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Биология поведения человека: Лекция #20. Агрессия, IV [Роберт Сапольски, 2010. Стэнфорд]

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Channel: Vert Dider

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образовательный

образовательное

полезный

полезное

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here is a site with shawarma works

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[music]

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this is airgel, the lightest least

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dense solid material,

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this piece weighs 1.22 grams, only

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several times heavier than the same volume of

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air, because airgel

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is 99.8 percent air, if you

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remove the air from some similar materials, the

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remaining will still be less

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dense I have been simply delighted with

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this material for a long time and finally decided to fly

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to Boston to the factory where it is produced to

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find out who invented it, how it is

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made, why it is an excellent

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thermal insulator and where it is used. Now we

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will conduct an experiment to

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demonstrate the thermal insulation

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properties

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of airgel, so here we have a

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burner number one with a glass petri dish

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and here we put a piece of airgel and

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both are silicon dioxide just with different

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physical structures, now let’s see

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how long it takes for our chocolate bunnies to melt

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and so for observations we

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use a thermal imager flur 3020 which

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distinguishes temperatures up to 2000 degrees

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Celsius, it seems to be heating up Yes, it’s

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not bad to see that the glass

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got quite hot and after a couple of minutes the smoke

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came out, well, the hare is standing and smoking, but now the

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process has begun, we described observing

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phase transitions, so there is hot

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chocolate, the rabbit is actively smoking and on this

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side it began to tumble over the edge

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gradually falls onto side

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well please record the melting that

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that crunched like clockwork perfectly

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write down the refusal the material part not only did the

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rabbit quickly melt due to

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thermal expansion burst and the

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petri dish itself we’ll put it up it’s the turn of the

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airgel

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who invented it in 1931 the professor themselves

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or a brush for

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arguing with with his colleague and Charles

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Leonid, scientists argued about jelly

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about that most delicious elastic dessert

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that it is curious that jelly is a mixture of solid and

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liquid phases, for the most part it is a

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liquid but it is included in a three-dimensional

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solid structure

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imagine a gel or jelly they have

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sleep skeletons pressure giving rigidity but

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this only one percent of the total mass of

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the debate was whether it was possible to remove

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all the liquid from the jelly without damaging the

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solid part; when evaporating, a

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problem arises: the tree-like structure of the gel

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shrinks when drying because the evaporating

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liquid pulls on the molecules of the solid

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substance, essentially

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destroying the structure from the inside;

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Samuel Kessler decided this problem in two

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stages, firstly, he realized that one liquid

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inside the sparing can be replaced with another,

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essentially just by washing it well,

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say, you can replace water with alcohol, then

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if you put the jelly in a high-pressure chamber, the

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autoclave is heated at high pressure, the

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substance reaches a critical point and

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becomes semi-liquid semi gaseous

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state super critical liquid in

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this state gas and liquid are essentially

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no different the molecules of the substance

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lose connections

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after that you release the pressure and

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only a solid skeleton remains one

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percent of the total mass of the gel without

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deformation, just instead of liquid in the

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gunpowder now the gas is this skeleton with

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tiny about nuts and it’s called

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airgel

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Kessler published the results of his

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work in it too in the thirty-first year, it is

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also heated through a thermal imager, this is clearly

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noticeable, but 3 minutes have already passed

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and the chocolate is not even going to melt

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now let’s take a thermocouple and carry out a

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control to measure the flame temperature

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directly under the rabbit, or more

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precisely under the airgel, in fact, as you can

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see, the rabbit is heating up, but not from below, and

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here the nose and chest at the edges, it is the

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hot air that rises due to convection

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and flows around the airgel, the

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thermocouple is red-hot after

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four minutes, the hare is noticeably sized, not

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bad considering how easy it is to melt

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chocolate but you can touch it with your finger only

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carefully,

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not that the gel is hot, it’s just very

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fragile, it’s good, but you can touch it

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calmly until it’s just warm to the touch,

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it turned everything into an airgel,

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chicken eggs, various rubber,

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nitrocellulose, and, among other things, silicon dioxide,

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I have samples of various gels prepared here on the table

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from it,

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wet silicon dioxide is somewhat similar

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to rubber, so you can just pick it up 97

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percent alcohol in the pores, the other three are

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solid amorphous dioxide you can touch,

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yes, of course, the elastic one is not very strong, did

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I break it, was it already like this no, this

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sent one breaks very easily and

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crumble the next step is to replace the

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alcohol in the weights with liquid carbon dioxide.

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Now let's see what liquid co2 looks like.

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The advantage of liquid co2 is that it does not

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burn and has a low critical

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temperature.

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now 600 degrees

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600 degrees Celsius is 1250 Fahrenheit,

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please note that the rabbit is melting at the

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very edge where warm air can go

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around the airgel and get to the chocolate,

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well, the rabbit is done for, he held up well, not

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bad at all,

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no big deal if I try the chocolate

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disgustingly hot warm warm and delicious

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like Fan Duke it

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turned out great now when

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carbon dioxide filled all the pores time for a

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super critical state when I

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first saw a super critical

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liquid spiritual enlightenment happened to me

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now memory I’m just

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delighted with your love for autoclaves

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I love airgel now all that’s left is

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to heat the liquid it will suit us just fine hairdryer,

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as the critical point approaches, the

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surface of the liquid seems to be blurred

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very strangely, some abnormal

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waves, I’ll speed up a little so that you can see how

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the surface literally disappears in front of

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you, liquid carbon dioxide in a

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critical state, now we remove it, it does

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not affect the solid structure, what

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remains is airgel if you place it

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airgel on a light background it will become

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almost invisible because it is

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almost completely transparent,

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but on a dark background a

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slightly

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bluish tint becomes noticeable; it owes its

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color to the same effect as the

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sky.

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to the

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fourth power of wavelength,

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which means short waves like blue are

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scattered better than yellow or

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red, which is why

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airgel does not transmit

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ultraviolet light but looks transparent in

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infrared light,

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what happens if you look through the

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gel at a blue sky, do you think

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we see some kind of super blue no, it

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turns yellowish precisely because of this

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scattering of blue light,

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only

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longer light waves like

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yellow and orange can pass through the gel and reach our eyes; essentially the same thing

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happens when you look at the sunset,

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the sky appears yellow and orange to you

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precisely because blue light dissipated

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due to the air that the waves

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have to pass through on the way to your eyes

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so a piece of airgel can become

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your own pocket sunset

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thanks to the pressure it also serves as an

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excellent heat insulator

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3 just great but how hot and

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what else you might mistakenly think that since the

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airgel

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is 99 percent consists of air, then

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it also conducts heat, but this is not so;

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its thermal conductivity is much lower, all

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due to the fact that the size of the pores is less than the

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distance that an average

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air molecule flies before

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crashing into something, the so-called

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average free path due to - Because of this, it is

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very difficult for fast hot gas molecules from the lower layers to push through the gel and

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bring heat to the top,

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this is called the Knutson effect, and it’s very

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strange, somehow you don’t expect that something

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transparent

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cannot protect from heat so well, but this is what an

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airgel is like, that’s why NASA

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used airgel for thermal insulation

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on roofers with a journal before and pull

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curiosity

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and is not going to give it up in the

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future why on Mars thermal insulation

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for electronics

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cannot be allowed to freeze on cold

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Martian nights there is also a more

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exotic application using

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airgel to catch particles from the tail of a comet

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as part of the stardust mission particles fly

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at a speed of approximately 6 kilometers per

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second relative to the airgel upon

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collision due to the low density

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but high porosity of the material, when

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particles get inside

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they spend energy on destroying the

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internal structure of the airgel and in the

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end they simply get stuck, this is the

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minus on if you want to catch

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dust particles because when colliding with solid

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surface they stop

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instantly evaporates just like that, does

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airgel have any applications in everyday

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life? I’ve

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been telling everyone for a long time when

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they start building skyscrapers in Antarctica, thermal insulation

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will be provided by airgel

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why are you so sure because everyone

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will be concerned about the issue of effective

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thermal insulation there, it’s very cold

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logical, so instead of 30 meters from

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fiberglass you can use

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15 centimeters of airgel, now scientists

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are trying to make production cheaper and the

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material itself is stronger; a

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little elasticity is not all that soft,

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well, just a little, it’s easy

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to break and they have already achieved a lot,

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for example, early samples of airgel were

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hydrophilic,

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so this is a hydrophilic airgel, so

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now this piece comes out

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essentially useless yes, but there is a way to make it

00:11:40

waterproof if you want to know how

00:11:43

and meet the new generation of ayara

00:11:45

helium subscribe to the channel this video is

00:11:48

possibly the first in the new trilogy

00:11:51

translated and voiced by vert diver studio

Description:

Поддержать проект можно по ссылкам: Если вы в России: https://boosty.to/vertdider Если вы не в России: https://www.patreon.com/VertDider Аэрогели — самые легкие твердые материалы в мире. Они также обладают чрезвычайно низкой теплопроводностью и используются для термоизоляции на марсианских роверах и как ловушки для частиц из хвоста кометы. В этом видео речь пойдёт про аэрогель из оксида кремния, хотя есть аналогичный материал и легче — из графена. Перевод: Алексей Малов Научная редактура: Леонид Вокин Редактура: Елена Смотрова Озвучка: Вадим Казанцев, Андрей Черников, Сергей Васильев, Александр Пилипчак Монтаж звука: Андрей Фокин Монтаж видео: Джон Исмаилов Спасибо за поддержку на https://www.patreon.com/VertDider. Озвучки Vert Dider выходят с вашей помощью: Ekaterina Kukushkina, Mikhail Stolpovskiy, Oleksii , Oleg Ostroukhov, Boris Bendikov, Dina vysotskaya, Animara , Sergei W, Felix , Katoto Chan, Kosoy , Максим Sheridan' Горлов, Anton Makiievskyi, Makovskyj Danilo, , , Дмитрий Мисюра, Руслан Островский, Александр Фалалеев, Soz Nov, Dmitriy Omelyansky, Olga Shistareva, Alex Katkov, Жанна Голухова, Пётр , Kamerton_440 , space monkey, Vladimir Goshev, Vladyslav Sokolenko, Елизавета , Tanya Lukashevich, Иван Дьяченко, Yevhen , Артём Маликов, Aleksei Masliukov, Вершинский Вадим, Ruslan Akhmerov, Vladimir Gavriushov, Maria Burtseva, Aleksey Sazonov, Irina Shakhverdova, Evgenii Bakhmet, Никита Рыжков, Evgeny Vrublevsky, Anna Gerasimenko, Mush Rain, Alexey , Gurov D.A., Evgeniy , Alexander Kalashnikov Сайт студии: https://vertdider.tv/ Мы в социальных сетях: - http://vk.com/studio_vd - https://twitter.com/Vert_Dider - http://coub.com/vertdider - https://t.me/vertdider Источник: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeJ9q45PfD0 Разрешение на публикацию: https://goo.gl/6n4dT7 © https://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium

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