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14 - CCNA 01 - Chapitre 03 - Règles et protocoles

14 - CCNA 01 - Chapitre 03 - Règles et protocoles

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so hello and welcome to this

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new chapter 4

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in which we are going to talk about the

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physical layer with much more

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detail a little reminder we saw in

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the previous chapter the seven layers

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of the osi model we quickly saw

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what each of the two does if this

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left there now the goal is

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to attack

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each layer in physical details

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data link network transport

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assignment presentation and implication and

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the goal will also be to understand

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each layer of this model what it

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does and what is what it ensures

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without further ado we will very quickly see

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the summary of this chapter we will

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start by seeing

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what are the roles to which the

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role of the physical layer is

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then we will also quickly see

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the characteristics of the

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physical layer and then the copper cabling in

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detail to understand in more

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detail what copper cabling does

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and then and then and then after we

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are going to see the fiber optic cabling and

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its wire supports very very

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quickly so before we start

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before we start the chapter it is

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good to quickly recall

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there as the physical connection or the

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communication with the physical layer

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as we said assured because

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before network communications can

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occur a physical connection to a

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local network must already be established

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this connection can be wired or its

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wires depending on the configuration of the network and

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this generally applies whether you are

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planning to have a head office a

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house a business a small SME

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whatever it is then how one

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can connect to a network it is

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through a very important part of the

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network it is the centerpiece of the

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network on the machines on the

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final machines which make it possible to make these

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machines also peripherals accessible

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on the network this is what we call the

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network card there n é é network

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interfaith cord what we call

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the unique card the card in nice and it is

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the card the element which will allow us

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to make a landes device to

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connect to the network

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or as we can also say a

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connected object it is that if you hear

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from time to time the words

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connected objects it simply means

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that you have an object which has a

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network card quite simply so we can

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see very quickly what

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a network card looks like we can easily

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go and look on Google and then

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simply write network card

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and the network card it's simply

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a network device to a room

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simply you're going to add a pc

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a

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fridge server to a car anything you

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want to any object you

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want and this card allows you

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to have access to the network quite

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simply then a network card

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it can have a single

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network interface as it can also have

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several network interfaces depending

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on the card that you wish to buy

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and also the cards resolve that you you

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can have different speeds

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can be very fast or can

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also be much slower

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depending on what you want the

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price you pay etc etc we will

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see all these details as we progress in

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the training so we have seen that we

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must see later what is the

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physical layer of the osi model characterized by we

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spoke very quickly about the

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physical layer we saw we also said that the

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physical layer is the layer which

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allows beats to be transported on the

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network support this layer accepts a

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rod completes the data link layer

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and encodes it as a

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series of signals transmitted to the

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local medium this is the last step in the

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encapsulation process it

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reminds you of something too and then the

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next device in the path

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access to the destination will receive 10

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bits is nothing ray capsule sorry ray

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capsules of ragged ray cap on the frame

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and then decide decides how to do

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quickly we have we are going to see

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what are the standards of the enormous of

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the physical layer we know some

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of them we talked about the ISO standard at

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the time we talked about all these standards

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besides we know them all

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the goal will be to see a little as we

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move forward in the information what

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each or each standard does here and what is

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the role of each standard for example iso

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and vie attiyah we will see that

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it is the main standard of the

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physical layer and cabling of the tp the 3 l and

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es e and it is global organizations

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which manage and which ensures today

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the part the part related to the

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standardization of the physical layer and

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the transmission media on the

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network then the physical layer standards

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mainly covers three

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functionalities and also the

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physical layer in general ensures the coverage

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of these three functionalities covers

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the physical components like

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network cards that we saw a

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few moments ago coding and

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signaling so when we talk about

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coding and signaling it's quite

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simply it's like the definition of the

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term that we have that we had to present

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several times at the time coding is

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only the process which makes it possible to

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convert the streams of beats into

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recognizable recognizable information sorry by

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the next device in the

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network path it is that you are going to have a pc

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the pc will communicate with a

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transmission medium in the middle

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the communication is not the same and

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the two do not use the same

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communication system so what do we

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do we can modify the medium

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modify the language so that it is

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easily understandable to our side

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we talked about this in the

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previous chapter and I gave you

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the example of the language if you speak

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English with someone who speaks

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French the other speaks French with

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someone who speaks Chinese I

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can't never to understand the coding

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it is exactly the coding and even

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moreover the signaling because the

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signaling is neither more nor less

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the way in which the values are

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represented on the physical support

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it is that it completes a little the part to

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the coding part

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but as I said coding it is

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neither more nor less than a translation quite

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simply for example we can see

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some types of coding which exist

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today the most famous of them is

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is what we call

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Manchester coding like the janeiro z quota

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like all-to-nothing coding etc. there are

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several types of coding for example

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we have type z coding it is a

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coding principle we are going to say no return

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to the heroes it is a coding where it is

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not possible to return each time

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to the heroes that we will have a

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positive value if it is a is a

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negative value c c zero for example there is what we

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call the principle of all to

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nothing all nothing

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ccc it's positive we're going to do 1 1 for

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example ccpo cissé we're going to take that that

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like that like that

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like that it's a set

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of information that circulates in the

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doggie 1 it's quite simply like that

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after 0 it's going to be like that after the 1

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it's like that after a second a

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third one after 0 after 0 after a 1

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0 and that's there it will give a

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digital signal on a digital transmission medium

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oh sorry I draw very

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very close I draw it really very

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badly

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this one it must be like that we said

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all nothing is that in the end it is c1

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there is a voltage pulse

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generally speaking of five flights

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of pulse cc 0 there is no impulse

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there is simply zero its costs well

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or quite simply 0 afterwards we have

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other types of coding when for

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example we can talk about

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coding Manchester coding Manchester coding

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is quite simply what is neither more

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nor less when it comes to zero we will

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see an impulse in the middle towards the bottom

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when it comes to 1 we will have an

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impulse of an impulse sorry in the

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middle towards the top that's all

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simply if we are going to take it like that

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we have the value of middles of just 0

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go there

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ep we will generate

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positive or negative impulses

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there we start with a 1 quite simply

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the 1 looks like that the zero it

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looks like that quite simply and there we

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do for example 1 1 we do like this

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after 1 0 we are going to do like this after we are

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going to do like this after another 1

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be careful we are going to go back down and back up again

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like this after another in a year

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after 1 0 etc c is that the savannah or

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generate a transmission signal we

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speak of medium it is that you have a

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period of time and in this apps of

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time it is generally in the medium

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congeners the transmission signal to the

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goods to the heroes or else we is there like

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that we will not be able to at the end

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generate a signal which has a certain

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that there is a certain reaction a

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certain its parts and actions I am looking for

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the best term which has a certain

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form this is what has a certain form

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and then this form is adapted to the

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transmission medium on which you

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will simply send your

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information

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you will have quite a few types of coding

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of information the goal here is not to

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see all the types of coding because we

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have a lot it is also not

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an electronics course to try to

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understand all these types of information

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for example if you do

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telecommunications training you

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will go into all these types of

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signals for example you have a pm that

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tells you something is you follow

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the radio and this is for example example

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these are concrete examples of

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signals this is what we call

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microwave signs

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after here you have a type of

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digital signal and there you have an example of an

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analog signal is that you see

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that the signaling can be

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analog maybe digital and also

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maybe luminous this is what we

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call the principle of

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light pulses this is what that we use in

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optical fiber the goal was just to

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see this very quickly it is not

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to go into the details of what

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each type of coding does and

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how to use each type of coding

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as I told you if you want to

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go further you can do

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detailed training in

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digital transmission to sign these training courses

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allow you to create what is called

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a transmission chain from a to z

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passing through the famous multiplexers the

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word that I could not reach to pronounce the

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past time but also

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but also see the different types of

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digital signals and exist even

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decides analog signals that

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exist by crossing the different

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types of transmission media

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until arriving at a

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specific destination to understand that all this

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is a separate area of expertise

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it's a completely separate skill

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but the goal of cca training no it's

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not to understand that but

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it was just to know that it exists and

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very quickly what it

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looks like

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after we will also see some

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very quick definitions such as for

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example what the word bandwidth means

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the word latency and the word throughput

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I think that bandwidth does

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n't mean anything to you it's a word that you hear every

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day but maybe for some

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they don't really know

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what it means, it's that quite

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simply bandwidth is

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what is your capacity or what is

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the capacity of a medium to transport

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data, it's in a way I'm

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going to popularize it a little. term I will

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say the maximum flow you have a

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door what is the bandwidth of the

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door this example at a time t how

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many people can exit on this

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door 2 3 5 and 10 I do not know what

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is the

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width or length of the door but

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mainly the width

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and this is what means that how many

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people can leave this door

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at a time it is a bit the maximum flow

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c at most

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how much traffic data we will be able to pass

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on a support of

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specific transmission that's what we

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call bandwidth

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also having another term called

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latency it's a term that you will

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hear several times in this

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training it's quite simply that the

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tone there including the delays necessary

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for the data to flow from a

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given point to a given point but quite

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simply it is the time necessary

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for the transmission between the

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different points and then you have the

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flow rate the flow rate is a bit the measure of the

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transfer of beats through the media

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over a given and specific period of time

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is that a little bit

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how much does it take at the moment t the

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bandwidth is how much it can pass in

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theory where it can pass in general

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how it the flow rate or the

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bandwidth is calculated quite

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simply using the

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smallest units of measurement

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is called bits and when we say dick

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it is quite simply one of the heroes no

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more than that it is the 'fundamental unit

00:13:31

of the bandwidth it can be one it

00:13:34

can be zero if we speak electronics

00:13:37

its electrical impulses or no

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electrical impulses

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this is what we call

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binary language it admits there is not it can

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not having between the two is that there is

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an electrical impulse where there is no

00:13:47

electrical impulse otherwise

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it is speaking of computer language

00:13:50

is that there is there is

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a data where there is not a piece of

00:13:54

data that one is that there is

00:13:55

something the zero there is nothing at all and

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when we talk about 1 bit it is that quite

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simply there is a beat it is that is the

00:14:04

smallest value the least

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important bandwidth which exists

00:14:09

after there are kg mega giga terra it is

00:14:12

quite simply each time we

00:14:13

finally multiply x in fact of the

00:14:15

power 3 sec 1 kilo bits these 10

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power 3 bits a megabit c10

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powerful 6

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bits 1 gigabit its 10 power 9 goals

00:14:26

is a breeding ground inhabit these 10 power

00:14:28

12 bits and it is also the unit used

00:14:32

not only in not only in the memory

00:14:36

which generally for example the

00:14:37

storage of data because be careful

00:14:39

here we don't talk about beats I say it

00:14:41

very quickly its rates but have

00:14:42

bits per second it's a it's a

00:14:44

speed in a way its bits per

00:14:47

second attention it's not that bit

00:14:48

because beat when we say 15 goals 15

00:14:51

kg btu 15 mega bits is the size the

00:14:53

surface area a little storage space

00:14:56

on the other hand when we say 15 kg bits per

00:14:58

second there we are not talking about the

00:15:00

storage space but rather we are talking about

00:15:03

2 we are rather talking about tape passing

00:15:06

is that we must especially pay attention

00:15:07

to this it is a very important element

00:15:10

so quickly we will see now

00:15:13

after this phase where introductory step

00:15:16

we will see the most important of the

00:15:18

chapter is the optical fiber copper cabling

00:15:22

and the transmission media

00:15:23

its son when we talk about cabling it is

00:15:26

that we are simply talking about a cable

00:15:28

of a support which allows to connect

00:15:30

two three five devices

00:15:34

the most important the best known of the

00:15:37

cables which exists on the market it is the

00:15:39

copper cable it's what we call

00:15:41

copper cables it's what we call

00:15:42

a bit in everyday network language

00:15:44

rj45 cables

00:15:47

it's quite simply copper cabling

00:15:49

it's the type of cabling as

00:15:51

I said the shortest the most

00:15:52

commonly used in today's networks

00:15:55

why is that there are reasons

00:15:56

behind one it is very inexpensive and

00:15:59

the not at all expensive it is very easy

00:16:02

to install its presents a very low

00:16:04

resistance

00:16:06

what we call to the circulation of the

00:16:08

electric current but also that

00:16:11

most of the transmission media

00:16:12

used network cards used

00:16:14

today also support it is that

00:16:16

quite simply it is the cabling the

00:16:19

simplest the easiest the fastest

00:16:21

but hey when you have all these advantages

00:16:23

and certainly have disadvantages

00:16:24

hiding behind the most important of

00:16:27

these disadvantages is that when you have

00:16:28

something not very expensive not at

00:16:30

all even expensive it is that quite simply

00:16:32

also its quality is not great

00:16:34

either this is what means that

00:16:35

copper cabling still presents

00:16:39

some weaknesses this is what we

00:16:41

call in the language

00:16:43

attenuation attenuation c What is

00:16:45

it? The more electrical signals

00:16:47

have to circulate, the weaker they are

00:16:50

and we begin to lose

00:16:53

signal each time we move forward

00:16:55

each time we no longer see

00:16:58

the cable or the support. of transmission,

00:17:01

this is why

00:17:03

we must talk very seriously about the

00:17:07

strict respect of the distances

00:17:10

as well as the improvement of this cable and

00:17:13

then sometimes even its abandonment

00:17:15

altogether if we find that this cable does

00:17:18

not fully meet the needs that

00:17:20

exist today 'today after there is

00:17:22

another type of cable such as coaxial which

00:17:24

we will see immediately but this

00:17:27

generally represents that which

00:17:30

exists today on the market of

00:17:31

cables

00:17:32

of cable type of coaxial type to the

00:17:36

two types copper after I think

00:17:39

you all know it there is no

00:17:41

surprise there that we can see it

00:17:43

very quickly the rj45 cable it

00:17:45

looks like this it is the cable that we

00:17:47

all use at home to connect

00:17:49

to the network and to the inside

00:17:52

looks more like something like

00:17:53

this that we will see in much

00:17:55

more detail as we progress in this

00:17:58

course right away but then when

00:18:00

we talk about cables UTP

00:18:02

yes moreover when we talk about

00:18:06

cables when we are talking about rj45 cables we are

00:18:09

mainly talking about two or even three

00:18:11

categories the utp stp or the coaxial cable

00:18:14

mainly the two utpas tp so

00:18:17

when we talk about cables the utp is

00:18:19

quite simply

00:18:21

it is what we call the father twisted

00:18:22

unshielded it is a

00:18:24

twisted unshielded cable it is the

00:18:27

most commonly used copper network medium

00:18:30

today it its main role is the

00:18:33

most important it is the interconnection

00:18:35

of user hosts with the

00:18:38

devices of two intermedia networks

00:18:40

in other words the connection between a PC

00:18:43

a switch generally a cable like

00:18:45

this it can go up to 1 giga of

00:18:47

speed 1 remember a giga and there

00:18:50

this is what is very very good because a

00:18:52

PC does not generate never a gigabyte of

00:18:54

bandwidth this is what means that it

00:18:56

will be the means of transport

00:18:58

the most reliable means of transmission even if there are

00:19:01

losses even if there are assignments

00:19:02

ok it is not a gigabyte in

00:19:04

generally speaks of 80% ok that's 8,100

00:19:07

megas bounce very well where they are my

00:19:09

guys what a pc needs 8,100

00:19:11

megas I'm not very sure that's what

00:19:13

makes a UTP cable either and not

00:19:16

expensive but it still allows you to have

00:19:18

an excellent flow rate for a user

00:19:20

just to connect to the network

00:19:22

so how it is composed

00:19:25

of three parts three main

00:19:26

parts it is the external sheath which

00:19:28

simply protects the wire against

00:19:31

external or external physical damage

00:19:34

the second part is the

00:19:36

kibler twisted pair which protects the

00:19:39

signal from interference and then the

00:19:41

third part is what we call

00:19:42

the color-coded plastic ovations

00:19:46

which quite simply allows

00:19:48

electrical relationships is ok sorry electrically

00:19:51

the wires between them and also identify

00:19:54

each pair in the communication and

00:19:56

we will see this as we advance in

00:19:58

the training the importance of each

00:20:00

earth is that quite simply when

00:20:01

you see it a little more advanced like

00:20:03

that you will quickly say what are

00:20:07

the three parts that you see the

00:20:08

first part is the external part

00:20:11

of cables after you have the

00:20:13

twisted shielding because the copper is

00:20:15

inside you never see it

00:20:16

elsewhere and then the third part

00:20:19

which again inside here it is quite

00:20:21

simply the part the part which

00:20:24

allows the plastic insulation a color code

00:20:27

is what we will have other photos a little

00:20:30

clearer at Le Mans I think that has

00:20:32

already been made clear it there is no problem

00:20:34

I think that this one is already clear

00:20:37

the one that we saw rather it is already

00:20:39

clear after what you will

00:20:41

also be able to see it is quite simply the

00:20:45

cable the wiring the wiring that we

00:20:47

call the stp then we can say like

00:20:52

that

00:20:54

after you will have another

00:20:56

category which is called the

00:20:58

pass tp category you see that the categories do

00:20:59

not really have that the utp the ftp ftp you

00:21:03

have the tp the ftp the stp please the sft pes

00:21:07

is thick but they are neither more nor

00:21:09

less than an additional layer of security

00:21:12

for each cable, in

00:21:15

other words if you are going to take the

00:21:18

fdp it is an intermediate layer between

00:21:21

the stp and the tpe sftp the stp after you

00:21:24

understand very good the principle years and

00:21:26

I take an ftp I add the layer to it

00:21:28

is this the layer please where I take an please

00:21:31

where I double the layer of

00:21:33

protection it will mainly be you

00:21:35

had tps tp it will be very sufficient for you

00:21:37

as a definition afterwards you

00:21:40

see here maybe it will work but the photo is

00:21:42

not great you can see on

00:21:44

the net quite a bit of definition the goal

00:21:46

as I told you is not to

00:21:47

go into all the

00:21:49

definition details but to understand more or less

00:21:52

what exists and what allows each

00:21:56

each each element where each cable where

00:21:59

each part of a copper cable so

00:22:02

what did I mean what

00:22:04

we are going to see now straight

00:22:05

away we are going to see the top stp cable

00:22:07

what allows the cable is thick

00:22:11

can we see it here we cannot

00:22:13

see it here then the astp cable

00:22:15

unlike the cable I resume my

00:22:18

course there the astp cable unlike the

00:22:20

tpc cables that it allows for

00:22:23

better protection against noise than

00:22:25

UTP it is naturally more expensive than

00:22:29

TP more difficult to install for

00:22:31

those who work in the manufacture

00:22:33

of cables and then in the end it comes to the

00:22:36

same in the end because it is

00:22:38

also finished with argy

00:22:40

45 terminations like the TP cable and it allows you to

00:22:43

do exactly the same thing as the

00:22:45

UTP cable the difference between the two

00:22:47

is that it allows you to have

00:22:49

better protection it allows you to have

00:22:51

better insulation and

00:22:54

therefore also a better flow

00:22:56

better resistance to attenuation

00:22:57

is that quite simply it is composed

00:22:59

unlike the utp and the compounds of

00:23:03

four parts the first part which the

00:23:05

outer sheath which is exactly the same

00:23:07

as the other after you have a second

00:23:09

layer of protection this is what we

00:23:11

call the braided shielding this is why we

00:23:13

call the white twisted pairs

00:23:15

dst pc the white twisted pairs of the tpc

00:23:18

the parts to the unshielded then it is

00:23:23

quite simply you have this sheath in the

00:23:25

middle which will allow you to have the

00:23:27

braided shielding or what we call in

00:23:29

network language simply the sheets

00:23:30

which offers protection

00:23:32

against noise this is what we call

00:23:34

rfi protection and friends but I am trying

00:23:36

to 'avoid going into all its

00:23:37

details after you have what we call

00:23:39

here the shielding it has

00:23:43

additional protection also it is what we

00:23:44

call the aluminum shielding for

00:23:46

each pair of wires it is that each

00:23:48

pair of wires it has shielding

00:23:50

inside it is that it is separated

00:23:51

from the others and therefore each time

00:23:53

you have this additional shielding

00:23:55

you have more attenuation more

00:23:58

resistance to network noise and

00:24:02

therefore also more reliability

00:24:04

of more transmission reliability

00:24:09

then we will see here stp copper cables

00:24:21

we will see examples you see

00:24:25

the stp cables here you have this

00:24:27

additional aluminum layer which

00:24:30

will allow you to ensure protection after

00:24:32

you have this middle shielding it is

00:24:34

what makes each pair

00:24:37

isolated from the other pairs is that you

00:24:38

have protection for each as

00:24:41

you see here you have a pair

00:24:43

of aluminum which isolates each pair an

00:24:46

aluminum sorry which isolates each pair

00:24:49

here also again you see this one

00:24:52

it is even better wait

00:24:53

I open this photo

00:24:55

this photo is even better and there

00:24:57

look you are going to have the pairs of

00:25:00

cables here just for information there are

00:25:02

four pairs have all hearing cables

00:25:04

inside eight copper cables so its

00:25:06

eight that you have here has been prepared

00:25:08

on the ground and there you see that each

00:25:10

loss to protect them by a layer

00:25:12

of aluminum is also you have the

00:25:14

shielding is what we call as I

00:25:16

told you in the language what we

00:25:17

called the foil the foil here

00:25:20

will still provide a second

00:25:22

layer of protection have more than the

00:25:24

base layer of protection which is the

00:25:27

basic outer sheath that exists in

00:25:29

all cables whatever the model

00:25:31

of cables it is that you already see from

00:25:33

this of this photo of this image you

00:25:35

understand very very well that an

00:25:37

astp cable is much stronger and much

00:25:40

more powerful

00:25:42

than a classic usb cable just again

00:25:45

and here I show you its two heads there

00:25:47

this head there we call that the rj45 head

00:25:50

quite simply is that the

00:25:51

argy ending when 5 or the head and j 45 is

00:25:54

when you hear about someone

00:25:56

telling you an ending h 45 he wants

00:25:58

he means quite simply that two

00:25:59

parts be careful not all the cable

00:26:01

is just that from it's what we

00:26:03

call the termination at rikon zh

00:26:05

then the other type of cable is the

00:26:07

coaxial cable the coaxial cable it is a

00:26:10

little different or even completely different

00:26:12

from cables cui is historically speaking

00:26:15

it is the cable of the TV it is the cable

00:26:17

that we use is

00:26:19

historically to connect the TV

00:26:21

it is a cable it is a cable which is

00:26:24

also characterized by four layers

00:26:26

difference of protection starting with

00:26:28

the sheath of outer cables which has the

00:26:31

same role always the protection of the

00:26:33

cables

00:26:35

against physical damage the

00:26:37

second part is what we call

00:26:39

the copper braid weave and then a

00:26:42

third part is what we call

00:26:44

the left plastic desolation

00:26:45

flexible and the fourth part is the

00:26:48

conductor is in other words the

00:26:50

leather conductor in other words the

00:26:52

cable directly or the cable itself

00:26:55

we can see an example here coaxial cable

00:27:02

a coaxial cable it looks like this

00:27:05

this photo there it represents it is the

00:27:07

best representation of a

00:27:09

coaxial cable and four layers of a

00:27:12

coaxial cable we can open the image in a

00:27:15

new tab after the characteristic

00:27:17

of a coaxial cable is that it is

00:27:18

much stronger than a cable acts

00:27:21

when afterwards on the other hand it has

00:27:23

problems of adaptation with

00:27:25

the different standards

00:27:27

of daily use for example

00:27:29

connecting it to a PC it's not really

00:27:31

simple it's not really easy on the

00:27:34

other hand for internet connections you

00:27:35

can hear - be talking about

00:27:37

coaxial internet which still has a

00:27:39

reliable speed and a quality of

00:27:41

fairly reliable quality so we continue

00:27:46

here we are talking about the ownership of the

00:27:49

TP cables in other words when we

00:27:52

talk about the UTP cables here we are going to go into

00:27:54

more details on the

00:27:56

tp cables when I say utp be careful it is

00:27:58

just a way of saying a way of

00:28:00

speaking because when di u tp please or

00:28:06

or is it ftp or ftp sftp it will change

00:28:09

nothing at all we are talking about copper cables

00:28:11

but generally in the world in

00:28:13

network language we generally say udp

00:28:14

it is just a way of saying quickly

00:28:16

afterwards there is a question that arises is there

00:28:18

a compatibility problem

00:28:19

between the cables that I connect I do

00:28:23

n't know me an ftp cable that I mix a

00:28:25

network infrastructure of ftp cable of

00:28:27

ftp cables etc no change none

00:28:30

no problem if you change the

00:28:32

models ftp ftp sftp ftp etc it's just

00:28:36

to ensure it's just a question

00:28:38

quality neither more nor less is that the

00:28:40

final result is always the same with

00:28:43

different production qualities

00:28:45

depending on them

00:28:46

depending on each depending on

00:28:50

each cable also depending on your

00:28:53

budget or your desire to protect

00:28:55

protect your data or not so when

00:28:58

we talk about the properties of these cables

00:29:00

it is that quite simply

00:29:02

we are talking about its constitution, its

00:29:05

construction, how it is,

00:29:07

how it is made up inside

00:29:09

and why it is made like that so

00:29:11

quickly when we talk about these cables

00:29:13

we are talking about the different standards which

00:29:15

manage these cables beyond the different

00:29:17

standards which

00:29:19

leave ea which manages quite simply it is

00:29:24

if different types of cables which

00:29:26

exist for example we have the different

00:29:28

the main standard which exists on the

00:29:30

market it is the cia standard united with these

00:29:33

two organizations a little reminder for the

00:29:35

previous chapters two

00:29:37

different standardization organizations which have

00:29:39

agreed to set up a

00:29:41

specific standard for rj45 cabling which is called

00:29:44

the iae standard and to 568 and this standard

00:29:49

quite simply standardizes several

00:29:51

elements of copper cabling such as the

00:29:54

types of cables the cable lengths

00:29:56

the connectors use the termination

00:29:58

of the cable the test methods and so on

00:30:00

all these elements are defined

00:30:02

in detail by this organization it is which

00:30:06

means that when you buy

00:30:07

network cards of readers of switches and that's

00:30:09

all they respect this

00:30:11

standardization on that no problem

00:30:16

after you will have the IEEE standard 3rd test

00:30:19

the standard and 3rd which will define the

00:30:22

category of each cable depending on

00:30:24

several elements depending moreover

00:30:25

on these elements short rates and then we

00:30:28

talk about cables of category iii of

00:30:30

category 5 of category 5 and

00:30:32

category 6 we understood very well that

00:30:34

each time the cable is more

00:30:36

advanced in terms of of two categories

00:30:39

each time they respect more

00:30:42

standards and each time its quality is

00:30:43

better take the simplest example

00:30:45

of a category 3 udp cable in

00:30:47

category 3 the cables were not even

00:30:49

twisted but were not wasn't even turning

00:30:51

it was cables straight

00:30:52

inside like you see here in

00:30:54

the photo is every time your

00:30:56

body saddier the cables every time

00:30:57

you have you will have more

00:30:59

noise attenuation that's what we

00:31:00

call the burn signal which

00:31:03

will return the original signal

00:31:05

- pure this is what means that at the time

00:31:08

we no longer had any loss of

00:31:11

signal quality because the cable

00:31:13

was straight and was not not twisted you

00:31:14

see that if you have

00:31:16

category 3 cable you will have many more

00:31:18

problems with data loss

00:31:19

than today so let's

00:31:21

now take

00:31:24

these cables in the end inside these

00:31:27

cables what does it look like and why

00:31:29

that why these colors why these

00:31:31

color codes and what do we do with them

00:31:33

I'm going to simplify things to

00:31:35

avoid the historical discussion a little

00:31:37

because it's starting to become old

00:31:39

it's starting to no longer become

00:31:41

today's networks as we

00:31:44

simply know it there are two standards and there is

00:31:45

what we call the 568 standard

00:31:48

helped a man you are 568 b when we talk

00:31:51

about standards t 568 to you quite

00:31:53

simply have two glass cables in the

00:31:56

language of networks we say a glass and a

00:31:57

blender because inside and the

00:32:00

not really green there is also a

00:32:02

white part

00:32:03

look if we take an rj45 cable you

00:32:07

see you see there it's yeah we're going to

00:32:11

say a bad alarm clock this cable is there

00:32:13

why not it is not bad yes you

00:32:14

see a glass and a white towards an

00:32:16

orange tree a white orange a red and a

00:32:18

white red we say a brown too and a

00:32:20

blue and a white blue that in the end

00:32:22

you will have four categories

00:32:25

four pairs of cables inverse and a

00:32:29

white green you have orange white orange

00:32:32

and orange

00:32:34

blue and white blue and brown and white

00:32:38

brown then you hear people who

00:32:40

also say red instead of marc we

00:32:41

don't matter it's just how you

00:32:43

see the colors I would say very

00:32:44

funny

00:32:45

that's the standard of 568 to after we

00:32:50

developed a new standard

00:32:51

called t 568 b

00:32:53

what is the difference between the two

00:32:55

is that in the case it starts in

00:32:57

white green towards the other it starts in

00:33:00

white orange orange

00:33:02

you see inside the 4 and the 5

00:33:04

the blues it shaves the blues as they

00:33:07

are blue then white blue I am going to say

00:33:09

the two blues just to make it easier to

00:33:11

speak so as not to say

00:33:13

white blue every time white orange etc I'm going to say

00:33:15

the two blues the two oranges etc

00:33:17

then you have the two browns at the end

00:33:20

which remain the same is that in the end

00:33:21

what will change the greens and

00:33:24

the oranges here 1 2 the greens 3 6 the

00:33:28

angels

00:33:29

in the b12 standard the oranje 3.6 the

00:33:33

greens why

00:33:35

for reasons which are purely

00:33:37

technical which I will not

00:33:38

detail here but just tell you very

00:33:40

quickly that the b standard we found

00:33:42

that by reversing these cables the standard b

00:33:45

offers more resistance to noise quite

00:33:48

simply neither more nor less

00:33:50

therefore if you have a

00:33:52

category 168 b cable you will have a

00:33:56

better quality of cables at a few to a

00:33:59

few kilos bits close to the few

00:34:02

kb of price closely by whose goal it is

00:34:05

not to go into these details

00:34:07

but it is just to know that you

00:34:09

have two categories of cables the ticin

00:34:11

68 to 168 p so now an

00:34:16

rj45 cable and how we did them talked about

00:34:19

rj45 termination which looks like

00:34:23

this and in an argy 45 termination

00:34:26

you will perhaps have an a here an a

00:34:30

here a bop here a bop here also no an

00:34:34

ace of odds and a bop on the other hand

00:34:36

if you have 2 to o if you have b

00:34:39

expect

00:34:41

copper cables I will cross fire if you

00:34:45

have both to where both b together

00:34:48

we call it a straight cable if you

00:34:51

have a to on one side and a bop on the other

00:34:54

side we call this a crossover cable

00:34:57

quite simply no more no less like

00:34:59

here for example you have a

00:35:01

concrete example of a crossover cable

00:35:04

568 a on one side and 568 b on the other

00:35:07

it is that you pull the cable to

00:35:09

inside you will cross the 1 you

00:35:12

will send it or 3

00:35:14

also the three-wheeler 1 the 2 will send

00:35:16

to the 6 the site will send it or two and the

00:35:18

rest it shaves as it is remember

00:35:20

what I I told you only what

00:35:22

changes is the orange and the green it's

00:35:24

all the n 2 3 6 and the 1 2 3 6 on the other

00:35:28

side it's called a cable

00:35:30

crossing a straight cable

00:35:33

it's completely different a

00:35:35

straight cable is that you are going to have the tea

00:35:37

568 a here in this argy 45 termination

00:35:42

and the summer 568 a also on the other side

00:35:45

also no to make a cable bench which

00:35:48

respects even more of the standards for

00:35:51

combating signal intimidation

00:35:53

you are going to have a tea 568 b on one side

00:35:57

one of the 500 568 b on the other how you

00:36:00

are going to know in the most

00:36:02

classic method it is to advocate the cable and

00:36:03

look at it as look at it in the face

00:36:05

you take the cable like this wait

00:36:08

I'm going to take a suitable format

00:36:12

that's it from this angle of this vision

00:36:15

there I can't see very well

00:36:17

but you take you take the cables

00:36:19

like this and you will see the colors

00:36:20

inside if you will see the

00:36:22

colors of the colors like I told you

00:36:26

orange and then the greens in the middle

00:36:31

it is that it is a cable b if you see

00:36:34

the greens at the beginning the oranges at the middle

00:36:36

is that it's a cable quite

00:36:38

simply so now the question

00:36:40

that arises maybe here we can

00:36:42

see them even better no I ca

00:36:44

n't really see but hey you can have

00:36:46

fun looking on the net

00:36:48

cables look at it we start with

00:36:50

oranges and then you have 1 hour and

00:36:53

then the two blues blue and white blue

00:36:55

as a reminder and then you have the green

00:36:57

it's only 1,2 orange 3 here this marine worm

00:37:01

is here one of orange 3 here and those towards

00:37:05

I'm going to see my short 1 2 oranges and

00:37:08

3.6 do otherwise what is that it's

00:37:10

a crossover cable simply pass

00:37:13

a cable it's a straight tea cable 568

00:37:16

b that's what 'you have to understand

00:37:19

afterwards you can as I told you

00:37:21

you can have fun looking at the

00:37:23

cables as you wish there too

00:37:25

look we start with the orange ones

00:37:27

in other words also we are in a

00:37:29

Ticino 68 b standard you also have to see

00:37:33

the other how is it to know is

00:37:34

the cable straight or is

00:37:36

the cable crossed now the

00:37:37

question that arises when do we

00:37:39

use it also it's the same well you

00:37:41

understand the principle we're not going to

00:37:42

stay there for a long time

00:37:43

now when do we use a

00:37:46

straight cable when do we use

00:37:48

a crossed cable

00:37:49

very honestly I especially want to

00:37:52

tell you that this is happening more and more we know

00:37:54

older and older it's starting to

00:37:57

become old but hey it

00:37:59

still exists because companies are

00:38:01

not going to change their network equipment

00:38:03

every day but for the new

00:38:05

generation of network equipment there

00:38:08

is a new functionality

00:38:09

called otto mdx I will write it to you

00:38:11

here automatically mdx mdx the auto functionality

00:38:16

indicates that it simply consists of

00:38:18

automatically detecting the categories

00:38:21

of the cables inside and doing

00:38:23

the reverse if it is necessary to do a

00:38:24

reverse it is that quite simply

00:38:25

when do we use a cable

00:38:27

straight when do we use a

00:38:28

crossed cable and there is no surprise we

00:38:30

use a straight cable for

00:38:32

the interconnection of equipment of

00:38:34

category 2 different layers of

00:38:37

osi model and we use a straight cable

00:38:39

for the Internet user the crossed cable for

00:38:42

the interconnection of the same categories

00:38:44

of equipment top of the same type

00:38:45

of equipment attention we take here for

00:38:48

example a pc

00:38:49

only interconnects to a switch here a pc

00:38:54

interconnects a router and

00:38:59

here is a switch we will interconnect val

00:39:03

interconnected to a router so what

00:39:06

type of cable does it use a straight cable

00:39:10

two different layers a straight cable

00:39:13

the same layer a crossed cable that's

00:39:16

all it's very simple ah it's very

00:39:18

simple to see and understand

00:39:20

why I say that because the switch

00:39:22

is a layer 2 equipment of

00:39:25

osi model remember I spoke to you

00:39:26

about data link layers and

00:39:28

I told you the data link layer

00:39:30

it is the local network layer

00:39:32

the main equipment of a

00:39:33

local network it is the switch the router it is

00:39:35

the main equipment of

00:39:36

extended networks and is located in layer 3 of the

00:39:39

osi model the network layer of the

00:39:41

dalhousie words this is what means that when I

00:39:43

speak of two and three I speak of

00:39:45

two different layers so I have

00:39:47

a straight cable here I have router with

00:39:50

routers these same categories same

00:39:52

equipment without thinking too much I can

00:39:54

use a crossed cable

00:39:57

and it's a PC switch it's

00:40:00

layer 7 cable equipment it's is

00:40:02

an application equipment which generates

00:40:04

applications except that in the

00:40:06

network language we do not go beyond 3 it is

00:40:08

normal because beyond three it

00:40:10

remains

00:40:11

it remains a layer 3 equipment in

00:40:14

a way there is no more than

00:40:15

three we enter the network in

00:40:17

layer 3 beyond before 3 we are not

00:40:19

in the reason the last one we are in

00:40:20

the application so we consider everything

00:40:23

that is greater than 3 as 3 ok

00:40:25

that's it is what means that we are going to say that the

00:40:27

PC is a layer 3 piece of equipment with the

00:40:30

switch which is a layer 2 piece of equipment

00:40:32

we are going to write continuation here then 3 with 2

00:40:35

it is like here a euro cable

00:40:38

like the pck this that we said it's cool

00:40:41

3

00:40:42

these layers this attention these layers

00:40:45

3 with the router which also from layer 3

00:40:48

to their 3 with 3 what are we going to say

00:40:49

a hockey crossover cable

00:40:54

that's the classic definition but

00:40:56

with as I told you the

00:40:58

new functionality which is called

00:41:00

otto 1d x

00:41:01

thanks to the autorun dx functionality

00:41:04

today we are no longer talking about a

00:41:07

straight cable and therefore a crossover cable we are

00:41:10

simply talking about a conversely

00:41:11

to the two crossings rather wait I

00:41:14

'm going to delete what I was

00:41:16

creating to write we say we ensure an

00:41:18

automatic crossing automatic crossing

00:41:26

hockey and this is what allows us

00:41:29

to have for example a crossed cable % that

00:41:34

will work no sense without any problem provided be

00:41:36

careful that the equipment

00:41:39

you have supports the

00:41:41

mdx functionality and that the

00:41:43

autorun functionality of the ics is activated on

00:41:45

the equipment because if it is not

00:41:46

active it is not even there n is not even

00:41:48

supported no in this case you have to

00:41:50

respect what I was

00:41:52

writing here is that it is a

00:41:53

very important element to know and understand

00:41:55

and it will allow you very easily to

00:41:59

find yourself on what type

00:42:01

of equipment on what type of equipment

00:42:02

your branches and what types of cables

00:42:04

exactly so here I'm starting to go

00:42:06

long 42 minutes it doesn't matter it

00:42:09

will be exceptionally one of the

00:42:11

longest videos of the training but we

00:42:12

will finish the chapter completely enough that

00:42:14

there is no problem also it is that

00:42:16

instead of making two three four

00:42:18

small videos we will make a single language rider

00:42:20

or an hour perhaps and we will finish

00:42:22

the whole chapter in one only short excuse

00:42:24

me for this length then another

00:42:26

type of cabling also it is what we

00:42:28

call fiber optic cabling

00:42:29

when we talk about fiber optic cables

00:42:31

it is quite simply it is the cable which

00:42:34

will allow you to take the digital signal

00:42:35

that we have and will convert it

00:42:38

first to what we call an

00:42:40

optical signal and then this optical signal

00:42:42

we will transmit it on on

00:42:47

on the network I think it would be

00:42:50

better to stop the training here

00:42:52

of stop the video here because I

00:42:53

perhaps have a little more explanation to

00:42:55

your data for the fiber part and the

00:42:58

time may be a little more advanced

00:42:59

yeah I think in the room is there I will

00:43:01

record a new video for the

00:43:03

transmission part as well shop good

00:43:06

luck

Description:

Nous démarrons le nouveau chapitre 04 qui va traiter en détail le fonctionnement de la couche physique et de câblage cuivre Twitter : https://twitter.com/easi_fr

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