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0:00

В чем смысл жизни?

1:10

Биомимикрия

2:18

Как мы появились?

3:50

Последний общий предок

5:18

Абиогенез

5:38

Аргумент «Боинга» против эволюции

9:55

Реклама

12:53

Что такое энергия?

13:48

Как работают атомы?

16:39

Органическая материя

18:30

Углерод и кислород

20:34

Обмен веществ (метаболизм)

21:25

Что такое информация?

21:49

ДНК - РНК - Белки

24:06

Комплементарность

25:58

Центральная догма

27:57

Загадка живой клетки

28:41

Гипотеза РНК-мира

33:15

Где появилась жизнь?

36:31

Эукариоты и прокариоты

36:50

Древо жизни

41:48

Как жизнь стала дышать

43:19

Эукариотический перелом

46:44

Суперорганизм

49:14

Лишенные мотивации

49:59

Клеточное неравенство

54:38

Почему мы стареем?

58:01

Эмерджентность

59:19

Энтропия и смысл жизни

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Channel: ПЛЮШКИН ДОМ

milosh

ruminov

милош

руминов

наука

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интересные факты

история

наука и техника

milosh ruminov

происхождение жизни на земле

происхождение жизни

жизнь

в чем смысл жизни

эволюция

абиогенез

теория эволюции

тайна жизни

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креационизм доказательство

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биология

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как жизнь нарушает законы физики

законы физики

00:00:00

What is the meaning of life? I will clarify all life in the

00:00:04

Universe. In popular culture,

00:00:05

recently the idea that the

00:00:07

Meaning of life is in life itself is winning. In healthy

00:00:10

hedonism. But the main thing is in Happiness, that is, in

00:00:13

the process of being, gaining life

00:00:15

experience, but this answer is unlikely to

00:00:17

satisfy you in stating the meaning. life

00:00:20

itself Life You feel understatement and

00:00:23

sometimes even deceit for every living being

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it happens bad very bad so bad

00:00:29

that life seems like a misunderstanding, a

00:00:31

senseless mockery of the Universe

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at itself What is the meaning of life the main

00:00:37

question not only of this issue but of all

00:00:39

world philosophy today, today it is

00:00:41

especially important to answer it after all, the

00:00:43

entire globe is, as the

00:00:46

existentialist philosophers would say, in a borderline

00:00:48

situation, that is, in a crisis in the transition

00:00:50

period, this issue is an attempt to give

00:00:53

hope, but the main goal is an attempt to prove

00:00:56

that the meaning of life is in violating the laws

00:00:58

of physics, we say

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in the universe, life arose, inscribed as an

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exception, matter generating

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consciousness and life, opposing the eternal

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destruction of entropy, is a miracle

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around us, a countless number of living

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beings, large and small, visible and

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invisible, even the most primitive

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plant or animal in its complexity

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surpasses everything that man has ever created. The

00:01:23

structure of life. However, it is ideally

00:01:26

optimal in the conditions of our

00:01:28

universe of nature to write off to be

00:01:32

inspired by nature you may have heard

00:01:35

about such a concept as biomimicry

00:01:36

biomimicry is the imitation of

00:01:39

architectural technologies In the general sense of design,

00:01:42

forms, structures and processes

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existing in living nature in the Avant-garde

00:01:46

biomimicry writer and popularizer of

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science Gianni Benis She believes that

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biomimicry is the future indeed Why

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reinvent the wheel if natural

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selection has already solved a colossal number of

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inventive problems already

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today examples of successful

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biomimicry

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soon there will be more variety of

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life forms it is simply impossible for the

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human mind to grasp life on earth

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incomprehensible everything that exists is multifaceted but

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how in the darkness of hostile space

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we appeared, fragile creatures, we are

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certainly interested in the moment of the

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emergence of life on On earth, the

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only problem is that we know absolutely nothing about

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NM we don’t know what happened we don’t

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know where we don’t know when we don’t even know

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what the origin of life can be considered

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we don’t know Was the emergence of life a

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single event It is likely that

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life arose many times even on

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our planet Not to mention other

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potentially habitable

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planets. However, we know something about

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life on earth, for sure all

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existing life on earth Bert

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began with one single ancestor,

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this fact is confirmed by all modern

00:03:01

life from bifidobacteria to Cedars and

00:03:03

people work the same way information

00:03:06

is stored in DNA is realized in Proteins

00:03:09

through the mediation of RNA, all life on

00:03:11

earth is assembled from the same details, the

00:03:15

discovery of the building blocks of life is perhaps

00:03:17

the main discovery of molecular biology of the

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20th century, the differences between living organisms are noticeable

00:03:22

only on the surface in the depths of the

00:03:25

same molecular dances, scientists of the 20th century

00:03:28

who investigated kinship connections of

00:03:30

earthly life used the same logic

00:03:32

that investigators use when

00:03:34

trying to distinguish unrelated

00:03:36

crimes from those committed by a

00:03:39

serial killer. If

00:03:42

there are similarities between the crime patterns of sufficient

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complexity, this indicates

00:03:46

that the crimes were committed by the

00:03:49

same person; the functioning of all life is

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so complex and so identical

00:03:53

that the following becomes obvious and indisputable

00:03:56

for all existing life on

00:03:58

this planet, one

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first-throne literature to

00:04:14

designate this mysterious ancestor

00:04:16

from the depths of time, the

00:04:18

abbreviation onion is used the last

00:04:21

universal common ancestor Why

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the last because between the

00:04:25

origin of life the moment when

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inanimate matter became a living and onion

00:04:30

organism to to which the

00:04:31

genealogy of all living people goes back. A

00:04:34

mysterious period of time about

00:04:36

which we know nothing.

00:04:38

Theoretically, life could have arisen,

00:04:40

multiplied and died out millions of years and

00:04:42

millions of times before Luka arose. Whose

00:04:45

descendants were luckier and

00:04:47

ultimately populated the earth, that is, before Luka there

00:04:50

was still a lot of other life, but only

00:04:52

Luke’s descendants have survived to this day, the most

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important unknown in the history of life on

00:04:58

earth was before Luke, so for scientists it

00:05:01

is more important not so much to answer the question of how

00:05:03

life arose, because it is

00:05:05

simply impossible to give an exhaustive answer, but rather to answer the

00:05:07

question of how, in principle, life could have arisen. More

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specifically, what can

00:05:12

transform inorganic matter into a

00:05:14

form of life of a modern type in Luka

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the most important fundamental for

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the history of the Earth about possible events throughout the Universe the

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transformation of non-living into living

00:05:25

is called

00:05:27

abiogenesis at first glance the very idea of the

00:05:29

random emergence of life seems

00:05:32

ridiculous even the simplest forms of

00:05:34

life are structured very very complex usually

00:05:38

we we are not faced with accidents as

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a result of which

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multi-story buildings grow out of dust and a hurricane sweeps

00:05:45

through landfills collects Boeing 747 Dada

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argument about Boeing belongs to the one who

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once laughed at the idea of the big

00:05:53

bang it belongs to Fred Hoy

00:05:56

once this argument of creationists

00:05:58

really reduced the idea of biogenesis to the absurd

00:06:02

But what exactly confuses us about the assembly of a

00:06:04

Boeing by a hurricane is not the fundamental

00:06:06

ability or inability of chaotic

00:06:09

events to give rise to something complex. The point is

00:06:11

how complex a

00:06:13

spontaneous event that gave birth to life must be. The

00:06:16

most famous evidence that

00:06:18

hurricanes can collect at least something from a landfill is

00:06:20

this the famous experiment of

00:06:22

Miller Yuri, which in 1953 showed

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that if in a closed flask you heat and

00:06:28

shock the simplest molecules for a long time and shock them, a

00:06:31

mass of complex organic compounds is formed;

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if whole cells appeared in the flask of the

00:06:36

American chemist Harald Yuri and his

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student Stanley Miller,

00:06:41

then the mystery would be solved The

00:06:44

Boeing has been assembled, and the question of the origin of

00:06:46

life has actually been resolved. But even the

00:06:49

resulting amino acids and sugars

00:06:52

are a huge step from lifeless to living,

00:06:56

and we know for sure that this step is possible.

00:06:59

The metaphor of a Boeing assembled by a hurricane

00:07:02

creates another problem. It’s not

00:07:04

that there are no necessary parts in the landfill

00:07:06

or that a whirlwind physically cannot

00:07:08

assemble a plane; these possibilities

00:07:10

are provided for by the very inclusion of a landfill and a

00:07:13

hurricane in the metaphor: a landfill is a source of

00:07:16

matter where if you look you can find

00:07:18

anything a hurricane is an external source of

00:07:21

energy with sufficient force

00:07:23

to push the necessary

00:07:25

components together. The problem is that the hurricane does

00:07:27

not know how and what to collide, he does not

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have the information necessary for the

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correct assembly of the Boeing And this is a huge

00:07:35

amount of information describing every

00:07:37

joint of every element of the plane,

00:07:39

every chemical bond in the case of

00:07:42

life. And if he doesn’t know the hurricane, then someone,

00:07:45

following the logic of the metaphor, should know

00:07:48

Bingo the creator is God but I

00:07:52

have something to answer to such a

00:07:54

creationist cry between abiogenesis

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and the random assembly of a Boeing;

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there are several fundamental differences;

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firstly, no one claims that the Boeing,

00:08:04

that is, the bow, should have been assembled at once

00:08:07

in one stage, on the contrary. It is quite obvious

00:08:09

that its assembly proceeded gradually from

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simpler options to more complex, and

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the vast majority of assembled

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structures quickly collapsed; secondly,

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each of the successful options had the

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ability to assemble its own

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copy, that is, proto-Boeings should have

00:08:27

been not so much primitive aircraft

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as Boeing-assembling robots;

00:08:31

finally, there is no reason to believe

00:08:34

that a hurricane swept through the landfill only

00:08:36

once we know otherwise the hurricane did not

00:08:39

stop for billions of years, all this

00:08:42

changes the Boeing metaphor beyond recognition,

00:08:45

bringing us closer to understanding the origin of

00:08:47

Luka, if we imagine that a certain and

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not very complex combination of parts in a

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landfill results in a machine

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that drives around the landfill and assembles

00:08:56

similar machines for itself, then such a machine is

00:08:58

enough assemble once further the

00:09:01

assembly cycle will become self-reproducing and over

00:09:04

time random changes will lead to

00:09:06

diversity through the evolution of robots this

00:09:10

solves the main problem of the hurricane

00:09:13

lack of information the hurricane does not know

00:09:15

what to collect But someone knows so here is an

00:09:18

elementary self-reproducing

00:09:29

replica of life and as far as we can

00:09:31

judge the appearance a remark under

00:09:33

certain circumstances is a

00:09:35

fundamental law of the Universe. Today

00:09:37

I will give you a deep understanding of

00:09:39

what place we occupy in the Universe. The

00:09:41

dotted line is a direction for

00:09:43

reflection, because life needs

00:09:47

rethinking. If you are close to what I

00:09:49

do and you want to support my work.

00:09:51

Like it, leave your comment

00:09:54

subscribe information today is the main

00:09:56

resource That is why

00:09:59

our entire world depends on information; a constant

00:10:02

increase in the speed and volume of publications,

00:10:05

that is, information in the media on a

00:10:07

planetary scale has given science a new Vector

00:10:09

of research, which back in 1975

00:10:13

was called the information explosion;

00:10:16

the information explosion is a constant

00:10:18

exponential increase in the speed of

00:10:20

publication volumes information back in the

00:10:23

sixties The classic science fiction writer Stanislav

00:10:25

Lem described in his book sum of technologies this

00:10:28

problem and the inflation

00:10:31

of culture it causes, that is, the process of depreciation

00:10:33

of culture, the idea as a whole is understandable the

00:10:36

information explosion is fraught with no

00:10:37

less danger than the

00:10:39

demographic explosion information always

00:10:41

reflects the environment in which it

00:10:43

arises if stop maintaining

00:10:45

contact with reality stop

00:10:47

analyzing big data that

00:10:49

can describe reality,

00:10:51

a catastrophe can happen when faced with an

00:10:53

avalanche-like increase in the amount of

00:10:55

information and come up with the concept of Big Data.

00:10:59

It is not surprising that statistics from the

00:11:00

US Department of Labor show that

00:11:02

the field of Data Science, that is,

00:11:05

data science, is actively growing according to

00:11:07

department forecasts by 2026 year, in terms of vacancies,

00:11:10

this area will increase by 28% according to the

00:11:14

World Economic Forum, work

00:11:16

in Data Science ranks first in the

00:11:18

ranking of professions with the greatest

00:11:20

demand in the market until 2025, and the average

00:11:23

salary of specialists in Russia

00:11:25

now is 180,000 rubles; abroad from

00:11:28

10,000 While there is simply no ceiling on income,

00:11:31

in this regard I would like to

00:11:33

recommend the Data scientist course from

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scratch to pro from Skill Factory, the course was

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developed jointly with the academician of Rean

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from Lomonosov Moscow State University Alexey

00:11:42

Lvovich Semyonov, head of the department of

00:11:45

mathematical logic and theory of

00:11:46

algorithms at Moscow State University, to participants in software development

00:11:49

AI and supercomputers, winner of the

00:11:52

UNES Prize in the field of digital

00:11:54

technologies in education And if you

00:11:57

have no experience at all, it’s suitable even for those who have

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no experience in it at all, you will be taught everything from

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if after training you do not find a job

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or Sign up for the course using the link in the

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description. Skill Factory teaches those who are

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hired to begin with. Let's

00:12:54

understand the fundamental principles

00:12:56

of our world, life, the world and the Universe

00:12:59

are made up of energy. What is energy?

00:13:01

Energy in essence is a measure of the cause of the

00:13:04

effectual relationship, the currency of exchange of

00:13:06

interaction in the Universe, describing

00:13:08

what can be turned into, what

00:13:11

can move where, or become what

00:13:13

energy is - this is an inexplicable

00:13:15

indivisible something that comes from nothing does not

00:13:17

consist does not disappear And does not arise but

00:13:20

appears to us in different incarnations of the mass of

00:13:23

heat movement of the wave Energy flows

00:13:26

from one form to another for example a crowbar

00:13:29

can cause movement to do

00:13:31

something you need to put in energy And if

00:13:34

something is done spontaneously then the

00:13:36

energy is released as light and heat during

00:13:38

combustion into the flow of energy consists of

00:13:41

the sequence of all events in the world; the

00:13:43

fundamental flow of these events we

00:13:46

call time; one of the main forms of the

00:13:49

existence of energy is matter, that

00:13:52

is, energy with mass; matter known to us

00:13:55

consists of atoms; grains of nergis,

00:13:59

due to the presence of mass, atoms

00:14:01

bounce off each other like billiard

00:14:03

balls all atoms have a similar structure in

00:14:07

the center a heavy nucleus carrying almost the

00:14:10

entire mass the nucleus consists of

00:14:12

protons and neutrons tightly intertwined with each other,

00:14:15

which can be very

00:14:17

few like hydrogen or up to a couple of hundred

00:14:20

like Uranus neutrons have only

00:14:22

mass A protons, in addition to mass, also have a

00:14:26

charge, a special property of matter that

00:14:29

exists in two variants, which are

00:14:48

attracted in comparison with the diameter of the

00:14:50

atom; the surface of the atom consists of an

00:14:53

almost weightless electron cloud. The

00:14:55

fact is that if the atom as a whole

00:14:57

resembles a ball, then the electron is

00:14:59

something completely different; it is both a wave and matter at

00:15:03

the same time it has mass but no

00:15:05

clear position the probability of its

00:15:07

existence is blurred in the space

00:15:10

around the atom atoms differ in the

00:15:12

number of protons neutrons and

00:15:14

electrons atoms with a certain

00:15:16

number of protons are called

00:15:18

elements element - This is a type of atom with

00:15:20

its own unique properties the

00:15:22

simplest element is hydrogen hydrogen has one

00:15:25

proton and one electron and neutrons

00:15:27

Usually, carbon does not have protons, for example,

00:15:30

and usually has neutrons. And

00:15:33

iron has 26 protons and 30 neutrons. The

00:15:37

more protons with neutrons, the heavier the

00:15:39

atom. Atoms, in turn, are

00:15:41

extremely restless entities.

00:15:54

basic

00:15:57

number of electrons, due to

00:15:59

unstable states, atoms are forced to

00:16:01

share electrons with each other; a

00:16:03

chemical relatively stable bond

00:16:06

occurs when the electron clouds of two

00:16:08

atoms merge into a single cloud; merging

00:16:11

happens in different ways; it happens; peaceful

00:16:13

merging happens; there are almost raider takeovers

00:16:16

when one atom after merging

00:16:18

pulls the Cloud onto yourself at this

00:16:21

moment, the scenario fork is either to

00:16:23

be content with part of the cloud,

00:16:25

joining the invader, or from

00:16:27

being injected and left without an electron at all,

00:16:30

if the cloud stretches into two nuclei, then

00:16:33

now two atoms form a single whole and

00:16:35

such a stable bunch of atoms

00:16:37

is called a molecule, the living world does

00:16:40

not consist of individual atoms, it consists of their

00:16:43

combination of molecules of conglomerates of

00:16:45

atoms connected to each other by common

00:16:48

electrons molecules of living nature

00:16:51

organic molecules are distinguished by their

00:16:53

enormous size they do not consist of

00:16:55

two or three atoms but of tens of hundreds of

00:16:58

even you atoms folding into complex

00:17:01

three-dimensional structures the main component of

00:17:03

life is undoubtedly carbon Why carbon

00:17:07

it has properties that are unique among elements. A

00:17:09

carbon atom in a molecule

00:17:11

can be associated with two, three or even

00:17:13

four other atoms, including and

00:17:16

this is especially important with other

00:17:18

carbon atoms. This property of carbon

00:17:21

expands the possibilities and diversity of the

00:17:23

molecules consisting of it so much that the study of

00:17:25

all configurations is called

00:17:27

organic chi, the

00:17:29

boundary between an organic and an

00:17:31

inorganic molecule is really

00:17:32

difficult to draw. It would seem that organics

00:17:35

are the majority of organic compounds

00:17:37

that are made up of carbon and

00:17:39

are produced by living organisms, but

00:17:41

speaking about organics, we somehow

00:17:43

enter the gray zone, for example, carbon

00:17:46

dioxide is an omnipresent and very simple form of

00:17:48

existence of carbon which happens on

00:17:50

other planets and without any life it is

00:17:52

more likely that it cannot be classified as an organic

00:17:54

compound than possible, but the urea

00:17:57

molecule is not much more complex. But it is more

00:17:59

rare outside the biosphere, and this is

00:18:02

very important, it is the synthesis of urea from

00:18:04

ammonium cyanide carried out by the German

00:18:06

chemist Friedrich Whler that is considered the first

00:18:09

case of artificial the production of an

00:18:11

organic compound from an

00:18:13

inorganic one, this at one time

00:18:15

created a sensation because with his achievements

00:18:17

Vler helped to refute the concept of

00:18:20

vitalism according to which the molecules of a

00:18:22

living organism contain a special

00:18:24

vital force that fundamentally distinguishes

00:18:27

it from inanimate substances carbon is a

00:18:31

constructive figure he is ready to cooperate with

00:18:33

other atoms on reasonable terms he

00:18:35

calmly combines its electronic

00:18:37

clouds with others into larger and

00:18:39

larger structures precisely thanks to the

00:18:41

business qualities of carbon. Living nature

00:18:44

exists in the diversity known to us;

00:18:46

in turn, oxygen is the antipode of

00:18:48

carbon; the element is furious and

00:18:51

destructive; it tears into pieces everything

00:18:53

that comes across it according to the strength with which it

00:18:55

pulls electrons onto himself he has no equal in a

00:18:58

wedge into foreign molecules oxygen

00:19:00

dismembers them into individual atoms

00:19:02

by joining their electron clouds

00:19:04

he breaks molecules into the simplest

00:19:07

compounds if hydrogen comes across you

00:19:09

get water if carbon comes in you

00:19:11

get carbon dioxide the victim molecule,

00:19:14

for example, cellulose in paper and wood

00:19:17

can contain several thousand it is difficult

00:19:20

to combine all this complexity into simple

00:19:23

small inorganic molecules; part of the

00:19:25

energy contained in the electron

00:19:27

clouds of the hydrocarbon frame of

00:19:29

cellulose is released in the form of

00:19:31

light and heat, we call this combustion;

00:19:34

at first glance, carbon and oxygen

00:19:37

look like enemies; one forms the basis of

00:19:39

the structure of the other; it destroys everything. in

00:19:42

fact, there is an obvious benefit in combustion;

00:19:45

chemical bonds bind a complex

00:19:47

molecule; a huge amount of

00:19:49

energy is contained that can be released. If

00:19:52

this complex molecule is split into

00:19:54

simple ones, the combustion of fuel carries the rocket into

00:19:56

space at a speed unprecedented in the wild.

00:19:58

Yes, precisely because

00:20:00

oxygen does its work we fly into

00:20:03

space also oxygen is used

00:20:05

by nature to release huge

00:20:07

amounts of energy which can then be

00:20:09

used we inhale oxygen to

00:20:12

burn the lunch we eat the dichotomy of carbon

00:20:15

and oxygen is cosmically significant for life

00:20:17

oxygen is really by its

00:20:19

nature a Destroyer it knows how to

00:20:22

do it So effectively and so mercilessly

00:20:24

that of of the total

00:20:26

destruction they cause, something radically new is born,

00:20:28

oxygen and carbon as elements

00:20:31

embody properties that, after the

00:20:32

emergence of life, will form the basis of

00:20:35

metabolism or metabolism,

00:20:37

metabolism has two sides, anabolism -

00:20:40

the construction of large molecules,

00:20:42

energy expenditure, that is, almost always the

00:20:43

construction of carbon chains and

00:20:46

catabolism the breakdown of large molecules to

00:20:49

release energy together anabolism and

00:20:51

catabolism complete the fundamental

00:20:54

energy cycle This system

00:20:56

allows us to eat almost

00:20:58

anything and somehow, without any

00:21:00

effort, convert the

00:21:02

chemical energy hidden there into thoughts and movement,

00:21:05

you could say that metabolism is

00:21:07

half of what means to be alive, but an

00:21:10

energy cycle, in principle, suitable for the

00:21:12

definition of metabolism, is found

00:21:14

in many systems. The concept of living

00:21:17

includes, in addition to the energy cycle, another

00:21:20

information cycle, and here I need your

00:21:24

attention. We usually perceive

00:21:26

information as some transmitted

00:21:28

content of anything, but from a

00:21:30

physical point of view From the point of view, information does

00:21:33

not necessarily have to be

00:21:35

copied somewhere in order to be information

00:21:37

information is not a transfer of parameters,

00:21:40

it is the parameters themselves information - a measure of

00:21:43

order a measure of structuring special

00:21:45

characteristics of a device is a

00:21:48

configuration information in turn

00:21:50

is implemented in two types of organic

00:21:52

molecules in Proteins and nucleic acids

00:21:56

protein is not one kind of Molecule and a type of

00:21:58

layer of a chemical compound, the main thing in a

00:22:00

protein is that different sequences of

00:22:02

DNA beads allow you to create completely

00:22:05

different molecules from the same

00:22:07

set of components, these different

00:22:09

proteins rule a living organism like

00:22:11

workers of different professions they do

00:22:13

We all digest food with the help of proteins

00:22:15

we breathe oxygen with the help of proteins

00:22:17

we move with the help of proteins proteins

00:22:19

copy DNA synthesize the cell

00:22:21

membrane and during the formation of long-term

00:22:24

memory proteins in the hippocampus send

00:22:26

protein signals to other proteins in the cortex in

00:22:29

total there are about 20,000 different proteins in humans,

00:22:31

but each cell independently

00:22:33

decides when and in what quantities

00:22:35

to produce one from them or another protein

00:22:37

here it is simply impossible not to remember that in the

00:22:39

Soviet Union, the

00:22:41

definition of life according to

00:22:43

Friedrich Engels was popular: life is the way of

00:22:45

existence of protein bodies. It

00:22:49

seemed to scientists in the 1870s that a cell is a clot.

00:22:51

Protein is that from a simple bacterial cell,

00:22:54

for example, it is a stone's throw to inanimate matter.

00:22:56

However, with the development of biology and especially with

00:22:59

the advent of electron microscopes, it became

00:23:01

clear that even the most primitive

00:23:03

cells are so complex that a person

00:23:08

simply cannot chemically compose a protein; nucleic acids

00:23:10

are DNA and RNA; the power of nucleic acids in

00:23:14

storing information about what

00:23:16

proteins need to be in order to perform certain

00:23:18

functions in other words, nucleic

00:23:20

acids are engaged in programming

00:23:23

proteins because proteins are actually

00:23:25

non-working robots, they are made according to

00:23:29

special chemical blueprints

00:23:30

written in nucleic acids

00:23:32

physically and proteins and nucleic acids are

00:23:35

chains made up of

00:23:38

sequences of repeating

00:23:39

parts of blocks of beads, thanks to different

00:23:42

sequences of amino acids, different

00:23:45

proteins acquire different properties this is an

00:23:47

abundance of combinations and gives proteins so

00:23:50

many different functions the thesis is

00:23:52

simple information determines the function

00:23:55

nucleic acids in turn

00:23:57

are divided into two two types RNA and DNA in

00:24:00

molecular composition they are very similar

00:24:03

but their roles are completely different in DNA there are only

00:24:07

four components and not so

00:24:09

much differing in chemical

00:24:11

composition But these constituent parts of

00:24:13

nucleotides have a key property

00:24:16

called complementarity;

00:24:18

complementarity is the ability of

00:24:20

one chain of nucleotides to bind to

00:24:22

another complementary chain of nucleotides

00:24:24

if their sequences are related

00:24:27

as negative and positive. Due to this

00:24:30

property, nucleotide chains

00:24:32

are ideal for reproducing a special

00:24:34

type of information called

00:24:37

hereditary or simply genes, all the

00:24:40

genes of an organism are collectively called the

00:24:42

genome A gene is a fragment of the genome, like a

00:24:45

chapter, a fragment of a novel, the genome is written in

00:24:48

DNA, like a novel is written in a book, due to the fact

00:24:51

that the sequence of one chain

00:24:53

knows the sequence of another chain DNA

00:24:56

can be copied has two chains It is

00:24:59

enough to know the sequence of

00:25:00

one of chains to restore the entire

00:25:02

original molecule, this happens when

00:25:04

any cell divides. DNA is unwound

00:25:07

from a double helix into two separate strands

00:25:10

and the missing strand is completed by

00:25:12

special protein robots according to the

00:25:14

principle of complementarity. As a result,

00:25:17

two identical helices are formed

00:25:19

that are distributed between daughter

00:25:22

cells, that is, nucleic acids

00:25:24

due to their chemical structure

00:25:26

allow you to copy the information contained in their

00:25:28

sequence. In a

00:25:30

sense, the complementarity of the DNA chain is the

00:25:33

embodiment of the very idea of life. The information in

00:25:37

DNA means the sequence of the protein and

00:25:40

with it the fact that the protein does breathing,

00:25:42

movement, nutrition and all other functions of a

00:25:45

living organism in a living cell there is a

00:25:47

special machine. responsible for

00:25:49

Protein synthesis This is a huge molecular

00:25:51

plant called the ribosome, the place in

00:25:54

which proteins are produced using information from DNA,

00:25:56

here the

00:25:59

second of the ribonucleic acids becomes fundamental. It is

00:26:01

also RNA, a relative of

00:26:05

DNA in general, DNA is a strict, calm,

00:26:09

prone to stability acid RNA is much

00:26:12

less stable, it is

00:26:16

zealously talented than its a stately

00:26:18

relative of DNA DNA does not know how to do

00:26:22

anything and only solemnly preserves the

00:26:24

peace of the genes it contains RNA does not

00:26:27

compare with proteins in terms of abilities,

00:26:29

but it can do many things,

00:26:32

sometimes even entering into fundamentally

00:26:34

important chemical reactions to make such a

00:26:38

printout It is possible, of course, thanks to

00:26:40

complementarity on one of the chains DNA

00:26:43

sits on a special protein called RNA

00:26:45

polymerase and assembles a chain complementary to it,

00:26:48

only consisting of slightly

00:26:50

different nucleotides. The entire

00:26:52

copying process is called transcription.

00:26:55

Transcription is the production of RNA

00:26:57

based on a DNA sequence. With

00:27:00

transcription, the path of the Gene

00:27:02

information recorded in DNA into the

00:27:05

material world begins, this process of

00:27:06

transforming information into a function. in

00:27:08

biology it is called the Central

00:27:27

Dogmode How a

00:27:29

ready-made cell with DNA RNA and proteins arises from stone and water, you need to

00:27:33

imagine the simplest self-

00:27:39

reproducing system, you need to figure out what kind of

00:27:41

hurricane and what kind of landfill could

00:27:43

give birth to such a machine, this is what

00:27:46

abiogenesis researchers are doing, trying to find the

00:27:49

simplest system of self-reproduction and

00:27:51

come up with she has a realistic place of birth,

00:27:54

even this, however, is very difficult to

00:27:58

live up to the Central Dogma - it’s like

00:27:59

the riddle about the chicken and the egg, in order to

00:28:02

make another from one organism you need to

00:28:04

double its DNA RNA and proteins to

00:28:07

make DNA and RNA you need proteins to

00:28:10

make proteins you need RNA and DNA

00:28:13

imagine that one of these molecules

00:28:15

appeared randomly from non-living

00:28:17

components is still possible. Although it is very

00:28:20

difficult, to imagine that all three

00:28:22

molecules appear by chance, Independently

00:28:25

of each other and spontaneously

00:28:27

merge into their own most complex

00:28:28

molecular dance, is

00:28:30

trying too hard to answer the question about the

00:28:32

origin of life is like

00:28:34

wandering In a dark labyrinth We have very

00:28:36

little data. However, it seems that there is some kind of

00:28:40

light. Today, the most

00:28:42

popular idea is that the

00:28:48

so-called RNA world was such a simpler beginning preceding Luke and the Central Dogma. The basis of this

00:28:51

hypothesis is the already mentioned fact of

00:28:53

RNA - This is in which - in a sense,

00:28:55

something between protein and DNA, it can

00:28:58

simultaneously reproduce information and

00:29:00

perform chemical reactions DNA is an

00:29:03

excellent stable archive, but the

00:29:06

DNA molecule cannot do anything; proteins are

00:29:09

ideal multifunctional machines

00:29:11

that, nevertheless, do not know how to

00:29:13

copy themselves in comparison with these two

00:29:15

RNA molecules at first glance, the

00:29:17

archive from it plays out not very

00:29:19

good due to instability and the machine is

00:29:22

completely mediocre, but RNA is unique in

00:29:24

that it can be both an archive and a

00:29:26

machine at the same time. That is

00:29:28

why RNA occupies a central

00:29:30

place in scientists’ fantasies about the origin of

00:29:33

life; the easiest way to imagine

00:29:35

how could appear The central dogma

00:29:37

is to first imagine it

00:29:41

is self-sufficient and then how it is that RNA

00:29:43

acquired proteins by learning to transform

00:29:46

its own

00:29:50

four-letter, that is, DNA RNA world is by

00:29:54

no means an established fact Not

00:29:56

a theory, but only a hypothesis,

00:30:00

there is no consensus in the scientific community on this issue,

00:30:03

but the majority supports the hypothesis The RNA of

00:30:05

the world, therefore, we can say with great confidence

00:30:07

that most likely RNA is the

00:30:10

original form of life, the main event in

00:30:13

the history of which was the invention of

00:30:15

proteins, in general, if abiogenesis of the

00:30:18

RNA of the world is possible, having a billion other years and a share of

00:30:21

imagination, you can get everything else,

00:30:23

therefore The key question about the origin of

00:30:25

life today it comes down to

00:30:27

the following: Is it possible for self-sufficient

00:30:30

self-copying RNA? If so, could

00:30:33

it have appeared by chance? If so, where is the

00:30:36

answer to the first question? It seems

00:30:38

affirmative, we have proof of this,

00:30:40

even without

00:30:42

billions of years at our disposal, scientists have already

00:30:45

managed to artificially create an RNA

00:30:47

system is not limited reproducing

00:30:49

itself without the participation of proteins or

00:30:51

any other molecules, the nuance is

00:30:54

that this System does not consist of one

00:30:56

self-sufficient RNA molecule strung

00:30:59

on a nucleotide, but of several molecules whose

00:31:02

joint activity is closed in a cycle of

00:31:05

self-reproduction, each molecule

00:31:06

does something of its own, but in total it turns out a

00:31:09

copy of the entire system and this does not complicate the

00:31:12

hypothesis of the origin of life, on the contrary, it is more

00:31:14

realistic instead of the birth of one

00:31:17

single magical molecule that

00:31:19

suddenly begins to copy itself; it is easier

00:31:21

to imagine a broth of random

00:31:24

various molecules, each of which

00:31:26

performs some kind of random chemical

00:31:29

reaction, most of these reactions

00:31:31

lead nowhere but in one fine

00:31:33

day a combination appears that

00:31:35

closes in a cycle because with this

00:31:37

option, the molecules will double over

00:31:39

time, there will be more of them than molecules with

00:31:42

useless properties. That is why the

00:31:44

catalytic RNA cycle hypothesis is the most

00:31:47

plausible version of the origin of

00:31:49

life on earth, according to this version, life

00:31:51

arose at the moment when in a dump of

00:31:53

molecules, a random combination of chemical

00:31:56

reactions closed into a ring And thus for

00:31:59

the first time spun the wheel of continuous

00:32:01

reproduction of information that

00:32:04

has not stopped to this day. But this

00:32:06

begs the obvious question of how

00:32:09

RNA arose then, to understand this we need to

00:32:12

solve several problems. To begin with,

00:32:14

nucleotides need to appear,

00:32:16

individual parts of RNA nucleotide of course

00:32:19

simpler than whole RNA, but still a

00:32:22

rather complex molecule and for a long time

00:32:24

its spontaneous origin without the

00:32:26

participation of enzyme proteins synthesizing

00:32:28

nucleotides in modern living

00:32:30

organisms seemed unlikely; this is

00:32:32

one of the arguments in favor of the primacy of

00:32:34

protein; after all, amino acids are simpler than

00:32:37

nucleotides; therefore, the spontaneous appearance of

00:32:40

proteins requires less imagination than the

00:32:42

appearance of RNA, however, research

00:32:45

shows that the core of a nucleotide can be

00:32:47

efficiently assembled from very simple

00:32:49

components under conditions reminiscent of

00:32:51

the conditions of the ancient earth, but this is

00:32:53

not enough for nucleotides to

00:32:55

spontaneously combine into chains of

00:32:58

sufficient length in modern

00:33:00

organisms, this only happens when

00:33:02

DNA or RNA is copied, that is to

00:33:05

make a long chain you need a source in the

00:33:08

form of another long chain, but how could

00:33:10

such long chains appear here

00:33:12

can fundamentally be the answer to the

00:33:14

third question Where exactly RNA could have appeared

00:33:18

there are many versions about the place of birth of

00:33:22

life, according to one version RNA appeared in

00:33:25

ice physico-chemical properties of ice

00:33:27

are such that it can solve the problem of

00:33:29

long chains. After all, they are more stable at

00:33:31

low temperatures and spatial

00:33:34

restrictions; in a mixture of water and ice,

00:33:36

substances dissipate much less than

00:33:38

just in water, but ice is bad as a source of

00:33:41

matter. It is not entirely clear where the

00:33:43

source material and energy come from,

00:33:46

because at low temperatures everything

00:33:48

chemical reactions proceed more slowly, according to

00:33:51

another version, Charles

00:33:53

Darwin believed that life appeared in a small

00:33:55

Warm Pond; the classics saw

00:33:58

water reservoirs in which

00:34:00

inorganic substances accumulated, like

00:34:01

salt accumulates in a pan from which

00:34:04

water is evaporated; scientists who today

00:34:06

support the version of the pond believe that the

00:34:08

original organic substances are

00:34:10

components of the future life could have been

00:34:12

brought there by meteorites, such a

00:34:15

small pond solves the problem of matter

00:34:17

and space, and the additional energy of

00:34:19

solar heat and lightning electricity

00:34:22

allows this substance to turn into

00:34:24

living matter. Alexander Ivanovich Oparin in

00:34:28

193 added to the

00:34:29

Darwinian broth the concept of

00:34:32

coacervates of clumps of matter

00:34:34

reminiscent of a suspension of oil droplets in water

00:34:37

in his view coacervates allowed the

00:34:39

substance to concentrate in even

00:34:41

smaller volumes than a small pond and

00:34:43

ultimately these clumps turned

00:34:46

into full-fledged cells. However, neither Darwin nor

00:34:48

Oparin explained in any way the appearance of

00:34:51

self-replicating

00:34:52

molecules. Today there are several versions

00:34:55

where these molecules could appear.

00:34:57

The most popular ones are candidates

00:34:59

for the role of a cradle. life different forms of

00:35:01

hydrothermal springs underwater or

00:35:04

coastal geysers through which

00:35:06

hot water emerges from the depths of the earth water in

00:35:09

hydrothermal springs is rich in a

00:35:10

variety of minerals deposited

00:35:13

at the fracture site in the form of pipes and

00:35:15

pillars, minerals significantly expand the

00:35:17

spectrum of possible molecules and their

00:35:19

transformations, therefore hydrothermal

00:35:21

springs become full-fledged

00:35:23

chemical reactors Moreover, in the

00:35:26

interval from the boiling center to the

00:35:27

cold ocean, there is any

00:35:30

optimal temperature in them. And the difference itself

00:35:32

can be of fundamental importance for

00:35:34

the mixing of interacting molecules. On the other

00:35:37

side of the strata of hydrothermal

00:35:39

columns, usually porous, which solves the

00:35:41

problem of spatial restrictions,

00:35:43

like Oparin coacervates,

00:35:45

microscopic voids could serve as

00:35:48

closed laboratories for the

00:35:49

formation the first biomolecules, all this

00:35:52

potentially solves the problem of the

00:35:54

emergence of long RNA chains; it is quite

00:35:57

possible that the role of hydrothermal

00:35:58

vents in the history of life on the planet is

00:36:01

even more significant;

00:36:04

our universal ancestor of the onion could well have been born there; all this

00:36:06

suggests that hydrothermal

00:36:08

vents have been the main habitat of

00:36:10

living organisms for

00:36:11

billions of years in the properties of atoms, the

00:36:14

origins of metabolism and energy in

00:36:17

nucleotides and amino acids are visible;

00:36:19

the foundation of the Central Dogma is visible, carrying Genes

00:36:21

from the past to the future; the peculiarity of life

00:36:24

in this cosmic fundamental

00:36:26

hierarchy is that it manages to

00:36:28

maintain a very low degree of

00:36:30

entropy; previously it was believed that there are

00:36:33

two types of cells, one primitive other

00:36:36

advanced by and large

00:36:38

single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled

00:36:41

eukaryotes but when sequencing methods appeared in the 1970s,

00:36:44

that is, reading

00:36:47

genes, this hierarchy was shaken. A key

00:36:50

role in this was played by Carl Wese, an

00:36:53

American microbiologist who was the first to

00:36:55

come up with the idea of using gene comparison

00:36:56

to reconstruct evolutionary history,

00:36:59

sequencing made it possible to compare

00:37:01

organisms not simply similar in principle is

00:37:03

not similar or is complex simply by

00:37:06

mathematically analyzing the differences in

00:37:08

DNA. You can compare the time of

00:37:10

evolutionary divergence of several

00:37:12

groups. In general terms, the principle is

00:37:15

that mutations in genes occur

00:37:17

more or less regularly if you average

00:37:19

time intervals on a scale of millions of

00:37:22

years in general, the more in two species the

00:37:24

same gene region differs,

00:37:26

the longer they exist

00:37:27

Independently of each other, that is, the more

00:37:29

ancient their evolutionary divergence If a

00:37:33

person has aa aha written somewhere in the genome, a

00:37:35

mouse has Aaaa gg And a cockroach has tsk gts

00:37:41

then with a cockroach We diverged earlier than with the

00:37:43

mouse because our sequences are

00:37:46

very different. Using this method,

00:37:49

Karl Vse was the first to calculate a large-scale

00:37:52

genetically accurate tree of life. If we

00:37:54

take not three species, but thousands and not five

00:37:57

letters about long segments of the genome, then

00:37:59

theoretically it is possible in a similar way to

00:38:01

find out exactly what kind of family

00:38:03

ties who are with connected by whom That is, to

00:38:05

restore the entire sequence of

00:38:07

evolutionary events that affected the

00:38:09

diversity of today's species to

00:38:12

this day, this tree is calculated by

00:38:14

evolutionary biologists in the smallest

00:38:16

detail. Although there are plenty of controversial areas on it,

00:38:18

without such knowledge about the family

00:38:20

relationships between living organisms, it is

00:38:22

simply impossible for modern science to imagine,

00:38:24

but even that very first

00:38:26

tree, which describes life on earth in the

00:38:29

most general terms, has radically

00:38:31

changed our understanding of the system of

00:38:33

nature. The DNA sequences that

00:38:36

were divided during

00:38:38

analysis not into two branches of eukaryotes and

00:38:40

prokaryotes, as one might assume,

00:38:42

but into three of these branches were called

00:38:45

domains, that is, groups. standing above

00:38:48

kingdoms like the animal kingdom or the

00:38:50

plant kingdom, it turned out that there is

00:38:53

simply no such domain as prokaryotes.

00:38:56

Prokaryotes are not a single group, but two

00:38:58

different variants of living organisms

00:39:00

as distant in evolutionary coordinates from each

00:39:02

other as a person from yogurt,

00:39:05

outwardly they look very similar, but

00:39:07

comparing them genes shows that they

00:39:09

evolved Independently from each other for

00:39:11

billions of years, one of these groups of

00:39:13

bacteria, the other group was previously considered a

00:39:15

subgroup of bacteria called

00:39:19

Archibald and bacteria fell off the name,

00:39:23

the new domain Archaea stood on a

00:39:25

par with bacteria and eukaryotes

00:39:28

today. Many evolutionary biologists

00:39:30

want to reconsider the triple division

00:39:32

of life, they believe that eukaryotes, you and

00:39:34

I, appeared Neo simultaneously with two

00:39:36

other domains of life, and much

00:39:38

later, bacteria and probably archaea, by the

00:39:41

time of their emergence, had already existed for a long time,

00:39:43

and on a planetary

00:39:44

scale and in numbers, eukaryotes

00:39:47

originated from archaea. That is why all

00:39:50

multicellular, that is, all plants

00:39:52

fungi Insects and animals are part of one

00:39:56

big family with the advent of genetic

00:39:59

sequencing In the 1970s, biologists

00:40:02

rushed

00:40:05

to sequence even what they could not find,

00:40:08

there are millions of species that we

00:40:11

know about but have never seen,

00:40:13

it turns out this is a kind of genetic

00:40:15

Dark matter in 2010 such a sample

00:40:18

was pulled from hydrothermal vents

00:40:20

called Loki Castle between

00:40:23

Greenland and Norway, it

00:40:25

contained genes to sort

00:40:27

thousands of species in which entire teams of

00:40:29

specialists dug for several years in

00:40:32

2015, Swedish bioinformaticians from the

00:40:35

Theis group discovered topics in endless

00:40:38

four-letter canvases, comparable only with

00:40:41

Archeopteryx, this fossil is a semi-bird, a

00:40:43

semi-yang gift, a symbol of evolution first

00:40:47

found 2 years after the publication of

00:40:49

the origin of the species, Archeopteryx

00:40:51

represents a classic

00:40:52

transitional form between two

00:40:54

modern branches of evolution, and the

00:40:57

archaea found in gene databases from

00:41:00

Loki’s castle represent a transitional

00:41:02

form between the rest of the archaea and us, it

00:41:05

is important that in them the rudiments of the genes of

00:41:07

one of the fundamental ones were found

00:41:09

eukaryotic inventions of the moving membrane with the

00:41:12

discovery of the archaea of Asgard, the logic of eukaryotes

00:41:16

began to become clearer, it is almost certainly

00:41:18

known that eukaryotes originate from

00:41:20

the Union of archaea with bacteria under

00:41:24

oxygen pressure, the responsibility for this

00:41:26

ultimately lies with photosynthesis,

00:41:28

pumping that planet with toxic gas and

00:41:31

bringing anaerobic

00:41:33

oxygen-free life to the brink of extinction at the

00:41:35

same time, among the archaea there was a group that did

00:41:38

not know how to breathe but had a movable

00:41:40

bendable membrane. Perhaps these were the

00:41:43

first predators in nature who already knew

00:41:48

how to devour other people’s cells entirely; some bacteria came up with a way to neutralize

00:41:50

oxygen; adapted ones

00:41:57

allowed these organisms not only to

00:41:58

solve the problem of oxygen toxicity

00:42:01

by expanding their habitable space

00:42:03

but also to use the power of oxygen to

00:42:05

repeatedly increase the efficiency of

00:42:07

nutrients, these enterprising

00:42:10

bacteria are the ancestors of mitochondria, at some

00:42:13

stage both of these ancestors realized that they were

00:42:16

good together, the bacterium was protected from

00:42:18

other predators that could eat it,

00:42:20

and the archaea suddenly had 10 times more

00:42:23

energy which it is stamped in the form of OTF by an

00:42:26

oxygen bacterium

00:42:27

and this bacterium becomes a

00:42:29

semi-independent organelle with a permanent

00:42:31

place of residence in the archaeal cytoplasm;

00:42:34

this moment the fusion of two domains can be

00:42:36

considered the birth of the third

00:42:38

eukaryotic; however, as with the moment of the

00:42:40

emergence of life, endosymbiosis could be

00:42:42

extended over millions of years, what will all this

00:42:45

lead to? You and I already know that we

00:42:47

appeared as a result of resistance

00:42:49

to oxygen, which ultimately made us

00:42:52

many times stronger; the emergence

00:42:54

of eukaryotes marks the union of two ways of

00:42:57

ciating the environment as if created for

00:42:59

each other: predation and respiration; the first

00:43:02

allows the transformation of entire foreign

00:43:04

organisms into nutrients; the second

00:43:07

extracts

00:43:08

maximum energy from nutrients therefore, eukaryotes with

00:43:11

mitochondria - This is not just a ship on

00:43:13

which Genes sail through time, but a

00:43:15

real Death Star, a fundamental

00:43:17

new word in living nature, with the

00:43:19

emergence of eukaryotes,

00:43:22

a turning point occurs in bacteria - creatures of the

00:43:24

plural interacting

00:43:26

not as individual organisms, but as entire

00:43:28

populations, that is, strains. However,

00:43:31

eukaryotes for the first time begin to operate

00:43:33

not only as strains but also as individuals.

00:43:35

Relatively speaking, at some point in the

00:43:37

past there was an archaea with a breathing

00:43:39

bacterium inside and there was genetically

00:43:41

exactly the same archaea but without the bacterium the

00:43:44

first archaea won Not because

00:43:45

it had better genes but because its

00:43:47

individual life as an organism

00:43:50

turned out to be more productive She managed

00:43:52

to acquire mitochondria for the average

00:43:55

single-celled prokaryote, what matters is

00:43:58

only the set of genes within the cell with the

00:44:00

emergence of endosymbiosis, in which

00:44:02

some cells live in other cells,

00:44:04

not only genetic information becomes important,

00:44:06

but the personal history of the organism is a

00:44:09

report of our evolutionary bet on

00:44:11

perfection in within a generation, it is necessary to

00:44:13

maintain the structure of eukaryotic cells from this point

00:44:16

- a large

00:44:18

investment of capital that requires competent

00:44:20

implementation in a long life

00:44:23

eukaryotes are interested in long-term

00:44:26

survival time as Bacteria can

00:44:28

afford to spend 99% of the population and

00:44:31

return to the original numbers in a couple of hours

00:44:33

eukaryotic organism - this is a

00:44:35

large-scale the product of a large-scale

00:44:38

energy extraction operation, its production

00:44:40

requires time and a large amount of

00:44:43

nutrients, therefore the very fact of the

00:44:45

existence of eukaryotes of these nuclear

00:44:47

rocket launchers increases

00:44:50

complexity, as a result,

00:44:53

sexual reproduction appears, increasing

00:44:55

variability per generation,

00:44:57

multicellularity, allowing the creation of

00:44:59

new organisms without the disappearance of old ones,

00:45:01

and a brain allowing adaptation to

00:45:03

environment not in millions of years but in seconds, as

00:45:06

well as teeth, claws, stings, spears and nuclear

00:45:09

missiles, you and I, eukaryotes, from the very

00:45:11

beginning, relied on complexity and

00:45:14

are still reaping the benefits of this decision,

00:45:16

now dealing with a complex

00:45:18

human society. But for whom is

00:45:20

this development taking place? for whom we

00:45:22

do what we do What makes us

00:45:24

live, move, do things,

00:45:27

bacteria, for example, are driven by their genes,

00:45:30

that is, the stories of their ancestors, these Genes, which

00:45:32

carry the memory of all the vicissitudes of

00:45:34

their evolutionary destinies, create

00:45:36

bacteria as a means of their survival,

00:45:39

so they cannot help but follow their

00:45:41

interests in the interests of genes, for the

00:45:43

bacterium to reproduce, the bacterium is a

00:45:46

copy of its ancestors. Therefore, with rare

00:45:49

random exceptions, it acts in

00:45:51

everything exactly the same way. The bacterium lives for the sake of

00:45:54

its kind. By definition, like

00:45:57

bacteria, we imitate our ancestors in many ways,

00:45:59

and yet each person is

00:46:01

unique and different from parents from

00:46:04

fingerprints to character, if

00:46:06

bacteria inherit all the parameters of the

00:46:08

parent organism, then people

00:46:10

inherit rather the general principles of its

00:46:12

structure. And this gives us more freedom

00:46:15

in movement and development, this gives us the

00:46:17

opportunity to think and

00:46:19

wonder who all this is for; bacteria

00:46:21

have no other motivations than genetic

00:46:25

for a bacterium it makes no sense whether

00:46:27

it does something for itself or for its kind

00:46:30

It is the same thing for it But a person

00:46:32

can go against genes against the past

00:46:35

against the will of his own family and all

00:46:38

because a multicellular organism is

00:46:40

not just a lot of cells, it many cells

00:46:43

working like One here We must

00:46:45

talk about ants from the height of

00:46:47

human growth all ants seem

00:46:50

the same some ants grow

00:46:52

mushrooms underground and graze livestock others

00:46:55

glue houses from leaves the third

00:46:57

constantly fights in clans all the impressive

00:47:01

abilities of ants from the formation of

00:47:03

complex communities with agriculture

00:47:05

to the creation giant armies are possible

00:47:07

due to the fact that these animals know how

00:47:10

to act in groups Yes, man is also a

00:47:13

collective being, but our

00:47:14

collectivity is structured completely. Otherwise,

00:47:17

we pay taxes and follow

00:47:19

traffic rules because we know about

00:47:21

our social responsibility, but it is still impossible to explain to a non-

00:47:24

human animal

00:47:25

why, in principle, we

00:47:28

need to do something against their will

00:47:30

How did it happen that the ants suddenly

00:47:32

put society above the individual? Why would an

00:47:35

ant fight in the army if its chances

00:47:38

of survival in the rear are much higher? Who is

00:47:40

this ant fighting for? The ant is of course fighting

00:47:44

for the queen. A colony of ants usually

00:47:46

consists of a huge number of workers,

00:47:49

some of them which may be soldiers

00:47:51

or some other cog of the

00:47:52

ant society, which is ruled by a

00:47:54

fertile queen, their mother, the workers, who

00:47:57

selflessly work for the benefit of the queen and

00:48:00

her offspring, from the height of our

00:48:02

ideas, all this looks like a well-

00:48:03

thought-out strategy like a

00:48:06

state system, but the

00:48:07

dedication of ordinary ants has a

00:48:09

completely different nature. The whole thing the fact that

00:48:12

worker ants do not know how to reproduce; the

00:48:15

peculiarity of ant society is

00:48:17

that it is divided into reproducing and non-

00:48:19

reproducing Castes; it is this so-

00:48:22

called Eu sociality that explains

00:48:24

all the amazing abilities of ants; the

00:48:27

essence of the worker Ant is that it has

00:48:29

never evolved on its own;

00:48:31

all its Genes are given to him an ant queen

00:48:34

in fact all ants are

00:48:36

remote organs of the queen the ant

00:48:39

sincerely wants to build an anthill and

00:48:41

fight for the queen because it is part of her

00:48:44

body and gives the worker his Genes in which it is

00:48:47

written What exactly this Worker should

00:48:49

do for her any anthill is

00:48:53

superomsk

00:48:56

to reproduce then his children would probably be

00:48:58

loyal grandmothers of the queen to a slightly

00:49:01

greater or lesser extent and over

00:49:03

time the workers would get rid of

00:49:06

loyalty genes if you reproduce then

00:49:08

evolution works for you but if you don’t

00:49:10

reproduce everything then evolution works for the

00:49:12

one who reproduces in connection with the worker

00:49:15

ants It’s impossible not to remember the eunuch in

00:49:17

human history No matter how barbaric

00:49:20

the act of gathering may seem now, it

00:49:22

usually had a very specific goal to

00:49:25

deprive a person of ST. Because of this, a

00:49:29

person’s motivational system is completely rebuilt. It’s not just

00:49:31

that eunuchs will not molest the wives of those

00:49:33

around them there is no need for eunuchs to care about

00:49:36

their own heritage, which means they are

00:49:38

safe for those who think about their

00:49:40

dynastic interests; eunuchs were listed

00:49:43

as advisors to the Chinese and Roman

00:49:45

emperors, and in the Islamic world they

00:49:47

made up an entire political class; in

00:49:49

fact, we needed to think about ants and

00:49:52

eunuchs

00:49:54

get to the main principle of the

00:49:56

formation of a multicellular organism

00:49:59

Let's think about us, most of the

00:50:01

cells in our body are related to

00:50:02

worker ants, almost our entire body is made

00:50:05

of cells Whose Genes are strictly speaking

00:50:07

doomed to death, cells of the skeleton or

00:50:09

internal organs contain DNA

00:50:11

just like eggs and sperm, but

00:50:14

skin or Brain DNA will never

00:50:16

leave the boundaries of our body, which

00:50:18

means it will never produce offspring,

00:50:21

that is, most of the cells of the body -

00:50:23

this is an evolutionary dead end, a chance to leave a

00:50:25

genetic trace in history, there are only

00:50:27

individuals of a privileged, one might say

00:50:29

elite group of germ cells and their

00:50:31

predecessors in the testes and ovaries

00:50:34

of these two The caste of cells of the body

00:50:36

that multiply endlessly and

00:50:37

multiply limitedly is the name of the

00:50:40

muscle cells of the skin of the liver of the brain and, in

00:50:43

principle, the cells that make up our

00:50:45

body are called somatic from the

00:50:48

Greek word soma, that is, their body.

00:50:51

As you understand, the vast majority of

00:50:54

somas are dead-end

00:50:55

worker cells from an evolutionary point of view which are

00:50:57

subordinated to the minority of multiplying

00:50:59

cells living in the genitals, the same ones

00:51:02

carry genetic information Like the

00:51:04

Olympic flame from grandparents

00:51:06

through mom and dad to grandchildren and so on,

00:51:09

they give the body its properties,

00:51:11

conducts the

00:51:12

current, like the queen ant of an ant, these

00:51:15

reproducing cells produce

00:51:17

auxiliary bodies for their purposes that is, you and

00:51:20

I are passing the baton - a

00:51:23

continuous line connecting a generation

00:51:25

is reflected in the name of the elite cells of a

00:51:27

multicellular organism, they are called the

00:51:30

reproductive or germ line. However, in

00:51:32

modern Russian the

00:51:34

term sex line is more often used. And in

00:51:37

English germ line germ line

00:51:40

or old-fashioned Option germ plasma or the hermetic

00:51:43

groove of the catfish and the

00:51:48

hermetic seal they represent a

00:51:50

single whole because at this moment the

00:51:52

entire embryo is one Cell with a double

00:51:54

set of chromosomes or a zygote, division

00:51:57

into two Castes of cells in humans

00:51:59

occurs only in the third week of

00:52:00

development, the zygote is initially split into two

00:52:03

4 cells and now after 3 weeks, when there are

00:52:06

already thousands of cells among them, a group separates out

00:52:09

which is destined to develop into the

00:52:11

precursors of germ cells in the

00:52:12

ovaries or testes, depending on the

00:52:15

sex, this is the hermo laza, the remaining

00:52:18

cells will form bones, skin and organs, but

00:52:21

all these are dead ends mortal matter is a

00:52:24

one-time sum the task of the sexual line of

00:52:27

immortality and she can achieve it

00:52:29

only through germ cells because

00:52:31

only from there Genes can go to the

00:52:33

next generation, which means only

00:52:35

germinal genes determine the properties of descendants,

00:52:38

including the properties of their soma. So, from the point

00:52:41

of view of a single cell, multicellularity

00:52:43

is a Form of social relations in

00:52:46

which a minority of cells are occupied with

00:52:47

sex by reproduction subjugates the

00:52:50

majority of cells doomed to death;

00:52:53

the most interesting and frightening thing here is that

00:52:55

we look at the world precisely from the point of view of

00:52:57

doomed cells; our consciousness; everything

00:53:00

that we call “I” is a dead-end branch of

00:53:03

evolution, brought into being by the movement of

00:53:05

our

00:53:25

hermetic zone, but nothing prevents us from disobeying

00:53:30

hermetic zone

00:53:33

in the genome, however, all instructions for

00:53:37

these details must

00:53:54

fit into the formation of a special

00:53:57

machine that throughout life

00:53:59

learns new instructions that are not

00:54:01

mentioned in any genes at all;

00:54:03

we call this device a brain thanks to

00:54:07

sexual reproduction. We differ from our

00:54:09

ancestors thanks to multicellularity; we

00:54:11

can think for ourselves. for ourselves, but for this

00:54:14

uniqueness we pay dearly, no matter how we

00:54:16

rise above our hermetic zone of

00:54:20

genes, one aspect of our relationship

00:54:23

remains unshakable hermo continues its

00:54:26

a somme, that is, our body and, as

00:54:29

a result, consciousness will sooner or later

00:54:32

have to leave Death is a new element

00:54:35

in a typical life In the cycle of a living

00:54:37

organism, of course, single-celled creatures

00:54:40

have died before, in addition to the relatively

00:54:43

recent prospect of being eaten,

00:54:45

any ancient cell could easily be

00:54:47

left without a power source and

00:54:49

simply dissolve in the ocean, or even

00:54:51

boiled in some boiling fountain

00:54:54

for a single-celled person, death means

00:54:56

defeat, boiled means not sharing, and the

00:55:00

other There are no tasks for a unicellular organism, but

00:55:02

for a multicellular one Death is not

00:55:04

defeat, it is part of the program Why a

00:55:06

multicellular organism

00:55:08

must die First of all, it should be

00:55:10

noted that for the average living

00:55:12

creature the question is not Why is

00:55:14

death needed in principle, but who, When

00:55:17

and how will eat it Fantasy on the theme of eternal

00:55:20

life is a luxury of exclusively

00:55:22

human thinking; in principle,

00:55:24

by turning to science fiction, it is quite

00:55:26

possible to imagine an ageless

00:55:28

multicellular organism; an eternal organism is

00:55:32

not the same as a

00:55:34

perpetual motion machine cannot exist

00:55:36

because it requires

00:55:37

getting energy from nowhere; an eternal

00:55:40

organism does not necessarily have

00:55:42

to create energy; on the contrary, he needs to

00:55:45

constantly eat well, receive

00:55:47

vitamins and antioxidants with food

00:55:50

in order to maintain his eternal body. In an

00:55:52

eternal state, an eternal living being

00:55:55

does not contradict the laws of biology or

00:55:57

physics, and yet there are no eternal organisms;

00:56:00

any organism will grow old sooner or later

00:56:03

and the reason for the existence of

00:56:05

aging will die is a very complex and ambiguous

00:56:08

question. It would seem incomparably cheaper

00:56:10

from an evolutionary point of view to extend

00:56:12

the life of an old person. So why didn’t this

00:56:14

happen over millions of years of evolution? We

00:56:17

have several versions; one of the versions

00:56:19

is that the probability

00:56:21

of reproducing with age decreases the

00:56:23

older you are it’s all the more surprising that you weren’t

00:56:26

eaten, which means that natural selection has a worse effect on health problems

00:56:29

that manifest themselves with age;

00:56:31

cancer in children is a big

00:56:34

problem for the population; cancer

00:56:37

has little effect on the gene pool in old people; according to another version, the

00:56:40

DNA contains a kind of technical support

00:56:42

for the body, including protection from

00:56:45

DNA damage, but this technical support has to

00:56:47

share funding with the

00:56:49

reproduction department, so evolution

00:56:51

distributes the budget between them because of

00:56:53

which, sooner or later, the contract for

00:56:55

technical support simply expires and the organism

00:56:58

dies from the accumulation of mutations; the cycle of life

00:57:02

and death of birth and decomposition of changes

00:57:05

and adaptation ensured the multicellularity of

00:57:08

earthlings; the reason for the inevitable mortality of

00:57:10

organisms is not that the organism

00:57:12

must certainly become unusable. The

00:57:14

point is that the

00:57:19

hermetic zone

00:57:21

and the evolutionary

00:57:25

hermetic zone Living bacteria and eternal

00:57:27

collectivists, with their group

00:57:29

approach to solving problems, always

00:57:31

remain separate cells, while at the same

00:57:34

time eukaryotes, having accepted individualism as a

00:57:36

life principle, continually strive

00:57:38

to make from different cells, some kind of

00:57:40

hyper-entrance like

00:57:47

super-omatics,

00:57:53

having crossed the threshold of our eukaryotic

00:57:56

predators and egoists, we began to

00:57:59

treat our own kind with great interest,

00:58:01

here a deeper theme can be traced

00:58:04

than cells sticking together with each other, the

00:58:06

evolutionary emergence of the new from the

00:58:09

totality of the old, because life is a

00:58:11

layering of levels, each of which

00:58:13

consists of the components of the previous one but is not

00:58:16

reduced to these components a

00:58:17

multicellular organism is not just a

00:58:19

lot of cells A cell is more than a

00:58:21

bunch of chromosomes and proteins molecules - It is not

00:58:24

just a set of atoms in each of these

00:58:26

cases the whole is more than the sum of the

00:58:29

components this phenomenon has many

00:58:30

names Synergy holism systemic

00:58:34

effect But perhaps the most appropriate word is

00:58:37

emergence emergence the idea

00:58:39

that Something is more than the sum of its

00:58:41

components molecule - It’s not just

00:58:43

a few atoms it’s also their special

00:58:45

configuration a sentence - it’s not just a

00:58:48

set of words it’s a meaning that grows

00:58:50

out of their relationships melody - It’s not

00:58:53

just a certain number of notes is

00:58:56

how they correlate in time. The whole

00:58:59

point is that the system has properties

00:59:01

that its components do not have, this is

00:59:04

emergence, but in the case of ever-

00:59:06

moving living nature, emergence is

00:59:08

not just a convenient term, not just a

00:59:10

concept or idea, it is a long-term

00:59:12

information strategy survival

00:59:14

is a way to forever create something new where

00:59:16

the possibilities seem to be exhausted by them after

00:59:19

listening and realizing this multi-level

00:59:22

pandis Linar narrative, think about the

00:59:24

ancient EO Katishka ancestors and their

00:59:26

insatiable pursuit of perfection,

00:59:28

the process we call evolution is

00:59:30

due to the fact that nothing ever

00:59:33

remains unchanged; living things have only

00:59:36

two mutually exclusive possibilities

00:59:38

allow entropy the second law of

00:59:40

thermodynamics that is house to take over

00:59:43

or resist entropy the second law

00:59:46

of thermodynamics states that the heat of a

00:59:48

hotter system moves only

00:59:50

towards the colder one this irreversible

00:59:53

process leads to great chaos

00:59:56

universal destruction to warriors it leads into darkness so

01:00:00

that heat moves from the

01:00:02

colder system to hotter,

01:00:04

external influence is necessary, the

01:00:06

influence of life, but entropy is not the

01:00:08

only law operating in the world. The law

01:00:10

is and oppositely directed

01:00:12

processes, creation and growth act to the

01:00:14

same extent as decay and death,

01:00:18

stars are born, the collapse of the planet,

01:00:20

beautifully ordered crystals are formed,

01:00:22

new forms of life

01:00:26

of culture develop Every time there is order in the

01:00:28

system rises to a new level they are

01:00:31

destroyed negentropy acts the force

01:00:35

opposite to entropy the achievement of

01:00:37

humanity is a discovery that

01:00:39

supports the cause of our protection from

01:00:41

entropy this applies to both science and

01:00:44

art because art structures

01:00:47

our electrical essence our nervous

01:00:50

system our consciousness entropy the most

01:00:53

general law of nature stating that

01:00:56

any a complex system sooner or later

01:00:58

breaks down and order turns into

01:01:01

disorder; parasites are a living manifestation of

01:01:04

entropy; they find a way to attach themselves

01:01:07

to a more complex organism and, with almost no

01:01:09

effort, suck out its energy,

01:01:11

often killing its owner. However, the

01:01:14

victory of entropy is by no means predetermined;

01:01:17

fighting entropy, we immediately

01:01:19

receive a reward every time moment

01:01:22

we enjoy the creation of a

01:01:24

person’s consciousness is filled with happiness in such

01:01:27

moments you understand your true

01:01:30

role Thank you for watching I

01:01:33

express special gratitude to those who supported the

01:01:35

creation of this issue by donation or on the

01:01:37

boost platform If you want to

01:01:39

support me all the links in the description of the beauty of the

01:01:42

Truth of love

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💻Научись создавать нейросети: https://go.skillfactory.ru/miloshruminov 💻Скидка 45% по промокоду MR45 Реклама. ООО «Скилфэктори» erid:2VtzqvybiNr В этом выпуске мы исследуем происхождение жизни и пытаемся ответить на главный вопрос философии — «в чем смысл жизни?». Выпуск сделан по мотивам прекрасной книги «Хлопок одной ладонью» Николая Кукушкина. Поддержать мою работу: Донат с российской карты — https://pay.cloudtips.ru/p/0a46549e Донат с иностранной карты — https://www.donationalerts.com/r/milosh_ruminov Boosty — https://boosty.to/miloshruminov С помощью криптовалюты: BTC: 157uKQtHNV9aMmT3zP8vJr4yv8nXGSoaZS TON: UQB8mrIXDrSyhBYG9zETMLjPUpegBR1A0p1MexNwHHWBMt8U USDT: TSbHJpjfmsgHt4iGev99mHxjCSVBgYcC7R (сеть TRC20) Подписывайтесь на другие ресурсы: Telegram — https://t.me/miloshruminov VK — https://vk.com/public213776586 Дзен — https://zen.yandex.ru/miloshruminov RuTube — https://rutube.ru/channel/23508923/ TikTok — https://www.tiktok.com/@milosh_ruminov Второй канал о кино — https://www.youtube.com/@our_stars_aligned Реклама: [email protected] Для других предложений: [email protected] Содержание выпуска: 0:00 — В чем смысл жизни? 1:10 — Биомимикрия 2:18 — Как мы появились? 3:50 — Последний общий предок 5:18 — Абиогенез 5:38 — Аргумент «Боинга» против эволюции 9:55 — Реклама 12:53 — Что такое энергия? 13:48 — Как работают атомы? 16:39 — Органическая материя 18:30 — Углерод и кислород 20:34 — Обмен веществ (метаболизм) 21:25 — Что такое информация? 21:49 — ДНК - РНК - Белки 24:06 — Комплементарность 25:58 — Центральная догма 27:57 — Загадка живой клетки 28:41 — Гипотеза РНК-мира 33:15 — Где появилась жизнь? 36:31 — Эукариоты и прокариоты 36:50 — Древо жизни 41:48 — Как жизнь стала дышать 43:19 — Эукариотический перелом 46:44 — Суперорганизм 49:14 — Лишенные мотивации 49:59 — Клеточное неравенство 54:38 — Почему мы стареем? 58:01 — Эмерджентность 59:19 — Энтропия и смысл жизни #miloshruminov #милошруминов #наука

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