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Russian
00:00:00
Guys, we are on the verge of a memorable date.00:00:03
30 years ago, on August 18, 1991, the State Emergency
Committee was established in the Soviet Union.00:00:10
Or, in short, the SEC.00:00:12
This organization consisted of members of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union, the government and the KGB,00:00:17
it made a last attempt to save the Soviet Union from collapse.00:00:21
- The USSR collapsed because it was doomed.00:00:23
The events, which were called the coup of
the State Emergency Committee, did not lead to success.00:00:28
Although the Soviet Union lived for another
4 months after the suppression of the coup...00:00:31
- Most, I think, didn't even feel the difference at first.00:00:35
... in fact, on August 22, 1991, a death warrant was signed to it.00:00:41
The defeat of the State Emergency Committee
was the defeat of the very idea of the Soviet Union.00:00:45
- There is such a rumor that Gorbachev was an agent,00:00:48
or such a useful idiot for Americans.00:00:51
Today we'll talk about what the Soviet Union was like,00:00:54
how did it happen that it collapsed and
whether it was possible to save it.00:00:58
"The fall of the Soviet Union was the largest
geopolitical catastrophe of the century"00:01:03
Lately, you can hear more and more often00:01:05
that Yeltsin had gathered with someone else
and drunkenly signed a paper,00:01:10
the Soviet Union collapsed fell,00:01:11
as if it were so easy00:01:13
that he signed a paper, and the Soviet Union
was destroyed just like that.00:01:16
No, friends, it was a very long process,00:01:19
a difficult process.00:01:20
- It became clear to the Soviet leaders that00:01:22
everything went wrong.00:01:25
Many different events led to the collapse of the Soviet Union00:01:28
that took place during, probably, the last
ten years of the life of the Soviet Union,00:01:33
that is, the 80s.00:01:35
- Oil, of course, helped,00:01:36
but at the same time ended the possibilities00:01:40
to engage in scientific and technological development.00:01:43
And the foundation for this destruction
was laid even earlier,00:01:46
back in the 60s, 70s.00:01:48
- In the 70s and 80s, economic growth stopped.00:01:51
The quality of life has dropped significantly and started to decline.00:01:55
And the system of the Soviet Union itself,
the model of the economy, and so on,00:01:59
was not very resilient,00:02:02
and it simply could not fit into the new reality.00:02:05
- Coffins came, people did not believe what they said on TV.00:02:08
And today I will tell you why
the Soviet Union actually collapsed,00:02:13
how it happened, what mistakes
were made by the Soviet leadership,00:02:17
and most importantly - who is to blame.00:02:18
We will try to find the answer to who is to blame
for the collapse of the Soviet Union.00:02:21
Until you start watching, like the video,
subscribe to the channel,00:02:25
and don't forget to hit the bell button,00:02:26
so that you receive notifications on all videos.00:02:28
This will greatly help the promotion of my videos00:02:31
and promoting my channel. Thanks!00:02:39
"Soviet power was established in one-sixth of the world."00:02:43
"The workers 'and peasants' revolution, the need
for which the Bolsheviks have been talking about all the time,00:02:50
finally happened! "00:02:52
"Hooray!"00:02:54
So, first let's figure out what the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of.00:02:59
It was created on December 30, 1922,
and initially only four republics were included:00:03:05
these were Russian, Ukrainian,
Belarusian and Transcaucasian republics.00:03:09
The latter united Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.00:03:12
In the mid-20s, the Bukhara and Khorezm
Soviet Socialist Republics entered the USSR.00:03:18
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
were created on their territories.00:03:21
And in 1929, Tajikistan was separated from the Uzbek SSR.00:03:25
In 1936, a new constitution of the USSR was adopted.00:03:28
According to it, the Transcaucasian Republic
was divided into Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.00:03:33
In addition, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
were allocated to separate republics -00:03:36
they used to be an autonomous republic within the RSFSR.00:03:39
Thus, there were 11 Soviet republics.00:03:42
"Each year we have lived brings
a lot of happiness and joy to our people!"00:03:49
"Every year our country is getting
younger and stronger, it is growing!"00:03:54
The next stage of the expansion
of the Soviet Union came at the end of the 30s.00:03:58
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed
between the USSR and Nazi Germany.00:04:02
According to the secret protocol,00:04:04
Eastern Poland, the Baltic states, Finland
and Bessarabia were in the sphere of Moscow's interests.00:04:10
The territories of Eastern Poland
were annexed to Ukraine and Belarus.00:04:14
After the war with Finland at the beginning
of 1940, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was created.00:04:19
It included the territory
of the Autonomous Republic of Karelia,00:04:22
as well as the Finnish lands that passed
to the Soviet Union as a result of the war.00:04:26
In the same 1940, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania became part of the USSR.00:04:32
There were 16 union republics.00:04:34
And this is the maximum number of them in history.00:04:37
In 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was liquidated.00:04:40
In this form, the Soviet Union existed
until its collapse in December 1991.00:04:45
Except, in fact, the union republics,00:04:47
Moscow ruled over a huge empire
of countries dependent on the USSR.00:04:52
After World War II, two opposing
camps emerged in the world.00:04:55
A new confrontation began,
which was also called the Cold War.00:05:00
On the one hand, it was attended
by Western countries led by the United States.00:05:04
In 1949, they united into the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, or in short - NATO.00:05:10
They were opposed by
the socialist bloc led by the Soviet Union.00:05:14
The USSR's zone of influence included the countries
of Eastern Europe, liberated from the Nazis by the Soviet army.00:05:19
These are Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany,00:05:22
Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania.00:05:25
Well, in fact, they entered the zone of influence
of the Soviet Union after the expulsion of the Nazi occupiers.00:05:29
And they fell under the influence of the communists.00:05:31
By the way, that is why today these
countries accuse the Soviet Union00:05:36
and consider it an occupier too.00:05:38
That is, they say that in the beginning
they had been occupied by the Nazis,00:05:41
then the Soviet troops came, who said
that the countries had been freed,00:05:44
but in fact they were the same occupiers.00:05:46
Well, that's their perspective.00:05:48
A totalitarian regime came to power there,00:05:50
politically and economically oriented
towards the Soviet Union.00:05:54
In 1955, in opposition to NATO,
the Warsaw Treaty Organization was created.00:06:00
It consisted of countries under the control of Moscow.00:06:03
In addition, pro-communist regimes came to power00:06:06
in North Korea, in Cuba, and in North Vietnam.00:06:09
And also in China, although relations between
the USSR and China were very difficult00:06:13
and they went the way from close friendship -
"Russians and Chinese are brothers forever" -00:06:17
to a direct military clash.00:06:20
In general, in the second half of the 20th century,
the world became bipolar.00:06:24
The confrontation between the USSR and the United States
has repeatedly brought humanity to the brink of nuclear disaster.00:06:30
But on the other side -00:06:31
it deterred from new global military
conflicts on the scale of World War II.00:06:36
"They launched an unbridled anti-Soviet campaign"00:06:39
"Government, politicians, media,00:06:44
some NATO countries, especially the United States "00:06:46
In the late 1980s, the socialist bloc collapsed.00:06:49
Soviet satellites got out of Moscow's control.00:06:52
And in 1991 the Soviet Union itself collapsed.00:06:55
December 8, 1991 Russia, Ukraine and Belarus,
the founding countries of the Soviet Union,00:07:01
signed an agreement on its liquidation
in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.00:07:05
It is clear that the USSR did not collapse
overnight at the end of 1991.00:07:09
Both the Belovezhsky agreements and the coup of the SEC were only
the final stages of the long process of the collapse of the USSR.00:07:16
That is, it is actually a patient who was already in a coma,00:07:20
and there was no chance of saving them,00:07:23
as if they were simply disconnected from
the life support systems and pronounced death.00:07:28
Many believe that the USSR collapsed due to
the actions of Gorbachev and the Perestroika he began.00:07:33
Or because of Boris Yeltsin, who signed
an agreement in Belovezhskaya Pushcha00:07:36
on dissolution of the Union with Ukraine and Belarus.00:07:39
But in fact, irreversible processes had begun much earlier.00:07:43
The USSR was doomed long before that.00:07:46
- Boris Nikolaevich, as well as other
leaders of the republics,00:07:50
he has absolutely taken a separatist
position since the second half of the 90th year.00:07:58
He demanded control over the finances of the Soviet Union,00:08:02
he demanded control over the army.00:08:04
We saw how he built the economy in a different way.00:08:07
He tried to privatize the central bank for
the Russian Federation, well, there was a State Bank then, yes.00:08:16
Talk to Gerashchenko, he will tell you all about it.00:08:18
But this is all documented,
all his proposals are documented.00:08:21
All the laws that were adopted by the Russian Federation 00:08:24
and the Supreme Soviet under the leadership
of Yeltsin - they are documented, this is all there.00:08:28
He wanted to rip... At first
he wanted Russia and everyone else,00:08:33
then he just wanted to take Russia away from the Soviet Union,00:08:36
realizing that he cannot simply become
the president of the USSR instead of Gorbachev.00:08:41
Gorbachev was the only major politician
who fought for the preservation of the Soviet Union.00:08:46
There are two people who wanted to preserve the Soviet Union:00:08:49
American President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev.00:08:52
For different reasons.00:08:54
Bush wanted to preserve the Soviet Union
so that Gorbachev would continue to control nuclear weapons.00:08:59
It was important for the Americans
that this would not fall apart.00:09:02
and these pieces of nuclear weapons did not end up
in the hands of some half-insane leaders of some sultanates.00:09:09
It was essential for him.00:09:11
And even in 1991 in June,
being in Kiev, speaking at a rally, he said:00:09:19
"Give Gorbachev a chance!" Booed!00:09:21
President Bush was in Kiev in the 1991 -00:09:23
he was booed by the crowd came to fight for sovereignty. 00:09:27
And Gorbachev also fought.00:09:28
You could see how he fought, how he gave in, how he tried
to negotiate with Nazarbayev and Kravchuk against Yeltsin,00:09:35
to preserve at least a center, at least a single
financial center, a single international security center.00:09:42
But after the Emergency Committee, he showed
that he was weak in the eyes of these people.00:09:48
There was a very important episode, few people remember it,00:09:51
when he already flew from Foros,
he flew in with his wife, and his wife there,00:09:57
Raisa Maksimovna had a stroke in Foros,00:09:59
she expected to be killed like the Ceausescu.00:10:02
He arrived, and they told him:
"The deputies are waiting for you."00:10:06
Well, he triumphantly returned, escaped captivity.00:10:11
And he went with his wife to the hospital.00:10:13
Choosing between a country
and a wife, he chose a wife.00:10:17
"Weak!" - as they say now.00:10:20
Agriculture was the main economic problem of the Soviet Union.00:10:23
Lenin's war communism,
Stalin's collectivization, Khrushchev's experiments00:10:28
all led to a drop in yields.00:10:29
There was also a shortage of meat.00:10:31
The USSR simply could not feed itself, and,
starting from the 60s, it was forced to buy grain abroad.00:10:38
Once again, it started back in the 60s.00:10:41
The Soviet Union, earlier, the Russian Empire,
on the contrary, sold grain,00:10:46
and in the 60s, the Soviet Union began to buy grain from abroad.00:10:50
- The problems were so great00:10:52
that the country was in a state of systemic threat of hunger.00:11:01
And this circumstance in full measure carried
the threat that there could be some decisive actions00:11:17
of the population in different regions in different ways.00:11:21
And there were not enough basic means for people's lives.00:11:32
The competition for the remaining stocks began.00:11:38
- Agriculture was not fundamentally
different from other industries,00:11:44
therefore, if there was a crisis in the entire economy,00:11:47
then naturally it also affected the agro-industrial complex.00:11:52
But the thing is, another big mistake,00:11:55
which, among other things,
affected the agro-industrial complex,00:12:00
the food supply of the population,00:12:02
was that the last Soviet government00:12:05
tried to keep regulated retail prices to the last.00:12:10
Which was a serious mistake.00:12:12
Even many government economists talk about it.00:12:14
already then they told both Mikhail Sergeevich and Pavlov,00:12:18
that it is necessary to liberalize prices,
that this measure is already too old.00:12:21
Well, because when you are not in control
of wholesale prices, you are not in control of household income,00:12:27
then trying to keep stable retail prices
is a completely hopeless occupation,00:12:33
well, because no manufacturer,
well, only on pain of death,00:12:39
and the executions had already
been canceled by that time, thank God,00:12:43
will not sell, for example, a bread roll
for 8 rubles, which costs them 10.00:12:47
So, either you have to pay subsidies: pay these
2 rubles, 3 rubles, 4 rubles in my example.00:12:53
But for this, there was not even a trace of money
in the absolutely leaky Soviet budget.00:12:59
Because, right now, government
economists are seriously discussing,00:13:05
whether a budget deficit of 3% of GDP is a lot or a little.00:13:08
And then it was estimated at 33-35% of GDP
and was covered almost exclusively by printing money.00:13:14
That is, the issue of unsecured
candy wrappers called “Soviet rubles”.00:13:20
The sale of oil helped the Soviet Union make ends meet.00:13:23
In 1965, the development
of the Samotlor deposit began.00:13:27
There was so much oil there that it literally gushed
out of the ground like a fountain.00:13:31
The sale of hydrocarbons abroad made it possible to receive
foreign exchange and buy grain and other food with it.00:13:37
This scheme worked until oil prices
collapsed in the early 1980s.00:13:41
But until then, the flow of petrodollars created
the illusion that everything was in order.00:13:45
the country's leadership
did not see the need for any reforms.00:13:49
So, by the way, there are many conspiracy theories,00:13:51
that oil prices have collapsed there on purpose,00:13:54
that some such cunning people were
trying to sabotage the Soviet Union.00:13:59
Of course - this is nonsense, of course, it is not true.00:14:01
The rise or fall in oil prices is a completely different story,00:14:05
which is not so easily managed,
in the first place,00:14:07
as it seems to some. And secondly, again,00:14:10
not only the Soviet Union produced oil,00:14:12
there are many other oil-producing countries in the world,00:14:16
and what kind of country are you,
what kind of empire are you,00:14:19
if you can be destroyed simply
by collapsing oil prices?00:14:22
- By the mid-80s, it became clear to Soviet leaders that00:14:27
everything was going wrong.00:14:30
That it is impossible to live like this.00:14:31
The economy was stagnant.00:14:33
This is a simple fact.00:14:35
The fact is that in the 70s and 80s,
economic growth stopped.00:14:42
The country was still doing well because
oil prices doubled in the early 80s,00:14:46
because of the Arab-Israeli war.00:14:49
Then in the late 70s they doubled again
due to the Iranian revolution.00:14:55
And there was enough money
to buy imported consumer products.00:15:01
But generally speaking, the economy did not develop.00:15:03
There was a lot of investment,00:15:05
these investments did not lead
to economic growth, roughly speaking,00:15:08
they bought equipment with petrodollars,
but could not install and correctly implement it,00:15:13
or produced a lot of tanks,00:15:15
these tanks were standing in huge fields,00:15:17
but did not improve the quality of life.00:15:19
Then there was a drop in oil prices.00:15:21
Some people think it's a conspiracy00:15:24
of the CIA and Saudi Arabia to force Russia,
the Soviet Union to withdraw troops from Afghanistan.00:15:31
But even if this was so, then, of course,00:15:35
a normal country must be able
to cope with these kinds of shocks.00:15:39
If someone made a deal against you, lowered the price of oil,00:15:43
this should not be the reason for the fall of the country.00:15:45
For example, Russia suffered
the fall in oil prices in 2008-2009,00:15:50
in 2014.00:15:51
Well, there was an economic crisis,
but the country didn't fall apart.00:15:54
And that's the way it should be.00:15:55
And the Soviet Union did not survive the fall in oil prices.00:15:59
- Oil, of course, helped,00:16:01
but at the same time it also closed the possibility00:16:08
to engage in scientific and technological development,00:16:11
and competently distribute the direction
of development of certain industries00:16:19
among regions, territories and republics.00:16:25
There was such a term, it is still known today,00:16:28
"the oil curse" of Russia.00:16:30
"The gas-oil curse" of Russia.00:16:33
It was a test of failure to assess in a timely manner00:16:39
the disastrous and consequences of such a policy.00:16:44
The main feature of the Brezhnev
Soviet Union is a shortage of goods.00:16:47
Soviet people could not just go to the store
and buy furniture, appliances, and even more so a car.00:16:52
All of this was in short supply.00:16:54
People had to wait in lines for goods.00:16:56
Sometimes for years.00:16:58
They had to get it through friends or for a bribe.00:17:01
And from time to time even basic necessities,
like clothes and shoes, disappeared from sale.00:17:06
By the end of Brezhnev's stagnation, queues
began to line up even at grocery stores.00:17:10
All of this was the result of an ineffective planned economy.00:17:13
Government fixed prices, there
was central planning and no competition:00:17:18
all this led to the fact00:17:19
that the Soviet industry simply
did not produce enough goods.00:17:23
And the quality of the products
that were produced was terrible.00:17:27
The Soviet TV had to be carried straight
from the store for repairs.00:17:30
Well, here I think you know a lot of anecdotes,
a lot of jokes and everything else.00:17:37
regarding Soviet technology, Soviet machines.00:17:40
We were good at making weapons or exporting goods.00:17:45
It was for export. Export Ladas - they drove great.00:17:47
Domestic Ladas had to be immediately repaired,00:17:52
because, well, of course, it could
not be compared with the imported one.00:17:56
The same goes for clothes and everything, everything else.00:17:59
That is, ordinary consumer goods,00:18:01
that we are used to going to buy
in a store today, do not even worry,00:18:04
they were, of course, of terrible quality,
they were in short supply.00:18:07
- This was the year 1982, 65 years of Soviet power already,00:18:13
a food program was adopted.00:18:16
Guys, I am translating from the party language
into English, the food was disappearing from the shelves.00:18:21
1982, the Bolshevik Party has been in power for 65 years.00:18:26
The food program because there’s no food.00:18:29
This was before Gorbachev, once again,
yes, under Brezhnev.00:18:32
Then was Andropov.00:18:34
When he comes to power, there are wonderful
documents, this is the 1985 year, where it is said,00:18:41
that the Politburo was dealing with
questions about how many potatoes are left.00:18:44
The country was already on the verge of starvation.00:18:49
Let me remind you that since 1962, in my opinion,
we have been buying bread for gold abroad.00:18:55
The great agricultural country.00:18:57
There was no more gold, because there
were sanctions after the Afghanistan war.00:19:01
That is, where were we going to buy food?00:19:02
Canada had sanctions, USA as well,
well, there was a little in Argentina.00:19:07
- You are a young man, you probably do not remember.00:19:09
For example, there was a whole year
when there was nothing at all in Moscow.00:19:14
And, for example, there was no cheese.00:19:15
So you want to eat cheese, and there is
one store in Moscow, the "Cheese" store,00:19:20
so it was called,00:19:21
and there is a kilometer-long queue to this store.00:19:23
I remember well, I was a student,
I didn't eat cheese for a whole year,00:19:27
and it was not so scary, one can probably survive.00:19:30
I was a student at the Moscow Institute
of Physics and Technology,00:19:33
I went to the grocery store,00:19:35
and there was only one product. 00:19:38
Far Eastern seaweed salad.00:19:40
It was in jars, from these cans sellers built pyramids.00:19:44
It was very beautiful from an aesthetic point of view,00:19:48
but it was clear that this system was falling apart.00:19:51
And it fell apart.00:19:53
Another very important thing is, of course,
the desire of the regional elites to gain power.00:19:58
This also needs to be understood00:19:59
that not only, roughly speaking, ordinary people
were not ready to defend this system,00:20:04
in which you cannot feed your children,00:20:07
but the regional elites also said - “our time has come,00:20:11
we want to build our own state”.00:20:14
And this also played an important role.00:20:16
The Soviet Union spent enormous resources
on an arms race with the United States.00:20:21
For example, in the 70s, the Soviet Union produced
20 times more tanks than the United States.00:20:25
Of course, he didn't really need so many tanks.00:20:28
But it was necessary to occupy
the military industry with something.00:20:31
So it produced things,00:20:32
meaningless from the point of view of the real needs of citizens.00:20:36
After the collapse of the Soviet Union,
these giant cemeteries of Soviet tanks00:20:39
were scattered as in the post-Soviet space,00:20:42
and in other countries, which were
also inundated with all this technology.00:20:46
- Look. First, the Americans changed
their administrations, and their goals were different.00:20:52
Carter had goals, yes, that was in the 80s.00:20:56
There was a story with Iran, with the taking of hostages.00:20:59
There was Reagan talking about the evil empire00:21:02
and ended up signing an arms
reduction agreement with the evil empire.00:21:06
And when he was asked here on his last visit:
"Is the Soviet Union still an evil empire?"00:21:12
Reagan hesitated and said, "It was a different era"00:21:15
All this has passed in eight years, in eight years.00:21:19
Look, the Americans have a task...
In general, they do not care deeply.00:21:24
It was clear that economically Russia
and the Soviet Union did not represent any competition,00:21:29
but the Soviet Union was a geopolitical enemy, that’s a first.00:21:34
And it had nuclear weapons.00:21:37
And the task was to keep it all rom falling apart.00:21:41
Moscow's control over the nuclear weapons
already existed, with which nothing can be done,00:21:47
except reduction of armaments.00:21:51
And the negotiations with Gorbachev,
led by Reagan, made it possible to reduce...00:21:55
If we talk about today,00:21:57
15 percent of the charges remained from what was in 1985.00:22:02
They cut 85 percent of this.00:22:05
Do you understand what has been done?00:22:06
The level of aggression was lowered.00:22:09
And second, as I said, their task was not
only to reduce the number of nuclear weapons,00:22:12
but so that it was not in Belarus, Ukraine,
Kazakhstan, God forbid somewhere else.00:22:17
This is the only question that worried them then!00:22:20
The administration. If we’re talking serious.00:22:23
How to keep nuclear weapons in one hands?00:22:26
To have one negotiator, right?00:22:28
And then they staked on Yeltsin, in 1991.00:22:31
Even in 1985, the Soviet Union
was not a geopolitical adversary.00:22:35
Well, it was an opponent,
but it was not a rival, yes, it was very weak:00:22:39
due to the Afghan war, I repeat,
the economic position and so on.00:22:43
Money was not given to partisan
detachments in Mongolia.00:22:46
Well, there's a lot in there.00:22:48
Nuclear weapons, on the other hand, were
a headache for Reagan and then Bush.00:22:53
- That is, I understand correctly that the Soviet Union
collapsed because of our internal issues without external...00:22:57
- First of all, of course...00:22:59
- There was no serious external pressure.00:23:01
- An empire collapses, of course, because
of internal issues, although external events...00:23:07
Sanctions are external events, right?00:23:09
You can start with sanctions,
or you can start with the Afghan war.00:23:12
Many start with sanctions.00:23:13
So they surrounded us, imposed sanctions, and we fell.00:23:17
The question is: why sanctions? The Afghan war.00:23:18
Why the Afghan war?00:23:19
Well, look further.00:23:21
No, this is the topic of internal processes.00:23:25
The collapse of the empire with which you can do nothing.00:23:27
The Soviet Union promoted itself as a friendly family
of peoples that overcame the remnants of a dark past.00:23:33
But that was not true.00:23:34
The Soviet government did not solve interethnic
conflicts, but only froze them for a while.00:23:39
As soon as the influence of the Soviet regime
weakened, they all flared up with renewed vigor.00:23:43
Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria,
South Ossetia, Abkhazia -00:23:47
all these hotspots appeared
on the map in the late 80s00:23:50
and also played an important role
in the collapse of the Soviet Union.00:23:53
- Today, if you talk to people in different countries,
they perceive their Soviet past in completely different ways.00:24:00
For example, Georgians say
that they had had an occupation.00:24:02
And the Armenians nearby say:00:24:04
"No, we lived well, and in general we are very grateful
to the Soviet Union, and now we are friends with Russia"00:24:09
“And in general, we do not perceive this as an occupation”00:24:11
Well, the Baltic states, of course,
perceive this as an occupation.00:24:14
Ukraine can’t decide.00:24:17
At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union,
did former republics really perceive this as liberation?00:24:22
- Look, if we are talking about the population,
then we will not find a single republic,00:24:26
where there would be massive demonstrations
for preservation in the Soviet Union.00:24:30
By the way, including the Russian Federation.00:24:32
Neither in Kyrgyzstan, nor in Uzbekistan,
nor in Armenia,00:24:37
neither in Georgia, nor Moldova,
nor in Ukraine this was not the case.00:24:40
That is, the population did not care.00:24:42
Therefore, what they are saying
now is a gaze directed back there,00:24:45
invented for them today.00:24:47
And for God's sake, this is a usual historical process.00:24:50
As for the elite, the leadership, the ruling strata,00:24:55
then as I said, they took advantage of the weakening
of the center and grabbed their piece.00:25:00
Therefore, what people are saying now00:25:02
is such, you know, a look that's how we imagine that time now.00:25:07
It wasn't like that back then.00:25:08
I repeat once again, no one spoke out
for the preservation of Moscow's power.00:25:13
And this is a fact!00:25:14
- That is, then everyone wanted to scatter in 1991?00:25:17
- Most, I think, didn't even feel the difference at first.00:25:21
Well, what's the difference?00:25:22
Well, the khan was in Moscow,
now the khan is in Tashkent.00:25:25
Or in Tbilisi, what was the difference for the people?00:25:28
But the fact that they did not fight for the Soviet Union,00:25:31
for the preservation of the great
and the mighty - that’s a fact!00:25:35
This fact cannot be disputed.00:25:38
In addition to internal conflicts, a lot of effort and money was spent
on supporting the regimes in the countries of the socialist camp.00:25:43
The Soviet Union needed them
to confront the West,00:25:46
like, who will put more of their flags on the world map,00:25:49
will take more territories to say - look,00:25:51
these are all for us, and these are against us.00:25:53
But all these regimes could hold out
only at the expense of Soviet aid.00:25:57
This is especially clearly seen
on the example of Africa.00:26:00
Where a lot of equipment
was given, a lot of money,00:26:03
to some strange banana republics,00:26:07
where sometimes some terrible cannibals would come...00:26:11
and the Soviet Union was ready
to pay any madman who would say00:26:15
that they are for Lenin, for Stalin and for
all good things, and against these filthy capitalists.00:26:20
And many African dictators
very cleverly milked the Soviet Union,00:26:23
getting weapons and a lot of money.00:26:25
In addition to direct financial investments,00:26:27
The Soviet Union helped its satellites
with military equipment, resources and specialists.00:26:32
As soon as the Soviet economy fell into decay,
the socialist camp ceased to exist.00:26:37
It's funny that many dictators, especially African ones,
changed their minds very quickly.00:26:41
and they began to receive money already from the Americans,00:26:43
and the Soviet specialists were thrown out,
not even allowed to collect their things.00:26:47
Now you travel across Africa and see the Soviet legacy.00:26:50
Somalia has, for example, has a runway
in northern Somalia at Berbera,00:26:54
which the Soviet Union built for Buran,00:26:57
a huge runway.00:26:59
How many military bases we had there,
some small towns, something else.00:27:02
Everyone was kicked in the ass, but as for debts,00:27:06
money, which the Soviet Union
loaned to everyone there,00:27:08
of course, where are all the debts?00:27:09
All debts were written off.00:27:11
- Well, I would say that rather a destructive effect
for the economy of the USSR, especially in recent years,00:27:18
brought an arms race and an attempt
to take a leading position in atomic weapons.00:27:29
Plus, of course, a very expensive adventure in Afghanistan.00:27:34
Expensive in terms of human lives and material costs.00:27:38
Against this background, those measures
to support the so-called countries of "socialist orientation"00:27:48
they may be standing there with some fourth or fifth place00:27:51
in line of the destroyers of the Soviet economy
and the Soviet Union as a whole.00:27:56
But in general, quite an interesting phenomenon happened.00:28:04
The USSR, for example, did not support 00:28:09
the CMEA countries, the countries
of Eastern Europe directly with money.00:28:14
It supported them by selling oil there at discounted prices,00:28:17
other raw materials not at the prices of the world market
and not in the same way as to the west.00:28:22
But in the end, then, when they summed up the balance,00:28:25
the USSR became a debtor to all,
well, almost all, CMEA countries.00:28:32
In 1979, the Soviet Union embarked
on a military adventure in Afghanistan. 00:28:36
For this, economic sanctions
were imposed against the Soviet Union.00:28:39
But besides the obvious financial consequences,
the war also affected the morale of citizens.00:28:44
No one understood why young people drafted
into the army should die in that far away country.00:28:50
Even in a controlled society
like the Soviet one, discontent grew.00:28:54
- And then there was Afghanistan,
which led to a political catastrophe,00:28:58
because, I repeat, if we combine this
with bread and oil, we will see sanctions.00:29:03
And the country began to plunge
into trouble, because the coffins came.00:29:09
And we didn’t fight the war in Afghanistan,
we did it internationally.00:29:12
Soldiers came back in coffins, people
did not believe what the officials said on TV.00:29:16
They didn’t believe it.00:29:17
- I do not think that the war in Afghanistan
in this case had any serious significance.00:29:22
More or less sane people, even
within the CPSU, and for the leadership it was clear00:29:31
that the system was no longer operational.00:29:33
It collapsed before our eyes.00:29:35
I say, if it were not for Samotlor's oil, everything
would have collapsed back in the early 70s.00:29:40
"Thy these"00:29:47
"That's better"00:29:48
"I took other glasses"00:29:52
By the early 1980s, the Soviet leadership
consisted of pensioners.00:29:55
The average age of members
of the Politburo was over 70 years.00:29:59
They could no longer meet the challenges
of the time and carry out any reforms.00:30:03
In a little over two years, three leaders
of the country died in a row:00:30:06
in 1982 it was Leonid Brezhnev,00:30:14
in 1984 - Yuri Andropov, and in 1985 -
Konstantin Chernenko.00:30:19
"Ahead of the procession there are many wreaths"00:30:23
"From the Central Committee of the CPSU,
the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR,00:30:28
Council of Ministers of the USSR,
Union and Autonomous Republics,00:30:33
territories and regions, from the labor collectives of the country"00:30:37
This period was called by
the Soviet citizens “the era of lavish funerals”.00:30:44
- We had an incredible level of scale, such a historical shame,00:30:53
when the general secretaries passed away one by one,00:31:01
traditions changed each other without changing
the essence and meaning of the country and its activities.00:31:11
And yes, from this sad misfortune of history00:31:17
a way out was found, the March plenum
of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1985,00:31:27
in which it was possible, let's call it so,
for a group of members of the Politburo00:31:37
to support the candidacy of Mikhail Gorbachev,00:31:41
and we got a new general secretary.00:31:45
"I'll tell you now - guns don't shoot,
bombs don't explode,00:31:49
but we are going through a very important period"00:31:53
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union.00:31:56
Against the background of his predecessors,
who died one after another, he was young and full of strength.00:32:01
The new secretary general found that
the country was on the brink of disaster.00:32:05
Urgent reforms were needed.00:32:06
Gorbachev announced the beginning of Perestroika:00:32:09
policy of updating the economic
and political life of the country.00:32:12
However, he did not dare to make
the most radical changes.00:32:16
For example, the transition to a market economy
instead of a non-working planned one.00:32:19
Gorbachev announced a policy of glasnost,
effectively introducing freedom of speech in the USSR.00:32:25
And also held the first in the history
of the country partially free elections of people's deputies.00:32:30
The changes launched by the last general secretary
very quickly turned into an uncontrollable avalanche.00:32:36
In just a few years, it swept both Gorbachev himself
and the Soviet Union headed by him from the historical stage.00:32:42
- I have great respect for Mikhail Sergeevich,
I don't want to stigmatize him.00:32:48
But if from the point of view of democratization,
he had Yakovlev and other people there,00:32:53
then from the point of view of economics,
these were such orthodox monsters,00:32:56
as Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov and Valentin Pavlov.00:33:01
And a number of serious mistakes were made.00:33:04
In particular, there was a famous law,
the so-called Law on Socialist Enterprise,00:33:10
which removed control over income, introduced
such managerial exoticism as the election of directors. 00:33:18
Well, further it is clear that every Soviet director00:33:21
only to the extent of their own creativity began
to distribute money to their employees,00:33:26
to be elected and be popular.00:33:29
The second serious mistake from
very good intentions is the law “On cooperation”.00:33:35
Yes, there are indeed cooperative restaurants,
cooperative hairdressing salons,00:33:42
in Moscow there are even several public cooperative toilets.00:33:46
But much more this “cooperative” movement
has developed in such a somewhat exotic form,00:33:54
when a director simply created a cooperative
at a huge, sometimes even at a defense enterprise.00:34:01
As a rule, the founders there were either the director himself,
or his wife, or his neighbor, or his mistress, or his distant nephews.00:34:10
And then the enterprises, taking advantage of tax incentives
and the ability to cash out money without limit for cooperatives,00:34:16
just sold their products formally through
this cooperative, which, of course,00:34:22
has already become the last nail in the coffin
of the Soviet financial system.00:34:28
- Gorbachev and his advisers thought a lot,00:34:30
whether they should borrow the experience
of Eastern Europe, Hungary or Yugoslavia,00:34:34
whether they should borrow the experience of China,00:34:36
they tried to do this, this and that,00:34:38
and nothing worked because the system
was already built to work in a planned economy.00:34:45
In addition, there is another important story with reforms.00:34:49
With the incompetence of reforms,00:34:51
it was that people demanded
an improvement in the quality of life.00:34:54
Both the government and Gorbachev personally
decided to allow people to make more money,00:35:00
to pay more money to businesses,00:35:02
but they did not know that they needed to
somehow build a market economy, free prices.00:35:08
And there would be a shortage and that was absolutely normal00:35:11
that if people have more money and the same amount of goods,00:35:14
and prices are regulated, there will be
a black market and scarcity.00:35:17
And that in itself destroyed the economy,00:35:19
because instead of working, people stood in line for hours.00:35:22
At the end of the 1980s, one after another,
“velvet revolutions” took place in the countries of Eastern Europe.00:35:29
In Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries of
the socialist camp, pro-communist regimes were removed from power.00:35:35
Almost everywhere it happened bloodlessly.00:35:37
The exceptions were Romania and Yugoslavia.00:35:40
In Romania, the local dictator
Ceaúescu and his wife were shot,00:35:43
and in Yugoslavia, a multi-year civil war began.00:35:46
Changes have taken place in Germany as well.00:35:48
After World War II, this country was divided into two states.00:35:51
One of them, the Federal Republic of Germany,
was part of the Western world.00:35:54
The other, the GDR, was part of the Soviet sphere of influence.00:35:57
Berlin has been divided into two parts by a wall for 30 years.00:36:01
West Berlin belonged to the FRG,
and East was the capital of the GDR.00:36:06
On November 9, 1989, a crowd of thousands
of Berliners took the Berlin Wall by storm.00:36:12
People began to climb over the wall,
break off pieces from it and take it as a keepsake.00:36:17
Soon the wall was dismantled and Germany was reunited.00:36:20
The fall of the Berlin Wall became
a symbol of the end of the Cold War.00:36:25
You can still see the fragments of this Berlin Wall in Berlin.00:36:29
and buy a piece of this wall as a souvenir.00:36:32
"Velvet revolutions" in Europe carried such a charm,00:36:40
they got rid of the dictatorship of
the Soviet Communist Party in time,00:36:50
they showed that the same people
can and are able to live by different rules,00:36:57
according to other moral and legal laws,00:37:03
the fall of the Berlin Wall was such
a powerful catalyst for this novelty,00:37:11
and undoubtedly, the young reviving Europe influenced 00:37:20
what can be called the advanced composition
of the Russian... Soviet society in those years.00:37:26
- I would say, in a sense, the leaving of
the countries of Eastern Europe00:37:31
allowed to drop some economy yoke carried by the Soviet Union.00:37:38
I have already spoken about this, we were selling them,
say, oil, gas, and other types of raw materials at low prices.00:37:46
But the USSR was, first of all, torn apart by internal problems.00:37:52
In this sense, all of its satellites have
already played such a secondary role.00:37:57
The events in Poland or the Czech Republic
were not the reason for the collapse of the USSR.00:38:06
- The fact that Gorbachev did not introduce troops00:38:09
as it was done in the 1956 in Hungary,
in 1968 in Czechoslovakia,00:38:15
well, anyway, events took place on the verge
of the introduction of troops in 1980 in Poland,00:38:20
when, instead of bringing in troops, martial law
was introduced by the Poles themselves.00:38:25
Under Gorbachev - Gorbachev made it absolutely
clear to his Eastern European colleagues,00:38:30
that this story is closed, no more troops will be introduced,00:38:34
there was a velvet revolution, the fall of the Berlin Wall,00:38:38
and of course the Russian protesters understood00:38:43
that they too can succeed.00:38:44
- Was there some key moment when it was already
clear that the point of no return had been passed,00:38:47
and that all this would definitely collapse?00:38:50
- Well, you know, before...
- If you look back now,00:38:54
it’s clear then, I’ve talked to everyone,00:38:56
with politicians who participated then,00:38:59
everyone said that "it was a shock
for us in 1991... Nobody could believe00:39:02
no one could have imagined such a thing that
we would wake up, and the Soviet Union would no longer exist"00:39:06
If we look back now, can we say that already,
for example, in 1987 it was already impossible to save the country?00:39:10
That's how it's already the last stage of cancer and they tell you00:39:13
well, you can suffer for a couple of months,
but we won't be able to save it?00:39:17
Was there a moment when everything was over?00:39:20
- In fact, I also wanted to say that until 1991,
almost no one believed 00:39:27
that the Soviet Union would disappear.00:39:29
That it would fall apart.00:39:30
As for the point of no return,00:39:32
again, it is possible that if you could introduce
some more competent government,00:39:39
not one person, but to change the entire elite,00:39:41
which would carry out economic
reforms on the Chinese model...00:39:48
And in China, reforms began in 1978...00:39:51
Maybe in the 80s everything could have been saved.00:39:56
But you understand, the fact that the elite is in power,
which only knows how to manage the planned economy,00:40:02
like, this is not a conspiracy of the Martians,00:40:05
not a cunning CIA plan,00:40:08
this elite was brought up by this system.00:40:11
And in this sense, it is no coincidence
that people were in power,00:40:15
who did not understand how to deal with these challenges.00:40:19
Therefore, this system itself was doomed. 00:40:22
Several points can be selected, for example,00:40:25
you can look at the reforms of Khrushchev.00:40:27
Khrushchev tried to create
the so-called Economic Councils.00:40:30
In many ways, this is similar to what Deng Xiaoping did.00:40:35
The Soviet Union had different initial conditions,00:40:38
and this reform was also not carried out very competently.00:40:41
But nevertheless, the fact that this reform was stopped,00:40:44
largely doomed the Soviet economy to lagging behind later.00:40:48
The next attempt at reform was under Kosygin,00:40:51
which was folded after oil was discovered00:40:54
and after oil prices rose.00:40:55
And this was probably the main point
of no return in the early 70s.00:41:00
In the 80s, after oil prices fell in 198600:41:06
the situation was very, very difficult.00:41:09
The most important thing, you see,00:41:11
the Soviet people probably believed
in the building of communism.00:41:14
But it was clear that the system was not working.00:41:17
The system does not provide
the very building of communism,00:41:20
and the party did not have a reputation
for being able to solve these problems.00:41:28
And this is the difference between the CPSU
and the Chinese Communist Party.00:41:32
In the late 1980s, the USSR began to burst at the seams.00:41:35
The so-called parade of sovereignties began.00:41:37
All Soviet republics adopted declarations of sovereignty -00:41:40
that is, about the superiority
of republican laws over union laws.00:41:44
Russia adopted such a declaration on June 12, 1990.00:41:48
"Who is in favor of adopting
the declaration as a whole, please vote"00:41:56
"Decision is made"00:42:01
In memory of this event, we celebrate
Russia Day on June 12 every year.00:42:05
Some call it Independence Day00:42:07
but Russia was not dependent on anyone,
therefore, unlike other Soviet republics,00:42:12
we have not an independence day, but a day of Russia.00:42:14
But then the Soviet republics began to declare independence.00:42:17
The first to do this in the spring of 1990
were Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Georgia.00:42:22
As I said, the agreement on the liquidation
of the USSR was signed on December 8, 1991.00:42:27
After that, all 15 former Soviet republics went their own way.00:42:31
Now, on the eve of the 30th anniversary
of the collapse of the Soviet Union, I decided to see00:42:35
what path each republic has traveled over the years,
how it lived under the Soviet Union and how it lives now.00:42:41
Starting next week, I will release a movie every Tuesday00:42:45
about one of the former Soviet republics.00:42:47
Therefore, friends, be sure to click
on the bell so as not to miss them.00:42:51
I promise it will be very interesting!Description:
СССР был одной из крупнейших держав мира и единственным соперником США в мировой политике. Но не смог прожить и 70 лет, распавшись в 1991 году. Я решил узнать, почему так вышло, как на Советском Союзе сказались цены на нефть и война в Афганистане, дефицит и санкции, кризис и перестройка. Разобраться в причинах смерти Союза мне помогли Сергей Гуриев, Алексей Венедиктов и другие специалисты и политики. Включайте скорее ролик! Ролики из цикла «30 лет после СССР»: Армения: война в Карабахе и жизнь без электричества | Как пережить землетрясение и геноцид https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkL-MDSL3vY Грузия: от Сталина до Саакашвили | Конфликт с Россией, НАТО и революция роз https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07kI0_0-U18 Киргизия: страна гор и революций | Насвай, кланы и коррупция https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wr1lpGU3goQ Молдова: самая нищая страна Европы | Олигархи, бедность и мечты о Евросоюзе https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQw1ebJjZvE Спонсоры этого канала смотрят некоторые ролики раньше официального выхода, получают подписанные мной открытки из разных мест, эксклюзивный мерч… И это ещё не весь список привилегий! Присоединяйтесь: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC101o-vQ2iOj9vr00JUlyKw/join Мой лимитированный мерч: https://shop.varlamov.ru/ Поддержать фонд «Внимание»: https://fondvnimanie.ru/donate Купить книгу 100 советов мэру: https://shop.city4people.ru/ Если хотите сделать наши города лучше, присоединяйтесь к нашему общественному движению! Есть чаты по всей стране, регистрируйтесь в вашем городе: https://russia.city4people.ru/ Канал для стримов: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChccvlH7O3ch8cfc221rAXA Сайт: https://varlamov.ru/?cda= Телеграм-канал: https://t.me/varlamov Новостной телеграм-канал: https://t.me/varlamov_news Инстаграм: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Твиттер: https://vrlmv.com/BgrRI6 Нейротвиттер: https://vrlmv.com/mOE4im ВК: https://vrlmv.com/hU1rbp Фейсбук: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser ТикТок: https://vrlmv.com/EMnOsG Вайбер: https://invite.viber.com/?g2=AQAG5IMG%2F6Ty7kqu6x%2FjKpubnkXGc9YsUx997%2FOaeqO9vJp2sifXk9%2BTAkGaQ0um%22 Clubhouse: http://survey-smiles.com/ Вакансии: https://varlamov.ru/3974217.html?cda= Реклама: [email protected] Таймкоды: 00:00 Как произошел распад СССР? 02:38 Как образовался СССР 04:52 Холодная война: социалистический блок против НАТО 06:35 Беловежская пуща и путч ГКЧП 07:28 Алексей Венедиктов про развал СССР: Горбачев, Ельцин и ядерное оружие 10:20 Геннадий Бурбулис и Андрей Нечаев про сельское хозяйство в СССР 13:20 Сергей Гуриев и Геннадий Бурбулис про нефть и теории заговора о развале СССР 16:44 Неэффективная плановая экономика и товарный дефицит 20:16 Гонка вооружений с США, внешнее давление и санкции 23:27 Абхазия, Карабах, Приднестровье — горячие точки, сыгравшие важную роль в распаде СССР 25:38 Социалистический блок и советские дотации 28:32 Война в Афганистане и ее последствия 29:40 Пенсионеры в советском руководстве и эпоха пышных похорон 31:53 Горбачев и перестройка 35:22 Бархатные революции и павшая Берлинская стена 38:44 Точка невозврата развала СССР 41:32 Парад суверенитетов 42:32 Впереди — новые ролики про советские республики Треклист: ES_Locked Minds - Walt Adams ES_I'm Indestructible (Tigerblood Jewel Remix) (Instrumental Version) - OTE ES_To Hell and Back - Elliot Holmes ES_Tumbleweed - Tigerblood Jewel ES_Vargtimmen - Da Sein ES_Highway, My Way - Elliot Holmes
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