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Russian
00:00:02
it’s possible to rob, yes. Therefore, we get a lot of00:00:04
Puffins and take them to exchange them for beavers. And along00:00:07
the way they made marriages; if someone00:00:09
deceives someone, then everyone has a copy of the edges, we wo00:00:12
n’t ask them anymore, there were no pockets00:00:15
because there were no pants, but00:00:17
the goal was to hang out somewhere else, these00:00:19
French all sorts of people came there in large numbers Marco Polo,00:00:22
who went for a walk along the Silk Road there,00:00:25
that a set of particularly stubborn00:00:27
Pithecanthropes, but they hung out00:00:30
[music]00:00:41
Hello, today’s topic is00:00:43
exchanges in the ancient world, such a conventional00:00:47
service sector, but with a big significant00:00:49
amendment in ancient times, when people were00:00:52
simple, uncomplicated, even more00:00:54
primitive, there could not have been a service sector00:00:57
because each person was his own00:01:00
master because the needs were00:01:01
small people had to find something to00:01:04
eat and make a tool And you can sleep You can00:01:08
just really live on Earth in fact, everything that00:01:11
exists surrounds any person in00:01:13
approximately the same way, that is, plants, food,00:01:18
animal food, stones, sticks, in principle, and00:01:22
nothing else is needed and the skills of all00:01:25
people are approximately the same, everyone lives in the00:01:28
same groups, all00:01:29
relatives see the same things every day,00:01:32
they gain the same experience from the00:01:35
same matter of the fathers and Therefore,00:01:37
in fact, why would anyone change00:01:39
The only thing that could happen so00:01:42
unusual is either the division of labor00:01:45
in half. That is, when women do00:01:47
women's affairs, men do men's things, well, let's00:01:49
say women there are tearing some00:01:51
skins, scraping their skins, and men they are chasing00:01:55
bison so that these skins would exist00:01:57
in principle, but here we won’t talk about exchange.00:02:00
Obviously, because these are00:02:02
just two different tasks. Well, the00:02:05
technological chain is the same and it would be00:02:07
strange if they somehow exchanged.00:02:09
Therefore, with the first traces exchanges that00:02:12
we know in principle are exchanges of00:02:14
something not useful, something that in00:02:17
general is not needed in the economy. Well,00:02:19
it’s cool and the oldest examples go back00:02:22
to the times of at least Khoma00:02:24
Gilbergs and maybe even00:02:26
some other then Pithecanthropus Well, for example, V7 in00:02:30
England, pieces of corals were discovered, uh,00:02:34
ancient fossil cows, such stones00:02:37
polished by waves Why didn’t00:02:39
someone specially polish Toshi Well,00:02:42
naturally, they’re just so00:02:43
pretty Shiny and what’s important00:02:46
was found not sometimes hundreds of kilometers from the00:02:49
place where in nature they in general, in00:02:52
principle, they are found, let’s say, there,00:02:54
193 km from the deposit of these same00:02:58
fossil cows. There really is always a00:03:00
problem, uh, in archeology. We00:03:03
can never be sure how these same00:03:06
corals overcame this distance, well,00:03:08
that is, it is clear that00:03:10
they rolled in an unnatural way. Yes there no wind, no00:03:12
waves, they couldn’t drag anything to Kamenyuk00:03:14
now, people moved it, but00:03:16
maybe a person found this Coral,00:03:18
put it in a pocket show Well, it wasn’t in the pocket00:03:20
yet, of course, there wasn’t some kind of00:03:22
bag, it could well be, or he was just00:03:24
carrying it in his hand like it would be good, but00:03:26
either exchange Well, here it’s00:03:31
usually decided quite like this, either statistically00:03:34
or distance, because we know that00:03:38
hunter-gatherers live in generally00:03:40
quite limited00:03:41
territories, which are usually 200 kilometers00:03:44
across. So they walk along it somewhere.00:03:46
Well and contributed to the possibilities of00:03:48
transfer. That is, if a modern00:03:50
person can throw something thin00:03:52
and drag it there even thousands of00:03:54
kilometers. And if we are talking about people where00:03:56
Berd 200 thousand years ago or 30000:03:59
thousand years ago, then they00:04:02
didn’t have pockets because they had pants trivial There were no00:04:04
jackets either, most likely there weren’t any,00:04:06
maybe some skin capes of the00:04:09
simplest kind Well, there weren’t pockets in the Middle Ages It’s00:04:12
not a fact that there were some kind of00:04:14
handbags because, again, they were00:04:16
simply not needed, you can throw your loot over your00:04:18
shoulder with a spear and it’s as if you do00:04:20
n’t need anything else and therefore drag this00:04:22
cobblestone Well, it’s quite weighty just like00:04:24
that in your hand Well, somehow, probably,00:04:27
200 km is still not a close path, that00:04:31
is, on the one hand, these are again00:04:32
hunters and for maybe 200 kilometers00:04:35
not such an exorbitant distance there, well, I don’t00:04:37
know, in a few days they00:04:38
are doing quite well and maybe he was persistent00:04:40
enough to drag this stone,00:04:42
and in general there are few such finds for00:04:45
such times. That is, these are00:04:46
isolated cases. Therefore, we have00:04:48
some kind of set there especially stubborn00:04:50
Pithecanthropes who were ready to00:04:52
drag the stone with their hands for 200 kilometers, but00:04:54
still, with some probability, with a00:04:57
rather large amount, it was precisely the exchange, that00:05:00
is, one person found it when he00:05:02
met with his neighbors and handed it over to them and,00:05:04
accordingly, after some time the00:05:06
stone turns out to be worth a lot00:05:09
kilometers from the places of their discovery00:05:10
But, to be honest, we don’t00:05:13
know for sure And this is a problem that stretches back to00:05:17
these very times of the Gilbergenites and00:05:19
Erectuses, who were practically00:05:20
ethnographic modernity Well,00:05:22
well, on the graph, most often we can00:05:24
simply ask yes, but we won’t ask for five edgings00:05:26
A well Show Well, in more00:05:30
ancient times there are no such examples, that00:05:32
is, the most ancient passport that we00:05:35
know of is the Australopithecus, well, there are00:05:37
30 kilometers there, it’s definitely he who personally brought it00:05:39
Marco, rinse where the Red Pebble00:05:42
was dragged Well, in principle, until the00:05:45
time of the Helibergentians, long-distance00:05:47
transport is unknown to us And then,00:05:50
little by little,00:05:53
such exchanges began to flourish more and more in the times of00:05:56
Homo sapience in the Cro-Magnons, that is,00:05:59
people of our species, and that characteristically these00:06:01
were also exchanges of something not useful, most00:06:04
often it was either some beautiful00:06:06
shells or beautiful stones00:06:08
some kind of Amber, or something00:06:10
like that, obsidian, well, something00:06:12
bright, outstanding, remarkable, among the00:06:15
shells, the00:06:17
cowrie shell was especially in demand, they are usually00:06:19
yellow brown with black specks00:06:22
and so shiny, it seems like they are00:06:25
varnished because they don’t even need to be00:06:26
varnished In principle, they are like this from birth,00:06:28
and shells in later times00:06:31
were used for a reason, for example, as a00:06:34
monetary unit,00:06:35
which is characteristic of cowria, marine00:06:39
tropical mollusks, that is, they cannot be in the north, in00:06:41
principle, somewhere in the South00:06:45
Atlantic Well, there it is closer to the equator to the00:06:47
Mediterranean Sea in the Indian Ocean they00:06:50
exist, but they exist now, and in the Indian00:06:53
Ocean they were, of course, before, but00:06:55
in any case it’s far from Europe in the00:06:57
Mediterranean Sea, it’s not a fact that they were00:06:59
socially glacial times and in the00:07:02
Atlantic Ocean Yes, they are somewhere. Maybe they are00:07:03
there, but much, much further south already00:07:05
closer to where Africa is And in Europe we00:07:09
find them that we sometimes do so well in the00:07:11
north uh well for example uh a man from the00:07:15
Kandy arena and the burial of a teenager00:07:18
on his chest there is just a beautiful cockroach on00:07:19
calories there is uh and similar shells00:07:22
Well, not necessarily kourina, in fact,00:07:24
in principle, all sorts of different marine ones, they00:07:26
are found in a variety of places,00:07:27
for example, in ossicles that are in00:07:30
Podvoronezh and from Voronezh to any00:07:32
sea are far away, so but there with a very00:07:36
high probability this is precisely that00:07:37
exchanges when the coastal tribes00:07:40
transferred to whom - something else there even further00:07:42
even further even further the same thing with00:07:44
amber Amber is found at a00:07:47
variety of sites Well, in the same00:07:49
location of the kostenki Well, or rather, more than00:07:51
one Yes, there are a whole bunch of sites there there00:07:54
is Amber in Europe Everywhere there00:07:56
is Amber in deposits amber they are00:07:58
very limited That is, if the shells00:08:00
there you can still guess Yes, and in principle00:08:02
they have a Real It’s quite large But you ca00:08:04
n’t get amber in many places and all00:08:06
these places are famous and what’s nice is that00:08:09
amber has special qualities, that is, they ca00:08:11
n’t be uh so we can00:08:13
quite easily guess, well, not easy, but00:08:16
quite reliable And from where Where00:08:18
was it transferred,00:08:20
and most often it is not00:08:22
Baltic Amber because everyone00:08:23
immediately thinks of Baltic Amber there, but00:08:25
the Ice Age, this was impossible00:08:27
because the entire Baltic was covered with a huge00:08:30
thick glacier which is00:08:32
dense there lay and it00:08:35
was impossible to extract any interior there, so it00:08:37
was found somewhere in Western Ukraine, somewhere00:08:39
else in Europe, there are deposits here and there, but it is00:08:43
found in00:08:45
various places. I don’t even come close to this00:08:47
amber now and you can00:08:50
draw beautiful ones maps arrows what00:08:53
was actually made with shells00:08:55
amber all sorts of exotic stones00:08:58
that show that they were carried across all of00:09:01
Europe easily. Well, for example, in the center of Africa00:09:04
there is a product00:09:06
whose sources are located in00:09:09
the middle on many coasts of the00:09:11
same France and on the Atlantic00:09:13
coast and France and Spain And things00:09:16
are found in the very center00:09:18
Well, it’s generally quite far away, that is,00:09:20
by Russian standards, of course, France is00:09:22
not a very large country. But by European standards00:09:24
- It’s very Quite00:09:26
[music]00:09:31
sometimes as00:09:33
such a00:09:35
substance transmitted from place to place00:09:38
It could be that something a little more useful00:09:41
Well, or something conditionally useful, for example, a00:09:44
mammoth tusk, from which you can00:09:46
make a bunch of all sorts of useful things,00:09:48
but you can make an ornament, that is, so00:09:52
universal, the same person,00:09:54
for example, has pendants from a mammoth00:09:57
tusk, that is, he has a cowrie shell00:09:59
far from the south00:10:01
far away Severov And he himself is in the arena of Candida00:10:05
caves and the actual burial uh on the00:10:08
shores of the Mediterranean Sea uh in northern00:10:10
Italy and mammoths were not found there there00:10:15
was nowhere to take them E the Kaurites were also not found00:10:17
here either There was nowhere to be found but they00:10:19
managed to do both Well by the way00:10:21
when something was missing, it was possible to00:10:24
combine it, there is, for example, such a00:10:27
site00:10:29
in France where they found what looked like a00:10:32
cowrie shell, but cut from a mammoth tusk. That00:10:36
is, this is the kind of jewelry where two in00:10:37
one came together, there were mammoths, but00:10:39
there were no cowries, and in fact, that’s what they are doing00:10:42
combined such transport could be00:10:44
carried out not only in relation to00:10:46
things but also ideas from the same00:10:50
person, for example, uh, in the burial,00:10:53
as many as four so-called staffs00:10:55
of the chief were found, already the evil of the chief, these are such00:10:57
devices made from deer antler Well, almost according to00:11:00
the standard, this is the fate of the reindeer of00:11:02
which the shoots are cut off together00:11:04
where the rock develops a hole is drilled,00:11:06
previously it was believed that this was00:11:09
some kind of ritual thing,00:11:10
then ethnographic parallels showed00:11:12
that with a high probability these are00:11:13
straighteners for spears. There are several of00:11:15
these placed one after another, a00:11:18
raw piece of wood is threaded through them, maybe00:11:20
which originally some kind of curve Yes, it seems to be00:11:22
fixed, dries out and00:11:24
becomes a straight spear, and these00:11:27
same wands of the chief or the straightener of the00:11:29
Europeans throughout Europe were made from the horn of a00:11:32
reindeer, these Horns were like00:11:34
aggression there. They were lying everywhere and there00:11:35
was actually no problem with it.00:11:37
Vareny kondilni 4 pieces of these00:11:40
same Antlers but made of elk Horns00:11:43
from elk Horns no one has done this00:11:45
because these are massive Horns and it’s00:11:47
inconvenient to make it, it’s much heavier, it’s00:11:49
much tighter, it’s very difficult to drill it,00:11:50
but the Northern line of dumplings of children were00:11:53
not found and00:11:55
somewhere these transporting the horns there from afar00:11:58
also apparently somehow the invoice was00:12:00
inconvenient and somehow didn’t reach Well,00:12:03
especially since it’s such a utilitarian thing, it’s like it00:12:04
was used there, but it broke,00:12:06
I threw it away, that’s why dragging00:12:08
some stupid rectifiers from afar does00:12:10
n’t seem to make any sense. But the idea crawled up And they00:12:14
found a substitute Elk rock Well, even if00:12:16
they are not so successful, not so comfortable,00:12:18
heavy, all that stuff. Well, why00:12:20
not, they put a little effort into it,00:12:22
made it from an elk horn, and similar00:12:25
movements of thoughts can be traced over00:12:27
enormous distances,00:12:29
for example, the specific shapes of00:12:30
the tips of female figurines and the shape of the00:12:35
decorations, there are some engravings on the00:12:38
bones, they are found somewhere in00:12:39
Austria, Wilendorf, in the bones of the00:12:42
Voronezh region, and in Malta, in the00:12:45
Irkutsk region, near Lake Baikal, and00:12:47
some elements of these cultures00:12:49
coincide just down to the details, that is, they are really00:12:52
very similar. as if00:12:54
this is the case Well, not exactly the same00:12:55
people Yes, but at least with the00:12:57
same ideas in their heads, and the distance from00:13:00
Austria or some Czech Republic to the00:13:02
Irkutsk region is very big Well, there are00:13:05
probably about six thousand00:13:07
kilometers there E well, you need to measure it on the00:13:09
map with a ruler, it’s far away, and it’s clear that a00:13:13
specific person would00:13:15
hardly have overcome this distance. Well, after00:13:18
all, this is not Marco Polo who00:13:20
went for a walk along the Silk Road, but these are00:13:23
still hunter-gatherers00:13:24
who are with one the sides are, of course, Mega00:13:26
mobile and they reached Australia there to00:13:29
America, but still not in one sitting. That00:13:31
is, it was necessary for many00:13:34
generations to pass on and pass on ideas. Well, it’s not00:13:37
necessary. It’s many generations if they are00:13:39
here continuously. Is it possible to give something to the neighbors?00:13:41
tell neighbors teach to00:13:42
enter into marriages and thus the thought can00:13:45
quite cheerfully00:13:46
move there over a huge distance.00:13:51
We have wonderful examples of such movements from Myonesia, where00:13:55
already in the Upper Paleolithic, that is, at00:13:56
least more than 20 thousand years ago, people00:13:59
moved obsidian, obsidian, a gorgeous00:14:03
black beautiful stone. Well, more often just00:14:05
some kind of translucent smoky and00:14:07
the coolest thing is that it’s essentially00:14:09
volcanic glass that can be00:14:11
perfectly processed. The inhabitants of Milanesia,00:14:14
uh, mined obsidian from volcanoes, there are00:14:16
a bunch of volcanic islands, there are00:14:18
volcanoes, but somewhere there’s a lot of obsidian, somewhere there’s00:14:21
not enough And it’s already orderly twenty And maybe00:14:25
even up to 40,000 years ago They00:14:27
transported obsidian here up to00:14:29
300 km, that is, and there is also such a00:14:33
property of wonderful obsidian that00:14:34
it is the result of a volcanic eruption,00:14:36
volcanic glass and each volcano is00:14:39
individual, there are isotopes of some00:14:41
elements They are specific each time00:14:43
and a piece of obsidian Even if it’s00:14:47
not really that big, you can determine00:14:49
which volcano it came from, uh, and00:14:53
actually this was done. Well, it’s true that not all00:14:54
volcanoes have been studied because there are00:14:56
actually a lot of volcanoes in Indonesia and not00:14:58
everywhere else geologists have climbed in and00:15:00
carried out analyzes. Uh, in any case, it’s kind of00:15:03
easy to do, too, and it’s quite clear, but00:15:06
for many guns this is done and00:15:08
it turns out that up to 300 km, that is,00:15:10
there are examples when the volcano is located00:15:12
somewhere there in eastern Manesia and00:15:15
guns were found on the Kalman, which are00:15:17
generally there at a gigantic distance Well,00:15:19
really for climate people, they got there00:15:21
mainly in later times, there is already00:15:23
a vote there, but nevertheless, what’s00:15:26
remarkable here is the islands,00:15:29
that is, where you already have to sail far. It didn’t00:15:32
just take you on foot and reached there across the tundra.00:15:33
Well, here’s where you have to sail on boats00:15:35
at very a decent distance and, which is00:15:38
especially pleasant in later00:15:40
ethnographic times, it is from these00:15:43
same areas that we know the exchange system.00:15:45
So we can say with quite00:15:48
great confidence that this00:15:50
was not just a transport of people who00:15:52
boarded a boat and sailed with their00:15:54
guns there And this was precisely an exchange,00:15:56
that is, they exchanged obsidian for something00:15:59
else because from the same00:16:01
Milanda but also from the00:16:03
New Guinea region of nearby islands, in00:16:06
ethnographic times, already there in the 19th century, for00:16:08
example, the Kula system is known when E00:16:11
people boarded a boat and Vez yams were00:16:14
exchanged for some feathers of00:16:15
parrots, parrots were exchanged there for00:16:18
some shells, shells were exchanged00:16:20
again on the fifth floor, well, there00:16:23
could be a lot of things in these chains. And there could be many transfer00:16:25
points, and what’s remarkable is that such a00:16:28
barter could mean not an exchange of00:16:32
something- then useful for useful Yes, well, despite the00:16:34
fact that the same sweet potatoes are, in principle,00:16:36
edible Yes, you can00:16:38
make some kind of scraper from shells, a plate,00:16:40
something else that is also useful. But this00:16:42
was not the main goal because00:16:44
everyone has a set, plus or minus there the00:16:46
same and the goal is to hang out, that is, it is clear00:16:49
that yes, they make better pots here,00:16:51
they make better boats here, they are juicier, the sweet potatoes00:16:54
will melt, but in principle,00:16:57
every tribe and every village has approximately the same set of00:16:59
vital necessities, opportunities are00:17:02
approximately the same, so00:17:05
strictly speaking, the need to change is so00:17:08
acute In fact, they don’t exist, but there is a00:17:10
need to communicate. And if I00:17:13
just come to my neighbors’ house to hang out, then00:17:15
with some probability they might just00:17:16
kill me. Well, we live in peace,00:17:19
and someone came and wanted something00:17:20
incomprehensible. And if he came with the goal of00:17:22
changing, that’s already a good reason00:17:24
and then how can we sit down with him to00:17:27
discuss00:17:29
something interesting? He brought us something interesting, we will00:17:31
also give him something useful, but then it will all00:17:33
be exchanged. But the interesting thing is that this is a00:17:36
cycle, that is, it eventually closes on00:17:38
the source and those who started trading00:17:40
sweet potatoes Well, some shells reach them00:17:42
Yes, and maybe even the00:17:44
same sweet potatoes reach them Which is curious and, in principle,00:17:46
they mostly stay with their own people,00:17:48
but they hung out. But they rode there for00:17:51
hundreds of kilometers on boats, went to their00:17:53
neighbors, and got married along the way. - uh00:17:56
they conveyed some news,00:17:58
they told something interesting, uh, and everyone seemed to be00:18:00
fine, uh, and it seemed like something appeared in my head00:18:03
And life was filled with meaning,00:18:05
very well, but sometimes, uh, such00:18:08
exchanges Well, at least what is00:18:11
known on the graph had the goal and quite00:18:13
practical things, such examples,00:18:15
well-known well-known graphic Alaska,00:18:18
for example, well, and Siberia is the same thing. Well, from00:18:21
Alaska this is very well described. And when, for00:18:23
example, more northern peoples hunt00:18:26
for the strength of Whose or there the margin, well, this is such a00:18:28
sweaty good skin,00:18:31
reliable but the inhabitants of these northern00:18:34
islands are full of sea lions, but there are no00:18:36
reindeer, the islands are small, there are00:18:38
no deer there, and the skins of reindeer are00:18:41
also a cool thing. Well, there is also meat, antlers, hooves,00:18:43
anything, yes,00:18:45
that’s all, entrance; deer are found on the00:18:47
mainland on the islands there are almost none or00:18:49
none at all That's why mainland00:18:51
residents hunt deer, and somewhere to the south00:18:54
along the rivers live beavers, and somewhere live00:18:57
horses, which used to be called00:18:59
sea beavers, but they are not beavers at all;00:19:04
mountain sheep and somewhere mountain goats00:19:06
from which the wool is good Yes, they are meat00:19:08
for example And somewhere Euroshki well these are Gophers,00:19:11
from which you can also make skins and00:19:14
on the shores of the seas there are rocks Where00:19:16
birds are found there are some dead ends Let's say there are00:19:19
axes made of which you can00:19:22
[ __ ] meat and skins too make these are00:19:24
some kind of parks, so, uh, every00:19:27
tribe has an express specialization,00:19:30
it’s also not prohibitive, that is, in00:19:32
principle, everyone fishes and, by and00:19:34
large, they could just sit in00:19:36
place and fish there’s nothing else00:19:38
to do, but I don’t just want00:19:41
some kind of [ __ ] and some fish00:19:44
skin. I also want there to be a00:19:46
beaver edge. But we don’t have beavers;00:19:49
they’re found there 200 kilometers away.00:19:51
Therefore, we extract a lot of Dead Ends and take them to00:19:55
exchange them for beavers Well, it’s true, since00:19:56
each tribe fights with the neighboring one, but in00:19:59
principle this is again a dangerous thing00:20:01
and you can run into someone, so very00:20:04
often in such exchanges there is a well-00:20:05
known situation when people collected00:20:08
something useful00:20:10
and valuable and laid it out with their neighbors on the00:20:13
shore and left Well, there for a week or two,00:20:17
well, the place is well-known, in principle, the neighbors00:20:19
also know, but no one tries00:20:22
not to intersect with the neighbors because if we00:20:24
meet with the neighbors, what if they00:20:26
look and want to kill them, or it’s00:20:28
very easy to see they want to00:20:30
kill us But bad things can happen00:20:32
so it’s all laid out on the shore.00:20:34
So we’re leaving there after a few00:20:36
days, well, no one has a watch there, yes.00:20:39
Well, as it happens,00:20:40
neighbors appear, they see00:20:43
valuables laid out, they take what they need and00:20:47
honestly lay out that they have their own.00:20:49
Well, to some kind of their own understanding00:20:52
And everyone does it honestly Nobody00:20:54
deceives anyone Because if someone00:20:56
deceives someone, then everyone has a copy and00:20:59
there will be Retribution Well, what does this exchange have to do with it,00:21:01
well, it’s like it’s not for the price in00:21:05
the store may be very00:21:07
delayed, that is, they can00:21:08
take something Put it in, but not enough00:21:11
because, well, at the moment they don’t have these00:21:12
questions, yes, but yes they will They will come in a year Well,00:21:15
in a year they will come more and bring it00:21:17
honestly, which is typical, that is,00:21:19
it’s not good to deceive, here’s how to rob would it be possible, yes, that00:21:21
is, well, this is a fair battle, this is00:21:23
Seryoga in the bushes, I’ll beat him up and take00:21:25
this stone and system for himself there. These are the kind of00:21:29
trade exchanges of all sorts of skins,00:21:32
some skins for other skins, or there What00:21:35
Beavers’ teeth are the same, also a cool00:21:37
thing, and for tools there are bones there,00:21:41
walrus tusk, they covered a huge00:21:43
number of tribes and stretched00:21:45
literally for hundreds of kilometers, that is,00:21:47
literally from the Aleutian islands to00:21:50
California, one way or another, things reached00:21:53
this very decent Trade and00:21:56
many tribes even managed to00:21:58
engage in00:21:59
intermediary trade, that is, which00:22:01
they themselves are essentially nothing they don’t get it Yes, but from the00:22:04
northern ones they take these00:22:05
same skins of strong men there in the southern ones they take00:22:08
beaver pelts there from00:22:10
some eastern ones they take deer00:22:13
spare parts and pass it all through themselves00:22:16
and as you know, the fall leaves00:22:19
some kind of fat on the arms too settles And00:22:22
it’s good for them, but when the colonialists came,00:22:25
well, at the beginning the Russians and then the Americans00:22:28
somewhere else, these French all sorts of people came00:22:31
there in large numbers 5-10,00:22:32
then many Indians really00:22:35
didn’t like it, that is, someone really00:22:36
liked it because00:22:37
iron knives appeared, it’s just a holiday Yes,00:22:41
there are axes and something else, glass beads are absolutely00:22:43
beautiful, but someone really didn’t00:22:45
like it because they lost00:22:48
this intermediary function and some00:22:51
European trading posts were destroyed precisely00:22:54
because they interfered with the intermediary00:22:57
trade of local tribes, well, the Europeans00:22:59
sorted this out pretty quickly00:23:01
in fact, because they had guns,00:23:02
so exchanges could be, and00:23:06
moreover, initially they were something00:23:08
useless but interesting, because00:23:11
everyone has something useful, and after a00:23:13
while it was closer to ethnographic00:23:16
modernity, when needs increased00:23:18
and life became more complicated. to change00:23:22
something and more It’s interesting, but00:23:24
this is all reaching a completely new level00:23:26
in the era of the00:23:29
Neolithic economy, about 7000 years ago, maybe00:23:32
there a little earlier When a00:23:34
large number of people appeared and00:23:37
the possibility of specialization arose00:23:39
when people began to sit in one place and00:23:44
were able to do something00:23:46
purposeful, let’s say, grow00:23:49
grain and sell grain and not sew00:23:51
your shoes, and someone on the contrary00:23:53
was wearing shoes. Well, not for00:23:54
everyone in a row, but someone made pots. These are the00:23:57
first such specialized00:23:58
production in in the Sumerian channels they00:24:01
were trained more than five thousand00:24:03
years ago. Well, apparently there before seven,00:24:05
maybe even earlier. Although in some00:24:07
cases such a specialization00:24:09
could have been clear earlier, well, some00:24:10
shamans there are more or less00:24:12
specialized Yes, the most ancient00:24:14
examples of such specialization Well, fact00:24:17
and exchange uh he is known from the times00:24:20
30-35,000 years ago00:24:22
they wanted uh in Egypt where there was a man Well,00:24:26
apparently he was doing a good life, his00:24:28
legs were slightly shortened, so00:24:31
disproportionate And he mined flint00:24:33
and exchanged it for animal meat, that is,00:24:36
he himself apparently he wasn’t really able to00:24:37
dig holes to get a belt, he00:24:41
could and actually did, but this is the00:24:43
only example from the Paleolithic, we do00:24:45
n’t have other such examples of specialization00:24:46
first Miner raped the entire skeleton As00:24:49
a result, he died there for 25 years from this department,00:24:52
that is, experience was unsuccessful, to put it mildly,00:24:54
but in the Neolithic this opportunity00:24:57
arose because a person can sit and00:24:58
sculpt pots and00:25:01
never go out into the field and do anything useful there. Well, no one00:25:03
else can do anything, but everyone00:25:05
needs pots and he will do it better00:25:07
than everyone else because he’s been00:25:08
doing this all his life But this is already a completely00:25:10
new level, which implies,00:25:12
among other things, some kind of Unified measure00:25:15
For all this That is, while they were00:25:17
exchanging shells for skins, this is, in00:25:20
principle, some kind of unified monetary system of measure Yes,00:25:23
and there’s no need everyone had a rough00:25:25
idea of what kind of shell this is. I00:25:27
want two skins there, let’s say yes, well,00:25:29
no one needs a fox, well, there’s00:25:31
someone more interesting there,00:25:33
let’s say ermines, yes. But at00:25:36
another moment there were00:25:39
a lot of ermines And already there give me 5 ermines00:25:42
let's say Well, but when00:25:44
specialized production appears, such a00:25:46
Neolithic later, there is already00:25:48
a need there. Well, some kind of uniform00:25:50
measure to begin with, at least there, let's say00:25:53
you measure me, well, how much is 200 g or something?00:25:56
I don't remember there, but this is a measure, uh, and so with00:26:00
these pots they measured it00:26:02
in shekels, uh, and then that means shekels of silver.00:26:05
Well, there is also a measure of weight, too, something like00:26:08
200 g or something. Yes, that means there, let’s00:26:09
plan the silver. Well, there’s a hryvnia,00:26:11
some kind of Central Russian village,00:26:14
Russian at the same time, and something else00:26:16
like that and then we got to00:26:19
Coinage Well, somewhere in the seventh or so century00:26:21
BC, there in the Middle East00:26:24
people wanted to mint coins of a00:26:27
single thing, but this is practically00:26:30
modernity00:26:31
[music]Description:
Кто из древних придумал обмениваться вещами? Почему на заре человеческого развития красивые ракушки ценились выше полезных в быту вещей? Как потребность наших предков общаться стала основой для первой торговли? И каким образом идеи и древние технологии распространялись по континентам? В новом выпуске «Дробышевский. Человек разумный» Станислав Дробышевский рассказывает про обмены в древнем мире. Подписывайтесь на @RTVItainment и ставьте лайки RTVI Новости — все главные события в формате 24/7: https://www.youtube.com/user/myRTVi 00:00 «Дробышевский. Человек разумный» 01:13 «Каждый человек сначала был сам себе мастер» 02:00 О первых следах обменов среди древних 05:21 «Раковины каури использовались как денежные единицы» 07:46 Ледниковый период: обмен янтарем 10:35 Про бижутерию из бивней мамонта 11:30 Как идеи и древние технологии распространялись по континентам? 15:46 Какие системы обмена существовали? 18:06 Когда начали обменивать не красивые, а практичные вещи? 21:37 Племенные обмены в Северной Америке: от Алеутских островов до Калифорнии 23:24 Эпоха производящего хозяйства: как появление у человека специализации породило торговлю
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