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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:05
On September 26,00:00:07
1694, 3 kilometers from Moscow near the00:00:12
village of Kozhukhova, a00:00:15
battle is taking place, the army of Streltsov defends the00:00:17
built earthen town, and the regiments of00:00:20
the new formation, Preobrazhensky and00:00:23
Semyonovsky, storm it00:00:25
among the00:00:28
attackers for it is known, after all, these are military00:00:33
exercises, which means the fortress will be00:00:37
taken. However, the maneuvers resemble a00:00:39
real battle, the walls of the Town00:00:43
are blown up The troops shoot mines from rifles00:00:46
and cannons and actively use pots with a00:00:49
flammable mixture. Therefore, on both sides00:00:52
there are wounded and00:00:54
dead, the law of teaching is harmful.00:00:58
October00:01:01
will believe in the strength of the Russian troops and go on a00:01:04
campaign against the Turkish fortress of00:01:08
Azov. Is it true that Tsar Peter00:01:11
collected his00:01:13
army from childhood Why? the first Azov campaign00:01:16
ended in00:01:17
failure And why did the king need a00:01:20
Turkish00:01:27
[music]00:01:28
fortress00:01:30
at the end of the 10th century, the Russian kingdom was00:01:34
isolated From the rest of the world it00:01:37
still has no access to the sea Yes, there was00:01:41
a port in Arkhangelsk, but it froze for 800:01:44
months of the year and was very far away00:01:47
from large Russian cities, in order to00:01:50
deliver their goods there and then00:01:53
bring foreign ones out, it took00:01:56
a lot of time00:01:58
and Tsar PT I well understood wars for00:02:03
access to the sea could not be avoided. But the question is00:02:07
which sea to fight for, the black one, which is00:02:10
controlled by Turkey or the Baltic. Where is00:02:15
Sweden Peter I as masters? chooses the Southern option00:02:20
Turkey in the 10th century is one of the most powerful00:02:23
countries in the world e vassals the Crimean00:02:28
Tatars00:02:30
took tens of thousands of people captive00:02:33
in order to then sell them as00:02:37
slaves and in the Russian kingdom for the00:02:40
time being they did not know what to do with this00:02:42
threat because touching the Crimean Tatars would bring the Wrath of the00:02:47
Turks everything changed in00:02:50
1686 when our country Tsarev Sophia00:02:55
joined the anti-Turkish movement and00:02:59
organized two military campaigns against the00:03:02
Crimean Tatars, although they ended in00:03:08
failure and now in January00:03:11
1695 Peter I is preparing a campaign against the00:03:15
Turkish fortress of00:03:16
Azov, the king hopes that the new regiments will00:03:19
successfully cope with the task because00:03:23
the years of war are behind us The00:03:27
exercises began in Preobrazhensk and the00:03:30
Semyonov regiments lead from amusing00:03:31
battalions. They were created to train the still00:03:34
young Peter I in military affairs. At first,00:03:37
grooms with sleeping bags and rangers were recruited there.00:03:39
These amusing battalions00:03:41
played out a battle for the Tsar. But over00:03:44
time, they became a real military00:03:49
force. The campaign against the Azov fortress00:03:52
begins in March.00:03:54
1695, Tsar Peter takes part in it and00:04:00
his position is a modest artilleryman,00:04:03
then they were called00:04:04
bombardier. By June, the army successfully00:04:08
approaches Azov without losses and begins00:04:11
its00:04:13
siege. Peter I is confident of success. The latest00:04:17
military exercises inspired him that the Russian00:04:20
regiments are tough to storm the00:04:22
Norel fortress. the battle reveals all the00:04:25
shortcomings of our00:04:28
army,00:04:32
fores and patri Gordon, each of them00:04:36
is responsible for his own group of troops,00:04:39
there is no general command And sometimes confusion reigns on the battlefield,00:04:43
secondly, we have no fleet and00:04:46
Turkish ships calmly, without interference,00:04:48
deliver carts of reinforcements and00:04:51
food, and finally, side of00:04:54
the Turks the Dutch Matkov00:04:58
Yann to the enemy the location and routine00:05:01
of our troops, for example, he says that the00:05:04
Russians usually take00:05:08
a nap after lunch. As a result, in October00:05:11
1695, having failed to achieve the goal of Russet, the army00:05:15
returned00:05:17
home a painful defeat Tsar Peter does not00:05:20
seek to hush it up from many Russian00:05:23
rulers, an important quality distinguishes him The00:05:31
tsar is preparing for a new campaign against Azov,00:05:34
but this time a lot is changing in the Russian army. There are00:05:37
now two commanders. Boyarin00:05:41
Alexei Shein is responsible for the ground00:05:44
forces and Lefort is in charge of the navy to speed up the00:05:48
replenishment of troops to all slaves. Peter I00:05:51
promises freedom twice as much for his service.00:06:00
more than in the first00:06:04
campaign But with the construction of the fleet00:06:06
there are00:06:08
difficulties,00:06:10
we were able to build small ships for transporting people, but there are00:06:13
no warships for example in the Russian00:06:17
kingdom, they bring Leroux from Holland and00:06:20
also hire foreign shipbuilders for the service00:06:23
and the00:06:28
VFW00:06:30
large-scale construction of the first00:06:32
naval00:06:36
fleet in Russia works with a hatchet in his hands and00:06:39
Peter I will have built 28 ships in total by the second campaign against Azov. The00:06:46
grandfather of the Russian fleet is considered to be the00:06:49
English boat St. Nicholas, this00:06:51
small one-masted ship00:06:53
lay in the barn for a long time until the00:06:58
king’s love for00:07:02
navigation in early June00:07:05
1696 was besieged by Russian troops again.00:07:09
Azov and the fate of the operation were predetermined by our00:07:14
fleet, first the Cossacks in the galleys00:07:17
destroy the Turkish ships that were00:07:20
unloading at the walls of the00:07:23
fortress, then the Russian flotilla, entering the00:07:25
Sea of Azov, blocks Azov from the water,00:07:30
and to all this, the fortress is continuously00:07:32
bombed by our artillery Peter I personally00:07:35
participates in the military operation both at00:07:39
sea and on00:07:41
land on July 18, Azov00:07:58
capitulated00:08:00
and did not have a convenient harbor for parking00:08:02
ships and during the search for PT I turns00:08:06
its attention to the Taganiy Rock namys in00:08:09
the future the city of Taganrok will appear there, this00:08:12
place will become the first naval00:08:15
base of00:08:18
Russia in Moscow, the victory over the Turks at00:08:21
Azov is celebrated on a00:08:24
grand scale, a meter-high structure is erected on the canoe bridge,00:08:30
decorated with figures of00:08:33
ancient00:08:35
heroes, for example, Hercules who00:08:38
defeats the Turkish Pasha, and under these00:08:41
decorations the00:08:44
participants of00:08:45
the campaign triumphantly pass, separately carrying that same00:08:48
traitor Jansen who defected to the00:08:51
side of the enemy back in the first campaign against00:08:58
Azov, soberly assesses00:09:02
reality, he understands perfectly well that the00:09:04
captured fortress still needs to be defended.00:09:07
Yes, and access to the Black Sea will have to00:09:10
be fought for, and the tsar connects future successes with a00:09:13
strong military00:09:16
fleet. Peter I writes a letter to the Boyar Duma00:09:20
about the need to build sea00:09:22
vessels, in response he receives a laconic00:09:25
sea vessels00:09:28
to be,00:09:29
and in00:09:31
1697 the tsar goes abroad to00:09:34
officially find allies for the war with00:09:37
Turkey In addition, Peter I wants to learn00:09:41
as much as possible about foreign military00:09:43
affairs, including about00:09:46
shipbuilding in the future, this information00:09:49
will help him turn Russia into a00:09:52
Great maritime00:09:53
[music]00:09:58
power in00:10:01
1710, Russian troops successfully occupy00:10:05
lands in the Baltic states to prevent this is why the00:10:07
Swedish king Charles X cannot fight after the00:10:11
defeat near Poltava, he has no one to fight00:10:15
and he himself barely escaped with his feet and00:10:19
hid in the Turkish possessions, but at the00:10:21
same time Charles X does not consider himself a00:10:25
loser in order to save the00:10:28
situation in the war on the Russian kingdom,00:10:31
simple logic a conflict with the Ottoman00:10:34
Empire will force Peter I stop the00:10:37
offensive in the north, the plan works on00:10:40
November 20,00:10:42
1710, Turkey declares00:10:47
war on Russia, how Peter I almost fell into00:10:51
Turkish00:10:52
captivity. Is it true that jewelry helped to conclude a peace00:10:55
treaty with the Sultan00:10:59
and what did Peter I’s campaign in00:11:03
[music]00:11:04
[applause]00:11:10
Transcaucasia reasons lead to? for the conflict with00:11:12
Russia, the Turkish Sultan Ahmed II00:11:16
had several: firstly, the Swedish king00:11:19
Charles X scared him, they say, his appetite. Russia is00:11:23
stupid and after capturing the northern lands,00:11:26
it took over00:11:27
the South;00:11:30
secondly, the Turkish Sultan wanted to return the00:11:33
fortress of Azov, Peter I captured it back in00:11:38
1696 It’s only after the military reform that the00:11:42
Russian army became even stronger, as the00:11:45
victories over the Swedes showed, and even an00:11:48
impressive army of 200,000 people did not00:11:51
guarantee00:11:52
Akhmed’s success, because his army was led by the00:11:57
Vizi00:12:01
Russian Tsar Peter I, who decisively reacts to the declaration of war by00:12:06
ordering the Azov00:12:08
Governor-General to prepare the fleet00:12:11
Count Lin to defend the Southern borders and00:12:15
Field Marshal Sheremetyev to advance with00:12:17
troops from the Baltic states to the Turkish00:12:20
border officially Peter I signs a00:12:23
manifesto on the war with the Ottoman00:12:27
Empire00:12:31
and then he himself goes on a00:12:34
campaign; by this moment, hostilities are00:12:37
already underway between the vassal and the Turks. The Crimean Tatars00:12:41
devastate the Southern lands of the Russian Kingdom.00:12:44
only at the end of April does Lin manage to00:12:47
drive them away despite the first difficulties.00:12:50
Peter I has no doubt that he will quickly00:12:54
defeat him00:12:57
on00:13:02
[music]00:13:04
by the way, his beloved Ekaterina Alekseevna went to war with Peter I, who was00:13:09
seven months00:13:10
pregnant at the height of the campaign, the Russian00:13:13
Tsar suggested that she leave the army but she00:13:17
refused. Peter I in every possible way pushes00:13:20
the field of Marshal Sheremetyev to00:13:23
advance as quickly as possible00:13:27
to00:13:29
under the rule of Turkey. The Russian00:13:32
Tsar already has an ally in place in April00:13:36
1711. Peter I concludes an agreement with the Moldavian00:13:40
ruler Dmitry Cantemir on00:13:43
joint actions against the00:13:46
Ottomans. But he lets down the Russian00:13:50
Tsar’s troops. they are gathering allies, they are00:13:53
not suitable for battles. Moreover, the00:13:56
Moldavian00:13:57
ruler has wine but no food to feed the forty-strong00:14:01
Russian army. And by00:14:05
the way, it makes a grueling transition00:14:07
from the Dniester to the Prut under the scorching sun and00:14:10
practically without water, but the main problem00:14:14
lies in something else; the Turks00:14:16
reach the00:14:18
Danube faster than the Russians So Peter’s hopes for a Christian00:14:21
Uprising are00:14:24
destroyed. However, the Russian Tsar does not00:14:27
curtail the campaign, he decides to00:14:30
move down the right bank of the00:14:32
Pond River to the Danube forward, he sends regiments00:14:35
under the command of General Janus to00:14:38
burn bridges and hold crossings00:14:41
across the Pond and on July 7 near the village of Elchi00:14:45
Russian The vanguard notices the enemy00:14:47
horsemen to General Janus, it seems that the00:14:51
entire Ottoman army is in front of him, although00:14:54
only part of their troops are moving to the right bank,00:14:57
but it is too late Peter the Great receives a00:15:00
dispatch with complex information and at the military00:15:03
council orders a retreat,00:15:06
he loses the initiative, he loses the enemy rushes to pursue the00:15:10
army of Peter I and constantly torments it00:15:13
with their00:15:15
attacks on July 9, near the village of Khush,00:15:19
Russian troops set up a camp to00:15:21
give the Ottomans a00:15:23
battle to attack,00:15:27
but00:15:29
the war against Turkey has already been lost because00:15:32
his army is00:15:34
surrounded, according to legend, being00:15:37
surrounded, Peter I writes a letter00:15:40
of will to the Senate, the essence boiled down to the following:00:15:43
if he dies,00:15:46
they will have to choose an heir The00:15:50
Russian army itself is in a difficult situation,00:15:53
but Peter I does not suspect the confusion in the00:15:56
enemy’s camp00:15:59
after unsuccessful battles, the Janissaries00:16:01
refuse to go into a new attack,00:16:04
the firmness of the Russian troops leads them into00:16:06
a daze. And if at that moment00:16:09
Peter’s army had gone on the offensive, the outcome of the war00:16:12
might have been different, but the Russian Tsar00:16:16
begins negotiations, Vice-Chancellor Hiro, he00:16:20
allows everything to be given for peace to Roma00:16:24
Tega00:16:27
under the00:16:29
m of the dignitary, his diamonds are finally on July 12,00:16:34
1711, the enemy agrees to00:16:37
sign a peace treaty with00:16:40
minimal losses for Peter I,00:16:43
given the encirclement of his army, the Russian00:16:47
kingdom returns the fortress of Azov to the Ottomans, tears down00:16:50
Taganrok and00:16:55
[music]00:16:57
kain00:16:59
tui lnu 10 years later in00:17:02
Transcaucasia in00:17:04
1721, after the end of the Northern00:17:08
War with the Swedes, the foreign policy of Peter00:17:11
I takes on the features of an imperial Russian00:17:14
sovereign, now he is called the emperor,00:17:17
wants to establish control over the trade00:17:20
route from India to00:17:21
Europe, and00:17:24
conmigo00:17:27
kago00:17:30
T begins preparation for the Caspian00:17:32
campaign in his desires, the Russian00:17:35
Emperor is not alone and is not averse to invading the00:17:37
Transcaucasus and the Ottoman Empire,00:17:40
the situation favors this Persia is00:17:43
suffering from an Afghan raid and the Russian00:17:46
Emperor is afraid that the Turks will be the first to00:17:48
reach the Caspian; preparations for the military00:17:51
campaign are moving forward in00:17:53
a hurry00:17:57
and 22 the00:17:58
Russian flotilla goes to00:18:03
sea Officially, the war with Persia began00:18:06
because of the death and ruin of00:18:08
Russian merchants back in 1712. Lezgins and00:18:11
Kumyks attacked Sham, Russian warehouses were00:18:15
plundered, causing damage in the amount of 400:18:17
million00:18:19
rubles. July 27,00:18:23
1722, Russian troops landed in00:18:26
Ankom Bay for several days and waited for00:18:29
the cavalry. which gets to the place from00:18:32
Tsaritsina, Peter’s army moves to00:18:35
Derbent and occupies it on00:18:39
August 23, the Russian Emperor is going to00:18:41
move on to Baku, but the00:18:45
elements intervene in Bura, all the ships with00:18:48
food are destroyed, the military campaign00:18:52
cannot be continued. He leaves a small garrison in Derbent,00:18:55
and he himself returns to Russia, but00:19:00
conquest As a result, it will continue in November of the00:19:03
same00:19:04
1722, Colonel Shipov with a Russian00:19:08
landing occupies the city and the following summer00:19:13
[music]00:19:20
surrenders to Persia. Without00:19:24
military00:19:27
intervention,00:19:28
Empress Anna Ioanovna voluntarily00:19:32
renounces the conquered lands; the reason for00:19:35
this was another conflict with the Ottoman00:19:39
Empire in these conditions in St. Petersburg,00:19:42
they came to the conclusion that it makes sense to00:19:44
enlist the support of Turkey’s long-time enemy00:19:48
Persia. Moreover,00:19:54
Russia did not00:19:57
have time to really gain a foothold in the lands occupied during the Caspian campaign, and only in the 10th century would Baku and Derbent00:20:02
again be part of00:20:05
[music]00:20:11
Russia00:20:13
1768 relations between Russia and the00:20:16
Ottoman Empire sharply aggravated00:20:21
Catherine plans to win00:20:24
access to the new sea from the Turks, and00:20:27
the Ottoman00:20:29
dreams of expanding its possessions in the00:20:31
Northern Black Sea region in the Caucasus and00:20:34
strengthening the influence on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the00:20:37
Orthodox population of which Russia00:20:40
took under its wing. In addition, the two00:20:43
states are actively pitting each other against each other.00:20:45
France and00:20:49
[music]00:20:52
Austria, a formal cause of war00:20:54
arises in the fall of00:20:57
1,00:20:59
then a00:21:01
detachment of Zaporizhian Cossacks who were00:21:04
in Russian service invades the Ottoman lands, this results in a00:21:07
diplomatic scandal after which00:21:09
Mustafa II declares war00:21:13
[music]00:21:16
on Russia how the conflict with the Ottoman Empire00:21:19
affected the monetary reform in00:21:22
Russia What kind of Russian-Turkish battle00:21:29
and what caused the division of the00:21:42
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the end of00:21:45
1768, even a few months before the00:21:48
start of active hostilities between the00:21:50
Russians and the Turks in Russia,00:21:54
military00:21:57
expenses increased significantly; reserves were00:21:59
problematic; the Russian monetary00:22:01
system at that time was represented by00:22:03
coins from the media silver and gold But00:22:07
for the minting of gold and silver coins there are not00:22:10
enough raw materials, while the market is00:22:13
oversaturated with copper coins and this00:22:15
turns any calculation into a complex00:22:18
operation, so to transport 500 rubles a00:22:21
separate cart is required to00:22:24
transfer 1000 rubles which is more than a00:22:26
ton00:22:31
gi Catherine I solves the problem00:22:34
radically in At the end of00:22:37
1768, she signed a manifesto on the00:22:40
introduction of the first paper money into circulation,00:22:43
the empress ordered the creation of one00:22:49
banknote, one by one, to send00:22:51
500,000 rubles in coins to each of them as00:22:53
authorized00:22:56
capital, and for this amount to produce the00:22:59
first paper money in denominations of 100 7500:23:03
50 and 2500:23:05
[music]00:23:08
rubles for the majority of subjects in those years00:23:11
they paid with copper nickels.00:23:13
Now in banks the coins really resembled00:23:16
the size of a round pig's nose and began to be00:23:18
exchanged for paper bills for 100 kg of00:23:20
nickels they gave one hundred-ruble00:23:24
banknote paper banknotes strongly00:23:31
and Although the authenticity of each bill00:23:32
is confirmed by signatures due to00:23:35
poor quality material and one complex00:23:38
seal to someone who knows it costs nothing for a person to counterfeit them,00:23:45
dashing people with the help of feast and ink00:23:49
turn00:23:53
twenty-five years of power into fighting this00:23:55
evil as best they can in00:23:58
1771, the death penalty is introduced for counterfeiting money00:24:01
and seventy-five ruble00:24:05
banknotes are completely withdrawn from00:24:10
circulation The key battle of the00:24:13
Russian-Turkish war is played out in00:24:15
Chios, the Aegean Strait sea there on June 24,00:24:21
1769, a Russian cadre under the command of an00:24:26
admirari there from the state discovers the00:24:30
main forces of the Turkish fleet under the00:24:33
command of Hasan00:24:35
Jazar Spiridov boldly abandons his00:24:38
flagship Saint Eustathius00:24:40
against the Turkish flagship Real Mustafa And00:24:44
despite the fact that Eustathius catches fire00:24:46
from Turkish hits, Russian sailors00:24:48
rush to boarding during the battle, the flames00:24:56
of the composition As a result, both ships explode, the00:25:00
Turks take refuge in Chesme Bay where00:25:02
they are protected by powerful Coastal00:25:05
[music]00:25:07
artillery late in the evening at the military00:25:10
council of Count Alexei Orlov, who00:25:21
was in charge of00:25:24
the artillery on the night of and an00:25:31
officer from the bombardment00:25:33
ship thunder approaches the Turkish ships Dmitry Ilyin sets fire to the00:25:36
first target and barely has time to sail to the00:25:39
boats when a powerful explosion is heard,00:25:42
soon the flames engulf the Turkish00:25:45
ships and almost all of them00:25:50
die in an hour the battle of the00:25:53
Trans-Kama imperials of the00:25:58
Turkish fleet the losses of the Russian00:26:00
fleet turned out to be an order of magnitude less one00:26:03
battleship Iche00:26:08
Bran But the Russian soldiers will bring home with00:26:11
Russian-Turkish war, not only a00:26:13
grandiose victory on soldiers’ bayonets, a00:26:16
terrible disease,00:26:19
bubonic plague, would come to Russia, an epidemic would be the capture of the br00:26:26
and00:26:29
the first signs of it are found in the00:26:31
wounded in the Moscow hospital on the00:26:33
introduction of the mountains, the disease is practically00:26:36
untreatable, mortality rate is00:26:40
95% of those sick in Moscow,00:26:43
everyone is quarantined those entering or leaving the00:26:46
city are carefully inspected,00:26:49
fumigated with smoke, and things are wiped with00:26:56
mustache,00:27:00
it comes to a mass riot,00:27:03
Archbishop Ambrose is killed by a crowd, quarantine00:27:06
houses and hospitals are looted to help00:27:09
Moscow General Peter the Ropki,00:27:12
the empress sends her Favorite,00:27:14
Count Grigory Orlov, who, having arrived at00:27:17
the place, quickly takes control of the situation00:27:20
and less than 3 months later, Moscow is00:27:23
open again, the plague is retreating00:27:26
[music] the00:27:29
very height of the Russian-Turkish war in00:27:33
1772 in St. Petersburg, a convention is signed00:27:36
between the Russian Empire, the00:27:38
Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian00:27:41
Archduke. This is how the first00:27:44
partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth takes place, the state itself,00:27:47
now called Poland, is preserved but00:27:51
in In the form of the edge, most of the land00:27:53
goes to the00:27:56
neighboring countries of Eastern Belarus with Gomel,00:28:00
Vitebsk and Polotsk, as well as part of00:28:03
Livonia with Dino Buur, in fact, the once00:28:07
powerful power of the Commonwealth was destroyed by its00:28:10
own Elite, the Polish magnates and lords00:28:14
essentially slept through their state,00:28:17
bringing it to an internal and external00:28:22
crisis ahead of Poland were two00:28:25
partitions, after which it would say00:28:29
goodbye to00:28:31
independence until the 20th century, meanwhile Russia00:28:33
would continue to expand to the west,00:28:36
completely forgetting about its strong neighbor with00:28:38
whom it had been fighting for territory for several00:28:41
centuries. In addition, the Empire would continue to00:28:45
further push back the Turks; the empress00:28:48
would still see Crimea as00:28:50
Russian and victory over the plague in00:28:53
the capital will launch the construction of the00:28:56
Moscow water supply system;00:28:59
after all, it was not in vain that Catherine received the title00:29:03
of the Great; she will not tire of proving this00:29:06
in the next 24 years of her00:29:15
reign.00:29:18
1774 Victory in the war with that00:29:26
neighboring neighbor of the Crimean00:29:32
Khanate, the empress and, above all, her00:29:35
favorite, the governor of Novorossiya, Grigory00:29:38
Potemkin. understood that without resolving this00:29:42
issue, Russia would not be able to gain a foothold00:29:44
in the Black00:29:46
Sea. In00:29:48
1777, the empire managed to make the00:29:52
Crimean boor of its protege00:29:56
Shagin revo to convince him and the heads of the00:30:00
Tatar tribes in the Kuban to accept00:30:03
Russian00:30:05
citizenship. On April 8,00:30:08
1783, Catherine II signed a00:30:12
manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to00:30:16
Russia. the empire also included the00:30:19
Khanate's possessions in the Caucasus Taman and00:30:22
Kuban in the same year under00:30:24
the patronage of Russia voluntarily00:30:27
Eastern00:30:28
Georgia all this angered00:30:31
Turkey00:30:36
[music]00:30:38
war is brewing brought Glory to the00:30:42
Black Sea Fleet what trick00:30:45
did the Swedish king Gustav III use to00:30:48
start a war with Russia and how the00:30:51
next one went section of the00:30:56
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth00:30:59
[music]00:31:02
immediately after the annexation of Crimea to Russia,00:31:05
its00:31:08
development began already in June00:31:11
1783, the New City of Akhtiar was founded00:31:15
on February 10,00:31:19
1784, Catherine II, by her decree,00:31:22
ordered to make it a military port with a00:31:25
fortress and a shipyard and named it00:31:28
Sevastopol, it became the base of the new Russian fleet00:31:35
[music]00:31:38
of the Black Sea in January00:31:41
1787, Catherine II personally went00:31:45
to Crimea to check how Grigory Potemkin00:31:48
was developing new Russian00:31:51
lands in the port of Sevastopol, the sovereign00:31:54
was greeted with a salute by warships, the00:31:58
dominance of the Russian Empire in the Black00:32:01
Sea was becoming00:32:03
a reality, the Ottoman Empire was00:32:07
not going to put up with this, demanded return00:32:09
Georgia and Crimea to her And in August00:32:13
1787, war was declared on our country00:32:16
Turkey was supported by England France and00:32:21
Prussia Austria took the side of Russia00:32:27
One of the most important battles took place at the00:32:32
Ochakov fortress Our troops besieged it for 4 months00:32:36
And on December 6,00:32:39
1788 they began the assault, the battle was00:32:44
brutal but the capture of Ochakov allowed00:32:47
Russia to finally gain a foothold in00:32:50
the North00:32:52
[music]00:32:56
brings another enemy, the Swedish king00:32:59
Gustav II dreams of achieving a revision of the00:33:02
results of00:33:07
civilians concentrated in the00:33:10
south he goes on an adventure dressed in00:33:14
Russian uniforms Swedish soldiers attack00:33:17
their own border00:33:20
outpost the next day June 21,00:33:25
1788 Gustav II declares war on Russia,00:33:30
the main battles of this war00:33:33
took place at sea, our borders were defended by the00:33:36
Baltic00:33:38
Fleet, Russia had more ships than the00:33:41
Swedes, but their quality was00:33:44
worse. However, the commander of the Baltic00:33:47
Fleet, Vasily Chichagov, inflicted00:33:50
several significant00:33:55
defeats on the Swedes during the year in the battle of Revel, 1100:34:00
Russian ships under under the command of Admiral00:34:02
Vasily Chichagov, they defeated 28 Swedish00:34:08
ships in August of the same year in the00:34:10
Finnish town they believed Russia and Sweden00:34:14
signed a peace treaty, the borders between the00:34:17
countries did not00:34:20
change, meanwhile the00:34:22
Russian-Turkish war continued, luck was on the00:34:25
side of Russia, the Turks were defeated00:34:28
at Focsani Ramnic, but the Ottoman00:34:32
Empire did not00:34:35
surrender changed everything The Battle of00:34:38
Izmail, the Turks turned it into an00:34:41
impregnable00:34:42
fortress, there were 35,000 soldiers in the fortress,00:34:47
Russian troops tried several times to00:34:49
storm Izmail00:34:52
unsuccessfully, but in November00:34:55
1790 the operation was led by Alexander00:34:59
Suvorov, he immediately began careful00:35:02
preparations for the00:35:04
assault. Suvorov built copies of the fortifications of00:35:07
Izmail, a shaft with a ditch and several days00:35:10
trained his soldiers to storm the00:35:12
fortress according to one of the versions. During00:35:14
these trainings, Suvorov uttered the00:35:16
famous phrase: Hard in training is easy in00:35:21
battle before the assault. Suvorov invited the00:35:25
Turkish commander00:35:27
to capitulate. But he responded rather that the00:35:30
Danube would flow backwards and the sky would fall to the00:35:32
ground than00:35:35
Ishmael would surrender on December 11,00:35:39
1790. the assault began, the fortress fell, the losses00:35:44
were huge 26,000 killed by the Turks in00:35:50
1879, the Russian00:35:53
army had its final expansion, the minds of Kaliakria took place00:35:59
here on July 31,00:36:03
1791, the young Russian Black Sea Fleet showed itself excellently,00:36:08
it was commanded by Contra dmi Fedor00:36:13
Ushakov 36 Russian ships defeated the00:36:17
Turkish fleet of 8300:36:25
ships at Kaliakria Fedor Ushakov was the first in00:36:28
the world to use a new technique: a00:36:30
swift and sudden attack on the00:36:32
enemy immediately without restructuring into a00:36:34
special00:36:37
line. On December 29,00:36:41
1791, in Iasi, Turkey and Russia00:36:45
signed a peace treaty. He assigned the00:36:48
Crimea to Russia. Ochakov with the steppe between the00:36:51
Bug and the Dniester. Turkey renounced its00:36:54
claims to Georgia,00:36:57
but already a year later, the Russian army00:37:01
fought again Union of Polish magnates merchant00:37:04
confederation Asked for help in a00:37:07
conflict with the00:37:08
king this campaign ended with the00:37:11
second division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between00:37:14
Russia and Prussia00:37:17
And in00:37:19
1795, after the suppression of the uprising of Tadeusz00:37:23
Kosciuszko, the division of Poland took place between00:37:27
Austria, Prussia and00:37:31
Russia in general foreign policy the second00:37:35
half of the reign of Catherine the Great00:37:38
can be considered extremely successful at00:37:41
any point, Russia did not take a single step00:37:44
back; moreover, the country grew in00:37:47
territory on the Black Sea coast in00:37:49
Transcaucasia, Belarus and00:37:55
Little Russia00:37:57
[music]00:38:04
181 years after the assassination of Paul I, as00:38:08
a result of a conspiracy, his son takes the throne00:38:11
Alexander I, the new emperor, wants to00:38:14
correspond to the spirit of the times, dreams of00:38:17
reshaping the political system of Russia in the00:38:20
European way00:38:25
Ivi00:38:28
ipe vota his grandmother00:38:32
[music]00:38:34
etheri However, the duality of the political00:38:36
decisions of the Empress, especially at the end of00:38:39
her reign, made adjustments to00:38:42
Alexander’s worldview. As a result, he went down00:38:45
in history as one of the most00:38:46
controversial00:38:55
autocrats00:38:57
refo the young monarch what lesson did00:39:00
the emperor learn after the first military00:39:03
clash with00:39:12
Napoleon immediately after ascending the00:39:15
throne Alexander I creates an unofficial00:39:17
group of personal assistants an unofficial00:39:20
committee that includes the emperor's closest00:39:22
associates00:39:27
discusses some bold ideas, including the00:39:30
introduction of a Constitution in Russia,00:39:32
truth at the beginning of00:39:35
Alexander's reign it is necessary to realize00:39:37
not dreams of equality and freedom, but to00:39:40
complete the unfinished business of00:39:42
Paul00:39:43
I, who, a couple of months before his death, issued a00:39:47
manifesto on the annexation of Georgia; then00:39:50
it consisted of five states; the document00:39:53
concerned only the eastern part of Kartli-00:39:55
Kakheti;00:39:58
local residents thought that the00:40:00
manifesto violated their00:40:02
rights,00:40:06
unrest began to soften the situation on00:40:09
September 12, 1801, the autocrat issues00:40:13
a new, more loyal manifesto from now on,00:40:17
Georgia, except for the western part, which00:40:20
will remain under the rule of the Ottoman Empire,00:40:22
becomes part of00:40:25
Russia will receive all the rights of the Russian00:40:28
estates Western Georgia and Imereti00:40:31
finally became part of the Russian00:40:33
Empire in00:40:35
1810, the Ottoman Empire recognizes00:40:38
This fact is only after his defeat in the00:40:41
Russian-Turkish war of00:40:47
1806-1812, and some internal00:40:50
transformations of the young ruler were successful. Thus,00:40:52
Alexander I carried out a secular reform, the00:40:56
place of colleges in Russia was created in00:40:59
ministries, in parallel, wanting to increase00:41:02
literacy among the population, the emperor00:41:04
initiates an education reform and00:41:07
opens new educational institutions throughout the00:41:10
country among the most famous00:41:13
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum among its00:41:16
graduates Alexander00:41:20
Pushkin Lyceum was intended to educate00:41:23
noble children by accepting a00:41:25
certificate of noble00:41:27
origin, but also by the entrance00:41:29
exams the lyceum students mastered science 1100:41:33
months a year the holidays were only in00:41:37
July in February00:41:39
1803 Alexander publishes decree on00:41:43
free cultivators from now on, owners can00:41:46
liberate00:41:49
entire villages of their peasants from serfdom, but decree00:41:52
norel00:41:55
te00:41:57
according to the emperor, few people00:42:00
support even the members of the secret00:42:03
committee, one after another, move away from the00:42:06
autocrat their place will be taken by Mikhail00:42:09
Speransky, who gradually became00:42:11
the only confidant00:42:13
of the sovereign thanks to00:42:16
Speransky’s initiative in Russia they will create a00:42:18
State Council00:42:21
Zanon00:42:25
and receive the approval of the State Council; it will00:42:29
work until00:42:34
1917; another progressive step of00:42:37
the emperor is related to the sphere of foreign00:42:39
policy; he planned to create a00:42:42
system of collective security in Europe by linking00:42:45
all the leading powers with each other in a series of00:42:49
treaties. However, this idea will not00:42:52
come true for Russia00:42:55
peace with France will become a burden; the French will begin to00:42:57
behave like bosses in Europe.00:43:00
In addition, Napoleon will appoint himself a00:43:03
lifelong consulate, thereby violating00:43:06
the Constitution of his own00:43:09
[music]00:43:11
country. The00:43:14
unjust execution of the Duke of00:43:17
Enginsky will play a role in the last French prince00:43:21
[music]00:43:25
blood00:43:26
personally a week-long mourning was declared in the courtyard in St. Petersburg, the00:43:32
last straw would be00:43:35
Napoleon's public hints about Alexander's participation in a00:43:38
conspiracy against his own father, the00:43:42
proud Russian Monarch did not00:43:45
forgive such things in May00:43:47
1804. Napoleon proclaims himself00:43:51
Emperor of the French and Russia recalls00:43:54
its ambassador from00:44:04
in December00:44:05
1805 the united00:44:16
Russian-Armenian the troops really the battle00:44:20
ends00:44:27
with the MZV together with the PTO he will lose his luggage he will be terribly00:44:31
tired and the soldiers will get him some wine00:44:35
The monarch will warm up a little and fall asleep in the barn00:44:38
On the00:44:40
straw the French emperor before00:44:42
major battles And even during them00:44:47
he could unexpectedly fall asleep because of this habit almost overslept00:44:51
Napoleon's Austerlitz C4 in all his campaigns, the SBO would have sung00:44:54
the same military cots and00:44:58
all his00:45:00
marshals had had the same military cots. After Austerlitz, the Russian00:45:03
sovereign would understand that Napoleon00:45:06
must be fought first of all00:45:09
by cunning, a lesson Alexander00:45:11
would demonstrate during the peace00:45:13
negotiations in00:45:15
1807 in00:45:17
Tilsit there He will show Napoleon his00:45:21
friendliness And thereby lull his00:45:24
vigilance. This will help Alexander and at the00:45:27
subsequent meeting in Erfurt show00:45:29
soft intransigence for which00:45:31
Bonaparte will subsequently baptize00:45:33
Alexander with the cunning Byzantines00:45:36
after the conclusion of the Tilsit peace,00:45:40
Russia will join the Continental00:45:42
blockade against England and will be forced to00:45:45
abandon support for Prussia However,00:45:48
formally, the Empire, having suffered a00:45:50
crushing military defeat, will not00:45:53
only not lose a single piece of its land,00:45:56
but will have a free hand in relation to Sweden00:45:59
and Turkey, which will subsequently allow00:46:01
Alexander I to annex Finland and00:46:06
Bessarabia only in the Polish question.00:46:09
Napoleon will be adamant. The Duchy of00:46:12
Warsaw will remain under his protection and00:46:15
Alexander’s desire to create under his00:46:17
crown, a united Poland will not00:46:22
be realized; nevertheless, the French00:46:25
Emperor will00:46:27
consider the Russian sovereign a00:46:29
charming fellow and his good00:46:32
friend for several more years. This will be Bonaparte’s big mistake00:46:34
and perhaps a prerequisite for his00:46:37
future defeat in the upcoming war of00:46:42
1812 and therefore the beginning of the end of him00:46:47
[music]00:46:54
empire in00:46:56
1815, after the end of the war with00:47:00
Napoleon and the00:47:02
Congress of Vienna, Alexander I returned to solve the00:47:06
situation in the Caucasus, problems00:47:09
had existed there for a long time. But with the annexation of00:47:12
Eastern and Western00:47:14
Georgia to the Russian Empire, they worsened; all communications00:47:18
between Georgia and Russia were possible00:47:21
only through the North00:47:24
Caucasus00:47:26
Sim to00:47:29
St. Petersburg and regularly raided00:47:32
Russian border00:47:35
settlements, the Russian00:47:37
state’s attempts to resolve everything peacefully did not00:47:40
work, so00:47:43
a war broke out between Russia and the peoples of the Caucasus, one of the most00:47:46
protracted and grueling in the 10th00:47:54
century,00:47:56
and the peoples of the Caucasus were played by regional and00:47:59
global opponents of our00:48:01
power Which of the Russian generals00:48:04
tried to cut the Caucasian Knot and00:48:08
how the unexpected death of Alexander I00:48:11
influenced the further development of the situation00:48:14
with the North00:48:24
Caucasus, the00:48:26
Ottoman Empire and Persia were intertwined,00:48:30
the region was included in the sphere of00:48:32
traditional interests of the Persians and Turks00:48:35
in order to maintain their influence. There they00:48:38
were ready to ignore all official00:48:40
agreements with00:48:42
Russia, so the Turks from00:48:45
1813 to00:48:47
1815 more than once they tried to oust00:48:50
Russian troops from Sukhumi, which went to00:48:53
Russia as a result of the Bucharest peace agreement00:48:56
[music]00:48:57
relations with Persia also00:49:00
remained00:49:02
contradictory; in00:49:04
1813, it signed a00:49:06
peace treaty with Russia and recognized its00:49:10
acquisition in Georgia and also in00:49:12
Azerbaijan and its exclusive right to the00:49:15
military fleet in the Caspian00:49:17
Sea, but Alexander I knew the00:49:21
Persian Elite was thirsty for revenge and was not00:49:26
preparing in the fight against Russia, the00:49:29
Ottoman Empire and Persia had a Secret00:49:33
patron of England, it was unprofitable00:49:36
to strengthen Russian positions in the Caucasus,00:49:39
she wounded it as a threat to its long-standing00:49:42
interests in India, deciding that Russia,00:49:45
having established itself in the region, will capture neighboring00:49:47
Persia and from there move to Afghanistan,00:49:51
which will open a direct path for it to the00:49:53
Hindustan peninsula. The00:49:58
big game is how the00:50:00
geopolitical confrontation between the00:50:02
British and Russian empires will later be called. This00:50:04
term will become known thanks to00:50:06
Mowgli’s father, the writer Ready Hard Kipling and his00:50:09
novel00:50:11
Kim In00:50:13
1816, North Caucasus,00:50:17
military general00:50:19
Alexey Ermolov was appointed as commander, he took up the case of Major00:50:22
Pavel Shvetsov, who was kidnapped by the Chechens,00:50:26
the invaders demanded 250 rubles for his00:50:29
release, the same amount cost six months of00:50:32
construction of the Kazan Cathedral in00:50:35
St. Petersburg, the general decided the issue,00:50:37
radically put representatives of the00:50:40
local elite in the fortress and announced that00:50:42
if Shvetsov was not they will be released they will be00:50:46
hanged instantly the ransom amount of the00:50:54
Russian he contributed money for Shvetsov00:50:57
supposedly on his own behalf the major was immediately00:51:04
released [music] General Ermolov waged the war from the00:51:07
position of a soldier and thanks to his00:51:10
actions Russia achieved real00:51:12
success by00:51:14
1812 most of Dagestan was conquered00:51:17
and his the rulers swore allegiance to00:51:20
Alexander00:51:21
I; the Russian province became Shirvan;00:51:28
new defensive fortresses appeared;00:51:30
formidable, stormy and suddenly, through the high00:51:35
Cross Pass, they built a00:51:37
military-Georgian road along which00:51:39
regular postal communication began00:51:41
between Russia and the Transcaucasus; the00:51:44
first Russian00:51:46
resorts of the00:51:49
Caucasus were improved; By the way, in the Caucasus, Alexey00:51:52
Ermolov married three times with00:51:54
local00:51:56
bras has the right to leave her husband and return to his00:51:59
relatives after the birth of his son, in total00:52:02
Alexei Ermolov had three sons from Caucasian wives,00:52:06
the construction of military roads in the mountains00:52:09
turned out to be very labor-intensive, and the Highlanders,00:52:14
with the active support of the British, began to00:52:17
unite and build everything00:52:21
[music] for00:52:24
more than a year Chechens from the ethnic group of00:52:27
Dagestan rose up in rebellion and began00:52:31
open hostilities against00:52:36
Ermolov's troops; the problems that arose in the Caucasus00:52:39
seriously damaged the reputation of Alexei00:52:43
Ermolov, but Alexander the First00:52:45
failed to intervene; in early September00:52:49
1825, during a voyage across the Crimea, he00:52:54
caught a cold; the emperor developed00:52:56
a fever; he fell into a coma and On November 19,00:53:01
1825, Alexander died00:53:06
at the time of his death, he was only00:53:10
47 years old, and his unexpected death00:53:13
gave rise to a lot of legends that had no00:53:16
reliable00:53:19
basis, among the most popular stories is00:53:23
that the Emperor the00:53:25
hermit elder Fra Kuzmich allegedly00:53:29
staged his death and00:53:32
lived out the rest of his days in Siberia00:53:38
to beg Alexander was the first to pass. The00:53:43
era of liberal hopes, which are00:53:46
often pushed aside for later, the00:53:54
golden op which will soon manifest itself00:53:59
after the death of the emperor was decided and00:54:01
the fate of Alexei00:54:03
Ermolov in the spring of00:54:06
1827. He was recalled from the Caucasus to00:54:10
Russia; the new administration returned to its00:54:14
previous tactics and tried to solve the00:54:16
problems peacefully and diplomatically As a result,00:54:19
the Caucasus flared up with renewed00:54:24
vigor, the confrontation began to grow in the00:54:27
thirties with the beginning of the Gazavat or00:54:30
Holy War, which the Muslims00:54:32
declared to the Russians as the00:54:35
unfaithful leader of the Gazavat, Imam00:54:38
Shamil became who, with the support of the British00:54:41
and Ottoman Empire, chose the tactics of00:54:44
Guerrilla warfare and was able to subjugate00:54:46
most of the north -Eastern Caucasus00:54:49
for 25 years he managed to00:54:51
resist the Russian Empire until00:54:54
he was00:54:58
captured and only in00:55:01
1864, already under Alexander II, the00:55:05
Caucasian War ended with the00:55:08
final victory00:55:16
of Russia on July 16,00:55:19
1826 Transcaucasia, the army of the Persian00:55:24
Shah invades the Se00:55:26
Khanate, these lands are part of the Russian00:55:30
empires, strangers burn out villages, kill00:55:33
and take local residents captive,00:55:36
Russian troops are00:55:39
retreating at this time in Moscow, Nicholas I is00:55:43
preparing for the coronation, only recently he00:55:46
had to suppress the Decembrist uprising of00:55:49
another bloodshed, the Russian00:55:51
Emperor00:55:54
did not00:55:56
avoid a war with Persia, he was even going to00:55:59
give it a number of00:56:02
territories But as soon as Nicholas I00:56:04
learns about the invasion, he understands that00:56:07
he must not only protect the Southern00:56:09
provinces but also end the war on00:56:14
enemy territory which country helped the Persian00:56:17
Shah prepare the army Poche Russia00:56:21
got involved in a conflict with the Ottoman00:56:23
Empire what it achieved as a result of the wars with00:56:27
Persia and00:56:29
[music] the00:56:36
Turks Today Persia we know how00:56:39
the state of Iran and at the beginning of the 10th century this00:56:44
country considered the Transcaucasus to be its own until the00:56:47
Russian00:56:49
Empire intervened on the battlefield Persia lost00:56:53
the battle it fought from00:56:57
1804 to00:56:59
1813 The Russian Empire received00:57:03
Dagestan Georgia Northern Azerbaijan00:57:06
part of Eastern00:57:10
Armenia The defeat for Persia turned out to be00:57:13
shameful that another war with00:57:16
Russia was a matter00:57:18
of time, and that the approach was accelerated, the00:57:23
British wanted to weaken Russia with the wrong hands00:57:27
and Prospansirov was preparing a new00:57:30
Persian army at the end of00:57:34
1825, the Decembrist uprising took place in St. Petersburg,00:57:37
the British reported00:57:40
this to the Persian Shah, saying that in Russia there was00:57:43
turmoil, it was time00:57:45
to act, Nicholas I, no massacre wanted and00:57:49
even refused part of the Talysh Khanate00:57:52
But this did not save the situation00:57:54
[music]00:57:57
in July00:57:58
1826,00:58:03
Erivan troops invade the lands of the00:58:05
Russian Empire, they destroy00:58:08
Armenian villages, slaughter the local00:58:11
population, 3 days later the00:58:15
Crown Prince of Persia, Abbas00:58:19
Mirza Amiya00:58:23
Zahra, enters the picture,00:58:26
small Russian units they retreat in battle,00:58:29
the commander-in-chief of a separate00:58:32
Caucasian corps, General Ermolov, in00:58:35
his letters scares Nicholas I without00:58:38
reinforcements, then it only gets worse and00:58:41
significantly exaggerates the size of the00:58:43
enemy army, mentioning 120,000 soldiers to00:58:50
Emperor00:58:53
VM Paskevich in the hope that he will definitely00:58:59
correct00:59:00
the situation in August00:59:03
1826 while General Paskevich is rushing00:59:07
to the00:59:08
Caucasus Persian troops are besieging Shusha00:59:13
but the garrison of the fortress is fighting to the death a00:59:16
month later Abas Merza realizes00:59:19
precious time is running out and to00:59:22
speed up the capture of Georgia he00:59:25
sends troops to Tiflis but the Persians will not00:59:28
reach it. On September 3, the Russian detachment of00:59:32
General00:59:39
Madatov of the main forces goes to destroy the detachment00:59:44
[music]00:59:53
Madatov00:59:55
soldiers at00:59:57
35,000 Persians, but thanks to competent tactics,01:00:01
Paskevich’s army crushes the01:00:04
enemy in01:00:07
1827, the course of the war changes radically,01:00:11
the Russian army makes a return visit to the01:00:14
lands of Persia, it takes Erivan Tabriz and01:00:18
several more cities01:00:21
not far from Tehran and the enemy finally realizes01:00:24
that not only will it not take our territories,01:00:27
but now - about to lose theirs begin01:00:31
Negotiations on the Turkmanchay Peace01:00:34
Treaty Russia receives from Persia a01:00:37
large indemnity of 20 million rubles and also01:00:41
the opportunity to freely sail in the01:00:43
Caspian Sea, but most importantly our country01:00:46
becomes even larger than before the war01:00:49
Russia withdraws the Nakhichevan and01:00:52
Erivan Khanates01:00:56
today these are the lands of Armenia and01:00:59
[music ] of01:01:01
Azerbaijan in01:01:03
1829, religious fanatics01:01:06
defeated the Russian diplomatic01:01:08
mission in Tehran and killed its head,01:01:11
playwright Alexander Griboyedov. To01:01:13
avoid problems and a new war, the01:01:15
Persian Shah sent his grandson to01:01:18
St. Petersburg to convey01:01:21
an apology and valuable gifts to Nicholas I. Among them, a01:01:24
large diamond stood out among them.01:01:27
name01:01:29
Shah Unfortunately, having completed the war with Persia,01:01:32
Nicholas I understands that the01:01:35
country will not be able to live peacefully. The01:01:38
ninth war with Turkey is already on the horizon and a01:01:42
series of events leads to this conflict01:01:44
in01:01:45
1821, the Orthodox Greeks raise01:01:49
an uprising, they want Independence from the01:01:52
Ottoman01:01:53
Empire01:01:55
and this struggle is not subsides for many01:01:59
years in01:02:01
1827 to calm the Greeks once and for all01:02:04
Sultan Mahmud II01:02:08
sends his army to the Peloponnese on ships01:02:10
but Russia, Britain and France01:02:14
prevent the massacre October 8 Allied01:02:18
Squadron destroys the Turkish fleet in Navari Bay01:02:25
wine he closes the Basphorus Strait to Russian ships01:02:28
and calls on everyone Muslims01:02:31
to jihad against01:02:33
Russia in response April 14,01:02:37
1828 Nicholas I declares war01:02:43
on Turkey Russian troops are advancing in two01:02:46
directions in Transcaucasia01:02:48
General Pavic's corps is operating in the Balkans Ami01:02:53
is commanded by the01:02:55
Emperor of the Nile, our sovereign is confident of a01:03:00
quick Victory, even01:03:03
his family and inner circle are leaving for Odessa to01:03:06
celebrate with him the defeat of the Turks and the01:03:10
first months of the war are really going01:03:13
well. The Russian army occupies01:03:15
Moldavia with the Wallachians and the capture01:03:20
[music] of01:03:25
this artillery, there are not enough soldiers, they are mowed down by01:03:28
fever and the Tiv horses are dying of hunger01:03:32
And if Varna was taken with great difficulty01:03:35
only in the fall, then01:03:40
Silistria is Russian troops act01:03:43
more successfully occupy Anapa Kars Poti and a number of01:03:48
other Turkish turnips01:03:53
B9 on the Danube General Dibich becomes he does01:03:57
not waste precious forces on the siege of Shula01:04:00
and01:04:12
Silistria Not everyone will survive the sun01:04:16
the epidemic kills about 5,000 people But01:04:20
it is this step of the game that will determine the outcome of01:04:23
the war On August 6, the Russian army captures Adrianople without a fight, the01:04:27
path to the01:04:30
Ottoman capital is open in Transcaucasia, by01:04:33
this moment Paskevich’s detachment occupies the01:04:36
Erzurum fortress, the Turks understand that01:04:39
the war is lost for them and offer peace,01:04:43
Nicholas I comes to meet halfway,01:04:46
as a result, the Russian Empire receives01:04:49
New Lands on the eastern coast of the01:04:52
Black Sea, Turkey opens again to the01:04:56
Russians ships in the Basphorus Strait and01:04:59
pays01:05:00
indemnity Russia in turn01:05:02
receives New Lands on the eastern01:05:05
coast of the Black Sea successful01:05:07
foreign policy activities in the01:05:09
Eastern direction helps the empire the01:05:13
country grows in territory and can01:05:16
influence its powerful Southern01:05:19
neighbors the next Russian-Turkish01:05:23
war in01:05:26
1877 and a new conflict with Persia in general in01:05:31
190901:05:32
[music]01:05:38
in December01:05:41
1852, the Ottoman Empire, which owned01:05:44
Jerusalem and the surrounding area, transferred01:05:47
jurisdiction01:05:50
over the Church of the Nativity of Christ in Bethlehem to the Catholic mission of France.01:05:54
Nicholas I perceived this as a violation of01:05:56
all previous agreements on the rights of01:06:00
Orthodox Christians in the Holy Land, by01:06:03
this time the Russians had already firmly01:06:05
established themselves there spiritual mission it01:06:09
became an outpost of Orthodoxy in the Middle01:06:11
East between the Turks and Russia there was01:06:15
another stumbling block: the01:06:18
Bosporus and01:06:19
Dardanelles Straits, which were considered01:06:22
key for world trade01:06:24
like Vlad Ottoman Empire Although Russia01:06:28
wanted to manage the01:06:31
straits itself, the war that would later be01:06:33
called the Crimean becomes01:06:37
inevitable Why the Crimean the war01:06:40
is called World War Zero how the British01:06:43
ended up at the Solovetsky Monastery the01:06:46
united Anglo-French Squadron01:06:49
near Petro Pavlovsk-Kamchatsky and01:06:53
St. Petersburg And what advantages did01:06:55
this war bring for Russia01:07:04
at the beginning of01:07:07
1853, Russia tried to improve01:07:11
relations with the Turks,01:07:13
Ambassador Alexander Menshikov was the first to arrive to Sultan Abdulmecid01:07:16
with with a proposal01:07:18
to conclude a convention on the status of the01:07:20
Orthodox Church in the Holy Land, a01:07:24
defensive treaty against France,01:07:27
the Sultan defiantly left the message of the01:07:30
Russian emperor unanswered,01:07:33
then Nicholas I moved from words to01:07:37
action, led troops to the Danube principalities,01:07:40
which were under the rule of the Ottoman01:07:42
Empire, the Turks put forward an01:07:46
ultimatum behind the Ottomans stood01:07:49
England London01:07:52
was not the leader of the Turkish fleet and01:07:56
army England was the leader of world01:07:59
maritime trade and therefore categorically did01:08:02
not want to give the01:08:05
Basphorus and01:08:07
Dardanelles under Russian control. On October 4,01:08:11
1853, the Turkish government01:08:14
declared war on01:08:16
Russia, and already in November in Sinop Bay the01:08:20
Russian Squadron under the control of01:08:22
Vice Admiral Pavel01:08:25
Turkish the fleet commanded by01:08:27
Vice Admiral Osman Pasha and the English01:08:30
adviser Adolphus Slate in just 3 hours,01:08:34
15 Turkish ships were01:08:40
destroyed, the British began to look for01:08:42
an ally to officially01:08:45
oppose Russia and found whether the French01:08:49
emperor01:08:52
Napoleon01:08:54
dreamed of taking revenge for losing in the war of01:08:57
1812, so he... and the British01:09:02
secretly helped the01:09:05
Turks officially enter the war with Russia on the01:09:07
side of the Ottoman Empire. England and01:09:10
France entered in the spring of01:09:15
1854 and later the French emperor01:09:18
persuaded the Sardinian kingdom to join the coalition. The01:09:26
Crimean War became the first01:09:28
military conflict in history that was photographed by01:09:30
photographers. The first war photographs were01:09:32
taken by the British Roger Fenton.01:09:34
363 of his photographs of01:09:39
battles in the summer of01:09:41
1854, the English Squadron tried01:09:45
to capture the Northern Russian port of01:09:52
Arkhang,01:09:56
but then they approached the Soviet01:09:59
Monastery and attacked it, but the stone01:10:03
walls of the fortress and the courage of its defenders01:10:06
turned out to be too much for the enemy to handle;01:10:09
another failure was suffered by the coalition forces in the01:10:12
Far East, where the01:10:15
English target - the French squadron became01:10:22
Petro Tumov's attempt to capture the city01:10:25
ended in complete01:10:28
failure, then in the summer of01:10:32
1854 the British and French tried01:10:35
to land at the mouth of the Neva, but the01:10:39
enemy squadron of seventy ships01:10:42
could not approach either the Russian capital01:10:44
or even Krasnstatt. The Gulf of Finland was01:10:48
invaded by the mines of engineer01:10:50
Jacobi. However, despite Despite this success, the Russian01:10:54
Empire had sulfur technical problems in that war. There was01:10:57
not enough01:11:00
modern weapons, ammunition,01:11:03
food, medicine, the roads were in poor01:11:05
condition, and all these01:11:08
problems were revealed mainly during the01:11:11
fighting in the01:11:15
Crimea. The history of the01:11:18
appearance of the balaclava hat during the01:11:21
hostilities is connected with the Crimean War. near the01:11:22
town of Seya, from low temperatures01:11:25
they came up with such knitted helmets with01:11:27
slits for the mouth and01:11:31
eyes. In September01:11:34
1854, the coalition landing landed in01:11:37
Yevpatoria and headed to the main base of01:11:40
the Russian Black Sea Fleet,01:11:44
Sevastopol, near the Ust River Alma, they were01:11:47
met by troops led by01:11:49
Alexander01:11:52
Shikov01:11:55
and Mors troops in the Crimea Menshikov had01:11:58
almost half as many soldiers as the01:12:01
British and French, only 35,000, and01:12:05
Russia lost this battle; however, the01:12:08
Russian soldiers fought desperately01:12:11
for a reason after Alma, the movement of01:12:14
the allies to Sevastopol, exhausted by the battle,01:12:17
slowed down, which gave the city’s garrison01:12:20
time to prepare for the01:12:22
defense. The siege of Sevastopol lasted for01:12:25
almost a year. and became the culmination of the Crimean01:12:29
War, in the battles for the city, outstanding01:12:33
Admirals of Russia Vladimir Kornilov,01:12:36
Vladimir Istomin and Pavel01:12:39
Nakhimov were killed. Sevastopol was defended01:12:43
fiercely on August 24,01:12:46
1855, the sixth bombardment of Sevastopol began;01:13:04
senseless and01:13:07
that same night, the commander of the Crimean troops,01:13:10
Prince Mikhail Gorchakov, led out the remnants of the01:13:16
garrison [music] of the con MKO01:13:19
Vossi01:13:22
Ko soon began to make open threats01:13:25
against Russia and01:13:27
Prussia then the son of01:13:30
Nicholas I, Alexander01:13:34
II, had already become emperor; his father died suddenly of01:13:37
pneumonia at the very the height of the Crimean01:13:40
Company and Alexander had to make a01:13:43
key01:13:44
decision. On March 18,01:13:48
1856, at an international congress in01:13:52
Paris, a peace treaty was signed01:13:55
according to which Russia lost the right01:13:58
to have its own fleet and fortresses on the Black01:14:03
Sea, but such an outcome cannot be called shameful for01:14:07
Russia, because the01:14:10
Turks also lost the same In addition, the results of the Crimean War01:14:13
led the Russian Empire to serious01:14:17
reforms, which ultimately01:14:20
provided it with a new stage of development and01:14:23
historical01:14:31
revenge. On March 18,01:14:34
1856, a humiliating peace treaty was signed in Paris,01:14:39
which drew a line under the01:14:41
Crimean01:14:43
War. From now on, Russia01:14:46
is prohibited from having a navy on the Black Sea and The country is also01:14:50
being deprived of a protectorate over Christians01:14:54
on the world stage. The Empire finds itself01:14:58
on the sidelines, dictating conditions as in01:15:01
former times it can no longer do, and01:15:04
Alexander II faces the difficult task of01:15:08
returning the state to its Former01:15:11
Greatness. Is it true that the uprising in Poland01:15:14
almost led to another war between Russia01:15:17
and Russia?01:15:18
Europe Why was Alaska sold to the United01:15:22
States, what forced Alexander II to01:15:25
declare war on01:15:33
Turkey After the defeat in the Crimean War,01:15:37
Russia is essentially isolated from its allies01:15:41
[music]01:15:42
but there are01:15:45
enough enemies in the West, they are sure that Russia is01:15:49
angry about which our Foreign Minister01:15:55
Ott is not angry about Russia and01:15:59
Emperor Alexander II is concentrating,01:16:02
he wants to return the navy to the Black Sea as quickly as possible,01:16:05
without which the01:16:08
southern borders are defenseless, but he01:16:11
cannot take such a step yet, otherwise the war01:16:14
Russia is looking for01:16:19
allies since the01:16:24
year in Poland at that time it is part of01:16:27
Russia, an uprising breaks out and Paris01:16:30
stands on side of the rebels01:16:33
after this, Alexander II understands that it is01:16:37
better to conclude an alliance with someone who does not interfere01:16:39
in other people’s01:16:41
affairs, the uprising in Poland does not arise out of01:16:44
nowhere, by the beginning of01:16:47
1863, dozens of01:16:50
revolutionary01:16:52
organizations operate there, some dream of a Constitution, and01:16:55
some even dream of the independence and01:16:57
restoration of Poland in borders of01:17:00
1772 and these are huge lands from the Dnieper01:17:05
to the01:17:06
Dvina, in order to nip the rebellion in the bud,01:17:10
young revolutionaries are drafted into the01:17:13
army, they hide in the forests and form01:17:17
Armed detachments. On January 10,01:17:22
1863, an uprising begins that01:17:25
covers Poland, part of the Little Russia of White01:17:28
Russia and01:17:30
[music]01:17:32
Alexander II does not want Lithuania blood, he01:17:35
declares an amnesty to everyone who lays down their01:17:38
arms and behind whom There are no01:17:40
crimes However, the rebel leaders01:17:43
go to the01:17:45
end They hope that the West will intervene,01:17:48
but Austria England01:17:52
ifn01:17:55
atisse with propaganda in the press in the end01:17:58
The rebels remain together with General01:18:02
Ant who by May01:18:05
1864 pacifies01:18:09
Poland those involved in the uprising began to be01:18:11
resettled in the central Russian01:18:13
provinces. In addition, in Lithuania and Belarus,01:18:18
Catholic teachers were banned from working in schools, poets and litovs01:18:25
vluitel Alend01:18:29
Green, which is interesting during the Polish01:18:32
Uprising, Russia draws closer to America in01:18:37
1863, in the United States there is a01:18:40
civil01:18:42
war in St. Petersburg supports the01:18:44
government of Abraham Lincoln and not in01:18:48
words, the01:18:56
Russian fleet appears in Washington and San Francisco; in the future, Russia will provide the01:18:59
Americans with another service in01:19:04
1867, sells them its territory of01:19:07
Alaska, a modest amount of 7,200 dollars,01:19:13
considering that there are gold mines there for 5001:19:17
years, income from these the lands turned out to be01:19:19
hundreds of times larger, it’s a shame but it’s important01:19:22
to understand01:19:23
Alaska is far away If the British attack, it01:19:27
won’t be protected by the way, Russia spent funds from the sale of01:19:30
its American territory on01:19:33
the construction of01:19:36
railways in the fall of01:19:39
1870, Russia has a good01:19:42
opportunity to return the navy to the01:19:45
Black Sea France is one of the guarantors of01:19:48
Paris peace treaty loses01:19:51
in the war with Prussia01:19:53
and the head of our Foreign Ministry, Gorchakov, informs his01:19:56
foreign colleagues that Russia01:19:59
refuses to comply with the restrictions, of01:20:01
course this causes the anger of the same01:20:04
England. But apart from threats, nothing01:20:08
followed and in01:20:11
1871, at the London Conference,01:20:14
St. Petersburg was officially allowed to return01:20:17
naval forces to the Black Sea sea01:20:20
Russia again declares itself as a Great01:20:25
Power in01:20:27
1873, the Union of Three Emperors is formed,01:20:30
this is the name of the relationship between01:20:33
Alexander II and the heads of Germany and01:20:36
Austria-Hungary, each of the countries01:20:39
pursues its own01:20:41
goals Russia at this moment is in conflict with01:20:44
England and Germany with France and the fact is01:20:48
needed by both countries in case of future01:20:51
wars, Austria does01:20:53
not need friendship with Russia at all. After all,01:20:56
our interests collide in the01:20:59
Balkans, but on the initiative of Germany we are01:21:02
concluding a pact with each other. In general, the alliance is01:21:06
forced and01:21:09
fragile. In the summer of01:21:11
1875, an uprising breaks out in01:21:15
Herzegovina, the reason is the infringement of Christians01:21:18
who paid huge taxes to the treasury.01:21:21
Turkey01:21:23
soon unrest spreads to Bosnia01:21:26
And a year later to Bulgaria where the Turks01:21:30
suppress the rebellion with extreme cruelty01:21:33
30,000 killed further01:21:36
more Serbia and Montenegro declare01:21:39
war on Turkey they also hope for01:21:43
help from Russia but Alexander II is in no hurry to01:21:47
fight there is no money and there is a risk that on the01:21:50
Russian side Tui Cha and our allies the Austrians01:21:56
who are afraid of the strengthening of Russia in the01:21:59
Balkans while Alexander II is trying01:22:02
to resolve the issue peacefully in the country a01:22:04
movement is unfolding in support of the01:22:07
Serbs and the Bulgarians are collecting donations for them01:22:09
And01:22:12
thousands of Russian01:22:14
Volunteers are sent to the front by the way Alexander nei profiting from the01:22:18
movement to set fire to the brothers of01:22:21
St.01:22:23
went as volunteers to01:22:25
Serbia In addition, the Emperor lifted the ban01:22:27
on the supply of weapons to the01:22:30
Balkans Unfortunately, the Serbs and Russians01:22:33
Volunteers suffer defeat from the Turkish troops01:22:37
only the Ultimatum of Alexander01:22:40
II saves them from complete defeat at this01:22:43
moment our Emperor already understands the howl01:22:51
from the01:22:53
roulo they are seeking from Austria neutrality01:22:56
and from Romania consent to the passage of our01:22:59
troops and on April 12,01:23:02
1877, the Russian army01:23:06
crosses01:23:08
the pond in four columns a few more days later. We01:23:11
open hostilities in the Caucasus,01:23:14
the first victories give us the01:23:17
impression that the howl will turn01:23:21
out to be a01:23:24
round, General Osman Pasha pulls the01:23:26
main forces into the plena three times we are01:23:29
unsuccessful storming the01:23:32
fortress end on the advice of General01:23:34
Engineer Talen Russian troops move on01:23:38
to a long-term01:23:40
siege when there is no food left in the chaff the01:23:44
enemy army itself01:23:50
[applause]01:23:51
leaves the unit under the chaff Russia brings01:23:55
the matter to Victory as a result of the war with Turkey01:23:59
we get Bessarabia Montenegro Serbia01:24:03
and Romania gain independence and01:24:06
Bulgaria becomes an autonomous01:24:08
principality within the Ottoman01:24:11
Empire, although six months later, on the01:24:14
initiative of England and Austria, they01:24:21
instantly01:24:24
cut back their own territory and Montenegro, even Russia01:24:28
lost part of its conquests, but this did not01:24:32
change the essence of Russia returned to the international01:24:35
Arena, it was again taken into account, the same01:24:39
British could not prevent its01:24:41
advance in the Middle Asia Tashkent Khiva01:24:45
Murph01:24:51
but she wasn’t very angry, she01:24:58
was concentratingDescription:
РУССКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ. ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЕКТ. ВСЕ СЕРИИ: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL38u9f-zuR1S6YDv3oQhf7CMlEYc_Ao8E РУССКО-ТУРЕЦКИЕ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯ XVII век. Азовские походы Петра I XVIII век. Пётр I. Войны с Турцией и Персией XVIII век. Первые бумажные деньги, Чесменское сражение и крах Речи Посполитой XVIII век. Внешняя политика Екатерины Великой: Освоение Новороссии и Крыма XIX век. Александр I. Внутренняя и внешняя политика в 1801-1811 гг. XIX век. Кавказская война 1817-1864 гг. и смерть Александра I XIX век. Николай I. Войны с Персией и Турцией XIX век. Крымская война 1853–1856 гг. Причины и итоги XIX век. Внешняя политика Александра II: Польское восстание. Продажа Аляски. Русско-турецкая война 1877-1878 гг. Русско-турецкие войны охватывают период длительностью 351 год. Между каждой кампанией в среднем проходило всего четверть века. Битв и сражений было немало. Слишком силён был конфликт интересов. Правда ли, что Пётр Первый едва не попал в турецкий плен? Как конфликт с Османской империей отразился на денежной реформе в России при Екатерине Второй? И что заставило Александра II объявить войну Турции? Об этом и многом другом - в блоке “Русско-турецкие взаимоотношения” проекта “Русская история”. Об этом и многом другом – в очередной серии проекта «Русская история». Все выпуски будут находиться в свободном доступе в сети Интернет на каналах: YouTube Star Media: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB4BRxXp2TsMCe8kU29h3Qw YouTube Русская история: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiAsxC6387ilGxHdLiQIwrg YouTube Уроки истории: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb_adpPlZt29bezgpLZzkzA Rutube: https://rutube.ru/channel/141565/ VK: https://vk.com/starmediafilm VK «Русская история»: https://vk.com/myrussian_history Дорогие зрители! Рады сообщить, что теперь ваши любимые проекты Star Media доступны в формате аудиокниг 🎶: 📖🔊 «НУЛЕВАЯ МИРОВАЯ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lpyjVHr3rM8QC92K6GtAuMzw1C7dPBPSM 📖🔊 «ВЕЛИКИЕ БИТВЫ РОССИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_njKBE_eiZTxmq5YxZ75zn1y_GogvjRry4 📖🔊 «ПОДЛИННАЯ ИСТОРИЯ РУССКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lhDR8wTGLr1f9bHJUFMl4NdQCHKeVB9zk 📖🔊 «ВЕЛИКАЯ ВОЙНА»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_k_-TrE3n5gWKeGszSKb2pakFQAVBda0YM Желаем приятного прослушивания 🎧 Star Media в социальных сетях: https://vk.com/starmediafilm https://ok.ru/starmedia #StarMedia
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