Download "Project Orion: A Ship for the Future | Part 4"

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0:00

Intro

2:33

Directional Fusion

5:31

Source of Power

8:19

Transmuting Pusher

14:21

Scaling Architecture

17:51

The Human Element

Alien Corner Reflectors and Repeaters

Alien Corner Reflectors and Repeaters

Channel: John Michael Godier

Antarctica's Hidden Secret - Why Are Billionaires Really Meeting In This Frozen Wasteland

Antarctica's Hidden Secret - Why Are Billionaires Really Meeting In This Frozen Wasteland

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Poland NATO article 5 button [MEME]

Poland NATO article 5 button [MEME]

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Mysteries of the Universe. A Journey into Deep Space [Space Documentary 2023]

Mysteries of the Universe. A Journey into Deep Space [Space Documentary 2023]

Channel: Kosmo DOC

20 Amazing Robot Animals That Will Blow Your Mind

20 Amazing Robot Animals That Will Blow Your Mind

Channel: Top Discovery

The Formation of the Solar System in 6 minutes! (4K "Ultra HD")

The Formation of the Solar System in 6 minutes! (4K "Ultra HD")

Mysterious Objects Hiding in the Kuiper Belt!

Mysterious Objects Hiding in the Kuiper Belt!

Channel: Destiny

NASA

project orion

nuclear

space

isaac arthur

science

technology

secret

aliens

program

NPP

pulse

hydrodynamics

atomic

era

1950s

1960s

fusion

fission

china

space race

lunar

gateway

freeman

dyson

scifi

00:00:01

[Music]

00:00:21

stretching nearly 800 meters the npv

00:00:24

argonne is a fusion-powered nuclear

00:00:26

pulse spacecraft

00:00:27

the first of its kind this vessel

00:00:29

represents a generational leap for

00:00:31

nuclear propulsion the spindle-like 215

00:00:34

000 ton argon has a specific

00:00:36

justification to its creation it will

00:00:38

provide long-haul missions from lunar

00:00:40

orbit to the gas giants

00:00:42

when in orbit around jupiter she will

00:00:44

harvest resources from its atmosphere

00:00:46

without reliance on local facilities

00:00:49

with a predicted annual payload

00:00:50

throughput of half a million tons the

00:00:53

argonne will provide the growing

00:00:54

industrial base residing among the inner

00:00:56

orbits with hydrogen helium and other

00:00:58

useful chemicals

00:01:00

conversely she will transport raw

00:01:02

aluminum and iron from luna to the outer

00:01:04

planets for use in construction projects

00:01:07

she will house at most 800 souls against

00:01:10

the solar tides and bear the

00:01:11

responsibility of directing the combined

00:01:13

human efforts of exploring space

00:01:15

the npvr gone will become the new

00:01:18

command center of space programs beyond

00:01:20

earth and unlike on earth the command

00:01:22

and control responsibilities here are

00:01:24

shared by a central scientific and

00:01:26

civilian leadership a group of

00:01:28

individuals who lead the effort of human

00:01:29

exploration from the same point in time

00:01:32

and space

00:01:36

[Music]

00:02:19

work being done in nuclear technology

00:02:21

today indicates an identifiable vehicle

00:02:23

design which will surpass the legacy

00:02:25

orion concept scope and allow the range

00:02:28

and fuel efficiency of nuclear pulse

00:02:29

propulsion to be enhanced

00:02:34

humans have already pursued the

00:02:35

necessary aspects of directing fusion

00:02:37

plasma using magnetic electrostatic and

00:02:40

inertial methods

00:02:41

the technical problems arising from

00:02:43

containing fusion plasma are

00:02:45

significantly more complex than

00:02:46

sustaining a fission reaction but there

00:02:48

are commonalities between both

00:02:50

techniques

00:02:51

while more difficult to produce and

00:02:53

sustain than fission when a fusion

00:02:55

reaction occurs it can be likened to a

00:02:57

high temperature fission reaction for

00:02:58

the sake of comparison

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nuclear pulses offer solutions to the

00:03:02

thermal material and dynamic limitations

00:03:05

of traditional rockets but pulsed

00:03:07

reactions also mediate the problems of

00:03:09

shaping nuclear plasma since small

00:03:11

detonated devices can utilize the

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directional nature of a sustained

00:03:14

nuclear reaction to influence vehicle

00:03:16

motion

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nuclear detonations can be asymmetrical

00:03:20

in nature as influenced by the material

00:03:22

composition and design of the fusion or

00:03:24

fission materials

00:03:26

we already know that self-actuated

00:03:28

thermonuclear devices are directional in

00:03:30

nature so the same applications are

00:03:32

viable to externally detonated devices

00:03:34

so long as considerations are made to

00:03:36

the device design

00:03:38

future developments of npp will hinge on

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designing these small fusion devices and

00:03:42

known as microfusion pellets

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in contrast to the nuclear devices of

00:03:47

orion microfusion pellets contribute far

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less to the vehicle mass since they can

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be smaller and lighter while providing

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equal thrust

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the pellets can be simplified into three

00:03:57

parts an enclosure made of gold alloy a

00:03:59

frozen deuterium and tritium fuel

00:04:01

crystal and a lensing cavity filled with

00:04:04

hydrogen

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the frozen deuterium tritium fuel

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crystal is heated and compressed by

00:04:10

laser energy this eventually causes a

00:04:13

fusion reaction

00:04:14

the hydrogen stored in the device's lens

00:04:17

reaches momentary pressures in excess of

00:04:19

100 gigapascals creating a partial

00:04:21

transition into the first phase of solid

00:04:23

hydrogen where the molecules are allowed

00:04:25

to freely rotate within a dense array

00:04:28

this phase allows the hydrogen lens to

00:04:30

quickly absorb the thermal load of the

00:04:32

ignition laser which allows further

00:04:34

solidification as the hydrogen reaches

00:04:36

phase four

00:04:37

in this phase the excited molecules are

00:04:39

stacked and alternating sheets of loose

00:04:41

and strongly bonded structures which

00:04:43

permits the fusion cascade to quickly

00:04:45

make use of the hydrogen as fuel

00:04:48

while the lensing cavity contributes

00:04:49

little to the overall total power output

00:04:51

of the fusion pellet it provides a

00:04:53

directional component for the fusion

00:04:55

processes to follow and permits the

00:04:57

asymmetrical detonations we expect from

00:04:59

nuclear propulsion pulses

00:05:01

we might also use moderator materials

00:05:03

which would contribute to the

00:05:04

detonation's asymmetry

00:05:07

pulse nuclear fusion will permit

00:05:09

directional fusion detonations without

00:05:11

the expensive and complex containment

00:05:13

systems typically associated with

00:05:15

shaping nuclear fusion

00:05:17

the main advantage of pure fusion over

00:05:19

thermonuclear devices is fuel efficiency

00:05:21

and a low level of industrial

00:05:23

development needed to build laser

00:05:24

fusion-powered vehicles but this comes

00:05:26

at a significant energy cost

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an apparent obstacle in pursuing pure

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fusion nuclear pulse propulsion will be

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the system's high energy requirements

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as opposed to orion npp microfusion

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pellets will not self-detonate with the

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assistance of a fission tamper so the

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initial energies needed to achieve

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fusion must be provided from an external

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source

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realistic fusion systems look to lasers

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for initiating fusion

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lasers appropriate for application

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include continuous wave lasers pulsed

00:05:58

and ultra fast lasers

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while triggering nuclear devices can be

00:06:02

done with normal continuous wave lasers

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pulsed lasers can pump more energy into

00:06:07

a small object over a short period of

00:06:09

time this mode of operation is preferred

00:06:11

since detonations occur over intervals

00:06:13

of a second or longer so the lasers only

00:06:15

draw power for a small fraction of the

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total propulsion impulse pulsed lasers

00:06:20

have other advantages as well they can

00:06:22

be chirped allowing a sweep through a

00:06:24

specific range of light wavelengths

00:06:26

amplifying the pulse beyond its original

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peak intensity

00:06:31

there is also the phenomenon of optical

00:06:33

parametric generation where two or more

00:06:35

lasers can be tuned to different

00:06:37

frequencies and focused on a mixing

00:06:39

medium like a crystal

00:06:40

this process allows us to combine the

00:06:42

sum energy of two different photons into

00:06:45

a third photon generated by the

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interaction optical parametric

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generation allows energies potentially

00:06:51

absorbed by the pulse device to be

00:06:53

multiplied without additional focusing

00:06:55

or complex solid-state controls such as

00:06:57

those used in chirping

00:06:59

all of these techniques chirping optical

00:07:02

parametric generation and laser design

00:07:04

work together to reduce the total energy

00:07:06

needed to operate the laser array

00:07:08

this area is where laser triggered

00:07:10

fusion begins to show real advantages

00:07:12

over pusher plate designs like orion

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they can accomplish the same high

00:07:16

performance with a fraction of the fuel

00:07:18

mass and fuel mass is cheaper to produce

00:07:21

the environment of space means any

00:07:23

energy pumped into the fusion device via

00:07:25

laser will be largely insulated and

00:07:27

thermal criticality of the fuel mass can

00:07:29

be achieved with a minimal waste of

00:07:31

energy

00:07:33

our hypothetical argon interplanetary

00:07:35

tug has opted for an array of 45 laser

00:07:37

amplifiers each amplifier utilizes

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plasma electrode pockels cells which are

00:07:42

extremely fast prismatic gates as well

00:07:45

as optical lenses and filters to

00:07:47

increase an initial laser pulse of about

00:07:49

.001 joules into an intense laser

00:07:52

emission of over 200 million joules

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focused on the microfusion pellet and

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lasting a few trillionths of a second

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as the argon initiates a thrust maneuver

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it deploys a single 15 kilogram pulse

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device from within the concave face of

00:08:07

its pusher umbrella a brief intersection

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with the laser array's focal point will

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allow the pulse devices to be struck by

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picosecond laser impulses over a brief

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interval of a few milliseconds

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in our design the pusher plate is an

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integral part of the vehicle's mission

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as well as its structure

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the pusher assembly is designed for easy

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replacement in large detachable sections

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using heavy elements in the thrust

00:08:36

canopy material presents a question how

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can the additional mass of such a

00:08:40

structure be rationalized when lower

00:08:42

vehicle mass is one apparent goal of

00:08:44

using nuclear fusion pulse propulsion

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consider that vehicles of a realistic

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scale will use a near hemispherical sail

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design as these engines will benefit

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from a maximum intersection with the

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blast

00:08:56

forces produced by the fusion pellets

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expanding shockwave of plasma are

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considerable so even large additions of

00:09:02

mass imposed by hemisphere design is

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overshadowed by gains in efficiency from

00:09:06

harnessing these forces

00:09:08

the entire hemisphere will need to

00:09:10

withstand shock tension and compression

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in the direction of the detonation the

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lightweight spinnaker sails possible on

00:09:16

smaller vehicles are no longer practical

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at scale especially considering larger

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sail area implies more frequent and

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extensive maintenance if made from

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lightweight materials

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conceding to a robust sail design made

00:09:29

of aluminum trusses and cladding panels

00:09:32

made of heavy elements will simplify the

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problem of eliminating waste heat as

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well it provides ample area for either

00:09:38

discrete radiators or passive cooling

00:09:40

for the vehicle's laser amplifiers and

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nuclear power plants

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a robust load-bearing hemispherical sail

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is further justified by the eventuality

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of fairly extensive maintenance on the

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vehicle

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in our example the argonne will be

00:09:54

expected to perform maintenance while on

00:09:56

mission whenever not under thrust this

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is accomplished by removal and

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replacement of sections of the sail

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something made possible only by its

00:10:04

manner of construction

00:10:06

while a thin sail material is lighter it

00:10:08

is more susceptible to debris impacts

00:10:10

also being arguably more difficult to

00:10:12

repair the sail would need to be

00:10:14

carefully tensioned and patched while

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adding mass would have to be avoided to

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maintain the sail's center of mass

00:10:21

the sail would need to be routinely

00:10:23

inspected repaired and previous repair

00:10:25

is constantly monitored for wear

00:10:28

repairing a hard sail is a task

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requiring more movement of physical mass

00:10:32

but this task is less complex

00:10:35

damage is of course more rare with this

00:10:37

design and when it does appear it will

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not pose an immediate risk in the same

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way a ripped sail might affect a ship's

00:10:43

trajectory

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the capability for a sail to be removed

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in modular sections not only simplifies

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maintenance but offers interesting

00:10:51

possibilities for alternative uses of

00:10:53

the structure

00:10:54

these ideas were first posed in project

00:10:57

orion and are adaptable to external

00:10:58

fusion pulses as well

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the use of transuranic elements in areas

00:11:03

exposed to nuclear radiation

00:11:05

accomplishes several functions after

00:11:07

extended normal operation the pusher

00:11:10

will be removed and used for nuclear

00:11:11

reprocessing on distant bodies where

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nuclear material is difficult to source

00:11:15

or transport

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if the plate is rebuilt using more

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transuranic material the vehicle can

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produce non-trivial amounts of useful

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nuclear material indefinitely

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these elements not only block radiation

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but can passively make use of this

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energy as they become more radioactive

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over time

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one notable drawback is apparent as

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materials are difficult to procure

00:11:36

without industrial breeding of low

00:11:38

enriched and nuclear material in space

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it is often debated how linear pulling

00:11:44

spinnakers can leverage a sail at the

00:11:45

vehicle's bow since the vehicle will be

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impacted by the reflecting blast wave

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and subsequently travel through the

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nuclear detonation's origin point

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interestingly the advantage of a

00:11:56

hemispherical versus a shallow concave

00:11:58

cell design is to mitigate the

00:11:59

reflection of the blast back towards the

00:12:01

vehicle

00:12:03

the vast majority of the radiation from

00:12:04

the pulse will arrive at the sail at a

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right angle to its surface in this

00:12:08

design increasing momentum transfer and

00:12:10

also leaving reflected radiation

00:12:12

bouncing back from the sail with

00:12:13

considerably less energy

00:12:16

one potential effect of this will be the

00:12:18

production of eddies in the plasma cloud

00:12:20

as it converges but this plasma will

00:12:22

dissipate long before interaction with

00:12:24

the main vehicle can occur

00:12:27

both the sail's design and the brief

00:12:29

effective lifetime of fast-moving plasma

00:12:32

imply the actual losses in thrust

00:12:34

resulting from deflection on the

00:12:35

secondary blast wave as the vehicle

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passes through it are negligible

00:12:40

the rapid dissipation of the fusion

00:12:41

reaction products mean only a basic

00:12:43

radiation scattering shield is needed to

00:12:45

protect the vehicle

00:12:48

while it is difficult to harness the

00:12:49

phenomenon of nuclear fusion towards

00:12:51

propulsion vehicles designed around

00:12:54

external fusion pulses are not

00:12:55

necessarily complex engineering

00:12:57

undertakings

00:12:58

large-scale vehicles operating on pulsed

00:13:01

inertial exchange can function upon

00:13:03

simple principles and do not demand

00:13:04

advance to manufacturing or materials

00:13:07

material with high tensile strength and

00:13:09

consistency such as those needed for

00:13:11

pressure vessels on chemical spacecraft

00:13:13

are largely avoided

00:13:15

important assemblies such as the crew

00:13:17

module and power plants could be

00:13:19

fabricated elsewhere

00:13:21

these would be employed in the vehicle's

00:13:23

construction as well meaning such a

00:13:25

vehicle might be built on entirely local

00:13:27

materials after placing infrastructure

00:13:29

assets in orbit

00:13:32

the argonne was to a limited extent an

00:13:34

example of one such emergent project its

00:13:37

control module was originally the

00:13:38

central module of the talktar lunar

00:13:41

station which was relocated to the l3

00:13:43

lagrange in order to be refit and serve

00:13:45

as the main working area for the

00:13:46

argonne's crew

00:13:48

the third and fourth nuclear reactors

00:13:50

were co-opted from lunar installations

00:13:52

as well one from the toktar station and

00:13:55

another from the grimaldi surface base

00:13:57

northeast of mer oriental basin

00:13:59

consider in legacy designs including dr

00:14:02

john dale solem's medusa each part of

00:14:04

the vehicle is connected along a central

00:14:06

truss and propulsive force is

00:14:08

distributed through tension down the

00:14:10

truss and across structural tethers

00:14:11

connecting the spinnaker

00:14:13

the absence of compressive forces on the

00:14:15

craft's hull structure is another

00:14:17

contributor to the design's low

00:14:19

manufacturing cost

00:14:23

we've mostly discussed very large

00:14:24

vehicles here in excess of a hundred

00:14:26

thousand tons for the application of

00:14:28

pulsed nuclear fusion

00:14:30

this scale is viable because of the

00:14:32

possibility of manufacturer using

00:14:34

in-situ resources from lunar orbit but

00:14:36

we don't necessarily need vehicles this

00:14:38

large to fulfill the requirements of

00:14:40

these systems

00:14:42

we can reason a useful system of

00:14:44

classification from our discussions for

00:14:46

use in solar space we can envision three

00:14:48

tiers of fusionpaul spacecraft the first

00:14:51

tier represents proving or testing

00:14:53

vehicles up to 5000 tons this is roughly

00:14:56

twice the theoretical minimum mass for

00:14:58

these vehicles and thus it is a bare

00:15:00

bones estimate of a test platform

00:15:03

the second tier concerns all vehicles

00:15:05

not intended for proof of function and

00:15:07

less than 100 000 tons possibly using a

00:15:10

lightweight spinnaker style sail

00:15:12

on the third and last year we have ships

00:15:14

over a hundred thousand tons making use

00:15:16

of heavy structurally supported metal

00:15:18

cladding

00:15:19

the minimal scale for these vehicles

00:15:21

using today's technology we could expect

00:15:23

to be around 500 to 1000 tons or roughly

00:15:26

equivalent to one or two international

00:15:28

space stations

00:15:30

this should permit carrying the nuclear

00:15:31

reactors lasers and radiators needed

00:15:35

such a vehicle at this minimal scale

00:15:37

would act as a test platform so the

00:15:39

blast absorbing canopy could be a

00:15:40

flexible sail morrocan to the spinnaker

00:15:43

sail ships of earth rather than a fuller

00:15:45

partial hemisphere

00:15:47

this means less of the blast will be

00:15:49

intercepted for thrust and acceptable

00:15:51

compromise given the low cost of

00:15:52

individual pulse devices

00:15:55

it might take years to a decade to build

00:15:57

a 215 000 ton vehicle such as the

00:16:00

argonne exclusively in lunar orbit

00:16:02

depending on the intensity of efforts

00:16:04

and the size of the ship and assuming

00:16:06

global cooperation if construction is an

00:16:09

endeavor made with near independence

00:16:11

from earth's industries though we can

00:16:13

assume fabrication methods based on

00:16:15

immersion technologies

00:16:17

these might include laser sintering of

00:16:19

lunar aluminum dust into structural

00:16:21

trusses deposition printing and other

00:16:23

expedient techniques taking advantage of

00:16:25

the space environment

00:16:27

putting these vehicles into a specific

00:16:29

context in our solar system presents

00:16:31

another line of questions mostly

00:16:33

concerning operational hazards given

00:16:35

distance to key regions for human

00:16:37

activities around terra luna and the two

00:16:39

bodies lagrange points

00:16:41

electromagnetic pulses and electron

00:16:43

activation represent the two main

00:16:45

hazards since we are using fusion

00:16:48

radionuclide or fallout production is

00:16:50

avoided

00:16:51

to properly argue the long-term effects

00:16:54

on the space environment from operating

00:16:56

a vehicle such as the argon we will need

00:16:58

to calculate the intensity of radiations

00:17:00

as the craft crosses a normal flight

00:17:02

trajectory

00:17:04

this is a technical problem outside the

00:17:06

scope of this video but we will return

00:17:08

to this point in the future

00:17:10

this brings up another consideration if

00:17:12

we use high performance systems on

00:17:14

massive vehicles to transport raw

00:17:16

material around the solar system how

00:17:18

will they interact with other industrial

00:17:20

infrastructure

00:17:22

employing networks of shuttles to

00:17:24

offload vehicles laden with material

00:17:26

rather than parking them in local lunar

00:17:28

orbits might offer a way to reduce risk

00:17:30

to surface operations on the moon

00:17:33

the eventual design of interplanetary

00:17:35

transportation networks will inform a

00:17:37

more in-depth discussion of how

00:17:39

pronounced the environmental

00:17:40

interactions of these craft will be

00:17:43

the importance of any effect on the

00:17:44

local space environment cannot be

00:17:46

stressed enough since this space will

00:17:48

invariably be shared by human activity

00:17:54

the npvr gone carries at most 800 people

00:17:58

this is a not insignificant population

00:18:00

whose needs have to be met

00:18:02

the comforts of daily life including

00:18:04

space for activity resources and food

00:18:07

must be satisfied as the vehicle makes

00:18:09

infrequent stops across the solar system

00:18:12

we made the argona base of operations

00:18:14

for human activity on the outer planets

00:18:16

in our premise so that addressing human

00:18:18

demands is a more straightforward

00:18:19

question

00:18:20

we are assuming infrequent resupply

00:18:22

stops and a large population so our

00:18:24

calculations are on the more extreme end

00:18:27

high redundancy and a multitude of

00:18:29

services will be expected to ensure

00:18:31

safety of the crew in addition to basic

00:18:33

needs with hundreds of days between

00:18:35

resupply

00:18:36

these factors do imply the argonne is

00:18:39

expected to be somewhat self-sufficient

00:18:41

with routine or emergency resupply being

00:18:43

a fairly inexpensive option as a backup

00:18:46

in this paradigm if the argonne intended

00:18:49

to host a skeleton crew her resource

00:18:51

needs could be met entirely from the

00:18:53

ship

00:18:54

during peak operation times when the

00:18:56

ship is fully manned supplies could be

00:18:58

shuttled in from wherever is convenient

00:19:01

stepping back from the larger problems

00:19:03

of sustaining the crew we have to

00:19:04

consider the immediate risk to the crew

00:19:06

from operation of a nuclear fusion pulse

00:19:08

drive orion offered a simple solution to

00:19:12

the threat of radiation by placing a

00:19:14

heavy metal pusher plate between the

00:19:16

detonations and the crew

00:19:18

using a spinnaker-style spindle design

00:19:20

as our grown does risks exposing the

00:19:22

bulk of the spacecraft to its propulsion

00:19:25

system's radiation

00:19:27

the main concerns to human biology and

00:19:29

electronics are fast-moving helium

00:19:31

nuclei or alpha particles and neutrons

00:19:35

distance and shielding can reduce the

00:19:37

danger of alpha particles to negligible

00:19:39

levels but the neutrons are not so

00:19:41

easily defeated

00:19:43

neutrons are most effectively countered

00:19:45

by a combination of scatter shields and

00:19:47

mass over distance

00:19:49

scatter shields placed close to the

00:19:51

neutron source deflect the neutrons

00:19:53

spreading their pattern and decreasing

00:19:54

the total concentration of particles

00:19:58

the ship's mass represented by payload

00:20:00

storage tanks raw materials and

00:20:02

structural assemblies are all placed

00:20:04

between the detonation and the crew

00:20:05

compartment to further scatter and

00:20:07

shield against

00:20:18

radiation thank you for watching

00:20:20

subscribe to the channel for more

00:20:22

content like this

Description:

Fusion offers a near alternative to Orion's legacy designs while avoiding political and fission fallout. In part 4 of our series on Project Orion we're realizing the adaptable state of the nuclear pulse propulsion concept and adding laser fusion to our discussion. 0:00 - Intro 2:33 - Directional Fusion 5:31 - Source of Power 8:19 - Transmuting Pusher 14:21 - Scaling Architecture 17:51 - The Human Element

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