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00:00:02
[music]
00:00:14
hello the topic of the lesson is the
00:00:17
human genome project, sequencing the
00:00:20
genome of human deoxyribonucleic acid,
00:00:24
as well as the biological significance of the
00:00:27
research carried out as part of the
00:00:29
project.
00:00:32
Today in the lesson you will get acquainted with the
00:00:36
methods of DNA sequencing, you will learn
00:00:40
to discuss the significance of the international
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human genome project,
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you know that the
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units of heredity and
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variability
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are the gene this is an elementary
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particle of heredity representing a
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segment of a deoxyribonucleic
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acid molecule or abbreviated DNA each gene
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determines the structure of 1
00:01:10
protein of a living cell and thereby participates
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in the formation of a
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trait or property of an organism a
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set of genes
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is called a genotype a genotype carries
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genetic information about all species and
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individual characteristics of an organism
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heredity in all organisms on the
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earth is encoded in
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the form of a sequence of nucleotides in
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higher organisms the gene includes the composition of
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special nucleinate protein formations of
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chromosomes the development of the science of genetics in
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comparison with other sciences
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can be called rapid and conditionally
00:01:54
divided into r & r and classical
00:01:58
genetics associated with the discoveries of
00:02:01
the founders of genetics Gregor Mendel
00:02:03
with the discovery of Friedrich Meshcher DNA molecules
00:02:08
as well as with the discoveries of Thomas Organ,
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who proved that genes
00:02:13
are located on chromosomes,
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an era called the DNA era, which is associated
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with the discoveries of scientists such as
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Erwin Char Gafa, which shows that
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the number of DNA nucleotides obeys a
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certain pattern, known to
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you as the trading rule, and James Watson and
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Francis Crick
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discover the structure of DNA that is, the
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helical structure of the DNA molecule
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Meselson and Steel experimentally
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showed that DNA replication is semi-
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conservative in nature,
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which means that each daughter double
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helix of DNA consists of an old chain and 1
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newly synthesized chain. The
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next era can be conditionally called the
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genomic era. The genomic era is associated with
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such research in the field
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DNA molecule sequencing carried out by
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Friedrich Singer Walter Gilbert
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1977 in 1983 the
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human gene was sequenced for the first time also the
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first drafts of the complete
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sequence of the human genome appeared
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simultaneously with the
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human genome project in 2001 the human genome project
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was successfully completed and
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99 percent of the human genome was sequenced
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this happened in 2 thousand and
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three,
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what is sequencing?
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Sequencing is the general name of
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methods that allow you to establish the
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sequence of nucleotides in a
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DNA molecule or the sequence of
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amino acids in a protein molecule.
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DNA sequencing is the reading of the
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nucleotide sequence by the
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primary structure of diys axies or
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nucleic acid.
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Currently, there is not a single
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sequencing method that has worked If for a
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whole DNA molecule, all
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sequencing methods are designed this way: first, a
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large number of copies of DNA fragments are prepared;
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they are planned many times and
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cut in random places, then
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each section is counted separately;
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cloning is carried out either by
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growing cells in a petri dish
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or using the PCR method polymerase
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chain reaction polymerase chain
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reaction.
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this is a method of quickly planning a
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certain part of DNA in a test tube
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for thirty forty cycles. The
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polymerase chain reaction was
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invented by the American biochemist carry
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me to the streets in 1983. PCR is
00:05:41
based on the natural process of cellular replication; it is based on repeated
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copying of a certain section of the
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nucleic acid of the DNA molecule
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using enzymes in
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Under artificial conditions,
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amplification occurs, that is, the process of formation of
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additional copies of the
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nucleotide sequence of
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chromosomal DNA only in that section
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that satisfies the specified conditions
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and only if
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it is present in the sample under study.
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There are two main methods of
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DNA sequencing: chemical and
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enzymatic chemical method
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called the max-a method and Gilbert
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is based on the chemical degradation of the
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DNA molecule,
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it was proposed in 1976 by the
00:06:39
magician himself and Gilbert, the essence of the method is
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as follows: one of the ends of the DNA
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fragment is labeled using the
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32 n phosphorus isotope, the
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preparation labeled with the DNA molecule is divided into
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4 portions
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and each of them is treated with a
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specific reagent destroying one or two
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of the four bases, and the
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reaction conditions are selected in such a way that there are only a few damages for
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each DNA molecule;
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separation by labeled area
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occurs using electrophoresis in an
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agarose gel; the enzymatic method was
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developed by Frederick CIS;
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the essence of the sequencing method for all samples
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is to obtain 4 sets
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labeled DNA fragments during a
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polymerase chain reaction, and all
00:07:47
fragments of one set have at
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one end, let's
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call it the 3rd stroke end of a certain
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nucleotide, note that there are
00:07:58
as many sets of fragments 4 as there are types of nucleotides,
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in addition to ordinary nucleotides, the reaction
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also adds chemically modified
00:08:08
de de saxe nucleotides with which DNA
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polymerase
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is unable to work accordingly
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as soon as a digis obse nucleotide is inserted into the chain
00:08:22
and the synthesis is interrupted
00:08:25
and the enzyme begins synthesis from a new chain.
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same color in this way DNA
00:08:49
polymerase synthesizes a huge
00:08:51
number of DNA fragments of different lengths,
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colored in one of four colors, all of
00:08:59
them are then separated by size
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using capillary electrophoresis,
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fragments of the same length migrate through the
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capillary filled with gel at the same
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speed and
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ultimately form one peak, the color of
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each peak is determined laser beam
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that passes through the detector the
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sequence of colors in this
00:09:25
case corresponds to the sequence of
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nucleotides
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so why do we need sequencing of the
00:09:34
DNA molecule sequenced sections of DNA
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are used to create
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genetic engineering constructs called
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biological vectors
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vectors are biological structures
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capable of introducing foreign
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genetic material into a cell
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as vectors plasmids are used,
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that is, circular DNA molecules bacteria
00:10:00
bacteria phages and a fork, let's see how
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this process happens in the video
00:10:09
[music] the
00:10:13
vector is a DNA molecule
00:10:16
used to introduce foreign DNA
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into the host cell vectors used in
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genetic engineering plasmids and bacteriophages the
00:10:25
vector must meet the following
00:10:27
criteria the ability to creak cation
00:10:29
inside the host cell, that is, contain
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sequences of enzymes and
00:10:33
restriction that allow the introduction of
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new DNA fragments contain at
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least one marker gene identifying the
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recipient cells in which
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recombination occurred most often
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antibiotic resistance genes are used
00:10:48
other criteria for the vector
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low molecular weight and ability to
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replication with the formation of a large
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number of copies in one cell
00:10:58
[music]
00:11:03
so what is the practical application of
00:11:05
these methods by deciphering the structure of
00:11:09
genes, you can solve many problems
00:11:13
associated with various
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human diseases, for example, treatment of dwarfism, let’s see
00:11:23
[music]
00:11:28
treatment of dwarfism includes the introduction of a
00:11:31
certain dose of a hormone substitute
00:11:33
growth throughout the patient's life,
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until recently, obtaining this
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substance from donors and purifying it was
00:11:43
expensive and labor-intensive; fortunately,
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scientists were able to isolate the gene encoding
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growth hormone and introduce it into the cell of the
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bacterium Escherichia coli, which began to
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produce human growth hormone; in
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addition, a change in the included gene
00:12:00
caused bacterial cells
00:12:02
to secrete hormones into the environment,
00:12:05
which greatly facilitated
00:12:07
his cure
00:12:09
[music]
00:12:14
surely each of you has heard about the
00:12:18
Human Genome Project, an
00:12:21
international project to determine the
00:12:24
complete sequence of the
00:12:26
human genome, the goal of the project is in
00:12:29
addition to determining the sequence of
00:12:31
more than three billion nucleotides
00:12:34
contained in the haploid human the
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genome was
00:12:38
identification of all human genes, the
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project started in 1990 and
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finished in 2003, according to official
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data of the project, 28
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thousand genes that make up the human genome were deciphered. Let's
00:13:02
move on to the practical part of the
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task: 1 DNA molecule is 13 percent of one of
00:13:09
its nucleotides, how
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many nucleotides does it contain? Correct answer
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according to the principle of complementarity,
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adenine is always paired with thymine,
00:13:40
which means their number will be the same,
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that is,
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adenine and thymine make up 13 percent,
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together they make up 26 percent, then the
00:13:53
remaining
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nucleotides account for seventy-four
00:13:57
percent, since blan him is always
00:14:01
paired with cytosine,
00:14:03
then well, they are cytosine make up seventy-
00:14:09
four percent and each of them
00:14:11
accounts for 37 percent
00:14:15
answer manila university nucleotide chains
00:14:19
contain 37 percent
00:14:22
Today in the lesson we got acquainted with the
00:14:26
concept of sequencing the human
00:14:29
deoxyribonucleic acid genome we
00:14:31
learned that there are two
00:14:35
main methods for sequencing the DNA molecule:
00:14:38
chemical and enzymatic
00:14:41
and learned about the goals and
00:14:44
results of the human genome project lesson
00:14:51
is over goodbye
00:14:57
[music]

Description:

Тема урока: Проект «Геном человека». Секвенирование геномной дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты человека. Биологическое значение исследований, проведённых в рамках проекта С понедельника по пятницу с 09:00-18:00 телевизионные уроки в эфире EL ARNA Запись телеуроков: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDIwNJYcIQ77fZ7Tqrb5myYpNtQbhnA4p https://edu.elarna.kz/ru/tv-lessons

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