:48:12
scary00:48:14
phrase separation of consciousness from the body but at the same time00:48:17
at the same time very courageous let's say so00:48:21
showing who survives who has consciousness00:48:25
that consciousness does not surrender to alienation00:48:38
because it seems to be happening over00:48:41
Freudenberg is also a dead matter00:48:45
after the war she believed that she died in00:48:47
time of the blockade and what happens next00:48:50
continued to work and continued to write00:48:53
she felt that she was doing it like00:48:55
as if she was already dead, the state took her00:48:58
make a commitment to feed people well00:49:01
Save people protect people from enemies00:49:04
The state does not have this obligation00:49:06
performs people are taken out but slowly a little00:49:12
not all people turn out to be like00:49:16
overboard and when attempts are made00:49:21
in addition to the state to help It would seem00:49:24
if the state is no longer able to00:49:27
people survive in other ways00:49:30
It is typical that in March from the beginning of the year00:49:32
Zhdanov writes a request to Moscow and asks00:49:36
prohibit individual parcels in00:49:40
Leningrad, that is, people tearing themselves away from themselves00:49:43
also the latter Clearly because throughout00:49:45
the country was far from fed, but the people00:49:48
Leningrad tried to send some00:49:51
I’m eating and Zhdanov writes that this can cause00:49:55
bad consequences therefore the premises are necessary00:49:58
ban them banned Vera inber Olga00:50:01
bergolz who Well, maybe they weren’t00:50:04
super full but in any case they are not00:50:06
were starving, they were able to describe both their own and00:50:11
someone else's grief and at the same time quite large00:50:14
quantity00:50:15
these people up there somewhere00:50:18
who don't seem to be paying attention00:50:21
to someone else's grief Well, that's what Zhdanov can do00:50:24
Just like that, calmly demand00:50:26
banned00:50:28
orders to reduce the blockade00:50:31
ration then go and eat yours00:50:34
a sumptuous lunch prepared for him00:50:37
servants it's disgusting but it's00:50:40
everything is clear with Zhdanov, but he00:50:43
Evgeny was not the only one like this00:50:45
Dobrenko he classifies different00:50:48
reactions to what is happening in Leningrad and00:50:52
he selects one of them which he00:50:54
calls ideological discomfort then00:50:56
there are people who have nothing00:50:58
emotional everyday discomfort00:51:01
they feel they feel discomfort00:51:03
ideologically there is a war on us00:51:06
enemy This is essential, everything else00:51:09
- this is nonsense, it’s clear that these people are not among00:51:13
there were starving people among the starving people00:51:15
a huge number of people who00:51:17
thirsty for Victory who were ready00:51:19
work for this victory, do whatever00:51:21
anything for her sake but not to notice your own and00:51:25
they could not bear the suffering of others00:51:27
but there is plenty of goodness in his book00:51:29
quotes from Vlad's War Diaries00:51:32
Vishnevsky famous creator00:51:34
optimistic tragedy and it is reasonable00:51:37
says that he is from what is happening in00:51:39
He will also do Leningrad later00:51:41
namely the optimistic Tragedy that is00:51:44
yes we are under siege there is a struggle but we are00:51:47
Let's fight Cheers comrades That's about how he is00:51:51
writes first of all to pay attention to yourself00:51:53
almost complete lack of attention00:51:55
heavy block of life that they were00:51:58
filled, for example, with texts from inverts or00:52:00
bergoltz That is, he’s not talking about it at all00:52:02
he writes this as if it doesn’t concern him at all00:52:05
horror January forty-two he00:52:07
writes Diaries and even dies in00:52:10
city a certain number of people victims00:52:12
inevitable one must not look at the situation00:52:16
from an urban point of view And from an all-Union point of view00:52:19
and Dobrenko’s world commentary is not00:52:21
a dying city not the hardships of its blockade00:52:24
as if they are not touching further writes00:52:27
Vishnevsky frozen Neva favorite city00:52:30
one species one name which evokes00:52:33
the thrill of happiness and pride ships00:52:36
Admiralty winter Hermitage Marsovo00:52:38
field, not a single tram, almost no cars00:52:42
snowdrifts ice build-ups on sidewalks00:52:44
windows clogged with plywood and in this Northern00:52:47
the frozen city is the living blood of St. Petersburg residents00:52:50
This is where the revolution was born, we will show00:52:54
and enemies and friends and m Who are the St. Petersburg people00:52:58
Russian Soviet no words no strength00:53:02
Convey all the suffering of the city but not00:53:04
time to describe them now, let’s remember everything00:53:07
let's keep it in our hearts until the hour of reckoning with00:53:11
Hitler and here is a very interesting00:53:13
thing This is a diary this is not an editorial00:53:17
newspapers their works are approximately00:53:19
wrote in the same spirit But he writes this down for00:53:23
himself, that is, he no longer knows how to think00:53:25
friend00:53:27
Some more people will die but00:53:29
but we will win. Then he writes country00:53:33
knows about what Leningrad is going through in00:53:36
northern cities When they come from00:53:38
Leningrad evacuated weak women00:53:41
and the children look at them in awe00:53:44
welcome meet at train stations in00:53:46
in buffets, Leningraders give everything outside00:53:49
queues Even if you have to refuse00:53:51
to the commanders of the Red Army haha dobrenko00:53:54
comments on this entry made on January 400:53:57
forty-second year in the most terrible days00:54:00
blockade But there is not even a touch of life in it00:54:03
feelings knowing better than many what the country is like00:54:07
I didn't know what I was going through00:54:09
Leningrad since a ban was introduced on00:54:12
information about the famine prevailing in the city00:54:15
mass deaths, cannibalism and00:54:17
etc. Vishnevsky did not lie to him00:54:19
there was no need to do this; the diaries didn't00:54:22
intended for publication but they00:54:24
are interesting because00:54:28
logo layer of people lead at this time00:54:31
country and so accepted00:54:34
what happens while in another reality00:54:38
This is truly completely different00:54:40
reality What a beautiful city00:54:42
admiralty winter00:54:44
dadada windows blocked with plywood and we are heroes A00:54:49
here at Freidenberg's00:54:55
she received cessation at the university In general00:54:58
not a bad card but it should have00:55:01
share this card with your mother00:55:03
dependent it always created big00:55:06
problems at some point when she00:55:09
refused00:55:11
evacuate Apparently it was for her00:55:14
terrible with such an experience, here they are with00:55:17
mother were already sitting on the train where00:55:19
the university had to be taken out and not00:55:22
there was no way to go to00:55:24
toilet and this is the fall of civilization00:55:28
was that here she was00:55:29
colleagues in the department00:55:31
university but they are right there somewhere in00:55:34
this train which is still not00:55:35
they went to relieve themselves and so00:55:38
she couldn't stand it and they returned with00:55:41
mother and she describes how after00:55:44
many hours of all these experiences she00:55:47
entered the apartment and then she had a urinary00:55:50
the bubble refused and everything gushed out of her00:55:53
stayed and that's why it turned out that she00:55:55
as if I was already working and were there too00:55:57
problems with cards she needed00:56:00
prove that she is still a professor00:56:02
university walk through all these00:56:05
bureaucratic places that her00:56:07
incredibly humiliated What she also talks about a lot00:56:09
wrote and she very keenly felt what00:56:12
there are many young people nearby on Nevsky00:56:15
well-fed00:56:17
Damocles and wives of command staff00:56:21
army and checks of directors and factories in00:56:25
quotes along the alleys in the mud and00:56:27
ghosts of people wander through the slippery slush00:56:32
but there are fewer and fewer of them from here others00:56:37
consequences that is, it is clear00:56:39
immediate effects of cold hunger00:56:41
bombing is the death of people, it is fear, it is theirs00:56:45
the depressed state is theirs00:56:47
depression it may be theirs00:56:50
indignation like Freidenberg and on the other00:56:54
a terrible disintegration is taking place00:56:57
human connections and that too00:57:00
manifestation of this destruction00:57:02
civilization returning to some00:57:04
ancient primitive state because00:57:08
every day in many houses00:57:11
Leningrad were completely played out00:57:14
Shakespearean tragedies the man who00:57:17
brings food received according to his work00:57:20
cards must be shared with others00:57:23
people are his close people his old people00:57:27
Parents his wife his children how many times00:57:30
people went mad and took from the weaker00:57:34
family members even part of them how many times00:57:38
didn’t share but let’s say swallow00:57:40
some candy on the way home00:57:42
Then they said they didn’t give it to me today00:57:44
nothing sweet and then suffered00:57:47
conscience or felt completely00:57:50
distraught and not tormented by conscience but00:57:53
thought it was right Freudenberg00:57:56
called this situation a siege of man then00:58:01
there is a Siege of not a city this is a Siege00:58:04
every person has his soul and she too00:58:07
she described in great detail00:58:09
loved her mother throughout her life00:58:11
lives were very close and deep00:58:14
relationship with mother and how she starts00:58:17
get angry at her as she starts00:58:19
feel hatred towards mother00:58:22
at the same time she must take care of her00:58:24
She is caring for her dying mother00:58:26
experiencing irritation and rage and00:58:28
hate and love and how then she00:58:33
Koritne in the notes of a besieged man00:58:36
describes a similar experience apparently too00:58:39
based on my own experiences00:58:41
circumstances of the first blockade00:58:44
the nearest level of social security00:58:48
there was a family unit of blood and life with it00:58:51
the immutable demands of the victim will say00:58:55
Liu and Rovi connection make it easier for the victim No it is00:59:00
much more difficult so painful so00:59:04
people touching each other was scary00:59:06
friend that is in close proximity already00:59:10
it was difficult to distinguish love from hate00:59:14
to those from whom you cannot escape and here00:59:17
this is someone you can’t escape from, you can understand it in00:59:19
literally because people00:59:22
crowded each other00:59:25
friend nke maybe at least for that00:59:27
to be warmer00:59:30
are forced to do some of their own physiological00:59:33
send functions in front of each other00:59:35
friend, that is, they are literally all the time00:59:38
I mean, they were on top of each other and with00:59:40
on the other hand there is a broader meaning00:59:44
that it is impossible to abandon those weak who00:59:47
It depends on you. How do you want to survive on your own?00:59:51
those who left the city left behind00:59:54
these domestic sacrifices and insufficiency00:59:58
survivors means he sacrificed himself01:00:02
not enough and along with insufficiency01:00:06
remorse, but at the same time it’s interesting that she01:00:09
Lydia Ginsburg writes that those who still01:00:13
were able01:00:14
read voraciously read in Leningrad the War and01:00:17
the world can hardly be extended to01:00:19
all residents of Leningrad But what01:00:22
there really was a huge need for01:00:26
cultural life there was a need for01:00:28
they burned them in books to keep warm01:00:31
at the same time there was a need to read them01:00:33
there was a need to listen to music and when01:00:37
in dying Leningrad they play01:00:39
Shestakovich, people come to listen01:00:41
Although it would seem that you just want to lie down01:00:44
cover yourself with many blankets and still01:00:48
shaking from the cold for some reason no With one01:00:51
On the other hand, feralization is occurring, and01:00:54
on the other side, here among these ruins of ruins01:00:58
literal and figurative ruins01:01:01
human life human soul01:01:03
for some reason there remains a need for01:01:06
culture Olga Freidenberg It's coming again01:01:08
farthest from all she feels this one01:01:12
some kind of distorted perverted01:01:15
human relations under the weight of hunger01:01:18
cold fear dirt humiliation but she01:01:24
It's starting to get very interesting01:01:28
Irina Papena writes that most likely01:01:30
Freudenberg did not read the works of Hannah Aren01:01:35
they were simply unavailable but she01:01:38
the analysis of the situation has many similarities01:01:42
with post-war philosophical01:01:44
Aren's reflections and the most important01:01:48
the thought that comes to her is that this01:01:52
crisis terrifying blockade situation01:01:56
that this is actually the norm, that this is the norm01:01:59
Soviet life but only brought to an end01:02:02
to the edge and to this she returns again01:02:05
and again many people experience this01:02:08
it’s strange, I’m plundering consciousness of everything that01:02:12
it was before01:02:13
war begins to seem beautiful01:02:16
wonderful wonderful peaceful calm01:02:19
life actually the previous 20 years is01:02:25
there was a time of civil war famine if01:02:28
we are talking about the same Leningrad back then01:02:30
Petrograd suffered a terrible famine during01:02:33
Civil war then repression already in01:02:36
the twenties which were very01:02:38
tough then collectivization first01:02:42
Five-year plans are such anxiety-inducing plans01:02:46
throughout the country the murder of Kirov if this01:02:49
Leningrad after this Expulsion from01:02:52
Leningrad a huge number of Shenz01:02:56
people of the wrong origin01:02:59
wrong social group of people01:03:01
which had nothing to do with01:03:03
the murder of Kirov, but however they should have been for01:03:06
This01:03:07
pay then great terror with everyone01:03:10
its horrors people who were starving in01:03:14
nineteenth year01:03:16
in the twentieth, the same Olga Bergolz who01:03:19
her mother and her sister took her to Uglich Why01:03:22
in the daytime stars so lyrical so01:03:24
Wonderful01:03:26
fabulous children's Uglich where they are during01:03:28
Civil War shelters from famine01:03:30
who was in Petrograd for many more times01:03:34
waves of hunger then a lot of people01:03:37
who stood in the year thirty-seven01:03:39
thirty-six thirty-seven at the window01:03:41
at night and looked for a black one to come to them01:03:45
Marusya will either drive on and only01:03:48
seeing that she drove further that someone01:03:51
the other one will be taken away tonight in this01:03:54
sighed in the car, went to bed and now01:03:58
people begin to remember what happened before01:04:01
wars as a wonderful peaceful life and01:04:04
this will happen more than once01:04:06
reproduce in memories01:04:08
literary works again01:04:11
I turn to Evgeniy Dobrenko who01:04:13
writes about how the war created a new01:04:17
reliving the experience of terror he writes01:04:21
Dmitry Shevich said that the war did01:04:24
legs01:04:26
public expression of the experience of horror and01:04:28
cruel which was rich before and after01:04:32
military Peaceful life the war made this01:04:35
experience is predicable and, as it were, dissolved in01:04:38
myself and in addition gave the opportunity if01:04:41
can't justify it, at least explain it somehow01:04:43
excessive severity of the regime in this01:04:46
sense the experience of war from the very beginning01:04:49
experienced as a kind01:04:51
the barrier myth in its light is great01:04:54
those01:04:56
peaceful everyday life normal life01:04:59
the course of which was disrupted by the summer01:05:02
on the morning of June 22 forty-one and if01:05:06
this old life was peaceful01:05:09
beautiful what was there too01:05:12
arrests executions links murders Lies This01:05:18
Freudenberg was also part of it01:05:21
time returns to the thought of01:05:24
volume01:05:26
that it’s a day of siege, but it’s an ordinary day01:05:30
Soviet day Why is there no blockade01:05:33
There is absolutely no freedom, you are depressed01:05:37
by the state you are suppressed by your01:05:38
responsibilities towards your loved ones01:05:41
depressed by hunger, depressed by bureaucracy01:05:44
And this was also before the war. This is the thought01:05:47
Apparently how often does she visit her01:05:49
comes back She just gnaws at her and01:05:53
gnawing that man lives in eternal01:05:56
siege in the eternal blockade Tanya Savicheva01:06:00
girl whose name whose diary became in01:06:04
many symbols of the horrors of the blockade Tanya01:06:07
Savicheva who is dying of hunger in01:06:10
Leningrad introduced Well, even we can’t01:06:13
call it a diary because it's there01:06:15
just a few pages and she's in01:06:18
Mainly kept notes about how they left01:06:21
her relatives they had a big01:06:23
friendly loving family and beyond01:06:26
Zhenya begins to write down, died on 2801:06:30
December at 1200 am forty-one01:06:33
married sister grandmother died on January 25 in01:06:38
300 days of the forty-second year of Lek This is brother01:06:42
died on March 17 at 5 a.m. forty-two01:06:46
Uncle Vasya died Uncle Lesha died Mom died01:06:51
died and this is the famous recording01:06:53
Savi You're dead, you're dead, you're all left alone01:06:57
Tanya actually Savicheva did not die01:07:00
she didn't know that she had a surviving sister01:07:03
and brother, she herself won’t survive, they’ll take her to01:07:06
evacuation but it will already be so01:07:08
exhausted that she will die on July 1, 44 and this01:07:13
famous text that always01:07:15
quoted which always comes to mind01:07:18
but at the same time we should probably remember01:07:21
That's what Tanya Savichev's father and01:07:24
Nikolai Savichev actually was before the war01:07:28
he is quite a rich man01:07:29
Nikolai Savichev worked a lot together with01:07:32
three brothers01:07:34
created the artel of the Savichev brothers in 191001:07:38
year they had a bun bakery01:07:41
sweet shop they had a cinema of course01:07:44
They used hired labor but01:07:46
All the brothers worked in this bakery01:07:48
Savicheva, Nikolai's wife, Tanya's mother, they were01:07:53
hardworking, fairly wealthy people01:07:56
Naturally they paid for it because01:07:58
that after the revolution they became deprived01:08:01
they were deprived of political rights01:08:03
They were deprived of the opportunity to receive01:08:05
higher education and therefore01:08:07
Savichev's children will work in Leningrad01:08:09
at different factories Although they could somewhere01:08:12
study under different circumstances in01:08:14
thirty-fifth year, that is, just01:08:16
after the murder of Kirov, the Savichev family01:08:20
how deprived they are expelled from Leningrad to 10101:08:23
km further they somehow managed01:08:27
come back obviously there's reforging01:08:29
work in factories in Who knows maybe01:08:32
maybe if they didn't come back they would01:08:34
survived but it turned out like this father01:08:37
fell ill died of cancer before the war and01:08:40
the rest worked in01:08:42
Leningrad, not knowing what awaits them and this01:08:45
part of Tanya Savicheva's fate never01:08:48
doesn’t particularly advertise it, but it’s01:08:53
related things here's fate it's seven on01:08:56
which was first collapsed by the Soviet01:08:59
state and then fascist01:09:03
troops and this is inextricably linked about01:09:07
how does the state behave towards01:09:10
to those people whom it seems to be supposed to01:09:12
protect in this crisis01:09:15
the situation was written in the diaries01:09:19
a lot publicly for years about01:09:23
nothing was said on the contrary01:09:26
talked about how people defended their01:09:31
city Well, and your state as01:09:34
supposed And here is what Lydia writes01:09:36
Ginsburg card loss was a phenomenon01:09:40
massive, obviously a consequence of exhaustion and01:09:42
overstrain of nerves in authorities Well then01:09:47
there is where we had to go in an attempt01:09:48
restore cards terrible combination01:09:52
old office uniform new01:09:56
contents of human starvation Well01:10:00
that is, before the war there was nothing good either01:10:02
was included in the authorities but now01:10:05
it depends on whether you live or not01:10:07
from some secretary under01:10:09
artillery shelling writes Ginsburg01:10:12
the mechanisms worked normally01:10:14
social evil along with courage01:10:18
along with patience, this tormented01:10:21
the country won and it didn’t do it itself01:10:24
knows01:10:25
was preparing to enter a new revelry01:10:28
social evil that will happen after01:10:31
wars suffering and mass death01:10:34
have never been an exceptional feature01:10:36
wars epidemics natural disasters01:10:40
absorb entire cities with the same specifics01:10:43
war forms a combination of these01:10:45
possibilities with extreme freedom01:10:50
frank loudly declared putting aside01:10:54
care bed war military01:10:57
circumstances provide an opportunity01:11:07
enslavement terrible data absolutely about01:11:10
the fact that according to the NKVD of Leningrad01:11:13
region on October 1, forty-second01:11:18
That is, this is not the entire Blockade for a year only with01:11:22
passed like a tail from the beginning of the war to 101:11:25
October in Leningrad it was opened and01:11:29
liquidated01:11:31
625 counter-revolutionary groups and01:11:34
formations people01:11:36
they are starving they have nothing to eat01:11:40
No electricity, no water, no sewerage01:11:42
doesn't work and they create it01:11:44
counter-revolutionary formations because01:11:46
that the NKVD needs someone to work off their01:11:49
fatty rations, which means you have to open them01:11:54
these same ones01:11:56
scary spy networks Olga Bergolts01:11:59
which in the thirties experienced01:12:02
terrible trials that I lost01:12:05
one daughter then the second daughter then01:12:08
She became pregnant and at that moment she was01:12:10
was arrested and as a result of interrogations she01:12:12
lost her unborn child in the process01:12:15
then she was released then she was reinstated01:12:17
in the party and she seems to be on one side01:12:20
stayed so active01:12:24
there were no games at all01:12:26
other things she wrote in her01:12:29
diary and of course she had a split01:12:32
creepy and her01:12:35
writes to Stalin, don’t feel sorry for us, don’t feel sorry for the people01:12:40
leaders never think about people at all01:12:44
Freudenberg seems to pick it up01:12:46
no one had a choice in anything01:12:51
the possibility of freedom or escape01:12:55
Soviet man writes she possessed01:12:58
he is completely indifferent to death01:13:01
submitted to the shelling and died silently in01:13:04
the prime of the day and health as he died in01:13:07
dungeons checks in the exhaustion of concentration camps and01:13:11
then there are also terrible thoughts again01:13:16
developing This is her feeling of disappearing01:13:19
civilization is where the Russian people are01:13:21
remained face to face not with the authorities but01:13:24
layer01:13:26
he became a beast, he drank all of it01:13:29
his slavish patient cry of rudeness01:13:33
anger of women in queues at the market in01:13:35
the tram at the yard crane was01:13:38
amazing01:13:43
amazing01:13:45
tyrannical power power mercilessly01:13:48
tormented them with these morally swollen Lude you01:13:54
to the ground01:13:55
to arrogant salesmen to managers to arrogant01:13:58
UVM they were meek than Francisco Asis01:14:03
even the slightest protest against the authorities01:14:06
the most01:14:07
microscopic caused them to be violent and01:14:10
spiteful towards Protestantism01:14:12
intercession for power this Stalinist01:14:15
the system was such that they found in it01:14:18
breeding ground for the most terrible human01:14:22
bacteria01:14:24
venality01:14:25
lodge01:14:27
stobi meanness these words are very01:14:30
fits well on common01:14:32
Today we are talking about the Arab character01:14:35
of the Russian people about the cruelty of the Russian01:14:38
people's sadism about worship01:14:41
power and so on, but although Freudenberg01:14:45
writes here that this is how Russian is01:14:47
man firstly It is clear that in Leningrad01:14:49
different people lived, probably Russian01:14:53
replacing it with Soviet is not even about that01:14:56
the problem is that history01:14:58
alas, it shows well that this is not01:15:03
exclusively Russian situation that01:15:05
where people are deprived of Freedom01:15:09
where people are brutalized01:15:11
the press comes off very easily there01:15:14
civilization by the way World War II01:15:17
showed this in a variety of her01:15:19
this happened in different manifestations01:15:21
armies this happened in concentration camps01:15:24
Soviet01:15:25
German Japanese But by the way, always everywhere01:15:29
as in Leningrad as in the concentration camps01:15:32
as in the most difficult circumstances01:15:35
there were people who01:15:37
preserved civilization in themselves preserved in01:15:41
themselves a person, these are the ones who greedily01:15:44
Freudenberg stopped reading War and Peace01:15:46
keep a diary when her mother died and before01:15:50
end of the war She didn’t write it and then01:15:53
here despite the fact that she feels her01:15:55
life ended as a dead man01:15:57
literally she starts writing again01:16:00
and the blockade is also an afterthought01:16:02
remembers at the same time she describes01:16:04
all the horrors of Stalin's last years01:16:07
regime everything that happened in01:16:09
Leningrad University as her name is01:16:11
poisoned as others were poisoned and a lot of other things01:16:14
another but she keeps coming back01:16:17
with thoughts about the blockade I stand and think about the blockade01:16:21
I think with new thoughts It becomes clear to me01:16:24
that the entire Blockade was a passport01:16:27
you suddenly discover the Soviet system01:16:30
door and you see a man in an uncleaned01:16:33
in nature, everything that was experienced during the blockade was01:16:37
a typical expression of Stalin's deliberate01:16:40
devastation and oppression01:16:43
seed But it was a short libretto before01:16:47
and after the blockade the same prison method01:16:52
played out slowly and heavy, very scary and01:16:57
gloomy words Freudenberg with whom we01:16:59
You probably don't have to agree 100%01:17:02
but over which at least it has01:17:04
it makes sense to think very hard01:17:07
I remember the horrific story with the channel01:17:11
the rain that just asked a question01:17:15
to their viewers, do they think that01:17:18
Leningrad had to be surrendered; it wasn’t here01:17:20
the answer is laid and the rain journalists are not01:17:23
they said that they were in the Duma about this01:17:26
They wanted to know the opinion of the audience already01:17:29
they were accused of01:17:36
abuse in order to throw it away01:17:38
Rain from01:17:39
subscriptions of large providers and it was01:17:44
one of the important steps in the offensive01:17:46
freedom of speech but it is very typical that01:17:50
for this purpose they used a blockade01:17:52
used a blockade01:17:55
ossified image01:18:22
phenomena associated with01:18:25
This is Shestakovich's Leningrad Symphony01:18:27
I must say that here I am, to be honest01:18:29
for quite a long time I imagined how01:18:31
Shestakovich sits in the entire blockade01:18:34
Leningrad and writes his symphony Well01:18:37
Shasta Kovic behaved courageously in01:18:38
Leningrad but actually he was taken out01:18:40
then to the evacuation of his famous01:18:43
finished the symphony in more than01:18:47
favorable conditions but Leningradskaya01:18:49
the symphony has become such a symbol too01:18:53
resistance01:18:55
Although even here there is very01:18:58
strange it's hard for me to say how strange01:19:01
justified because it was stock01:19:03
a completely private person but very01:19:05
strange assumptions familiar01:19:08
this is a primitive explanation01:19:11
a symphony about how Leningrad01:19:14
confronts enemies here is the famous one01:19:16
the main theme is the fascists who01:19:20
marching to Leningrad And Lenin named after01:19:22
opposes01:19:24
There are different people There are different Documents01:19:28
there are different Memories based on01:19:30
which it was suggested that01:19:32
Actually, Shestakovich started writing this01:19:35
the seventh symphony before the war and even this01:19:38
the very topic of As if walking01:19:41
he started writing fascists before the war very01:19:45
it's hard to understand where the truth is01:19:53
stock one is closed It seems to be formal01:19:56
always submitted to Soviet power and01:19:59
already taught by bullying, he always01:20:03
acted like a Soviet man01:20:06
as it turned out later everything was inside01:20:08
not at all like that but if all these01:20:10
the assumptions are correct And if all this01:20:14
includes this dark scary tune01:20:17
it was written before the war, but what was there01:20:20
in mind Well actually all this01:20:23
the conversation is not very sure because01:20:25
Naturally you can’t have music, especially not01:20:27
as complex as Shestakovich's01:20:29
it’s primitive to interpret that this is there01:20:32
I mean fascists no This is what I mean01:20:33
Stalin's terror No, it's not something else01:20:37
for Shestakovich but in any case if01:20:40
he wrote this topic even before the war01:20:43
it brings such triumphant evil01:20:46
also for interesting thoughts and interesting01:20:49
parallels with what Olga wrote01:20:50
Mikhailovna Freidenberg and of course01:20:53
all these arguments and all the same01:20:56
analysis was absolutely impossible Well I01:20:59
I’m not even talking about the fact that during the war01:21:01
Or in the Stalin era but also for many years01:21:05
after that and today it sounds01:21:08
quite shocking very important to remember01:21:11
That's what it's about with the experience of the blockade01:21:14
like the experience of the whole war01:21:17
a very terrible sad thing happened01:21:21
for which In general we pay until01:21:23
today01:21:25
I have already spoken about this several times01:21:27
in relation to the entire history of the war but01:21:30
The blockade is simply the most01:21:32
bright extreme expression of what01:21:35
any war happened, even the most01:21:39
Fairly this is a terrible injury01:21:41
the injury must be dealt with if01:21:44
this does not happen then they arise very01:21:46
sad consequences in our country01:21:49
the trauma of World War II is processed01:21:52
Evgenia was not wonderful, she is01:21:55
the formulation that the history of the war is very01:21:58
quickly in the first months after it01:22:00
the ending was replaced by the story01:22:02
Victory at Triumph and with the blockade is01:22:07
people who have survived are especially clearly visible01:22:10
blockade they were eager to talk about it01:22:13
Freudenberg writes with his fingers that I'm freezing01:22:16
for some reason she writes and writes herself01:22:19
asks himself who will read this to whom I01:22:21
I can show it and still writes01:22:24
Olga Bergolz gives it to her husband, who01:22:27
I don't have much time left to live my diary01:22:29
so that he buries it for later01:22:31
dig up so that they know something else huge01:22:34
number of people paper is actually possible01:22:36
was used to kindle the stove no01:22:41
write and write and write and of course after01:22:44
there was a great desire for war among ordinary people too01:22:47
people to share what they01:22:49
experienced by the returning front-line soldiers as well01:22:52
Since the war, the siege survivors have, of course, not01:22:57
no matter how painful it all was01:22:59
describe And among people of art01:23:02
more it just burst out of them And by the way01:23:05
any psychologist and any psychotherapist01:23:07
will say that talking about your experience is01:23:11
incredibly important This is the beginning of healing01:23:15
this almost didn't happen defense01:23:19
Leningrad Siege during the war01:23:23
has become such an important ideological01:23:25
moment and during the war, of course we’ll say01:23:28
Olga Bergolts wrote her poems01:23:32
describing the suffering of people in01:23:34
Leningrad At the same time01:23:37
described mutual assistance love light01:23:41
feelings she addressed to the Leningraders by01:23:44
radio This was very important for many01:23:47
although she herself is in some kind of next01:23:49
in the impulse of teaching myself, I wrote that01:23:52
I need to quit radio I need to work in01:23:55
the hospital better help the soldier01:23:58
urinate than write Rastopchinskie01:24:01
posters are also, by the way, a reference to the war and01:24:03
to the world, of course, trampling Moscow01:24:06
Governor General who in 181201:24:09
Tim wrote in false pseudo folk01:24:12
language appeal to the residents of Moscow Here01:24:15
This is how she evaluates her appeals Although01:24:18
of course it's very cruel and01:24:19
unfairly the texts were not01:24:22
such at least of course and completely01:24:25
sincere Akhmatova who was friends with01:24:28
bergolz who laid big on her01:24:30
Nadezhda then said no, no, none of them01:24:32
blockade survivors didn’t feel anything like that01:24:34
what bergolz said what she01:24:36
she really felt it, of course01:24:38
invested in his01:24:39
Diaries like many others, but her poems01:24:45
were sincere in many ways Let's say01:24:49
so not 100% but they were full of pain01:24:52
full of suffering compassion for people01:24:56
in parallel with this they are composing completely01:24:58
other texts In the forty-first year01:25:01
Alexander Prokofiev writes we will die but not01:25:04
let us have freedom, the road to the wide Neva01:25:08
the mouth of the damned enemy Well, that's understandable01:25:11
such propaganda Prokofiev is a bad poet Well01:25:14
Here's how he can help01:25:16
maintaining morale Okay, we'll forgive01:25:19
him another poet vi srn sayanov who01:25:22
in general, strictly speaking, remained in history01:25:24
only because he participated in bullying01:25:26
Pasternak in May '4201:25:28
writes a wonderful poem01:25:30
the name of May is the night of the blockade and the conversation about01:25:35
Alexander Ivanov about the artist this idea01:25:39
that Leningrad continues to live01:25:41
cultural life she was already01:25:43
it really happened01:25:45
true, but in this case he is of course01:25:47
takes this idea to some level01:25:49
propaganda Shield and describes the case01:25:53
happens at night01:25:55
the artist and the poet are sipping tea and now01:25:59
it is quite possible to imagine that two01:26:01
people met during the blockade night and01:26:04
they have frozen hands Well, it’s May01:26:07
maybe not very cold, shivering01:26:09
from hunger they squeeze glasses with their hands01:26:13
some tasteless tea just to01:26:16
at least something filled them up Hungry01:26:19
stomachs, but when you write while drinking tea then01:26:24
immediately presents us with something completely different01:26:26
table covered with a beautiful tablecloth01:26:30
napkins tea cups sugar bowl cookies01:26:34
That is, this is a completely different picture A01:26:37
then they argue about art01:26:40
the painter was having a conversation, they were discussing01:26:43
creativity of Alexander Ivanov who01:26:46
chose the path in Russian art01:26:48
original, proud and walked the road01:26:52
Stolbovoy Well, nothing like that01:26:55
but there’s nothing special here except for that01:27:00
that this picture I can even01:27:02
assume that it really was01:27:03
some kind of conversation this picture01:27:06
completely false it creates the feeling01:27:10
have a good conversation in01:27:14
fighting Well there, drinking tea01:27:17
let's talk about01:27:23
paintings01:27:25
do you see people pass on the legend to hota01:27:28
look at the people who made this Legend01:27:30
passed on to each other with the exception of Boris01:27:33
Likharev's Legend Such is the night of the siege01:27:37
to the front to Pulkovo straight where01:27:41
rock road slabs01:27:44
thundered Ilyich's armored car turns out to be in01:27:48
blockade night armored car from which Lenin01:27:53
with the ghost of Lenin and supports01:27:57
soldier and this is the Legend that supposedly01:27:59
people say things like this, of course01:28:02
were written during any war in different01:28:06
countries this is not a feature of the Soviet01:28:07
regime and these are fakes01:28:11
were perceived as necessary for01:28:13
raising morale But then war01:28:16
is already approaching the end No longer necessary01:28:19
make such crazy efforts to01:28:23
to mobilize everyone already01:28:25
mobilized and so the writers01:28:27
continue to issue some kind of01:28:31
false tricons And many of these01:28:34
waste heaps are connected precisely with Leningrad01:28:36
those who want to know more about this01:28:38
again I am sending books by Evgeniy Dobrenko01:28:40
late Stalinism where it leads01:28:42
some fantastic stories, let's say01:28:44
in Leningrad in hungry Leningrad mother01:28:47
and her daughter stubbornly make their way to01:28:50
frontline they have no strength they are sick they and01:28:54
here they go, they go, they go to the front line and01:28:56
my daughter doesn’t understand why we’re there anyway01:28:58
let's go, but the mother stubbornly walks because she01:29:02
the son is weak, sick, myopic, the son has gone01:29:06
joins the army and fights somewhere on the front line01:29:08
Well, it seems like a clear idea. She’s coming.01:29:11
will see his son who may be01:29:14
tomorrow she will die nothing like it01:29:17
she's not even looking for him, she's just asking01:29:20
this is where so-and-so serves. Yes, he is now01:29:22
there somewhere and she returns She01:29:25
just wanted to check here it is01:29:26
he's nearsighted, he's weak, or maybe he01:29:29
scared No, since he is fighting everything is fine01:29:32
you can safely return to Leningrad01:29:34
Looks like he's just so stupid01:29:37
mediocre story but in my opinion everything01:29:39
The cannibal essence of Soviet propaganda in01:29:42
that's all01:29:47
pervert He serves the Motherland with hundred or01:29:51
Thea Sparta another story when her husband01:29:55
tells his wife that he is leaving for the front A01:29:58
she should stay with their two children01:30:01
and keep an eye on them and the wife says you go01:30:03
to the front And I'll go to the factory and I'll go to the children01:30:06
I'll give it to relatives Let them talk about them01:30:09
caring is also a very characteristic thing01:30:11
children - this last matter is much more important01:30:13
serve the party And here is the eldest daughter01:30:15
says you go to fight and work, and I01:30:19
I'll keep an eye on my little brother at home01:30:23
there is everyone fulfilling their task and this01:30:26
by the way, it’s even possible to say01:30:28
realistic situation when the husband is on01:30:31
war mother works daughter watches at home01:30:34
younger child absolutely realistic01:30:37
question regarding that is not here01:30:40
longing when separated from loved ones, grief for everything01:30:44
you have such a thing, you have such a thing01:30:47
let's fight forward, that is, some kind of01:30:50
incredible01:30:51
the inhumanity of what is described and01:30:54
it certainly fits very well01:30:56
to general inhumanity Well, you can01:30:58
to say this about general inhumanity01:30:59
war and the general inhumanity of the blockade01:31:02
this is what Evgeniy Dobrenko I am01:31:04
today I quote so many names01:31:05
transformation of tragedy into heroes, that is01:31:09
there is no tragedy there is no tragedy What tragedies01:31:12
only optimistic like Vishnevsky01:31:15
everything is fine even if your whole family01:31:17
died, but the country survived01:31:20
the war ends and there is a lot of desire01:31:25
describe the experience and immediately to the authorities01:31:28
from above they begin to clamp it all down already in01:31:32
in the forty-fifth year the plenum of the union takes place01:31:34
writers and there Alexander Prokofiev01:31:36
who wrote these poems01:31:39
cardboard criticizes Olga Bergolz01:31:42
Because you see she's only talking about01:31:45
I wrote about suffering but not about heroism, and that’s01:31:49
becomes the main line it becomes01:31:52
main01:31:54
no need for suffering, no need for this sun01:31:57
write about heroism about heroism01:31:59
write about heroism, that’s natural too01:32:02
happening all over the country but in01:32:05
This turns out to be especially true in Leningrad01:32:07
significant for several reasons Well01:32:09
firstly the suffering of Leningrad during01:32:11
blockades exceeded the suffering of the majority01:32:15
people who lived in other places this is not01:32:17
means that they didn’t suffer there, but the Blockade01:32:19
was incredibly scary and therefore01:32:22
it seemed to many that firstly01:32:24
Leningraders have the right to this01:32:27
tell and even have to talk about it01:32:29
tell everyone about it01:32:33
Stalin's Leningrad is already under suspicion01:32:37
because how crazy is it01:32:38
sounds during the war Here in this01:32:42
situations of absolute unfreedom Leningrad01:32:45
still got some autonomy01:32:48
they sat in the blockade and how they01:32:51
controlled from the mainland to take01:32:54
they were proud of some of their decisions01:32:58
that the leadership of the blockade survived01:33:01
Leningrad there were different people in their own ways01:33:04
qualities according to their merits but they01:33:07
were also proud that they led01:33:09
this city And they are starting to get more and more01:33:11
to say that there is no need to talk about01:33:13
peculiarities of Leningrad Why are you so01:33:16
it sticks out. Why are you raising it like that?01:33:19
Leningrad is larger than other cities and01:33:21
At first it seems just a substitute01:33:25
it will work in a few years but01:33:27
so far the main idea is not necessary01:33:30
paint01:33:31
suffering write about heroism again01:33:35
I use Evgeniy Dobrenko’s term01:33:37
derealization of the blockade That is, it01:33:40
what happened ceases to be real01:33:43
no one really cares01:33:46
describe the feat absolutely incredible01:33:49
quotes are given in the book by Doren from NGO B01:33:54
siege which describes the blockade01:33:56
Leningrad, first of all, if you didn’t know that01:33:59
this is happening in Leningrad, you understand01:34:01
It’s impossible that these dying people aren’t there01:34:03
people of frozen stairs that need to be climbed01:34:06
drag buckets of sewage sleds onto01:34:08
where the corpses lie there are fighters01:34:12
people, some at the front, some in the rear, but01:34:16
everyone performs their tasks, those who are on01:34:19
front, Alexey pulled out a pistol to01:34:22
help comrades but this time there was a sound01:34:24
ringing young voice Long live01:34:27
Stalin is behind me and another company is behind me and01:34:30
then bassist Ur and one after another on01:34:34
different voices Hurray Hurray Well, it's been a long time01:34:38
once it was said that the Legend supposedly01:34:41
went on the attack shouting for the Motherland for01:34:43
Stalin This is not true, but it is many times01:34:46
reproduced in various literary and01:34:49
cinematic and historical01:34:51
works Well there you go01:34:54
TN hero ends up at the factory01:34:57
worked too hard but strange01:35:00
Alexey noticed that all this01:35:03
Leningrad is getting healthier day by day01:35:06
I remind you that they were now given front-line01:35:08
norm The front norm was also very01:35:11
little memories of Nikolai Nikulin01:35:14
you can see very clearly how the Soldiers do too01:35:17
starved a little better they were fed it01:35:21
no longer issued to the front line01:35:23
attributed their amendment to an improvement01:35:25
food of course extra 200 g of bread and01:35:29
a plate of hot stew played their01:35:32
role But people are healthier mainly from01:35:35
the fact that work excited and delighted them from01:35:37
the fact that the revival of work at the plant01:35:40
brought them out of their state of immobility01:35:42
the torpor of dying is another thing01:35:46
starts with the main character01:35:49
who has a husband, her mother is no longer young and01:35:52
child01:35:54
they all live in Leningrad and the husband01:35:57
comes and tells his wife what she needs01:36:00
evacuate with mother and child and01:36:02
save them and she refuses to comment01:36:06
dobrenko01:36:07
I'm reading the entire watery part of Kitlin's novel01:36:10
skaya is devoted to the rationale for the decision01:36:12
the main character does not leave the blockade01:36:14
the city made such a conscious move01:36:20
choice01:36:22
in it because they didn’t have the opportunity01:36:25
do this but in that fantastic01:36:28
in the world created in the novel this is the norm01:36:31
no one wants to leave, but Boris is my husband01:36:35
heroines who01:36:37
the only one who escapes01:36:39
he is a negative character besides the Germans01:36:41
I wanted to leave but she stays even though she has01:36:44
child mother old mother will die at the factory01:36:48
the director wants the old worker01:36:50
evacuated together with the factory and attached01:36:54
glasses looked suspiciously at the director and01:36:57
said the poisonous accusatory01:37:01
and us to the barge What do you think skrilla01:37:06
proudly straightening Solodukhin Comfort01:37:10
strives for the family, worries about ficus trees01:37:13
wants to save Yes, my old woman is even gold01:37:17
Swords from place01:37:20
something like that01:37:22
absolutely living world of Soviet stamps01:37:25
although we've seen these stamps before01:37:28
when the most important thing is to execute01:37:31
the norm, the most important thing is01:37:34
exceeded the forging to carry out the harvest01:37:37
collect and not at all what it really is01:37:40
worries people But in this case it’s01:37:43
It's about war, it's about people's survival01:37:47
and some completely fake one is created01:37:49
world disappearance reality blockade This01:37:54
it was not an accident it was absolutely01:37:56
thoughtful policy at the end of August01:37:58
forty-one in Leningrad01:38:00
The Great Patriotic War exhibition opened01:38:02
war of the Soviet people against01:38:03
German fascism there were such exhibitions01:38:05
there were a lot of them in different cities01:38:08
photographs, some information about the fighters01:38:11
fighting and so on she01:38:13
preserved and decided to make it further01:38:15
permanently and develop already in December forty01:38:18
third year That is, just before01:38:20
the end of the blockade decides this exhibition01:38:22
transform call heroic01:38:24
defense of Leningrad, that is, not at all01:38:27
The Great Patriotic War, but that’s what01:38:29
happened in Leningrad it met01:38:31
a huge response from both management and01:38:33
ordinary people on the banks of the Fontanka01:38:36
allocated a whole complex of buildings there01:38:38
26 halls and then an incredible thing happened01:38:42
a huge upsurge of people01:38:45
people came and brought everything they had01:38:49
it was just that it remained here Olga01:38:54
Bergolz or Vera Inber or Lydia01:38:56
Ginsburg they had the gift of words They01:38:59
they could have written it down they could have cited it01:39:01
diary They could write poetry And others01:39:05
people who did not have such opportunities01:39:07
expressions They wanted something01:39:11
remained in memory of their suffering about01:39:13
the suffering of their loved ones about their heroism01:39:15
loved ones or themselves and they carried letters01:39:19
from the front there may be a dead Husband or01:39:22
brother or son some kazka01:39:24
pierced01:39:26
photographs of things that were not there01:39:29
at the same time the army gave the incredible01:39:32
number of different weapons01:39:35
used in the defense of Leningrad01:39:38
the artists worked, the creators persuaded01:39:41
exhibitions of the surviving sister of Tanya Savicheva01:39:43
give Tanya Savicheva's diary and it's there01:39:47
was also exposed at the same time. It was01:39:49
everything is incredibly well decorated01:39:52
the main artist was Nikolai Suetin01:39:55
who was once a student01:39:56
Malevich But that was a long time ago But in any case01:39:59
case he had a very01:40:01
unexpected look he is very interesting01:40:03
designed it all and the concept was01:40:05
developed by the scientific secretary of the Hermitage01:40:08
Leo cancer these two people01:40:10
they actually refused to evacuate01:40:13
each of them was offered each of them01:40:15
refused, they lived through the blockade in the city and01:40:18
now they were creating a monument to what01:40:21
was and created01:40:23
there are a lot of descriptions of what01:40:26
made a strong impression on01:40:30
the Leningraders themselves and those who came01:40:32
there is a museum of the Blockade in the city just like this01:40:34
poignant article by Anastasia lotteries01:40:37
published on the portal such cases01:40:39
telling the history of this museum and There01:40:42
collected, in particular, reviews from people01:40:46
who came in forty PM forty-sixth year in01:40:50
Museum of the Siege You are approaching01:40:52
drawn out ini I get wet Leningradskaya bulash01:40:55
where chat Mitten has already rubbed in ice on01:40:58
glass remembers a small eye socket01:41:01
one of the first visitors to the museum and Po that01:41:03
side you can distinguish the scales on one01:41:06
one bowl of bread ration for the other two01:41:09
small weights 125 g you are walking along01:41:13
the road of life past blocks of ice illuminated01:41:16
in the cold light of the glass columns you01:41:19
you are approaching the original bombing01:41:21
a tram with a mess of things inside01:41:25
dead people go to the Partisan Hall01:41:29
in quotes Yes it was possible through the cockpit01:41:31
real plane and see01:41:34
Guerrilla camp through the porthole01:41:36
the bustle of crayfish was not an exhibition in01:41:38
the usual understanding for that time is01:41:41
was Immersion in the life of the siege01:41:44
city but there were enough conceptual01:41:47
the most memorable exhibits were01:41:53
reminiscent of Vereshchagin's painting01:41:55
the apotheosis of war I can say as a person01:41:58
been to many museums what is it01:42:01
of course And even for today in01:42:04
What’s unusual in our country is what’s here01:42:07
described And certainly for that time01:42:10
alas, unfortunately most01:42:13
historical museums in our country01:42:16
regardless of whether it is a museum with01:42:17
the richest exhibits or some01:42:19
Poor01:42:20
museum in a small town In general K01:42:24
unfortunately quite boring and well no not01:42:27
I'll say boring traditional stuff here01:42:30
photos are displayed here it lies01:42:32
some kind of primitive ax01:42:35
map of people's settlement in these places there01:42:38
in the Middle Ages And here is a copy of the painting01:42:42
artist Vasnetsov And here’s something else01:42:45
if in the halls dedicated to ancient history01:42:48
Well, there might be some kind of liveliness there01:42:50
really paintings maybe01:42:52
some ancient ones01:42:53
and now you move on to the halls of the Soviet01:42:55
stories and just such melancholy begins to make you01:42:59
choke when Well the posters hang Yes01:43:04
photos of the characters that's basically all01:43:06
for some reason it goes on a piece of paper hanging under01:43:09
glass01:43:11
dusty yellowed documents may be01:43:14
they are priceless but you have to know how to do them01:43:17
imagine with this of course big01:43:19
problems of the last decades somehow01:43:23
modern museums have begun to realize01:43:34
is being comprehended01:43:40
from the usual historical museums and he01:43:43
really didn’t talk about the blockade01:43:47
like About the fact that there was such a thing standing here01:43:49
division of the Leningrad Front And here01:43:51
such and such and in such and such01:43:53
the year this operation was performed is he01:43:55
talked about people about people who lived01:43:58
in the city about the people who fought in01:44:00
partisan detachments or those who01:44:02
defended the city It was incredible01:44:05
Moreover, I continue the story further01:44:08
quote the article by Anastasia lotteries01:44:11
quantitative indicators too01:44:13
impressed with more than 4,000 exhibits01:44:16
industry 839 documents 160 pictures01:44:20
including 11 scenic dioramas only01:44:24
large exhibits of military equipment almost01:44:27
200 small weapons01:44:31
5,000 in addition to the amazing exposure it01:44:35
it was still huge01:44:36
a collection that had a large01:44:39
artistic and huge historical01:44:42
meaning And then the horror begins01:44:45
say so the horror begins throughout01:44:47
the country has a new horror, a new round, that's how01:44:50
Lydia Ginsburg wrote a new round01:44:53
h as we know the end of the war gave rise to01:44:57
many people have hopes that now01:45:00
there will be easing, now it will be easier for us01:45:02
now we are friends with the Americans, we won01:45:05
fascism may now dissolve01:45:07
maybe now the collective farms will return01:45:09
who are sitting and so on and so forth and01:45:12
Stalin Well, I also spoke about this in01:45:14
lectures about the last years of Stalin to him01:45:16
it was necessary to shut up all these hopes01:45:21
the fight with them is starting to get very tough01:45:24
policy towards01:45:27
intelligentsia creative intelligentsia01:45:30
in relation to science in relation to01:45:32
to the front-line soldiers who chatter God knows01:45:34
that and much more the cold war01:45:37
the fight against sycophancy begins01:45:39
in front of the west and so on And here01:45:43
Leningrad with its suffering01:45:47
special with his well-always such faces01:45:51
not a general expression01:45:53
with him01:45:55
culture with its Western traditions01:45:58
which may have been strangling there for a long time01:46:00
and eradicate but still they somehow01:46:02
way they existed and were preserved here01:46:05
a tradition going back to revolutionary times01:46:08
Moscow means Russian is submerged01:46:12
naya to the provincial maybe even01:46:14
life and completely Western Petersburg01:46:17
this also did not contribute to strengthening01:46:21
positions of Lenin plus Leningradskoe01:46:25
management caused more and more01:46:27
suspicions Well, Stalin in general in recent times01:46:29
years was extremely suspicious and he01:46:31
all the time I was engaged in the fact that they were different01:46:33
gangsters were around him01:46:36
[music]01:46:37
encountered and continues to happen01:46:40
next in '4901:46:43
a consistent, well-thought-out01:46:46
company versus party01:46:48
government leaders of Leningrad01:46:50
It’s obvious, of course, that he was behind it himself01:46:53
Stalin but her immediate01:46:56
organizer, inspirer, let's say01:46:58
was Georgy Malenkov and those standing behind him01:47:01
people They resisted the Leningrad01:47:05
I won’t list the group now01:47:07
all those crazy pointless accusations01:47:10
which were presented to the Leningrad01:47:12
leaders this led to arrests01:47:15
processes and ultimately to execution and01:47:18
Of course the main goal in this situation is01:47:20
it was exactly the party one01:47:21
the state elite of the city which01:47:24
caused concern among01:47:27
Stalin but at the same time01:47:31
attacked the Siege Museum which01:47:34
perceived as one of the manifestations01:47:37
this is kind of unnecessary01:47:41
separatism of Leningrad leaders01:47:43
which supposedly there is a separate party01:47:45
wanted to create Well, in general, all kinds of nonsense and01:47:48
Malenkov Arriving in Leningrad in order to01:47:52
to begin exposing these01:47:55
enemies he spared no time he arrived01:48:00
to the Blockade Museum and seeing all this01:48:05
piercing exhibits he begins them01:48:09
expose Deputy Memoirs01:48:11
museum scientific director01:48:13
Grigory Mishkevich Malenkov demanded01:48:16
guidebook he waved the book and01:48:19
Oral Sweely01:48:21
anti-party created a myth about a special01:48:24
belittle the besieged fate of Leningrad01:48:27
the role of the Great Stalin is naturally no one01:48:30
the role of the Great Stalin is not01:48:37
belittle too much01:48:39
exalted the leaders of the Gregory Museum01:48:43
Bear HIV01:48:44
there was a front-line soldier with orders Well, naturally01:48:48
Nobody cares, he's getting arrested01:48:50
they beat him, they knock out his teeth, they break him01:48:53
the spine is sent to Vorkuta Lev01:48:56
Rakov who created this whole concept01:48:59
amazing First they generally condemn01:49:01
to be shot, then replaced by 25 years And01:49:04
besides this, not only does it exhaust people01:49:09
they begin to destroy the museum and here comes the big one01:49:13
part of this amazing incredible01:49:17
the exhibition was not just filmed there01:49:20
closed01:49:22
and put it aside somewhere it wouldn’t be like that01:49:26
bad option then it could be01:49:28
restore it was destroyed01:49:31
Recollection of one of the guides A01:49:35
the guides perceived this museum as01:49:37
something very personal Many of them01:49:39
lost their families during the siege, or01:49:42
Of course, they themselves survived the blockade and here they are01:49:45
these excursions, these stories01:49:48
perceived as the most important matter in life and01:49:51
here is one of the tour guides01:49:53
remembers the bonfires are burning in the yard01:49:56
priceless, unique, authentic exhibits01:50:00
documents relics burn numerous01:50:03
photographs among them and children's in the halls01:50:06
sculptures are smashed with a hammer at the museum01:50:10
paintings are torn off with hooks not immediately museum01:50:14
closed, that is, they destroyed the main one01:50:16
exposition some exhibits are distributed in01:50:19
other museums throw something away01:50:22
there is already a situation in which01:50:25
the museum will be restored to its original form01:50:28
it is impossible to consciously do so that01:50:31
there was no way back, a new one01:50:33
head of the museum Vasily Baranov01:50:36
I went to Moscow and wrote an article01:50:39
Anastasia lottery and wrote a petition01:50:41
We addressed many people to Mikhail Suslov01:50:44
he recalls: I even brought a broken one01:50:47
a fragment of a Komsomol ticket from01:50:49
exposition calls for respect for peahens01:50:53
sense of patriotism of civic duty01:50:57
The sun turned out to be useless Suslov sharply01:51:00
demanded to stop campaigning for causes01:51:03
museum March 5 was fifty years ago01:51:06
a resolution was passed to liquidate the museum01:51:09
It's interesting that Stalin dies on this day01:51:12
The thaw begins in many ways01:51:14
rethinking the history of the war Let it be01:51:21
they zzd Olga Bergolts later01:51:24
the sixties when this one01:51:27
such heartbreaking sincerity of the Bergoltz01:51:31
which me for example I don't like01:51:32
daytime stars precisely due to01:51:35
turning the soul inside out and some kind of01:51:37
too much enthusiasm for the sixties01:51:40
years it was a super book as well as a movie01:51:43
Talankino appears books about war01:51:47
lieutenant's prose - many beautiful ones01:51:50
books but no one is trying to revive01:51:53
Museum of the Siege Well, first of all, it01:51:54
really so broke that it's01:51:56
is no longer possible but it does not need to be created01:52:00
these huge memorials are like me01:52:03
seems cold soulless01:52:05
some individuals rise to the shield01:52:08
people and images here is the diary of Tanya Savicheva01:52:12
everyone knows everyone remembers what it was01:52:16
miraculously saved from destruction when01:52:18
destroyed the museum01:52:20
The Siege is forgotten, the new Siege Museum01:52:24
created only in 1989 in another01:52:28
completely different place01:52:30
concept now another one is being prepared01:52:33
new with a completely new concept but that01:52:38
The old is gone and will never be again and01:52:42
Judging by01:52:44
topics of scandal that arose in01:52:47
recent years Judging by the history of the channel01:52:51
rain stories with film holiday before01:52:54
real understanding of the blockade is still very01:52:58
and very far away and probably finished01:53:01
possible with an entry from Olga's Diary01:53:04
Bergolz when she is on the blockade day01:53:09
some as Freudenberg would say01:53:11
an ordinary day during the siege came to visit01:53:14
Ani Andreevna Akhmatova and wrote down01:53:17
next She sits in pitch darkness01:53:20
can't even read, sits like he's in a cell01:53:24
suicide bombers and further she quotes01:53:27
Akhmatova said so well I hate I01:53:31
I hate Hitler I hate Stalin I01:53:35
I hate those who throw bombs at01:53:38
Leningrad and to Berlin everyone who leads this01:53:41
shameful terrible war oh Right01:53:47
the only correct propaganda is true01:53:51
already bergolz writes writes would be ratay01:53:54
Down with Hitler Stalin01:53:57
government we will not fight anymore01:54:00
neither Germany nor Russia need workers01:54:03
neither Rodin nor01:54:08
governments ourselves we can live ourselves01:54:12
to say that this is an absolute Utopia01:54:16
hysterical cry01:54:19
women trapped in a besieged city01:54:23
and we can say that this is a wonderful dream01:54:26
about a peaceful free life Who knows maybe01:54:30
someday it will come true Thanks everyone01:54:34
thanks to whom I was able to record this01:54:37
very difficult very difficult for me01:54:41
lecture Thanks to our sponsors on YouTube01:54:45
to our patrons on Patreon Thanks to those01:54:47
who supports us on the platform bu01:54:50
Thanks to all those who liked Thanks to those01:54:53
who is doing01:54:55
reposts01:54:56
if you liked my lecture If it01:55:00
touched some strings in your soul01:55:04
then maybe you will support our channel01:55:06
so that we can continue to record01:55:08
lectures Thank you for this and01:55:11
question What images do you have before01:55:14
everything is associated with the blockade01:55:16
Leningrad waiting for your comments01:55:19
happilyDescription:
Новая лекция на канале «Уроки истории с Тамарой Эйдельман» посвящена блокаде Ленинграда - одному из самых знаменитых и в то же время самых замалчиваемых событий Второй Мировой войны. Об этой ужасающей трагедии написаны сотни книг, но до истинных глубин ее мы, кажется, все еще не добрались. КНИГИ: 1.Ирина Паперно. Осада человека. 2. Ольга Берггольц. Ольга. Запретный дневник. 3. Лидия Гинзбург. Записки блокадного человека. 4. Алесь Адамович, Даниил Гранин. Блокадная книга. *Ближайшие выступления* _Билеты на https://eidelman.ru_ Берлин 8.10, Барселона 11.10, Ницца 13.10, Рига 15.10, Варшава 17.10, Прага 19.10, Амстердам 20.10, Лондон 25.10. Поддержать канал: * ДЛЯ ИНОСТРАННЫХ КАРТ — Поддержите выходы новых уроков истории на платформе Patreon — https://www.patreon.com/eidelman * ДЛЯ РОССИЙСКИХ КАРТ — Поддержите выходы новых уроков истории на платформе Boosty — https://boosty.to/eidelman * Поддержите выходы новых уроков истории став спонсором на YouTube — https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYejKoEJ84iGgXPwTBkCCg/join С помощью криптовалюты: * BTC: bc1qepf70kndy4ce6yxg6vxh9j98utx690w529fl9s * ETH: 0x0Ebc2cCcD4Fd705CfFC5F25B271871df71c8332B * USDT: 0x8d0B26D5f58e4a1B2Cc702C431CB7B444F9452F6 (сеть ERC20) * USDT: TC5eXDPz8TuXPiHLDLbGkmN2rnQkg3Qe5W (сеть TRC20) Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях, там мы регулярно публикуем дополнительные истории: * Подписывайтесь на Тамару Натановну в Instagram — https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser * Подписывайтесь на наш телеграм канал — https://t.me/eidelman * Подписывайтесь на нашу страницу в Facebook — https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser 00:00:00 — Вступление. Тема лекции. 00:00:31 — Общеизвестные факты о блокаде Ленинграда. 0:03:04 — Непроработанность травмы блокадного Ленинграда. 0:05:08 — Было ли немецкое вторжение в СССР неожиданным? 0:07:31 — Стремительное продвижение немцев по территории СССР. Сооружение Лужского рубежа. 0:09:18 — Финское вторжение в СССР. Неоднозначность личности фельдмаршала Маннергейма. 0:12:27 — Начало блокады. Хотел ли Адольф Гитлер брать Ленинград? 0:15:22 — Попытки прорвать блокаду. 0:18:21 — Немецкое наступление. Усиление артобстрелов города. Прорыв блокады и её снятие. 0:19:13 — Ужасы блокады в дневниках очевидцев. 0:22:32 — Артобстрелы. Воспоминания Ольги Берггольц, Лидии Гинзбург и Ольги Фрейденберг. 0:29:43 — Голод в блокадном Ленинграде. Продуктовые карточки. 0:33:01 — Холод в блокадном Ленинграде. Отключение электричества и водоснабжения. 0:35:38 — Как менялся блокадный человек? 0:37:48 — Образ блокадного Ленинграда в фильме Алексея Красовского “Праздник”. 0:40:48 — Почему описать блокадный голод так сложно? 0:43:05 — Каннибализм в стихотворениях Геннадия Гора. 0:46:16 — Антропологические и психологические изменения голодного человека. 0:49:07 — Иная реальность власть имущих. Запрет на посылки в Ленинград. Военный дневник Всеволода Вишневского. 0:54:48 — Неудачная попытка Ольги Фрейденберг эвакуироваться. Воспоминания о ленинградцах на улицах города. 0:56:35 — Влияние голода на отношения внутри семьи. Дилемма и муки совести голодающего. 1:00:07 — Потребность блокадного человека в культурной жизни. 1:01:06 — Аберрация воспоминаний о довоенных годах. Блокада Ленинграда — норма советской жизни? 1:05:58 — Дневник Тани Савичевой. Как семья Савичевых пострадала от советского государства? 1:09:06 — Отсутствие поддержки от государства в годы блокады. Террор. 1:17:07 — Эксплуатация искажённого образа блокады сегодня. 1:18:21 — Ленинградская симфония Дмитрия Шостаковича. 1:20:52 — Подмена понятий в истории войны. Потребность очевидцев рассказать правду. 1:23:26 — Искренность в стихотворениях и дневниках Ольги Берггольц. 1:24:56 — Фальшивый образ блокады в произведениях советских литераторов. Трансформация трагизма в героику. 1:31:19 — Вынужденная автономность Ленинграда. 1:33:47 — Искусственный героизм в романе Веры Кетлинской “В осаде”. 1:37:50 — История создания Музея обороны Ленинграда. 1:44:43 — Ужесточение политики Иосифа Сталина после войны. Чем это обернулось для Музея обороны Ленинграда? 1:51:04 — Была ли осмыслена трагедия блокады Ленинграда? 1:52:59 — Мысли Анны Ахматовой и Ольги Берггольц о войне, правительстве и свободе.
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