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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:02
when they say that today is the time for00:00:05
bold decisions of breakthrough startups and00:00:07
then don’t actually believe it, if we00:00:10
talk about medicines, this time has already00:00:12
passed and you were somewhere there00:00:15
several thousand years ago when everything was00:00:17
limited only to numbers, then the00:00:18
tribesman had nothing else to00:00:21
carry out the experiment with he literally00:00:23
sees something in real life, someone ate something, someone died,00:00:27
but we write it down, it means we are no longer eating00:00:29
something00:00:30
fabulous, then we are more or less at peace, and as00:00:33
science developed, well, let’s00:00:36
say, what was considered science for a long time in the00:00:38
scientific room, a wide00:00:41
variety of the most medicines that are fun from our00:00:44
point of view, for example, one of the00:00:46
first sources that went there to the00:00:49
target target for us, which did not contain all the00:00:51
medical recipes, this is the Ebers papyrus,00:00:54
which dates back to about 155000:00:57
BC, ancient Egypt, as you00:00:59
understand, not such a wonderful00:01:00
recipe, we take fresh fermented00:01:03
seeds I’ll mix milk, sweet beer, drink it,00:01:06
after which you’ll immediately feel better, well,00:01:09
I suspect that it’s a recipe for a00:01:10
laxative, at least by and large it00:01:12
was said that it’s a general tonic, but yes, of00:01:15
course, it will strengthen the ability to tolerate00:01:19
this, it’s quite a normal mitsu, although from00:01:23
our point of view today, it will00:01:25
at least remove almost 2000 years, probably00:01:28
years of medicine's dominance not to lose a number of this is00:01:31
such a mess of everything,00:01:34
such a00:01:36
multi-component something that should00:01:38
firstly save from all existing00:01:40
known and unknown and secondly00:01:43
treat from all diseases the founder of00:01:45
this movement can be considered Dmitry dates00:01:47
6 Evpator by the way in honor00:01:49
the city of Evpatoria was named for him, he was very afraid of being00:01:51
poisoned, well, you know, that is, a00:01:53
comrade of power, he wants to be there as00:01:55
long as possible, much more than what is00:01:57
allocated for the local constitution, and00:02:01
I would be afraid, so I went to understand00:02:05
what kind of prison there was a whole variety of00:02:06
bad people about the filling just carried out00:02:09
that is, if he00:02:10
brownies of these various poisonous animals00:02:14
and then tried somehow spa preparation until00:02:17
when00:02:18
the prisoners ran out after00:02:20
more cruel laws were adopted and the00:02:23
cohort for the study was replenished, so00:02:26
in the end it turned out 54 others then there00:02:29
were two parts of snakes different imac00:02:33
opium and a lot a lot of things were00:02:34
interesting, it was believed that in general00:02:37
this remedy should help and by and00:02:40
large they didn’t have time to poison him until the spring,00:02:41
he had to throw himself on the ball00:02:44
because there was a small coup00:02:47
with the participation of all the Roman troops and00:02:48
we only learned all this thanks to the fact00:02:51
that the bike that conquered him will win in it,00:02:53
captured the words of the diary entries00:02:56
before they were translated into cotton wool and we got access00:02:58
to the topics of the recipe and to the recipes00:03:01
that Dmitry was working on, and00:03:04
from that time on, as you understand, if00:03:07
it was transferred to the hotel, respectively,00:03:09
internal Galen, the most famous of them00:03:12
doctors and since this is Galina’s00:03:15
teaching, it existed in medicine00:03:18
as a dogma and there are also about one and a half00:03:20
thousand I am no more with her, then00:03:22
this is the teaching that it is possible00:03:25
to treat everything, including poisoning, with00:03:27
a certain large set of a wide00:03:29
variety of things, she ruled the00:03:32
killers I didn’t expect this is exactly what00:03:33
the medicines looked like, for example, in the thirteenth century,00:03:37
the famous Venetian 3, what was the name of00:03:40
3 in00:03:42
Venice, it was sold for fabulous00:03:45
money, that is, if we translate it into00:03:46
our example, when it turns out so that one00:03:50
dose is so small, the size of a coin,00:03:52
it cost the same as a today’s plane,00:03:54
about the price of throwing and nevertheless, there00:03:58
was a demand, people believed that this medicine00:04:00
helps, as you understand,00:04:02
they stopped their legs and associated this with taking00:04:05
Torrio. However, in the same00:04:07
thirteenth century, one bad person,00:04:10
but from our point of view, dinner or good,00:04:12
he posted what is called in the public domain the00:04:15
recipe and gradually gradually it all00:04:19
went down, everyone could be it’s00:04:25
difficult, they don’t want to, the price fell again the same way00:04:28
and gradually from a panacea it00:04:30
turned into so you’re00:04:32
even a kind of laughingstock because sometimes00:04:35
they said so, don’t throw it away, the battery will do,00:04:38
like this, here’s how practice says00:04:40
the most ingredient this is the beginning of the 17th00:04:44
century, just in full bloom, the crisis of the00:04:46
detachments 3 motives can contain 25000:04:49
ingredients after interrogation was successfully00:04:52
available all in one in 1 hour mixed yes00:04:55
and please can be used00:04:57
lasted the last three ok00:04:59
officially registered was in the00:05:00
German help and and00:05:02
1872 then there is behave like00:05:05
life expectancy and so it’s complete00:05:08
nonsense and again he had a bright00:05:10
past absolutely bright it could be00:05:12
interfered with freely sold like00:05:14
hot cakes and all this was00:05:16
popular and the doctor who used it00:05:18
was considered scientifically proven by a doctor and one00:05:21
who follows traditions and so on as00:05:23
you understand, and the fact that this is what unites them all00:05:28
gives the skin the ingredients of the recipe oh it00:05:31
begins so take the puppies recently,00:05:34
cut them into pieces and then it’s clear that is,00:05:37
fried in olive oil,00:05:39
white wine is added my wounds so00:05:41
on and so forth this is a recipe for nerves and00:05:44
cough here is the result the squeeze is then00:05:47
used as a prescription for00:05:49
nerve medications, well, it’s clear that these are,00:05:53
again, ancient traditions of what00:05:55
is called already in 1770, they were00:05:58
quite actively criticized, but00:06:00
only in the sense that the mistakes here are00:06:02
unnecessary and everything else is normal00:06:05
here Antonova, who is considered one of the00:06:08
founders modern pharmacology, as00:06:10
it looks today, elements00:06:12
theoretically and practically, water formations are00:06:14
occupied in 770 Paris, a very00:06:17
interesting thing that there00:06:18
really are some things that00:06:20
modern pharmacology uses, there are00:06:23
some laws, some currents, and so00:06:26
on, and admit that this was already criticism00:06:30
carefully and so far only puppies everything00:06:33
else can be used further, as00:06:35
you already understand again, yes, these are00:06:37
the ingredients of 1 and drugs, and in the person of00:06:40
where two of these places are the South Russian00:06:42
Little Russian and so on, there is an assumption00:06:45
from what, well, it can be louder, well, almost that is,00:06:49
this is a remedy for the treatment of alcoholism,00:06:51
alcohol dependence, that is, we we take00:06:54
mice mice, or rather mice, newborn00:06:57
mice that are born to lose then the00:07:00
crowds, we hide them and with vodka after00:07:02
that we take the wheel hub, because we found00:07:05
a taste there in the Crimea, so we insist that we don’t00:07:07
let the wandering drink it,00:07:09
purely theoretically, we will00:07:12
form a conditioned reflex until almost00:07:15
got only negative ones because00:07:17
the taste can you imagine what00:07:19
this province will be like mice00:07:20
wheels lying around well one of the options00:07:24
probably has a right to exist00:07:25
this is traditional medicine this is what00:07:28
tradition sometimes calls for to return00:07:30
to everything else no or wheels it’s still00:07:33
better not to return the vast00:07:35
majority of medicines from up to our00:07:38
time, then our development times, they00:07:40
were created exclusively by the empirical00:07:43
method, that is, by simply brute force00:07:45
and trying, let’s put it together let’s00:07:47
see how it works, it doesn’t work well,00:07:49
okay, let’s change it, add it, and00:07:51
so on, this is how the00:07:53
most famous medicine was created, including00:07:55
in ours00:07:56
and they were built mainly on this00:07:59
principle, it is sometimes called the00:08:01
fifth level of evidence-based medicine and00:08:03
hp4, but from calling it the fifth level, yes, that00:08:06
is, this is an expert’s opinion without an accurate00:08:08
critical assessment, the study is based00:08:10
on physiological data, that is, we just00:08:12
believe that it should work and that’s why00:08:14
we create this medicine00:08:18
before I wrap it in some kind of casing and00:08:21
sell it to anyone suffering from any00:08:23
disease, we simply prescribe this00:08:25
medicine as a cure for or disease, that’s00:08:27
all, that is, there are no particularly00:08:29
confirmatory00:08:30
experiments, research and so on,00:08:32
all this was considered necessary by a lot not yet00:08:36
appeared so many maybe about00:08:39
50 years ago, we are 70 maximum ago, what we are00:08:42
used to talking about today within the framework of at00:08:44
least the same evidence, for example, one00:08:47
of the founders of the chemical direction of00:08:48
power pharmacology, a Nobel laureate and00:08:51
generally a wonderful scientist who00:08:54
said the main means and almost everything00:08:56
his predictions came true, for example, he00:08:58
worked on creating rally cars, showed a00:09:02
magic bullet against infections in the00:09:04
saltiest body, and then syphilis was00:09:07
one of the most problematic because you00:09:09
understand, on the tertiary site it00:09:11
turned into a neuro secret, sometimes the cutter did00:09:14
not end in progressive paralysis,00:09:16
and what was good was how then the00:09:18
first to fight this thought that00:09:20
organic compounds Mike for a man00:09:23
they should help with this disease00:09:26
why but because in the00:09:30
conditions of a laboratory experiment on the00:09:32
causative agents of this disease they were able to destroy them;00:09:37
another big problem is that we need to00:09:41
destroy the causative agent but leave them alive00:09:43
at the same time in the cent because if,00:09:45
on the contrary, it doesn’t turn out very well,00:09:47
he tried 605 compounds in succession,00:09:51
that is, he synthesized the first one,00:09:54
tried it on mice mice not you the next next00:09:56
next 605 unsuccessful 60600:10:00
turned out to be quite successful from came00:10:03
with a leopard, however, it was in this form that it00:10:06
did not last very long because There00:10:09
were still quite a lot of00:10:10
toxic substances in it, and I had to create Melson00:10:14
Varsan, which uses was used00:10:17
well, about 60, this is the appearance00:10:21
of normal ones,00:10:22
yes, this drug was created00:10:25
empirically, that is, by simply00:10:27
trying out one compound after another, there00:10:30
were absolutely curious cases, again, they00:10:32
were synthesized and there were dozens00:10:35
hundreds of different samples, they all underwent00:10:38
some kind of experimental testing and after00:10:40
that, naturally, order was restored in the laboratory; the00:10:42
samples were thrown out; not00:10:45
then, in some tucked away corner of a closet, they00:10:48
found a sample that had not been tested;00:11:00
I will take your breath away better known as00:11:03
or take the fifty-sixth year00:11:05
fifty-sixth year00:11:07
so think so.00:11:09
absolutely by accident during the general00:11:11
cleaning of the laboratories,00:11:12
if this cleaning had not been carried out,00:11:14
probably the discovery of this would not have been still00:11:17
approaching us in 1962, salicylates, well,00:11:20
aspirin was one of the00:11:22
first postcards, and it was00:11:24
taken from natural salicylates, that00:11:26
is, we can go today00:11:29
Brew on the new bark graph and by and large00:11:31
this decoction will work quite well00:11:33
as an antipyretic because there00:11:35
is something fashionable at first, but you can00:11:38
control the effect, we need to direct the00:11:40
doses and predict some00:11:41
side effects and so on, so00:11:43
where do we get it from? the active substance00:11:45
was synthesized and chemical and put00:11:48
into production for the industrial production of00:11:49
aspirin, there are quite a lot of00:11:52
not very pleasant side effects,00:11:55
first of all on the gastric mucosa,00:11:57
mazda treatment can definitely cause it, and00:12:00
so on, so they tried to find a replacement for it,00:12:03
more or less suitable, and so when00:12:07
Sergei scientists were looking for salicylates, Stuart to00:12:10
take revenge for the metal dream, they just again00:12:12
sorted through 200 salicylates one by one,00:12:15
that is, it synthesizes, look, it turned00:12:17
out again synthesizes, they look at what00:12:19
happened and somewhere in the first 20000:12:21
attempts they succeeded in it, and before00:12:25
that practically nothing worked,00:12:27
again the method of brute force and more not all,00:12:30
but this wonderful00:12:31
preparation Zimin, which was awarded a00:12:33
Nobel Prize in 1915,00:12:35
again also exclusively by00:12:38
brute force, and the information was taken from00:12:40
old sources from Chinese treatises,00:12:43
the text has reached us and they took it as00:12:45
we take the treatise written, this plant00:12:47
cures the disease that is00:12:49
called today malaria, I isolate samples, it does00:12:52
n’t work out next next00:12:54
next about 2 about 200000:12:57
candidates went through and eventually came to the00:13:00
most common wormwood annuals yes there is one00:13:02
that was isolated from communication and mine of00:13:04
course they had their own deliveries again and00:13:07
had to be isolated in its pure form to00:13:09
strengthen purify so on understandable00:13:12
words, you can’t take the floors, not just00:13:14
eat it and hope to00:13:16
get rid of me in this way,00:13:20
and it was for this discovery that moreover00:13:25
it is still used, that00:13:28
is, here is the method of how we will fight, for00:13:30
example, with the resistance of bacteria to00:13:33
various antibiotics, we simply take and create 300 variants of00:13:36
this old well-known00:13:37
erythromycin bacteria are lost and let00:13:40
die because they know how to deal with everything,00:13:43
this method is an empirical method of enumerating the00:13:46
FDA without any forecasts without00:13:49
predictions and so on, all this00:13:50
is still used today when we talk00:13:54
about drugs and immediately the question arises: what00:13:56
such drugs, yes, because00:13:59
if we look at the packaging we00:14:02
will find at least three names there, so00:14:05
1 of them will be chemical, here is the00:14:07
uppermost n4 hydroxyl of the body, acetamide, this is00:14:11
for the record the chemical name of00:14:13
the principle,00:14:14
but it’s hard to pronounce, it’s hard to ask,00:14:17
and so on, that’s why it was a00:14:19
special institute has been introduced which is00:14:21
called the international non-proprietary00:14:23
name for them there are their own rules according to00:14:26
which they are created there are certain00:14:29
books where all this is written down and00:14:31
paracetamol and acetaminophen these are two00:14:34
international political scientists names00:14:36
for this compound00:14:37
but as you understand the manufacturer is not 100:14:41
until today very many00:14:43
pharmaceutical enterprises produce00:14:45
need to be somehow different, you can somehow00:14:47
recognize it, so there is a third00:14:50
name, that is, a trade00:14:53
groan, I counted, in my opinion, 6400:14:55
trade names and the most different ones,00:14:57
it’s clear the dream book is hard to get confused, so00:15:00
when we talk about medicine, we talk00:15:03
about this, that is, about international a00:15:05
non-proprietary name00:15:06
and if you count in general, then there are so00:15:09
many of them because there is a book of sindragosa00:15:11
health care in the penis, there are00:15:14
about 9000 juices listed there today,00:15:16
that is, there are about00:15:19
9000 records in the world, this is not so much if00:15:21
you count how many manufacturers who00:15:23
want to make money from this is why, of00:15:26
course, there is much more pain with trade names,00:15:28
we are gradually moving on to00:15:30
why, for the time of other drugs, both the00:15:33
present and the future became dark00:15:36
because we had to prove the effects, yes, so00:15:40
we just created it, showed these00:15:44
muscles, don’t remove it, it’s good no, unfortunately there is00:15:47
no such thing for produce for us00:15:49
to promise because finally there are00:15:52
requirements for which a medicine from the00:15:55
moment of invention, yes, that is, it is00:15:56
somewhere around here and until the moment it00:15:59
enters the market, is like going through00:16:01
certain stages, and00:16:03
without this, no modern medicine00:16:06
appears on the market00:16:08
if we believe that at the stage of00:16:11
invention we have about00:16:13
10 thousand candidate molecules for this. 10 thousand00:16:17
candidate molecules, then the output00:16:19
may turn out to be 1 out of 2 thousand, or there may00:16:22
not be any at all, that is, all00:16:24
this work may turn out to be a failure because00:16:27
either climate the cat will be very00:16:30
narrow yes yes yes this is the00:16:32
difference between toxic and active doses or00:16:36
some other or well, we are just more expensive00:16:38
than women already existing on the market00:16:39
so nothing will work out and if you00:16:42
look at the time, then the development of00:16:45
one drug and you are due to the market00:16:47
requirement For about 10-15 years, I’ve been whining about00:16:51
money, I’ll say a little later because it’s a00:16:53
separate story now, it’s00:16:55
roads, roads, and as00:16:57
you can see, it’s a huge, quite a path,00:17:00
very difficult and costly, and00:17:02
a lot of people are involved here, as if00:17:04
preclinical studies are going on00:17:07
here without only the scientists themselves will open00:17:08
clinical studies here, and00:17:11
people are involved in them, and if00:17:14
you look at the costs you will have for any00:17:17
drug Narmin, but the biggest00:17:19
pathological research is almost00:17:21
half of all costs, why because00:17:23
we have to attract people, we00:17:25
have to insure them and pay for them00:17:27
here from the essence is ready for unfavorable00:17:29
outcomes, accordingly, make some kind of00:17:32
compensation costs and so on, that00:17:34
is, this is a gigantic amount even for00:17:36
the approval of a drug, that00:17:38
is, for 1 preparation for but a package to00:17:40
pay for everyone, so on, the00:17:42
author of the articles is required with the topic [ __ ] you, how is this amount00:17:45
It looks like I just made a sign on the00:17:47
most well-known00:17:49
companies, I looked at how many00:17:51
drugs they have on the market in the world over the last 12 years,00:17:54
but based on the information00:17:56
that was available, and for example, we00:17:58
get so scary vases to spent00:18:00
11 billion dollars on one drug00:18:03
for one drug 11 billion dollars, but00:18:07
others are a little smaller, but everywhere00:18:08
we talk about a billion, that is, it’s00:18:11
more than a billion, the smallest one00:18:13
we have there is three point 60 billion,00:18:16
the amount is gigantic, not all of them are cash00:18:18
registers and by and large, so we are00:18:21
now in the medicinal market, let’s say00:18:24
we are seeing something the unpleasant phenomenon the00:18:26
phenomenon before is the following: the00:18:28
number of approved drugs drops00:18:31
to that is, if in ninety-six00:18:34
we had more effect of the drugs00:18:35
of this, while we are talking according to American00:18:37
statistics, well, what to do in them00:18:39
to stop what is happening is that it almost00:18:41
halved in 2014 and at the same time00:18:44
look how the cost of00:18:46
300 million has increased to 1.8 billion on average,00:18:50
we take the average costs of00:18:53
the drug growing less and less and here we can just00:18:55
look, despite the past, the number of00:18:58
companies that are engaged in this has00:18:59
grown significantly in recent times and a00:19:03
huge amount of money has00:19:05
been invested in this, we can look here there is a00:19:07
very interesting graph on the left and00:19:09
on the right; you can look at them later at the00:19:11
presentation; it’s really00:19:13
interesting; it means that the main thing here is that the00:19:15
percentage of development in all00:19:19
the most, let’s say, significant areas for us,00:19:21
if you look at the fact that we have00:19:22
immunology, it has dropped slightly by s800:19:25
drugs to 7 0 percent is the00:19:28
same thing endocrinology fell greatly00:19:30
ophthalmology fell greatly then I almost all00:19:32
fell the only one who more or less00:19:34
rose these are drugs for the treatment of00:19:36
diseases of the central nervous system00:19:38
and drugs from the field of oncology why00:19:42
because firstly now there when the00:19:45
main money is added up there the00:19:46
bulk of the discovery is being made, which is why there are a00:19:49
large00:19:53
number of drugs; in addition, they00:19:55
can be purchased through state00:19:57
insurance; they can purchase one00:19:59
promising seed; everything else; we have00:20:02
not seen new antibiotics in medicine for a very long time;00:20:03
they have not appeared for a long time;00:20:05
we have not seen drugs for the treatment of00:20:08
bronchial and the biggest00:20:10
problem00:20:12
of cardiology and so on, that is, everything00:20:13
has been weighed by such a pronounced00:20:15
stagnation and one can say that the00:20:18
chemical part of pharmacology is most likely00:20:20
itself from the mirror, as in principle00:20:22
any medicine reaches well, let’s00:20:24
assume we didn’t find a00:20:26
promising molecule to give from don’t00:20:28
eat the first thing We don’t produce this, we00:20:31
study in vitro what is called00:20:33
that is, in the conditions of an experiment on00:20:35
cell cultures,00:20:36
where did they come from, this is also a00:20:39
very recent invention, and it00:20:41
was a mass, consider it to be a bright past,00:20:43
because today this story00:20:45
would have been impossible in 195400:20:46
movie skin an American turned to the world of00:20:49
steps from John Hopkins she was00:20:51
diagnosed with cervical cancer,00:20:53
she unfortunately died very quickly00:20:55
they have Robin radiators Geneva-2 but00:20:58
those cells that were all taken from her00:21:01
for analysis and which the descendant looked at later,00:21:03
he noticed that they are00:21:05
endless vakar clones are divided and similar to each00:21:07
other, but in fact they were,00:21:10
except for the same thing, they are absolutely the00:21:13
same, what does this mean that we can00:21:14
make a standard, we can make00:21:16
a standard, the investigator was able to understand00:21:19
that they did not have lax tickets or00:21:21
relatives, no one00:21:22
asked permission for this the truth turned out00:21:24
after the fact later in the 70s, but00:21:27
nevertheless this mass discovery was00:21:29
made precisely on this line of his line00:21:31
tickets lax here and the field were able to here and00:21:34
hiv here cloning here and a very00:21:37
mass mass almost all modern00:21:39
discoveries of the last decades if they00:21:42
were made just for these troubles,00:21:44
and I’ll repeat it again in the 70s,00:21:46
when somewhere here it turned out that00:21:49
this culture is so aggressive that00:21:51
it is capable of infecting other cultures,00:21:53
that is, if you didn’t wash well, let’s say00:21:55
laboratory glassware, then it’s possible that00:21:58
in the video let's assume the skin that we00:22:00
populate there and in the end there will be00:22:03
henrietta lax cells to separate them from each other00:22:05
this line is called hello00:22:07
that is, by the00:22:08
initials this woman00:22:10
had to take a tunic from you to00:22:13
analyze the content genetically it is there since it’s00:22:16
time to leave the relatives in communication are00:22:18
aware that this line still00:22:20
exists and that at the level of cells they00:22:23
separated still lives in what00:22:25
all over the world because this is one of the first00:22:27
commercial lines, that is, it is sold00:22:29
all over the world and00:22:31
naturally the relatives did not00:22:33
receive anything because they said, well, what are the00:22:35
big questions which he worked on a00:22:37
long time ago died of such claims, we don’t00:22:39
know anything and until now this is the cell00:22:42
line it is used all over the world00:22:44
since we studied it at the00:22:47
cellular level, then we need a living organism,00:22:49
yes, it’s clear that she likes to experiment right away,00:22:52
you can’t even though the days of00:22:53
the frame of this are straight deserve but we00:22:56
need laboratory animals, that is,00:22:57
we need to see how tactfully00:22:59
this compound does not kill the00:23:02
patient first only then the disease,00:23:04
unfortunately, very unfortunately, this is a very00:23:07
accurate method, we can only get00:23:09
approximate results, they are transferable,00:23:11
so the result is not in about 5-15 percent of00:23:14
cases but without them, again, I repeat,00:23:16
it’s impossible because if we immediately00:23:18
move on to people, these are all these deaths,00:23:20
which unfortunately turns out to be00:23:22
all laboratory animals, they will be in00:23:24
public,00:23:25
which is important here, one of the important one of the00:23:30
important things is not people saying that, but00:23:33
look at this unethical and so on need to be00:23:36
freed and some are directly released, the00:23:40
real problem is that these00:23:44
creatures are created specifically, they are00:23:46
specially created to be00:23:49
used in laboratory00:23:50
experiments, these are the so-called pure00:23:52
lines, that is, as a result of00:23:54
inbreeding,00:23:56
certain characteristics are fixed in them00:23:59
there will be no Elena who00:24:00
are responsible for some of the eyesight of the wrong people,00:24:03
or they develop tumors more often, and00:24:05
so on, that is, if we set them00:24:07
free, nothing good will happen and they did00:24:10
n’t just die in vain, here they00:24:12
die solely from, let’s say, in00:24:14
order to live people, since with00:24:17
Markelovich's decline you still00:24:18
exist, yes, but nevertheless there are a00:24:22
lot of these 3 on this topic and one of the00:24:26
promising directions is00:24:27
to find the so-called organs when00:24:30
real bodies are taken, their secrets are00:24:32
combined with some00:24:34
sensor microcircuits and so on, and it is possible that00:24:37
such artificial, let’s say,00:24:39
human ones, they will eventually replace00:24:41
animals, but for now it’s not like without animals,00:24:44
although yes, there are a lot of all sorts of nuances00:24:48
of data that need to be properly maintained,00:24:50
they literally recently shared00:24:52
their impressions with00:24:54
American colleagues who work with00:24:58
animals because of the fact that it means the00:25:01
organization puts a lot of pressure on00:25:02
air carriers, now many00:25:04
air carriers refuse to transport00:25:06
animals, they have to be ordered by00:25:09
rail, but transport them00:25:11
without the same containers that were previously00:25:13
transported by air, as00:25:15
a result, the mice arrive all bitten,00:25:18
but you understand, they only yell in the00:25:20
photographs such meat is actually00:25:22
very severe there strictly there are fights for00:25:25
the hierarchy, there it comes to murder, all00:25:28
this kind of thing come, animals are absolutely unsuitable00:25:31
for use and the musanif are under00:25:32
stress and they are with different people and so on, that00:25:35
is, it is impossible to work with them00:25:37
there is a human factor, including, for00:25:39
example, a widely known case when they gave00:25:42
which one to determine the sex of a mouse - or00:25:45
graduate school in general, the only equipment00:25:48
that was shown to him, look, here’s a boy00:25:51
and a girl, okay, so he00:25:52
laid out the approximate ones, and when they conducted00:25:54
a study, some00:25:56
absolutely wonderful results from these00:25:58
hotels were published, it turned out that he was00:26:01
actually randomized into these00:26:04
two groups by gender, that is, there was no there was a00:26:06
separate boy a fake girl a00:26:08
job down the drain, and besides, of course, there are00:26:11
things that are not taken into account that they are lying,00:26:14
how00:26:16
next is the00:26:18
next step that is done in a00:26:21
clinical study is registered00:26:24
in the design before and experiments are carried out on00:26:26
people, all this is documented,00:26:28
insurance documents are drawn up, the00:26:31
documents of this are so such almost00:26:33
documents are made for each participant in00:26:35
clinical trials, in addition,00:26:37
you need to register the design of this if00:26:40
the experiment what does this mean that you00:26:41
classify everything there so you will00:26:44
choose groups according to what principles early to00:26:46
endorse how to then evaluate so on00:26:48
what intermediate points are not final points00:26:51
so on what is everything for this is done00:26:52
because there is a00:26:54
great temptation to first get00:26:57
the result and then adjust a00:26:59
suitable design for them, and many people00:27:01
do this, unfortunately, I think tomorrow00:27:03
Sergey talks about this pain at length in a00:27:04
separate special lecture about this, he is00:27:06
wandering around here somewhere with this and00:27:08
how since at these moments I think that it is00:27:12
becoming more detailed,00:27:14
there are still cunning people who first00:27:16
carry out the research because it is objective00:27:19
to register and so the leading journals00:27:21
of the world have been for several years and some00:27:25
for more than ten years have not accepted00:27:27
the publication of articles with the results not00:27:30
washed away that were00:27:31
registered priests why am I all and00:27:33
we have finally reached the first phase of a00:27:36
clinical trial on humans here of00:27:37
exclusively healthy volunteers00:27:39
and these abortions, in general, already00:27:41
exist in every country where00:27:43
people will be selected almost like astronauts, that is, they00:27:45
must be absolutely healthy people00:27:47
need to look how the drug behaves00:27:50
in the human body, it’s clear this will be a00:27:52
small group there, what if this00:27:54
person and here we again, we don’t00:27:56
look at how effective it is, we00:27:58
just look at how it works and one of the00:28:02
known ones again for the case when at the00:28:03
first or stage of the study00:28:05
this was stopped when a00:28:08
fairly promising drug for the00:28:10
treatment of pulmonary hypertension was being studied, it00:28:12
dilates the veins and, accordingly, the heart00:28:15
becomes much lighter from this,00:28:17
so people in the UK who00:28:20
were offered to test the drug on themselves00:28:22
began to approach the investigators and say, I’m00:28:24
listening to you, there are no more such tasty00:28:26
tablets from them, a wonderful effect,00:28:28
I apologize excellent lecture,00:28:32
those who started the clinical00:28:35
trial realized that they had stumbled00:28:36
upon a gold mine, naturally, the00:28:39
clinical trials were immediately stopped,00:28:41
otherwise you are new, that is,00:28:43
re-registered, which means new ones00:28:45
can be fully directed, so we got00:28:47
a vegan and it is clear that here the00:28:49
largest compartment is a third of the drugs00:28:51
go away immediately because they don’t work, the00:28:53
second phase is one of the most difficult00:28:56
because here we need to work with00:28:58
patients and evaluate some kind of setting00:29:01
in what mode and so on, here it’s more difficult00:29:04
than that we need to select similar patients,00:29:06
this is very difficult and a00:29:09
huge number of mistakes are made here. it is00:29:11
at this level when they select just00:29:13
the wrong group which we must not00:29:14
forget to compare the thing is difficult yes but00:29:17
nevertheless necessary and the second most powerful00:29:19
from those happens somewhere here and00:29:22
finally the third when we showed you they don’t00:29:25
kill the healthy when he treats the sick00:29:27
and now here we can start00:29:29
comparing it, maybe we will find00:29:30
something that will allow us to bring it to the00:29:32
market, it can be upgraded by third00:29:34
marked, maybe it will cost less,00:29:37
that is also an important fact, maybe there00:29:40
will be some positive side effects on the contrary,00:29:43
and so on, all this is assessed00:29:44
during the third base, again, which00:29:47
not everyone goes through, unfortunately, and not00:29:50
introducing promising drugs may00:29:52
be cut down solely because of00:29:54
the price because they turn out to be too00:29:55
expensive, yes they can enter the market and00:29:59
then the gene therapy drug disappear, let’s00:30:02
assume the first drugs that00:30:04
were related to the genocide of the fatherland00:30:06
if we talk about that yes,00:30:08
there are also 4 phases when the drug is already00:30:10
allowed to be released on the market and then it is00:30:12
monitored, but unfortunately in the00:30:16
fourth phase there is also no00:30:18
need to wrap it up because the cost of a00:30:20
mistake, you see, is gigantic, today it all00:30:22
started, yes, that’s why there was such a00:30:24
need multi-stage about yourself00:30:26
obstacles if you can say yes for the00:30:28
medicinal galina honey crisis 6 200:30:31
years the most famous, perhaps the00:30:33
biggest failure in history in00:30:36
modern pharmacology when pregnant women were prescribed a00:30:39
drug as an anti-emetic to a00:30:43
sedative and so on, and as a result,00:30:45
children were born simply infinity and it00:30:48
turned out, in general, only00:30:51
some time after the drug00:30:53
appeared on the market and from eight to00:30:55
twelve thousand newborns, they, in00:30:57
general, were the result of the effects of00:30:59
this drug, after that they began00:31:01
to say that before the guys, we need00:31:03
multi-stage studies00:31:05
involving everyone possible with00:31:08
multiple ones who came to us and so on but00:31:11
as I said, all this continues to this00:31:13
day and that’s how the 7th crisis, let’s say it was00:31:15
only in 2005 that it ended you already in00:31:18
our twenty-first century when00:31:20
the drug got too many00:31:22
lethal side effects, including00:31:25
still, unfortunately, we don’t know how it’s valuable00:31:28
to predict the properties of organic00:31:29
molecules, they are generally quite complex00:31:32
for this, and even more so how they will00:31:35
behave inside our body, we, by00:31:38
and large, and our teachers do not00:31:40
know very well, but here it turns out that 200:31:42
unknown things before the capital change00:31:44
together and we still have some the effects can be00:31:46
predicted, this is00:31:48
the only option that has been told today,00:31:50
this is the only option that we00:31:52
can work with, we can see00:31:54
the effects, we may not know the exact00:31:56
molecular mechanism of action, we may00:31:58
not know yet, but we can evaluate the effects00:32:00
and compare the drugs with each other, which is why we00:32:02
show if very00:32:04
briefly, literally just a resort, one of the00:32:07
options as there cannot be a medicine of00:32:09
the future, yes, it just recently00:32:10
appeared on the market, it was finally00:32:12
released, it is not approved for the use of a00:32:14
drug for, but let’s say genetic00:32:17
modifications lipocide is called on the map,00:32:19
that is, by the name of chimeric antigen00:32:23
receptors by and large, we00:32:25
have anti-tumor immunity,00:32:26
our immunocompetent cells must00:32:29
recognize tumor cells by a00:32:31
certain partner, sometimes it doesn’t00:32:33
work, for example, in cases about the mother,00:32:36
they don’t know how to recognize these cells,00:32:38
not how can we teach us, we can00:32:41
force the cell to00:32:43
synthesize a special receptor for him in a competent manner00:32:45
he00:32:48
didn’t have this recipe at all in principle00:32:50
and it can never arise, we00:32:53
introduce this program from we don’t00:32:55
force ourselves to make a new00:32:58
recognition antenna that clings00:33:00
to a certain area until the antigen is00:33:04
on the membrane of the tumor cell after00:33:06
that, yes, I can already disassemble it for00:33:08
parts we created we can00:33:10
destroy this is what it looks like on the00:33:13
3D model, yes, that is, two00:33:15
intelligent cells pounced on this00:33:17
tumor cell, this process00:33:19
occurs outside the person, so far we do00:33:21
not know how to modify the00:33:23
rare and inside the person it is safe for00:33:25
him, what is done here is that we take00:33:28
the blood, we purify it we highlight the secrets00:33:32
that interest us, we equip them with a00:33:35
special antigen, it appeared00:33:37
as we add it using bios to the vector00:33:40
and we add a certain program, it is00:33:42
executed, it is synthesized by this recipe,00:33:44
then we check it, we test it because00:33:47
but it should work and only those00:33:49
that have00:33:50
actually associated the color you are targets00:33:52
we then wash it and inject it into the person,00:33:56
that is, this is a rather long00:33:58
process and that is why this medicine00:34:00
costs about a million dollars for each00:34:03
patient, as you understand, an00:34:05
individual person will not be able to afford such an amount,00:34:08
and it will most likely be less than, at00:34:10
best, some state00:34:11
insurance and so on therefore, it is necessary to00:34:14
reduce the cost of how to reduce the cost of bringing00:34:17
this entire process inside a person so that00:34:19
all this is not necessary, and yes, such work00:34:22
actually appeared quite connected00:34:24
bones of two years have already learned to remember00:34:27
or sent at least a mouse to00:34:28
bring in this section with a program00:34:33
so that it is responsible for synthesis they have already00:34:35
learned to administer the protein parenterally, that is,00:34:38
we can introduce it into the macroworld of mice mice00:34:41
wanted to tell the results from them are00:34:43
very transferable to me but nevertheless00:34:45
this prospect is the direction in00:34:47
which scientists are now working and this is the00:34:50
medicine of the future as you can see from00:34:52
chemical pharmacology here the fire salad is00:34:54
practically nothing food here for 5 you00:34:57
goblin, by the way, I’ll skip this layer00:34:59
because you talk for a very long time00:35:01
at the same time as the release of this medicine,00:35:04
we managed to immediately release medicine blocks of the00:35:06
side effect of this medicine00:35:09
because one of the main one of the basic00:35:11
laws of pharmacology, he will throw something like this00:35:14
if there is no direct effect, that means or rather, there wo00:35:17
n’t be a side effect, which means there’s no00:35:18
direct medicine, all the medicines for now are00:35:21
working, you can just remember whatever you00:35:23
say, a side effect has already been released, a00:35:26
special one and literally such a very00:35:29
interesting therapy that is promising is00:35:31
not chemical at all, but very00:35:33
natural, it’s a stool transplant donuts00:35:36
someone, that is, me As I understand it, in addition to00:35:38
blood donors in Siberia, a donor account will be in demand00:35:40
because this thing, as it00:35:41
turned out, is very promising, because the00:35:44
main thing here is that it is more profitable00:35:47
economically in 1.2 1.4 center than00:35:50
treatment with antibiotics in banks, prices are00:35:52
almost a death sentence, this means that this thing00:35:55
will really appear on the market and it00:35:56
the truth has appeared, that is, in at least00:35:58
the United States it has already been approved and in00:36:01
some cases when you are called not to00:36:04
be a redneck in the fall by juicy bacteria and00:36:07
which is called a hospital infection00:36:09
in this case it turns out to be00:36:12
not the healthiest to cope with, well, so that you00:36:15
understand that in general it’s all the same00:36:17
is carried out under more or less decent00:36:19
conditions, they are a direct transfusion,00:36:21
after all, they take just a part, let’s say,00:36:25
from the donor’s intestines, and he is00:36:28
naturally healthy, he is examined, this is a00:36:30
healthy person, then we remove all this,00:36:32
all these solid particles, why,00:36:34
by and large, we leave only00:36:36
the microflora itself and those food00:36:38
substrate and with which we then00:36:41
administer either capsules or00:36:44
deep enemas either during endoscopy or00:36:46
during our pedo, that is, in00:36:49
any of the holes, our main task is00:36:52
not to let their teeth die because00:36:54
our stomach destroys a lot of00:36:56
probiotics like you you understand the whole00:36:58
direction with probiotics, it stalled,00:37:00
apparently due to the fact that, firstly,00:37:03
some of them were in the boat and secondly,00:37:07
it was still not quite,00:37:09
well, let’s say a suitable flora, yes it00:37:12
was useful and it is possible, but00:37:15
it was useful only within the framework00:37:16
experiment inside a person, you need to00:37:19
populate such a close-knit paired00:37:21
community, everyone should be exactly a00:37:23
community in this sense, to someone00:37:27
else’s computer, which is already, well, more precisely, the00:37:29
intestinal microflora00:37:30
that have been existing with each other for a long time,00:37:33
which does not allow any00:37:35
intruders in, and so on, this is a wonderful00:37:38
team that can work00:37:40
including against cheap infections, and yes, it00:37:43
turns out to be a very high percentage of00:37:45
effectiveness, that is, a medicine like this was00:37:48
never dreamed of, 95 percent turns out there,00:37:51
but again this is not a chemical direction,00:37:54
this is what is now called, that is,00:37:56
do it like that and everything else, but also speaking of00:37:58
some advanced ones delved into comrades in the00:38:01
sense of management and everything else,00:38:04
especially now in00:38:08
this way they buy companies and immediately00:38:12
take them away on the soft side, this comrade, the price00:38:14
for one tablet of a drug that00:38:16
acts against some protozoa00:38:19
increased by 5400 percent when he00:38:22
was asked why we did this, the answer00:38:24
was why not why I can’t00:38:27
do this, in fact, indeed,00:38:28
such obstacles do not exist;00:38:31
today this is not the only00:38:32
condition, that is, such attempts00:38:34
have been made numerous times. I wish they could00:38:36
all continue because, as I00:38:39
already said, a lot depends on00:38:40
money and the00:38:42
dark future in including clinical00:38:45
pharmacology, it is associated with too00:38:47
high costs, including00:38:49
development for research, for everything00:38:51
else, the prospects will most likely00:38:55
lie in the field of biotechnology, that00:38:58
is, everything that concerns biotechnology, and fortunately,00:39:01
part of our country did not manage to00:39:03
completely destroy it, and this is00:39:05
the direction of research00:39:07
we have developed a lamp, we still have a00:39:08
biotechnological company that00:39:10
produces either drugs for him or00:39:12
something else, and if the wife is what the00:39:14
future of all pharmacology in general is connected with this,00:39:17
she will most likely cease00:39:19
to be chemical as much as it00:39:21
is and will gradually become biologically00:39:24
immunological and so on she will move on00:39:26
not a lot of other quality and they say00:39:29
that this example is not the only one, here is a00:39:31
wonderful medicine that you wo00:39:33
n’t find here at all, yes, that is, a pale00:39:35
charged syringe with adrenaline, why is it00:39:38
needed, for example, you were bitten by a sofa and you are00:39:42
allergic to bee venom, only00:39:45
a bag appears and you do nothing you will do00:39:47
the only thing that can be done on the spot,00:39:50
let’s say sportif it will be with the help of00:39:52
this and circle the nectar a certain00:39:54
dose of adrenaline you will not00:39:56
carry ampoules with you, they need a certain00:39:58
temperature and this charge is00:40:00
a prize for me that can withstand, in general, both00:40:02
sub-zero temperatures and positive ones, the thing is00:40:04
wonderful but00:40:06
now, if you look at its cost here, it’s00:40:10
already about 6,000 rubles. 6,000 is00:40:16
this thing that saves lives. I00:40:18
understand that you have to pay for life for a00:40:20
very long time, and so on, but if00:40:22
you look at the cost of adrenaline, up to00:40:24
which it includes 4, and the00:40:28
fact that00:40:30
money is of course good, but this is not00:40:33
the main thing, putting the00:40:35
welfare of a person with this is precisely the problem,00:40:39
thank you for your attention, will there be a question00:40:49
because here is00:41:10
an example of another stop when you00:41:13
stop,00:41:17
unfortunately, too much and literally00:41:20
recently stopped something now I don’t00:41:22
remember the Jesuit what exactly but there were00:41:24
and with a fatal outcome with00:41:26
the closer is associated with fatal outcomes00:41:28
in the second with these severe side00:41:30
effects that I will discover in00:41:32
experimental groups, yes00:41:35
there is such news regularly, there are a lot of them,00:41:37
that is, right now I don’t remember any one, let’s00:41:39
assume in case there are just a lot of them00:42:14
the problem really exists and the00:42:17
main main hyip let’s say that it does00:42:20
n’t accelerate around it, it’s00:42:22
done for preventive purposes00:42:24
only for preventive purposes00:42:26
because there is a problem with this, but00:42:29
we have reserves, we have so far00:42:32
there and all the bacteria that nothing can00:42:35
cope with, that’s absolutely nothing and it won’t00:42:37
seem isolated and fortunately they don’t00:42:40
spread in our population,00:42:42
let’s say, or the Andes would literally give00:42:45
an epidemic, and I work at best, or00:42:47
rather, at worst, of course, as a00:42:49
hospital infection; in addition, there are a00:42:52
lot of other directions, for example,00:42:54
bacteriophages have now been removed from the dusty closet00:42:55
and are being studied quite well, taking into account00:42:59
those the knowledge that we have accumulated in00:43:01
molecular biology now, for example,00:43:03
it is possible to tame predatory00:43:06
animals, that is, we00:43:08
have a whole pool in our intestines and00:43:10
intestinal bacteria there made brion and00:43:13
so on they can be modified and00:43:15
set on certain00:43:16
things besides I showed here00:43:19
a nanoparticle, yes they are also quite00:43:21
actively used, we can00:43:23
place toxins inside on top of the nanoparticle,00:43:25
put a receptor that reacts to a00:43:27
specific bacterium, we don’t come to the spear, it00:43:30
destroys, in addition, this option is00:43:33
brute force, and it even showed that not00:43:35
everything has been exhausted yet because there are00:43:37
83 percent of cases on a stable blog00:43:41
we managed to achieve good things, of course yes00:43:44
this is a problem and it’s good that they say it’s00:43:45
better I can’t talk about it not before00:43:47
it covered the whole world00:43:49
[music]00:43:53
increase when people this is when we have a00:43:56
robot00:44:05
to00:44:09
block you00:44:11
[music]00:44:20
a big problem and people are discussing00:44:23
because now science has gone far ahead of these00:44:26
with morals and they are still catching up, but those who00:44:29
are being driven to this have been caught up and00:44:32
problems have begun there, but now I’m afraid00:44:34
that these documents will soon catch up with00:44:36
everything else because there is00:44:39
a lot here that is correct, not good, tasteless, so00:44:42
on they came up with00:44:43
this always happens, if you look00:44:47
at history, it always happened, we first00:44:50
make a breakthrough and then it is driven away by morality00:44:53
and ethics, some agreements00:44:55
still arise there, and we move on further,00:44:58
it develops and so far there are no00:45:01
such cunning stoppers, just00:45:04
no research at all in general there00:45:06
has not been such progress yet, I hope00:45:08
that it will be like this and that it will continue00:45:11
to develop like this, I understand that for gear within a00:45:13
certain framework we will not have such a00:45:15
large field, that is, the possibilities of scientists are00:45:18
now developing all these technologies forward,00:45:21
then they will finally agree, it was possible to get00:45:24
them right away and start using00:45:53
it, well, patent protection is much longer than00:45:57
25 years, that is,00:46:00
quite a long time of use and it’s clear00:46:04
why they invested absolutely00:46:06
crazy money, it needs to00:46:07
be called a pallet, yes they really do, but the00:46:11
problem is that the molecule is given away, the molecule is given away,00:46:15
and there are still a lot of other00:46:18
secrets on their own that are00:46:20
not This is given once and again to the people00:46:23
who then come to the production of00:46:25
generics, they are generally set up00:46:27
to save money, this is understandable because,00:46:30
but most often, companies that do this are00:46:32
not very large in delivery, so if00:46:35
there is an opportunity to supply another cloud00:46:37
for this medicine cheaper, they will supply it00:46:40
if possible some kind of00:46:41
cheaper filler to use again00:46:43
will be the same in theory, that is, according to00:46:46
all the laws of chemistry, it should be the00:46:49
same object when you mistook it00:46:52
for a molecule there is 1 floor and it00:46:56
should work absolutely the same way that00:46:58
in the first case of hacking it will collapse but this is the00:47:00
idea, if we look at the practice of such00:47:02
cases, there are a lot of them, they are described00:47:05
repeatedly when the00:47:07
original generics are compared with each other and they00:47:09
differ radically, that is, there was one00:47:12
antibiotic drug for intraintestinal00:47:15
use, that is, it should kill00:47:17
only within the intestines without00:47:19
being absorbed, the indicator of the original is not00:47:22
absorption was 93 percent, seven00:47:25
percent entered the intestines and everything is00:47:27
metabolized in the body with the00:47:29
formation of a certain number of toxic00:47:31
components, but00:47:33
it also neutralizes a small amount due to the reason it’s normal for00:47:35
the generic that they made the molecule00:47:37
also everything seems to be the same, but the indicator is00:47:40
completely and sti we still have he00:47:44
had thirty-five or thirty-six00:47:46
percent, a huge amount went00:47:49
inside the society, firstly, it reduced00:47:52
the concentration inside, accordingly it worked, it00:47:53
served, secondly, we received a00:47:55
larger number of side effects, but00:47:58
unfortunately, this is the same for the00:48:00
drugs for the treatment of the collection,00:48:03
we waited for Massaman such00:48:05
Unfortunately, there is a huge amount of research and very00:48:07
quickly. European regulators, the American00:48:10
regulator, publish such00:48:12
multi-page books that list00:48:14
specific generics that you ca00:48:16
n’t even use because, for example,00:48:18
meter staples, it’s some kind of center, the current00:48:21
study, the day they were examined,00:48:22
it’s a must,00:48:24
just an example, it’s strongly not recommended00:48:27
to use, and so on there there is this00:48:29
problem, unfortunately, in theory it00:48:31
was supposed to save what is called the third00:48:34
world from the shortage of drugs, but it’s00:48:42
interesting to tell when I’m trying to00:48:44
reach the porter and where do scientists get00:48:48
confidence from you, I should00:48:51
act and I explained because00:48:53
we do it on the culture, that is, and the culture of the00:48:55
pathogen00:48:59
was excited in culture, arsenic killed, it’s00:49:02
logical, because it’s still me00:49:04
who acts on the vast00:49:06
majority of the body, it has a fairly00:49:08
universal mechanism of action, it00:49:10
acted against and doosan they kill there,00:49:12
which means you need to pick up what will00:49:15
kill inside the person, I don’t kill for now,00:49:18
so we took organic compounds and00:49:20
inorganic ones were killed by the question, but if00:49:23
there is more question, thank you very much00:49:29
[music]Description:
Больше материалов на наших страницах: https://vk.com/nauka_pro_rnd | https://dzen.ru/nayka_pro Когда появились первые лекарства? Зачем нужна трансплантация фекалий? Почему снижается разработка новых лекарств? Какие стадии проходят клинические исследования прежде, чем лекарственный препарат выходит на рынок? Что такое териак? Можно ли спрогнозировать действие разрабатываемого препарата? Что ждёт фармакологию в будущем? Об этом и многом другом в большой лекции по медицине и фармакологии от Алексея Водовозова, научного журналиста, медицинского блогера, токсиколога, врача-терапевта высшей категории. Выражаем благодарность Просветительскому проекту «МатЧасть» за помощь в организации съёмок на фестивале «Geek Picnic» в Краснодаре. Благодарим за монтаж Алёну Стрюкову. Наш подкаст-канал: https://xn--80aa3akifhu.xn--p1ai/podkast Друзья, будем благодарны вашей поддержке! на Sponsr: https://sponsr.ru/naukapro на Boosty: https://boosty.to/naukapro в ВК: https://vk.com/donut/nauka_pro_rnd Карта Сбербанка №4817 7601 9614 4327 с пометкой «НаукаPRO» ЮMoney (ЯндексДеньги): money.yandex.ru/to/4100117089795259
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