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endocrino

00:00:06

good morning, how are you doing guys, how

00:00:13

are you doing? Good morning,

00:00:16

guys. Well, how did yesterday go?

00:00:19

Liver, pancreas,

00:00:21

those issues were clear. Let's

00:00:30

see,

00:00:35

endocrine system, endocrine system is a complex issue. So we

00:00:39

have to pay close attention to it. Let's

00:00:41

go with

00:00:43

endocrine. Look, pay attention to the

00:00:47

endocrine system.

00:00:49

Remember that they are

00:00:53

glands without a

00:00:56

duct. What does that mean that

00:01:01

they release

00:01:04

the

00:01:07

secretion into the

00:01:11

blood according to the blood to the blood

00:01:16

or however you want to

00:01:17

put it?

00:01:19

Therefore, the endocrine system, the

00:01:23

endocrine glands have a

00:01:26

stroma of cells and

00:01:31

reticular fibers since they have many cells.

00:01:34

and something very important and

00:01:39

fenestrated capillaries remember

00:01:44

fenestrated the capillaries are

00:01:47

fenestrated the endocrine system

00:01:49

then ductless glands with

00:01:51

fenestrated capillaries stroma of cells

00:01:54

and reticular fibers release secretion into

00:01:56

the blood that secretion is called hormone

00:02:01

hormone remember that there are several types

00:02:05

of hormone it is a substance that in the

00:02:07

blood they can be

00:02:11

peptides or they can be

00:02:19

steroids What is the difference between

00:02:21

peptides and steroids? The

00:02:24

base of peptides is amino acids and in

00:02:27

these

00:02:28

cholesterol,

00:02:30

remember steroids are made of

00:02:33

cholesterol. So what happens with

00:02:35

peptide hormones and

00:02:37

steroid hormones are the types of hormones that

00:02:38

are released into the blood are transported

00:02:40

and act on a target organ if all

00:02:44

this

00:02:46

acts

00:02:49

on they act on an

00:02:53

organ that is called a

00:02:58

target a target organ of agreement In other words,

00:03:02

this

00:03:03

cell produces a

00:03:05

substance that

00:03:07

acts on a receptor in a

00:03:11

target organ of agreement endocrine system are

00:03:15

glands without fenestrated capillary ducts

00:03:17

they release their secretion into the

00:03:19

blood they act on a target organ if

00:03:22

where the receptor is this distance what is

00:03:25

released is a hormone which is a

00:03:26

substance that can be peptide or

00:03:28

steroid We agree up to that point

00:03:31

guys What is an

00:03:33

endocrine gland? It is a type of epithelium that will

00:03:37

release its secretion into the

00:03:41

blood. It is a type of epithelium that will

00:03:44

release its

00:03:46

secretion into the

00:03:51

blood. We

00:03:53

agree, some questions up to

00:03:58

this point,

00:04:01

what else other than

00:04:05

this is an

00:04:15

endocrine gland? It will release a

00:04:19

hormone, that hormone will act on

00:04:22

a target gland, a

00:04:25

target organ that will release a final product.

00:04:34

Yes, that

00:04:38

final product usually does what is called

00:04:42

feedback. Feedback.

00:04:47

That feedback can be

00:04:50

positive or negative. There is feedback. which

00:04:54

can be positive or negative according to

00:04:59

s

00:05:02

usually the

00:05:04

feedbacks almost

00:05:07

all are negative there is an

00:05:11

exception positive feedback

00:05:14

estrogens

00:05:17

only estrogens They are the only ones who

00:05:20

give positive feedback afterward almost

00:05:23

all of them are negative feedback or

00:05:26

feedback they understood this

00:05:29

a hormone is released the hormone It releases,

00:05:31

acts on the target, that final product,

00:05:33

which may be another hormone, will act

00:05:35

on the

00:05:36

previous ones, inhibiting secretion. This

00:05:40

is self-regulation. Feedback

00:05:42

feedback. Except for estrogens,

00:05:45

which enhance it, the others lower it.

00:05:49

Estrogens enhance it. Okay,

00:05:53

yes, guys, this is how the

00:05:56

endocrine system works.

00:06:00

They are pure endocrine because there are many

00:06:02

endocrine glands but in reality

00:06:04

they are mixed the liver is mixed the

00:06:06

pancreas is mixed

00:06:09

the thymus the heart produces hormones the

00:06:12

kidney produces hormones the lung produces

00:06:14

hormones but which glands are

00:06:15

pure endocrine

00:06:18

five the

00:06:21

pituitary the

00:06:24

adrenal the

00:06:26

thyroid the parathyroid

00:06:32

and the

00:06:33

pineal glands, these glands are entirely

00:06:36

endocrine, they all have a

00:06:38

stroma of cells and reticular fibers,

00:06:40

they all have fenestrated capillaries so

00:06:43

that the hormones diffuse more easily

00:06:45

than in a continuous capillary into the

00:06:47

blood, okay, and remember that these are

00:06:49

going to travel through the blood to places

00:06:52

distant it is clear to act think

00:06:55

of the pituitary releasing this lh to

00:07:00

act in the ovary you understand me that is to say it

00:07:02

travels at a distance it is clear the

00:07:05

endocrine glands the pituitary

00:07:07

adrenal thyroid parathyroid and pineal and

00:07:10

generally the final product gives

00:07:12

feedback okay or feedback

00:07:16

okay great

00:07:20

Yes this this is

00:07:24

[Music]

00:07:25

gland this one that said target organ

00:07:29

will be the same as Diana Yes yes I think it

00:07:32

is the fifteenth time I say it but it

00:07:34

is true Diana target target Target

00:07:39

is where it is going to hit it is clear yes

00:07:43

they know what target means Apart from

00:07:45

a name, this is, I don't

00:07:48

know what they call it in Brazil, but

00:07:51

when you shoot an

00:07:53

arrow, Oh yes, it

00:07:58

would be, you shoot an arrow, it

00:08:00

hits the target, target,

00:08:07

Target,

00:08:11

Target, all of those are

00:08:13

synonyms. You're

00:08:18

welcome, that's where they're going to act, it's

00:08:21

clear. s in that place good very good What

00:08:25

else guys apart from this let's

00:08:28

start with the

00:08:33

pituitary pituitary pituitary guys

00:08:37

let's go with the

00:08:38

pituitary the pituitary is very long it's

00:08:41

going to take us a long

00:08:50

time it's going to take us a long time

00:08:53

look at the

00:08:58

pituitary the pituitary is an

00:09:02

organ which has a

00:09:06

capsule of dense collagenous connective tissue it

00:09:10

will have two lobes, a

00:09:14

lobe called

00:09:17

anterior and a

00:09:19

lobe called

00:09:23

posterior an anterior lobe a

00:09:28

posterior lobe the

00:09:32

anterior lobe and the posterior lobe

00:09:35

according to this gland has a

00:09:39

stalk and a body sits the sella turcica

00:09:43

of the sphenoid,

00:09:48

remember the

00:09:51

anterior ovule has two

00:09:58

parts

00:10:02

two parts you see it those parts of the anterior lobe

00:10:10

are the

00:10:12

pars

00:10:16

tuberalis and the pars

00:10:23

distalis the anterior part has

00:10:28

that suales a

00:10:30

parales in the

00:10:37

posterior part we have three

00:10:44

portions you

00:10:49

see it is

00:10:52

called intermediate pair

00:11:01

infundibulum and nervosa pair

00:11:09

look In total there are five portions

00:11:12

you saw the anterior lobe paral and

00:11:14

distal the posterior lobe

00:11:15

intermediate pair infundibulum intermediate pair

00:11:18

infundibulum and nervosa pair notice that

00:11:22

three parts I put in red and two

00:11:24

parts I put in blue you noticed

00:11:27

Yes, the

00:11:31

red parts will make up what is called the

00:11:36

adenohypophysis. That adenohypophysis is

00:11:42

epithelial. It comes from the

00:11:45

ectoderm.

00:12:00

par

00:12:02

tuberalis par distalis and pars

00:12:04

intermedia, on the

00:12:06

other hand, the other infundibulum and par

00:12:11

nervosa are called neurohypophysis. It sounds

00:12:14

like neurohypophysis

00:12:19

and the neurohypophysis. The neurohypophysis is

00:12:25

nervous. It originates from the hypothalamus of the

00:12:28

infundibulum of the neural ectoderm. It is

00:12:31

nervous. It

00:12:33

only

00:12:36

stores

00:12:44

hypothalamic hormones. It stores

00:12:49

hypothalamic hormones. It stores hypothalamic hormones.

00:12:55

Listen to me, the par distalis and the

00:12:58

tuberalis are from the anterior lobe, then

00:13:02

there is a space, the posterior lobe

00:13:04

has the parse intermedia, which is part

00:13:06

of the adenum, par nervosa and infundibulum, which

00:13:10

is the nerve. Yes, the space

00:13:13

between the two lobes is called the

00:13:17

pituitary space, according to So this is what

00:13:20

this gland is like, okay, it has a

00:13:23

nervous part and an epithelial part, the

00:13:24

epithelial produces hormones, the nervous

00:13:27

stores okay, you

00:13:29

understand, sure

00:13:34

guys, anatomically it is bilobed but

00:13:38

functionally, histologically and

00:13:40

embryologically, there are two pituitary glands, one

00:13:42

adeno and one neuro, the adeno is epithelial,

00:13:46

the neuro The adenum of the ectoderm is nervous.

00:13:48

The neuro of the ectoderm is general.

00:14:03

agree Here we go,

00:14:07

pay attention and let's see, we draw

00:14:09

the pituitary again and we are going to put

00:14:13

those structures and see what

00:14:19

they have, look

00:14:21

here we are going to start with the

00:14:24

adenohypophysis

00:14:26

adenohypophysis

00:14:27

ad

00:14:28

[Music]

00:14:32

pituitary

00:14:33

adenohypophysis

00:14:35

in the ad pituitary we are going to have

00:14:56

this these three are the ones to

00:15:00

see Well, if these three are the

00:15:07

pituitary gland, we have three

00:15:10

structures, the first is called par

00:15:18

tuberalis,

00:15:20

pars

00:15:22

cralis and

00:15:24

pars intermedia. We agree

00:15:29

tuberalis, the pars tuberalis and the pars

00:15:35

distalis present something, the two pars

00:15:39

present something, the pars tuberalis and the

00:15:41

pars

00:15:43

distalis They present

00:15:45

50% of

00:15:48

cells that are called

00:15:52

chromophobic, they do not accept the H coloring,

00:15:55

they are pale, 50

00:15:59

are chromophobic, they are more or less the

00:16:01

same

00:16:03

structures, the other

00:16:05

50% are called

00:16:08

chromophilic cells,

00:16:12

these do accept the dyes,

00:16:18

40% are

00:16:22

acidophilic and

00:16:24

10% are called chromophilic cells.

00:16:27

basophils

00:16:29

agree these are the cell types

00:16:31

that will be in the tuberalis and

00:16:34

paralis pair in the intermediate pair in the

00:16:39

intermediate pair if they are all chromophiles

00:16:47

basophils okay wait a

00:16:50

second please

00:17:07

perfect as I said they are all

00:17:11

basophils it is clear I agree they are

00:17:14

all basophils all chromophiles

00:17:16

basophils This is what we are going to have, that

00:17:19

is, in the pars tuberalis and pars distalis

00:17:22

we have half that do not stain,

00:17:24

half that do, let's see what this means

00:17:27

that the chromophobes are going to transform

00:17:30

into chromophiles

00:17:31

when they mature When they mature they mature they

00:17:36

become chromophiles And what happens to

00:17:39

the chromophiles when

00:17:44

they age What happens when they age they

00:17:47

transform back into chromophobes it is

00:17:49

understood That is to say that the chromophiles and

00:17:51

chromophiles the chromophobes and chromophiles

00:17:57

are that they pass from one state to another

00:18:01

Depending on the degree of maturation s

00:18:04

Depending on the degree of

00:18:11

maturation, chromophobes and chromophiles

00:18:14

depend on the degree of

00:18:22

maturation yes guys great this was clear

00:18:32

the ad pituitary

00:18:35

then pair tuberalis pair distalis pair

00:18:45

intermediate great what else guys to all

00:18:49

this This is what we have so what we are

00:18:51

going to see Now, what are

00:18:53

those acidophilic cells called? What are

00:18:55

those basophilic cells that produce called?

00:18:58

Who stimulates them and for what good do

00:19:02

they have to understand

00:19:05

something about the adenohypophysis? Someone is going to regulate it.

00:19:09

Someone is considered a

00:19:11

master gland because the adenohypophysis has

00:19:14

the particularity. The

00:19:22

adenohypophysis has the regular peculiarity. To

00:19:26

other glands, the pituitary

00:19:29

produces

00:19:31

hormones that regulate various

00:19:35

structures, for example the

00:19:39

mammary gland, for example, the

00:19:41

ovary, the

00:19:44

testicle, for example, the

00:19:49

thyroid, the

00:19:55

adrenal cortex, the melanin of the

00:20:00

skin, as you will see, it regulates a lot of things with its

00:20:04

hormones. glands and

00:20:06

structures or not small is a great

00:20:09

regulator the adenohypophysis with its

00:20:12

hormones regulates these others but in

00:20:15

turn the aden pituitary is controlled by

00:20:19

the

00:20:22

hypothalamus The hypothalamus, a center of the

00:20:27

central nervous system,

00:20:29

regulates

00:20:31

the adenohypophysis with its hormones those

00:20:35

hormones that bring together the adenohypophysis they are

00:20:38

called

00:20:40

RH

00:20:42

remember

00:20:47

releasing hormones releasing hormones releasing

00:20:50

hormones

00:20:51

regulate the

00:20:54

adenohypophysis releasing hormones

00:20:58

regulate the adenohypophysis

00:21:06

releasing hormones

00:21:14

releasing hormones We agree the

00:21:17

releasing hormones regulate this

00:21:20

produces the hypothalamus The hypothalamus

00:21:23

produces the crhs these act on

00:21:24

pituitary gland and these act their hormones

00:21:27

on those other glands yes this is

00:21:30

called hypothalamic pituitary axes hypothalamic

00:21:37

hypothalamic

00:21:41

pituitary axes so there is a hypothalamic

00:21:44

pituitary ovarian axis hypothalamic

00:21:46

pituitary testicular axis hypothalamic

00:21:48

pituitary mammary axis hypothalamic

00:21:51

pituitary thyroid axis is

00:21:57

understood

00:22:01

then The hypothalamus with its

00:22:02

releasing hormones acts about the pituitary gland, which

00:22:04

with its hormones regulates these others,

00:22:07

it is clear, it is understood, guys, up to this point,

00:22:12

great, perfect, good, good. So look at

00:22:19

this, you already understood this, we are

00:22:23

fine. So look, let's see what you

00:22:27

do with this. We're going to make a picture,

00:22:30

so pay attention, it's quite a picture.

00:22:34

complex let's start with The

00:22:38

hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the great

00:22:47

regulator The

00:22:49

hypothalamus does have here The

00:22:55

hypothalamus acts on the

00:23:00

adeno

00:23:08

pituitary The hypothalamus on the adeno

00:23:17

pituitary the aden

00:23:23

pituitary has cells or not

00:23:26

small and chromophobic the chromophiles

00:23:30

remember that there were acidophiles and

00:23:31

basophils there are

00:23:35

acidophiles actually we are going to put it like this

00:23:38

look

00:23:39

pars

00:23:43

tuberalis

00:23:44

pars

00:23:46

distalis and on the other hand what does the

00:23:49

pituitary gland have the

00:23:51

pars intermedia

00:23:54

intermedia so far we are reb or not

00:23:57

pardalis tuberalis and pars intermedia the

00:24:00

pardalis has

00:24:07

acidophilic cells those acidophilic cells are

00:24:10

two

00:24:12

listen to the

00:24:17

somatotropes and the

00:24:21

mamota these two cells are

00:24:25

acidophilic, the two acidophilic cells of the

00:24:28

pituitary gland are the most abundant, the

00:24:31

somatotrophs, each of these produces

00:24:33

a hormone, this produces

00:24:35

St or

00:24:38

somatotropin

00:24:42

growth hormone and this produces prl or

00:24:49

prolactin, each of these hormones will

00:24:51

act on an organ. For example, the

00:24:54

somatotrophs act in the metaphyseal cartilage,

00:25:03

remember for the growth in

00:25:08

bone length in the

00:25:12

metaphyseal cartilage,

00:25:27

for the release of milk, it is clear,

00:25:31

this is understood. These are the acidophiles,

00:25:34

but they also have how many basophils or

00:25:36

not.

00:25:37

Guys, it also has

00:25:47

basophils or not, those basophils are three, there

00:25:52

are one, two and

00:25:56

three are

00:25:58

called

00:26:03

corticotropes,

00:26:07

gonadotropes and

00:26:11

thyrotropa, you see it, corticotropes,

00:26:15

gonadotropes and thyrotropa, they are the

00:26:18

three basophilic cells of the ad

00:26:21

pituitary of the distal part,

00:26:25

tuberalis, the trop produces

00:26:29

ath

00:26:36

cortical adreno

00:26:39

trophin, the gonad troop produces

00:26:42

fsh and lh, which you already know, luteinizing

00:26:46

and follicle-stimulating or not. And the

00:26:48

thyrotroph,

00:26:50

tsh or thyrotropin,

00:26:56

agree,

00:26:58

the

00:26:59

adrenocorticotropin acts

00:27:02

on the

00:27:06

adrenal cortex so that it

00:27:09

produces

00:27:11

cortisol androgen idea,

00:27:20

guys, these two hormones act on who.

00:27:26

They act on the

00:27:28

ovary and on the

00:27:31

testicle. Then let's see what they do

00:27:33

on the ovary and testicle. lh fch cuos

00:27:37

genital and thyrotrophin

00:27:40

stimulates the

00:27:43

thyroid to produce t3 and t4. See how

00:27:49

easy this is what each one does. The

00:27:53

intermediate pair, the intermediate pair, is the pair.

00:27:56

intermedia

00:27:58

has

00:28:01

basophilic cells these basophilic cells are

00:28:04

called melanotropin

00:28:28

it stimulates the melanocyte for melanin

00:28:31

[Music]

00:28:33

melanocyte

00:28:37

melanin look there you have what

00:28:41

each of the cells produces What cells are

00:28:45

in the pituitary then somatotropes

00:28:47

mamot tropa corticotropas gonadotropes

00:28:50

thyrotropin melanotropin

00:28:55

prolactin adren ofina follicle

00:28:58

thyrotrophin gluant stimulant and

00:29:00

stimulant melanocyte What effects do

00:29:03

what I put in green who regulates all

00:29:06

this who regulates all this Who

00:29:09

controls all

00:29:11

this The hypothalamus will act with the

00:29:16

HR or non-hypothalamic that will act on

00:29:20

each one understand me about this one about this one about

00:29:28

this one cell on this

00:29:33

and on this all will be regulated come

00:29:36

look What a good picture it seems very

00:29:38

complex but if you understood how I was

00:29:40

developing it saale well the

00:29:45

somatotrophs is also called sth or gh it is

00:29:49

also called gh gh growth hormone

00:29:54

growth hormone Yes then it will be called

00:30:00

ghrh the stimulant

00:30:04

ghrh growth hormone releasing hormone

00:30:08

for the

00:30:10

corticotrophs

00:30:11

crh corticotropin releasing hormone

00:30:15

paragon doot tropa

00:30:18

gn RH gonadotropin releasing hormone

00:30:22

for the thyrotropin t RH

00:30:28

thyrotropin releasing hormone and the

00:30:32

mrh for the melanocyte stimulant

00:30:40

okay there is an inhibitor here that It is

00:30:42

called pif for prolactin it

00:30:45

is always inhibited

00:30:47

prolactin or dopamine inhibitory factor dopamine inhibits

00:30:52

prolactin okay dopamine

00:30:56

inhibits prolactin is always

00:30:58

inhibited girls yes they would not be

00:31:00

secreting milk constantly this is

00:31:02

unblocked in pregnancy and lactation or not

00:31:05

boys yes It is not always inhibited

00:31:08

so remember

00:31:10

growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates the

00:31:13

somatotrophs to produce somatotropin and

00:31:17

body growth prolactin

00:31:19

or dopamine inhibitory factor inhibits the

00:31:22

motor corticotropin releasing hormone

00:31:24

stimulates the corticotrophs

00:31:26

gonadotropin releasing hormone to the

00:31:28

gonadotropin releasing hormone

00:31:30

thyrotropin releasing hormone a the thyrotroph and

00:31:33

melanocyte-releasing hormone

00:31:35

stimulate the

00:31:37

melanotropin

00:31:57

and all the effects that are in green and

00:32:00

the regulators that are in Violet

00:32:02

look at regulators cells hormones

00:32:08

effect

00:32:09

yes questions

00:32:19

guys complies How

00:32:23

forgive me t3 and t4 we'll see because

00:32:27

later we're going to see thyroid

00:32:31

Yes we are also going to see that the ovary is going

00:32:33

to produce estrogens progesterone through the

00:32:35

action of this the testicle is going to

00:32:37

produce androgens Yes we are going to see

00:32:40

what cortisol is for the DEA we

00:32:42

are going to explain all these things yes This is a

00:32:45

table for why If you don't go all

00:32:47

the way down to the floor, it's a table

00:32:49

that basically explains what cells there are

00:32:52

in the distal tuberalis pair. What cells

00:32:54

there are in the intermediate one.

00:33:17

Question: Are there types of RH that stimulate

00:33:22

hips? For example, that's what

00:33:25

RH

00:33:27

refers to.

00:33:30

Not clear about RH. Look, they all say RH. You

00:33:35

see them saying

00:33:37

RH. They are reling hormones.

00:33:40

Releasing hormones.

00:33:42

Corticotropin-releasing hormones. Somatotropin-releasing hormone. It

00:33:48

then releases the gh

00:33:52

growth hormone growth hormone releasing

00:33:54

hormone cor

00:33:57

trophin releasing hormone gonadotropin releasing hormone

00:33:58

all of gonadotropin

00:34:01

all produced by the hypothalamus

00:34:03

according to the hypothalamus its hormones are

00:34:06

called RH releasing hormones and they act

00:34:09

on the

00:34:10

pituitary cells so that

00:34:13

produce these hormones and release that

00:34:15

content it is

00:34:22

understood for sure

00:34:25

guys

00:34:28

yes perfect this thing that studying it by

00:34:31

heart there is nothing more to say if you

00:34:34

don't learn it by heart it's

00:34:36

over or not guys But it's easy because

00:34:39

remember what you do prolactin you already know it

00:34:42

sounds like mammary somatotropin it sounds like

00:34:45

cartilage growth you understand me

00:34:48

so the names are made in a

00:34:50

way that they are easily remembered

00:34:55

yes it was

00:34:59

understood adenohypophysis

00:35:06

guys let's go with the neuro now

00:35:09

neurohypophysis the neurohypophysis is

00:35:12

different very

00:35:18

different and these in

00:35:25

turn testosterone cortisol all that

00:35:29

does feedback all negative except

00:35:34

estrogen remember it's easy like this all

00:35:37

negative except estrogen which is

00:35:41

exactly positive but it already becomes a

00:35:43

picture that you don't understand anything if

00:35:45

I put the little arrows below you understand me

00:35:48

But it goes without saying Now that they do that well

00:35:51

great it's looking good

00:35:55

Very good, very

00:35:58

interesting, what they don't like is

00:36:00

studying it because it's a lot of memory. Let's

00:36:06

see the neurohypophysis. Now let's look at the neurohypophysis.

00:36:19

The neurohypophysis

00:36:21

has the infundibulum here

00:36:27

and

00:36:28

the

00:36:38

nervosa here. What we are going to see with the

00:36:40

neurohypophysis is that up here is the

00:36:46

hypothalamus is up here The

00:36:50

hypothalamus is indeed a

00:36:54

hypothalamus, it has some nuclei,

00:36:57

this was seen in neuroanatomy,

00:37:00

supraoptic

00:37:02

and

00:37:10

paraventricular nuclei, supraoptic and

00:37:13

paraventricular nuclei, supraoptic nucleus,

00:37:17

paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus,

00:37:21

paraventricular nucleus, these

00:37:23

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the

00:37:27

supraoptic and

00:37:30

paraventricular nuclei, emit

00:37:45

projections

00:37:49

according to their axons or no guys they are

00:37:53

axons

00:37:55

axons

00:38:00

unmyelinated axons you are going to remember

00:38:04

unmyelinated axons that are called

00:38:10

hypothalamus

00:38:15

pituitary We

00:38:17

agree those supraoptic nuclei verc

00:38:21

are going to send that ace hypal mesary these

00:38:24

are the nerve terminals remember

00:38:27

a neuron in those terminals

00:38:30

hormones are going to be stored that produced who The

00:38:34

hypothalamus stores those terminals

00:38:38

they have a name you know they are called

00:38:46

hering bodies What they have

00:38:50

inside

00:39:02

stored hypothalamic hormones they have

00:39:04

non-

00:39:07

pituitary hypothalamic stored hypothalamic hormones these

00:39:13

stored hypothalamic hormones

00:39:20

stored hypothalamic hormones are

00:39:25

called

00:39:28

oxytocin and

00:39:38

antidiuretic hormone oxytocin and

00:39:40

antibiotic hormone you already know them to the

00:39:42

antiethical hormone oo

00:39:45

oxytocin participates in

00:39:54

uterine contraction for

00:39:58

childbirth and also the

00:40:05

baby's milk sucking reflex acts on the

00:40:09

myoepithelial of the

00:40:11

mammary gland and the antidiuretic hormone

00:40:16

yes

00:40:18

active activates

00:40:20

aca porins type two remember

00:40:28

distal recovers water yes Remember, they are

00:40:32

hypothalamic hormones

00:40:34

stored in the neurohypophysis in the

00:40:37

germinal bodies. Again, the

00:40:39

paraventricular supraoptic nuclei of the

00:40:41

hypothalamus produce two hormones,

00:40:42

oxytocin and antidiuretic. They travel by

00:40:45

anterograde axoplasmic transport through

00:40:55

amyliferous axons.

00:40:57

They understand me to contract the

00:40:59

uterus during

00:41:00

childbirth and to ect milk. of the

00:41:06

mammary gland, yes, the antidiuretic or

00:41:09

vasopressin acts as

00:41:12

an activator of the aquaporins to

00:41:16

recover water. Remember, guys, if

00:41:18

this is nervous, there are cells associated with

00:41:22

the nerve fibers. The

00:41:25

associated cells are

00:41:26

what type. Do you remember? Which cells are

00:41:30

associated with the

00:41:34

neurons of the glia there is a

00:41:38

glial cell associated here called

00:41:46

pi

00:41:47

tui

00:41:49

cyto that is from the glia okay it is from

00:41:54

the glia the picito is held it does not produce it does

00:41:56

not secrete anything the neurohypophysis does not

00:41:59

secrete anything it stores hypothalamic hormones

00:42:04

it stores it stores hormones and that It is the

00:42:08

neurohypophysis, nothing to do with the

00:42:10

adenohypophysis. So with the staining,

00:42:13

the de ctera one guys from the ctera one

00:42:15

have to see the preparation with malori

00:42:17

with malori, you are going to see the

00:42:19

blue capsule because the malor is the blue collagen and

00:42:22

then there will be one part is quite

00:42:24

acidophilic and one part is pale,

00:42:27

the acidophilic part is the distalis par, the

00:42:30

basophilic part is the intermediate par and the other

00:42:33

part is going to be seen pale with the

00:42:36

herin bodies and the pituicytes,

00:42:39

okay, there we have the neurohypophysis, it

00:42:42

does not produce hormones, yes. It stores

00:42:45

direct hormones from The hypothalamus was understood

00:42:47

guys

00:42:50

unethical oxytocin

00:42:54

Sorry,

00:42:56

that part that says hypothalamus

00:43:01

pituitary to six to the axons and of course

00:43:05

the axons form nerve aces as

00:43:09

that goes from the hypothalamus to the pituitary is

00:43:11

an ace hypothalamus pituitary are

00:43:14

amine axons that are They call it the hypothalamus, the

00:43:17

pituitary,

00:43:23

okay, it's clear and they are amino acids.

00:43:26

Remember, and we also have the pituicitos

00:43:29

and the terminals that are called

00:43:31

Hering's bodies. That's the nervosa nerve. You

00:43:35

understand,

00:43:39

guys, great. What

00:43:50

else?

00:43:52

The pituitito parp. The body

00:43:56

is for storing hormones. It is

00:43:59

support it is to store it is a

00:44:03

neuron what supports it is the pitu

00:44:09

yito And apart from that there are reticular fibers

00:44:13

support we are

00:44:20

clear Yes

00:44:25

clearly let's see the neurohypophysis does not produce

00:44:29

hormones the neurohypophysis only stores

00:44:33

hormones produced in the

00:44:36

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei that are

00:44:39

in the hypothalamus These nuclei are

00:44:42

neuronal cell bodies that emit amine axons

00:44:45

that are called hypothalamus and pituitary. They

00:44:48

reach the nervous peace. There they become

00:44:51

inflamed and form

00:44:53

hering bodies. In these

00:44:57

germ bodies there are stored hormones. Those

00:45:00

hormones are called oxytocin and

00:45:02

antidiuretics. released

00:45:04

when there are uterine contractions to

00:45:06

contract the muscle of the uterus and produce

00:45:09

labor when there is little concentration

00:45:12

it is given by intravenous drip they heard

00:45:14

about a parturient who was given

00:45:15

the drip it is intravenous drip of

00:45:18

oxytocin that causes contractions to increase

00:45:20

also the reflex of

00:45:22

Suction when the baby pulls on the

00:45:24

nipple, oxytocin is released, which contracts

00:45:26

the myoepithelial cells of the

00:45:28

mammary gland to inject milk. In

00:45:31

men, there is less concentration. But

00:45:34

we have oxytocin, although we do not

00:45:36

have a uterus, although we do not

00:45:38

have a developed mammary gland,

00:45:41

this hormone. It is also related

00:45:43

to attachment and affection So we

00:45:45

Walloons also have it. Although it is

00:45:47

less developed, yes, the

00:45:50

antidiuretic hormone is the other hormone or

00:45:53

vasopressin that activates aquaporin type two

00:45:56

of the distal nephron to recover water.

00:45:58

Remember if it is faulty? Diabetes

00:46:00

insipidus urine 17 L per

00:46:04

day We agree The

00:46:06

paraventricular supraoptic nuclei with axons

00:46:12

amelia these hormones were clear

00:46:16

Chiquis

00:46:18

great perfect we have to study it now

00:46:21

but no more than what I put on the

00:46:23

board Lan the above complete

00:46:27

this this photo and that

00:46:30

's it yes it's easy no They take a lot of

00:46:33

pituitary, luckily because there are many

00:46:37

names but they are going to have to

00:46:38

relate it to other organs when

00:46:40

we see genital we talk about pituitary

00:46:42

we give skin we already talk about

00:46:44

adrenal pituitary we will talk about thyroid pituitary we will

00:46:47

talk about pituitary the pituitary is always

00:46:48

involved guys How is this

00:46:52

look at this diagram that I am going to make now, it

00:46:54

is very important

00:46:56

that it is the irrigation of the pituitary gland, it is

00:46:59

very important that they take this for a 10, we

00:47:02

must be clear about it just in case of doubt,

00:47:05

look here we have the paraventricular supraoptic nucleus

00:47:09

and the

00:47:12

axon terminals, which pair is that, which part? It is

00:47:15

neuro or

00:47:18

adeno neur here in the hypothalamus we have

00:47:23

other nuclei but well their terminals

00:47:26

are going to be

00:47:28

here,

00:47:30

yes their terminals are going to be

00:47:37

up there all that is from the hypothalamus I don't know

00:47:41

if you remember that here there are

00:47:45

chromophobic chromophilic cells or

00:47:47

not

00:47:51

cells There are cells here Because

00:47:54

this part is epithelium, yes or no, guys, yes,

00:47:57

we are very good, what we are going to see is

00:48:00

that this gland is going to be irrigated

00:48:03

by some arteries called the

00:48:08

superior pituitary and some arteries called the

00:48:14

inferior pituitary, according to which the

00:48:17

superior and inferior are going to irrigate them.

00:48:19

This is very important,

00:48:21

if the upper one enters here through the

00:48:24

stem,

00:48:28

when it enters, capillarization occurs

00:48:55

or

00:48:59

not. Yes, then the superior hypal artery

00:49:03

irrigates the stem. There are

00:49:07

nerve terminals from the hypothalamus with the RH,

00:49:11

the releasing hormones that are going to be

00:49:12

sent to those

00:49:14

capillaries. that they will form

00:49:24

venous capillaries

00:49:44

venous capillaries you see it is

00:49:48

called

00:49:54

primary capillary plexus

00:49:58

those capillaries form a

00:50:07

vein a pituitary vein you see it up

00:50:11

there through those capillaries And that vein Who

00:50:15

comes the

00:50:16

r h the hormones yes or no

00:50:23

guys who were released above yes or

00:50:27

no s but look what it

00:50:32

does, they

00:50:36

capillarize again after forming that

00:50:48

vein they capillarize again

00:50:54

look it

00:51:06

capillarize again Yes and it forms another

00:51:10

vein and the team is behind me I have

00:51:21

behind us that

00:51:23

we

00:51:27

agree guys so

00:51:30

look there is another plexus here that is called

00:51:34

secondary capillary So look at this

00:51:37

guys How interesting do I have a

00:51:43

primary artery or not capillarize yes or

00:51:47

no Yes there the RHs go and travel the

00:51:52

RHs form a pituitary vein

00:52:20

capillarization

00:52:22

pituitary fch

00:52:26

lh tch

00:52:29

a you understand what happened So what

00:52:33

happened here guys I have a

00:52:35

primary capillary plexus a secondary capillary plexus

00:52:37

in the middle of a vein What is

00:52:42

this called

00:52:47

pituitary portal system So look how

00:52:50

interesting How the

00:52:52

hypothalamic hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary gland

00:52:57

through the primary plexus they travel form a

00:53:01

vein a secondary plexus becomes from

00:53:03

there they come out they stimulate the cell and the

00:53:06

cell dumps the content the communication is understood

00:53:08

the communication of the

00:53:12

distal pair and the hypothalamus is always

00:53:17

through a system

00:53:22

Porta on the other side the hormones

00:53:26

then the cell will receive in Elo

00:53:32

clear the second the first It is for the

00:53:35

hypothalamic cells to overturn and the

00:53:37

second is for the hypothalamic cells to

00:53:39

come out and stimulate the

00:53:41

pituitary cells and they secrete accordingly. If

00:53:50

the lower pituitary comes from the

00:53:53

other side, it anastomoses with the upper one

00:53:57

but it also forms a capillary plexus. Here it

00:54:00

forms a capillary plexus. yes it forms a

00:54:04

capillary plexus We agree yes in this

00:54:12

capillary plexus the

00:54:14

hormones

00:54:16

adh and oxytocin that are here are

00:54:20

dumped this

00:54:24

forms a

00:54:26

vein and ends the dural sinuses Yes with

00:54:30

whom with what hormones

00:54:34

yes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin you

00:54:38

understand guys that capillary plexus is It is

00:54:42

called the capillary plexus of the pars nervosa. In other

00:54:47

words, there are three large

00:54:48

capillary plexuses. Listen to me carefully. The superior pituitary gland

00:54:51

forms two capillary plexuses: a

00:54:53

primary one where the RHs flow into the

00:54:56

blood, a secondary one where the RHs leave

00:55:00

the blood and stimulate the cell and the

00:55:02

cell. overturns the pituitary hormones

00:55:04

the communication was understood listen to the

00:55:09

communication

00:55:13

hypothalamus

00:55:15

if the communication hypothalamus adeno

00:55:21

pituitary is through the system contributes

00:55:26

Porta

00:55:30

pituitary the

00:55:32

communication between the hypothalamus and the

00:55:36

neurohypophysis

00:55:41

is through the

00:55:44

As

00:55:46

hypothalamus

00:55:48

pituitary

00:55:51

nervous is understood So how do I command

00:55:53

the As no I don't need make two plexuses

00:55:56

because the hormone goes directly

00:55:58

down here, you understood the

00:56:04

drawing no no These are dural sinuses that

00:56:08

go to the cavernous sinuses later but

00:56:10

look, pay

00:56:13

attention I have The hypothalamus I have

00:56:17

nuclei in the paraventricular supraoptic hypothalamus

00:56:19

and other

00:56:22

paraventricular supraoptic hypothalamus produce hormones that

00:56:24

They travel by axoplasmic transport to

00:56:26

their terminals. There, the

00:56:28

inferior pituitary artery was a

00:56:29

capillary plexus with fenestrated capillaries so

00:56:31

that the oxytocin, the antibiotic, can be

00:56:33

released into the blood. The

00:56:35

communication between the hypothalamus and the

00:56:36

pituitary gland is ready.

00:56:42

The hypothalamus is going to regulate

00:56:45

the adenum but it is going to regulate it with

00:56:47

hormones, so it needs the

00:56:49

hypothalamic hormones that are going to be sent to the

00:56:51

first plexus. They are going to pass through the

00:56:54

pituitary gland. In the second plexus, they come out and

00:56:56

stimulate the cell and these send

00:56:58

the pituitary hormones and there We have

00:57:01

Yes two primary and secondary capillary plexuses

00:57:04

Yes with the

00:57:06

pituitary hormones it was

00:57:12

understood for sure I know it is difficult guys

00:57:16

but well let's

00:57:17

see they are in the university no

00:57:21

We are also I mean let's see the connection of this with

00:57:24

this is because of a nervous ace So with

00:57:27

a Capillary plexus is enough for me to release

00:57:29

the hormones that are from the hypothalamus. The

00:57:31

communication between this and

00:57:33

this is indirect because this releases a

00:57:36

hormone. That hormone has to come out and

00:57:38

act on the cell and it turns over.

00:57:40

So there are two plexuses. Primary plexus.

00:57:43

Secondary plexus with a communication

00:57:45

between them. It's clear there a

00:57:47

system is made It carries a vein between two

00:57:49

capillaries it was clear

00:57:52

Chiquis let's see eh first you travel

00:57:58

parax superior slowly slowly How

00:58:01

how how how slowly slowly

00:58:05

How did I say that the first plexus would be the

00:58:12

superior artery for the vein Yes and t the vein

00:58:17

of course and t the vein I stimulate the other

00:58:19

cells so that it re-

00:58:22

enters the no the vein

00:58:31

capillarizes on the cell and the

00:58:33

cell dumps its hormone into the blood it is

00:58:36

understood as changing the green for

00:58:39

red you see the green comes out it stimulates

00:58:41

the

00:58:42

red comes yes In Definitively Ana, what you

00:58:46

need is to have a capillary plexus to

00:58:48

receive hormones and another capillary plexus

00:58:50

to receive hormones. The first receives

00:58:52

hormones from the hypothalamus and the second

00:58:54

receives the pituitary hormones so

00:58:56

that the pituitary hormones come out.

00:59:02

the gonadotroph cells

00:59:06

thyrotroph corticotroph cells so that they

00:59:08

overturn theirs, it is

00:59:15

understood. This is how it is.

00:59:18

Look, they communicate

00:59:22

to end the sinuses during

00:59:26

exa because that is what already drains from the

00:59:30

head to the entire body, right. Now

00:59:32

look, it is easy to see that the

00:59:37

pituitary cell has

00:59:40

hormones inside. pituitary This is

00:59:43

a

00:59:53

chromophilic

00:59:57

agree What I have to do with

00:59:59

this

01:00:02

artery is capillarize it is

01:00:06

understood why it is

01:00:09

capillarized so that

01:00:12

this is secreted there or

01:00:15

not

01:00:18

Agree yes Or the blood is not dumped are

01:00:22

hormones are dumped into the blood I

01:00:52

wrote blue This Ah

01:00:59

I have

01:01:06

another one, do they have capillaries or

01:01:12

not and a

01:01:14

vein,

01:01:25

what happens with the

01:01:27

green ones, these come out and stimulate the

01:01:30

cell, these come out and stimulate the

01:01:33

cell, and what does the cell do, the Red ones overturn,

01:01:39

it is

01:01:42

clear, I have to make a plexus

01:01:44

up here. and a plexus here a plexus to

01:01:46

receive the green ones a plexus to take out

01:01:48

the green ones and receive the Red ones it is

01:01:50

understood

01:01:53

guys it was

01:02:03

clear secondary capillary is to

01:02:07

stimulate the cells of the pituitary and

01:02:09

also receive

01:02:16

exactly

01:02:18

s great it was clear pituitary it was

01:02:22

understood

01:02:23

pituitary

01:02:24

s

01:02:26

sure perfect Wait a minute and

01:02:30

now

01:02:33

[Music] I

01:02:40

'll come

01:02:41

Well, thank you for your patience,

01:02:45

look, let's go with another gland. They want the

01:02:48

pituitary gland. That's it. It's the most complicated.

01:02:50

So look,

01:02:51

relax, but it's good. It's not

01:02:53

interesting

01:02:57

and the system provides something interesting. It

01:02:59

receives a capillary between the hormone and

01:03:03

down another capillary to take it out and

01:03:05

exchange it for the pituitary is

01:03:07

great, on the other hand, the nervous one does not happen that

01:03:10

Because it is direct, very cool guys

01:03:14

let's continue a little bit if we are going to talk

01:03:17

about the

01:03:18

[Music]

01:03:20

thyroid

01:03:23

thyroid

01:03:26

thyroid let's talk about the thyroid

01:03:28

the thyroid the thyroid is a bilobed gland

01:03:40

bilobed it has a

01:03:43

capsule it has

01:03:46

septa and it is

01:03:51

also lobulated that is to say that it will look like this with

01:03:54

lobules

01:03:56

compartments the

01:03:59

thyroid is a gland

01:04:03

that has

01:04:06

follicles that have simple cubic epithelium

01:04:12

this epithelium can vary from flat

01:04:17

to

01:04:18

cylindrical it varies according to what to the

01:04:22

activity according

01:04:26

to the activity The more active

01:04:28

the gland the more cylindrical it is The

01:04:30

less active it is the flatter it is these are the

01:04:33

famous thyroid follicles have you heard

01:04:35

of

01:04:38

thyroid follicles Yes Yes surely yes these are

01:04:42

the thyroid follicles of the epithelium

01:04:44

We do it as a standard, a simple cubic

01:04:48

follicles are

01:04:50

little balls thyroid follicles This is the

01:04:53

famous

01:05:03

thyroid follicle the thyroid follicle is like that you

01:05:35

see in the center it has something a

01:05:43

positive pas substance is called

01:05:46

colloid in that colloid there are

01:05:50

glyco

01:05:52

proteins that glycoprotein is called

01:05:56

thyroid

01:05:59

globulin glycoproteins

01:06:04

thyroglobulin glycoproteins

01:06:07

thyroglobulin so guys it is

01:06:09

bilobed it has a capsule septa

01:06:13

lobules in the lobules there are

01:06:15

thyroid follicles that have colloid

01:06:18

that are glycoproteins it is called

01:06:23

thyroglobulin towards the

01:06:27

colloid

01:06:29

microvilli always the

01:06:32

microvilli

01:06:41

microvilli okay that's what the

01:06:43

follicular cells are like that's the

01:06:45

follicle it's

01:06:49

clear Between the follicles and near the

01:06:54

follicle there are other cells. You see that

01:06:57

cell that is here is called cell c or

01:07:02

for

01:07:04

follicular. In other words, what we are going to have

01:07:07

in the thyroid are the

01:07:10

thyroid follicles of cubic epithelium that can go

01:07:12

from one plane to a cylindrical and this

01:07:14

parafollicular cell attached to the follicle

01:07:17

in the basal part of the

01:07:19

follicular cells that is called parafollicular

01:07:22

okay. That is the height of the

01:07:24

thyroid look easier impossible to touch

01:07:26

thyroid is easy it looks septate

01:07:27

lobed follicles and the

01:07:30

parafollicular cell there is connective too but You

01:07:32

will be able to distinguish the parafollicular cell

01:07:34

according to the fact that

01:07:37

follicular cells do have

01:07:39

microvilli. There is that space that they

01:07:42

surround, which is called the

01:07:47

colloid space. There we are going to have colloid.

01:07:50

Colloid is a glycoprotein substance that

01:07:52

has a protein called

01:07:53

thyroglobulin that It is rich in tyrosines,

01:07:56

it has many amino acids, eh,

01:08:02

tyrosine. Okay, many amino acids

01:08:05

called

01:08:09

tyrosine.

01:08:11

Yes, you understand,

01:08:16

guys, yes,

01:08:19

tell me that depends on the activity. If

01:08:22

stimulated, eh, it will be more globiz. No no no

01:08:27

no. If it is stimulated, the epithelium is more

01:08:29

cylindrical as soon as it is done. higher Yes,

01:08:32

but the number of follicles is the

01:08:34

same and when there is no stimulus,

01:08:37

the cells remain low, as if the cells

01:08:38

increase in volume or decrease, it is

01:08:39

because now you are going to see what the cell is like, we are

01:08:42

going to see the ultrastructure of the

01:08:43

cell and when It is stimulated it has more

01:08:46

vesicles so it gets longer

01:08:48

you dress

01:08:50

bigger up to this point it is clear guys

01:08:55

ok let's see what the

01:08:58

follicular cell is like and then what

01:09:02

the thyroid does and that's it look it's already

01:09:04

thyroid the most difficult thing was pituitary

01:09:06

thyroid

01:09:08

parathyroid and adrenal are shorter

01:09:10

pineal we don't have to see so we are already

01:09:13

finishing look at

01:09:21

this This is a cell that

01:09:29

follicular a follicular ca. Here

01:09:32

is the nucleus yes or no and here it had

01:09:41

some

01:09:42

microvilli here is the colloid it is

01:09:47

positive because It has thyroglobulin,

01:09:50

a

01:09:52

glycoprotein,

01:09:54

that

01:09:57

thyroglobulin is secreted by the

01:10:02

follicular cell through these

01:10:11

apical vesicles, yes, those apical vesicles

01:10:14

release thyroglobulin to the colloid. We

01:10:17

agree, guys, that colloid that, due to

01:10:20

thyroglobulin, is pasp

01:10:22

positive,

01:10:25

apical vesicles, if I want to produce

01:10:27

more thyroglobulin, it will receive a stimulus.

01:10:30

stimulus cell of who

01:10:34

tsh who produced

01:10:39

tsh adenis adenohypophysis this is going to

01:10:44

stimulate this cell so I increase

01:10:47

the vesicles and it becomes taller you understand me

01:10:56

But there are other

01:10:58

vesicles it is because the colloid is also

01:11:01

endocytosed those vesicles are called

01:11:06

Endo biology

01:11:14

Endo

01:11:20

endosomes and if there are endosomes What else

01:11:31

is there biology There is

01:11:37

no lysosomes That is, it has three types of

01:11:40

vesicles it has apical vesicles

01:11:42

endocytic vesicles and

01:11:45

lysosomes this if there is a lot of activity it

01:11:48

fills with these vesicles and the cell

01:11:50

becomes more

01:11:52

cylindrical

01:11:54

well then what capillaries will it

01:11:57

have capillaries which

01:12:02

fenestrated

01:12:05

fenestrated capillaries fenestrated capillaries

01:12:08

always fenestrated capillary

01:12:18

fenestrated are you

01:12:21

listening to me yes fenestrated capillaries

01:12:28

fenestrated capillaries fenestrated capillaries

01:12:31

look what happens with the

01:12:34

fenestrated capillaries is there another cell here or not

01:12:38

what was the name of this

01:12:40

parafollicular cell

01:12:44

parafollicular c cell this cell when does

01:12:51

calcium increase when does calcium increase? Calcium is

01:12:55

stimulated And that cell, when

01:12:58

stimulated by calcium, releases a

01:13:00

hormone into the blood. You understand that

01:13:03

hormone is called

01:13:07

calcitonin. You remember that it

01:13:10

was a hypocalcemic agent.

01:13:13

You remember. Then you understand why

01:13:15

the capillaries are fenestrated because there are

01:13:17

protein hormones that they have. It

01:13:19

is clear that when

01:13:20

calcium increases, the C cell

01:13:23

releases calcitonin that goes into the blood.

01:13:27

What did

01:13:29

calcitonin do? It acts

01:13:33

as a hypocalcemic agent.

01:13:36

It was clear that one of the functions

01:13:39

of the thyroid is to regulate

01:13:42

calcium. When there is a lot of calcium,

01:13:45

the cell is stimulated. c parafollicular that

01:13:48

releases calcitonin that goes to the capillary it is

01:13:50

understood

01:13:52

guys

01:14:00

this good long live the I don't know what good good

01:14:06

You're fine you feel good good look

01:14:10

guys then parafollicular cell there is

01:14:13

a lot of calcium the parafollicular li

01:14:15

calcitonin calcitonin sends it to the

01:14:17

blood it's fine up to

01:14:22

that point

01:14:25

great great great

01:14:29

great great

01:14:35

great yes it doesn't matter it doesn't matter

01:14:37

that it is cubic it can be flat or it can

01:14:40

be cylindrical flat when there is little

01:14:42

cylindrical activity when it has a lot of

01:14:43

activity point Don't give it more

01:14:48

red it's fine I know it's to

01:14:50

understand the issue is

01:14:52

that They eat the lice guys, the end is

01:14:55

coming, the end is coming, big things, in

01:14:58

case it appears in the

01:14:59

Choice in an oral, they are not going to ask you

01:15:01

anything, but in a choy, it can appear that

01:15:03

if it is flattened or cylindrical,

01:15:05

it appeared in a Choy really that's why

01:15:07

I say it Chiquis

01:15:11

look think about

01:15:18

this what cell

01:15:21

I drew cell

01:15:25

well here there is thyroglobulin We

01:15:30

agree yes Or no yes yes Here there is a

01:15:40

fenestrated capillary Yes and

01:15:48

it is when you eat you usually add salt to

01:15:51

the food truth

01:15:55

in the salt there is something called

01:15:59

inactive iodine iodine iodide this is an

01:16:03

addition that

01:16:05

salt always comes with iodine iodine is

01:16:08

essential for the thyroid so the

01:16:12

tsh that is from the adenohypophysis

01:16:16

will

01:16:18

stimulate this

01:16:21

iodine to enter the

01:16:24

cells along with

01:16:30

sodium from agree So this hormone

01:16:36

activates the

01:16:38

remember

01:16:40

nis

01:16:44

cotransporter iodine sodium yes nis is

01:16:48

sodium iodine sinort a cotransporter is

01:16:53

That makes the iodine between the sodium is

01:16:56

going to go through the sodium

01:16:59

potassium pump So the sodium is going to go but

01:17:02

the iodine It passed through the n and crosses the

01:17:07

membrane and arrives here but

01:17:09

activated

01:17:11

oxidized active iodine oxidized Who is going to

01:17:15

activate an enzyme that is here

01:17:19

called thyroperoxidase

01:17:26

activates the iodine according to

01:17:32

thyroperoxidase an enzyme that is in the

01:17:34

membrane the microvilli activates the

01:17:37

iodine So iodine iodine will

01:17:41

enter the cell thanks to the tch that

01:17:44

activates the sodium iodine cotransporter

01:17:47

sodium leaves through the sodium potassium pump and

01:17:49

sludge is transported when it passes the

01:17:51

membrane with the microsd the

01:17:53

colloid arrives activated by

01:17:55

thyroperoxidase according Guys,

01:18:04

that iodine is going to join who to the

01:18:08

thyroglobulin and form mono iodine tyrosine

01:18:11

mit mono iodine tyrosine

01:18:20

sounds like a mit

01:18:23

plus a mit they will form a tyrosine diode you

01:18:33

see it a

01:18:37

dit plus a mit they will form triodothyronine or

01:18:43

t3 and a dit plus a that

01:18:51

will form all that where is it going to

01:18:56

be in the colloid in the colloid

01:18:59

thyroglobulin there is iodine there is mit there is dit

01:19:02

there is t3 and there is t4 all this in the colloid

01:19:05

ent the tch

01:19:09

stimulates this okay

01:19:14

guys it is understood again the tch

01:19:18

stimulates the cotransporter nis mete

01:19:21

inactive iodine inactive iodine crosses

01:19:23

the membrane and is activated by

01:19:25

thyroperoxidase that iodine forms a thiurine

01:19:27

m an m with another m dit a dit with another m

01:19:30

t3 a dit with another dit t4 okay

01:19:33

guys all that is in the colloid

01:19:39

Yes all that is in the

01:19:44

colloid is going to be

01:19:51

endocytosed

01:19:53

We agree So what is going to be

01:19:56

in this vesicle free globulin shot

01:20:02

iodine what else

01:20:05

mit

01:20:08

dit

01:20:10

t3 t4 all that is going to be

01:20:15

no

01:20:20

endosome okay guys

01:20:34

Yes

01:20:35

yes Ah ah good good good

01:20:40

s they were left processing

01:20:43

the little thing that giving

01:20:47

back is complicated now but it's

01:20:50

great guys it's that it's great

01:20:52

this

01:20:53

come on look if you don't already know you already know what to

01:20:57

do if you

01:21:00

fall asleep press your

01:21:03

finger it goes again it goes again tc de The

01:21:09

pituitary gland stimulates the nis sodium iodine cotransporter in the lateral basol membrane and

01:21:15

introduces the iodine that comes from

01:21:19

food into the blood. This

01:21:21

inactive iodine is activated by oxidation by the

01:21:25

peroxid tyro. The colloid arrives in the pical membrane of the

01:21:27

follicular cell in a mit mit

01:21:30

ma dit dit ma mit3 dit ma

01:21:34

dit t4 all this is incorporated into the cell

01:21:37

by endocytosis

01:21:39

okay yes And here is going to come

01:21:43

the

01:21:45

lysosome that is going to unfold this into two

01:21:48

things on the one hand there is going to

01:21:51

be 3 and t4 that are going to go where

01:21:57

to the blood by the action of who of the

01:22:01

tch also stimulates the release of t3

01:22:05

and t4 is great or

01:22:10

not biology And what do we have

01:22:14

left a vesicle residual body or not

01:22:19

guys what is left in the residual body

01:22:23

thyroglobulin active iodine mit And dit what

01:22:28

does

01:22:29

that come back again to continue forming

01:22:32

hormone and there are the three types of

01:22:34

vesicle and what each one has.

01:22:36

The synthesis of thyroid hormones is understood.

01:22:38

Let's see. I need iodine. Iodide

01:22:42

comes from food in common

01:22:44

table salt. By law, it is

01:22:46

mandatory. What does the thyroid hormone do? The

01:22:49

adenohypophysis tch stimulates a

01:22:51

cotransporter that allows sodium to enter with

01:22:53

iodine. The inactive iodine passes the

01:22:58

colloid and is activated in the membrane by

01:22:59

a thiop peroxidase. In the colloid,

01:23:02

thyroglobulin binds to a glycoprotein that forms

01:23:05

mit. mit can form dit with another mit.

01:23:08

one dit with another. t3 and two dit t4 that whole

01:23:12

structure that I am going to have in the colloid

01:23:13

that thyroglobulin iodine dit t3 t4 is

01:23:18

incorporated into the cell thanks to the

01:23:20

microvilli by endocytosis

01:23:22

an endosome is formed that is attacked by

01:23:25

lysosome and unfolds this into t3 and t4 which

01:23:28

by stimulation of the tch go to the blood and

01:23:32

the rest remains as a residual body

01:23:35

apical vesicle that returns to continue

01:23:37

recycling it was

01:23:47

understood

01:23:50

well you asked me a r ago

01:23:53

what did one of the men ask me

01:23:56

what did he ask me or at least with a

01:24:01

thick voice y4 to What was t3 and t4 used for? What was

01:24:07

t3 and t4 used for? Who asked me?

01:24:14

Santi Toms

01:24:16

Tom was

01:24:18

asleep but it's like that when Dmo

01:24:23

acate

01:24:27

clamp well look at this,

01:24:31

20% of t3 is going to be released and 80% of t3 is going to be released.

01:24:37

They knew t4, but t4 is

01:24:41

inactive, that is, 20% of t3 and

01:24:46

80% t4 are released, but t4 is inactive, but

01:24:49

this t4 is transformed into t3. They know that due to

01:24:55

tissue formation in the tissues, this is

01:24:59

done by an enzyme called

01:25:02

deiodinase. It takes out the

01:25:05

iodine So the t4 is transformed into t3

01:25:09

every time I need it, this t3 What

01:25:14

effect is it going to have What is it for? It increases

01:25:17

the basal metabolism basal bolism that's why

01:25:21

hypothyroid people tend to

01:25:23

gain weight they are always tired they

01:25:26

understand me exhausted because their metabolism

01:25:28

basal is

01:25:30

slow they are also

01:25:32

thermogenic

01:25:34

eh hyperthyroidism hyperthyroidism on the

01:25:37

contrary they are hyper thin people

01:25:39

very hyperkinetic Yes where no they do not

01:25:43

gain weight you understand me they eat they eat they eat and

01:25:45

they stay skinny it is not good either

01:25:47

because they accelerate the metabolism too much

01:25:49

and do not process food well it is

01:25:51

clear

01:25:53

there is more hypothyroid than Hi thyroid

01:25:56

hypothyroid are due to lack

01:25:58

of iodine for example in food poor

01:26:02

nutrition or hashimoto's hypothyroidism

01:26:05

have you ever heard of hashimoto's

01:26:07

yes Well it is autoimmune the

01:26:11

immune system attacks the thyroid it is

01:26:13

autoimmune after a of a

01:26:16

traumatic event of very deep stress

01:26:19

can be triggered jashimoto is

01:26:21

clear autoimmune is clear increases

01:26:25

basal metabolism are

01:26:27

thermogenic in babies they stimulate

01:26:31

minimization therefore if there is

01:26:33

hypothyroidism in the baby it can bring

01:26:35

cretinism mental retardation t3 has that

01:26:39

effect do you know someone who If he is

01:26:44

hypothyroid, yes, he

01:26:48

takes levothyroxine. Do you know what

01:26:55

t4 is? Are you going to read what it says?

01:27:14

from t4 it will only form t3 what

01:27:17

I need is clear the rest

01:27:20

eliminates it So it's great whether it's a drug or

01:27:23

not Yes because you will never have

01:27:27

an overdose overdose eh it is clear you

01:27:29

will never have this poisoning unless

01:27:33

you take 43 pills but in In

01:27:36

general there will be no problem because

01:27:37

you take t4 and the body extracts t3 from that t4

01:27:42

what it needs the rest it eliminates it is

01:27:44

great or not

01:27:51

guys it is great or

01:27:55

not Super great the

01:27:58

release of t3 was understood and what it is for you know

01:28:00

that t3 too It is

01:28:04

possible, you can medicate with t3, you

01:28:07

also know, not only t4, t4 for

01:28:10

hypothyroidism, t3 for certain

01:28:12

depressions, do

01:28:15

you know that low t3 causes

01:28:21

depression?

01:28:23

Why? Because it alters? Yes, it alters the

01:28:28

lipid movement.

01:28:32

the

01:28:34

nervous system, nervous conduction also

01:28:37

brings that problem. It has been seen

01:28:40

that people who have very low

01:28:42

t3 tend to have depression.

01:28:53

Having hypothyroidism is given T3 directly.

01:28:57

It is clear. It is not common. But it can

01:28:59

happen if depression arises in places

01:29:01

where there is little light. In places where there is

01:29:03

poor nutrition, it also leads to

01:29:06

depressive processes. It was clear, guys, it was

01:29:09

understood. This was clear. Tomás, it was

01:29:14

clear. What is it for? t3 increases

01:29:16

basal metabolism, that's why

01:29:18

hypothyroid people have a very

01:29:21

slow metabolism. If they eat a cookie and gain

01:29:24

1 kilo, it's clear they have to take

01:29:28

thermogenic t4. Hypothyroid people

01:29:30

are cold, their gland swells.

01:29:33

They saw why, since it's

01:29:35

not

01:29:37

clear, why not? there is t3 the gland

01:29:40

begins to grow the pituitary continues to

01:29:43

send stimuli because it says Dale

01:29:46

produce and exophthalmia saw the eyes look

01:29:50

like

01:29:54

exmo agree they are characteristics of

01:29:58

untreated hypothyroidism if it is

01:30:00

treated zero problem it is clear

01:30:12

guys there are surgeons who only

01:30:14

specialize in it is mir Your former president,

01:30:19

your former president, they took it out

01:30:26

and her

01:30:32

character changed. It is clear that she has to take

01:30:34

medication if her character is altered and they

01:30:38

took it out. It is very common and it is taken out a lot of

01:30:40

women. You

01:30:41

know, above all, the current woman, who is

01:30:44

a woman who is I

01:30:50

understand that what was good was

01:30:53

stressful before but today it is in the

01:30:56

workplace on a par with men. In other words,

01:30:58

there are diseases that occurred in

01:31:00

men that are now also occurring

01:31:01

in women. Do you understand me as

01:31:03

heart attacks or

01:31:05

not? Yes, that is. There are many women who have a

01:31:08

heart attack. Why? Because work stress

01:31:13

is this, growing economically

01:31:16

is also now equal to both

01:31:20

sexes, not like before, which

01:31:23

is good on the one hand, and bad on the

01:31:25

other. It's

01:31:28

precisely that the thyroid is usually

01:31:31

people who are very

01:31:34

focused on work and all of that, they

01:31:36

usually have problems with the thyroid,

01:31:37

my sister-in-law usually has

01:31:39

surgery, my sister had to have surgery,

01:31:42

the woman today It has those

01:31:44

tendencies in Chernobyl. They saw where

01:31:47

the nuclear disaster was. It is the area where there is the

01:31:49

most thyroid cancer in the world.

01:31:51

So where is the

01:31:53

statistics of thyroid cancer studied?

01:31:55

Because radiation also affects it. Yes,

01:31:58

the thyroid must be taken care of. Yes, nothing happens.

01:32:01

give t4 and that's it, you took

01:32:03

quat for life and that's it for

01:32:06

calcitonin. It's not a problem because it has

01:32:07

little effect on adults. The complicated thing

01:32:09

is when the thyroid is removed and

01:32:12

the parathyroids are not preserved. If you remove the

01:32:14

parathyroids, you do have a problem.

01:32:16

big thing is that you have to consume

01:32:18

much more calcium okay. So there it

01:32:21

is no longer just taking the t4 but some

01:32:23

white pieces of calcium also eh

01:32:27

vitamin d and a lot of things that

01:32:29

are more complicated there let's say

01:32:32

everyday life it was clear thyroid

01:32:34

guys diode radioactive diode when

01:32:39

iodine 131, which is radioactive iodine, is

01:32:43

done only once and it is to see how

01:32:44

the thyroid works. Then they

01:32:46

inject the radioactive diode into your

01:32:48

thyroid. What you are going to analyze is how

01:32:51

the thyroid captures the iodine to see if the

01:32:55

Hypothyroidism is a

01:32:57

thyroid problem that is not picking up on it, you

01:32:59

understand what I mean, or it is a hypothalamic problem

01:33:01

or it is a pituitary problem because one of the

01:33:02

three is altered, so you do the

01:33:05

iodine 131 test, it is done only once, it is

01:33:08

analyzed with a

01:33:18

scintigraphy, and if it passed the The

01:33:21

shot absorbed it and processed it. It is

01:33:23

done only once and generally at

01:33:26

the time they do it to you, you don't have to

01:33:28

be around, especially children. You

01:33:30

understand why you are radiating. Yes,

01:33:33

then, and it can be done once an hour.

01:33:35

They can put that on every day

01:33:36

because imagine that you get

01:33:38

fluorescent afterward or not Yes that's

01:33:40

once in your life it's once Generally and you

01:33:43

can see there if your thyroid is good or if

01:33:46

it's bad if your thyroid is good and you

01:33:48

still have hypothyroidism the

01:33:50

problem It's probably

01:33:52

hypothalamic or hypothalamic, you understand, the hormone

01:33:54

that fails is tch or trh, not t3, that's why

01:33:57

when they do

01:33:59

thyroid hormone studies, they ask you for t3, t4, tch and

01:34:02

trh. They're going to look at all of them. Let's see which one is

01:34:05

higher and lower because they all go to be

01:34:07

interrelated by the axis it is understood

01:34:14

Yes

01:34:20

how stress stress the you do not

01:34:24

have stress you have it is four

01:34:26

Now you understand the

01:34:29

stress Yes the stress the stress is

01:34:32

terrible it alters all the hormones your

01:34:35

ducklings fly with the stress stop

01:34:38

stressing so much A

01:34:40

person who lives under stress tells you, don't do it,

01:34:43

don't do it, it's clear, relax, live

01:34:46

a healthy life. If the world is ending

01:34:49

soon, then enjoy it guys.

01:34:52

We agree,

01:35:02

how it depends. Sometimes the opposite, in

01:35:05

general, the metabolism is slower.

01:35:10

Stressed people eat. two cookies and

01:35:12

you gain weight, you understand what I mean. Look, look,

01:35:15

one thing, I'm just telling you

01:35:19

this, since I

01:35:21

gained a lot of weight, you

01:35:23

exercise less, you're at home more, you work, well,

01:35:26

everything that happened to all of us,

01:35:28

right,

01:35:30

well, that made me gain more. of weight

01:35:33

Because I continue to live my daily life

01:35:35

now, for example, I was on

01:35:36

vacation for 10 days and on vacation I had

01:35:40

all the vices I like, so I

01:35:43

spent the whole day drinking beer, I

01:35:46

spent the whole day eating fritanga,

01:35:49

eh, all day and I lost 2

01:35:54

[Music]

01:35:56

kg no no I didn't exercise my exercise

01:36:00

was to serve

01:36:03

drink That was my exercise but I didn't have

01:36:07

the stress factor understand Then my

01:36:10

metabolism started to work much

01:36:11

better although It's more like if I hadn't eaten

01:36:15

anything I lost 10 kg in the Sometimes you

01:36:17

understand me but so that you understand what

01:36:20

that stress situation is, the hormones

01:36:23

are all altered all altered in

01:36:27

stress yes I agree for

01:36:30

physiologically stress is not something

01:36:32

physical it is a hormonal

01:36:36

hormonal hormonal alteration people like

01:36:39

us who are people who are

01:36:41

in the occupational field, working

01:36:45

a lot and we are all people who

01:36:47

are going to work a lot at the time. We

01:36:48

also have those problems. Look,

01:36:52

my daughters, one was born on

01:36:54

October 1st and the other on August 27th, they are daughters

01:36:57

of

01:36:58

summer, you understand me, vacations, it's

01:37:03

clear there. You realize and most of

01:37:06

the people who work in the

01:37:07

medical field, my daughters have many friends

01:37:11

who are daughters of a doctor, sons of a doctor, they

01:37:13

all have the same birthday on the same date, in fact,

01:37:16

my youngest daughter celebrates her birthday with

01:37:18

three more friends, all of them from the summer, you

01:37:21

understand me. It is a phenomenon, this is also

01:37:24

sociological. No apart

01:37:27

from the biological issue, it is not very

01:37:30

interesting or

01:37:31

not. They cooked for me in December. You

01:37:34

also saw, they were that day,

01:37:38

they were

01:37:39

calm. They cooked for me. They cooked for me. Well,

01:37:42

there it is, yes, baked with potatoes, Dale Look,

01:37:47

pay

01:37:48

attention, it's interesting. blackthorn blackthorn and

01:37:52

nervous for M is the most interesting thing about

01:37:54

medicine guys want me to

01:37:58

tell them the

01:38:01

eh Say something but I tell you that for me

01:38:06

nervous and endocrine is the most

01:38:08

interesting thing about medicine you

01:38:13

understand me because they regulate the whole body you

01:38:16

understand me the nervous and the

01:38:20

endocrine

01:38:25

we are

01:38:27

let's continue to

01:38:29

see I came back made a

01:38:35

vacation silk only 2 hours in Buenos

01:38:39

Aires and I already returned to the

01:38:45

previous State 2 hours just now in the in the

01:38:49

in the airport and he wanted me a

01:38:52

taxi we returned we returned to normality well

01:38:57

very Let's see, keep going guys, a little more,

01:39:02

let's go, thyroid is great or not, let's

01:39:05

see the parathyroids, they are very easy

01:39:07

for the

01:39:20

thyroid,

01:39:22

it has a nucleus. It has

01:39:30

nothing. It's what that colloid is going to

01:39:33

endocytize the cell with, what's in the

01:39:34

endosome is the same thing there. In the

01:39:39

colloid, guys, the paraes are four, two

01:39:42

upper and lower, they have

01:39:48

capsule

01:39:50

septa,

01:39:52

a lot of

01:39:57

adipose cells and

01:40:04

reticular fibers. What are you going to see?

01:40:16

Fenestrated capillaries and then we're going to see this. Look at

01:40:18

the parathyroids. I hate this

01:40:22

preparation, not the gland, the preparation

01:40:25

because Nothing can be distinguished, they are all

01:40:30

little dots that are cells and

01:40:34

the preparation in the diagnosis is very difficult,

01:40:36

not for me because I am very used to it,

01:40:39

but it is difficult for you and the

01:40:40

preparations that are difficult for you are

01:40:42

difficult for us to explain as well,

01:40:45

so they annoy us.

01:40:51

two things, a cell called the

01:40:59

main cell and another cell called

01:41:07

oxfil, the main cell is that of parona,

01:41:12

of course, the main cell is a

01:41:16

small nucleus, cytoplasm, but

01:41:21

little of it, it produces

01:41:26

paratormone, which we already saw what it did or

01:41:29

didn't do. When is it produced, when does it go down?

01:41:32

Calcium lowers calcium, stimulates it, releases a

01:41:35

parathyroid hormone that raises calcium.

01:41:38

Remember guys, hypercalcemic. That is

01:41:42

the main cell that is the most

01:41:45

abundant. But there are small groups of

01:41:47

larger acidophilic cells that are called

01:41:50

oxyphils. They have a very

01:41:52

acidophilic cytoplasm. The nucleus. Yes, the cytoplasm is

01:41:57

large.

01:42:03

large acidophilic cytoplasm they are located in

01:42:05

groups they have no

01:42:11

known function it is diagnostic see the

01:42:13

oxyphils in small groups and in addition to

01:42:17

this it has adipose cells there is not much

01:42:19

adipose adipose

01:42:25

white adipose and this is the parathyroid it

01:42:28

only has a capsule some septa are

01:42:30

not visible It has principal cells

01:42:33

and oxyphil cells, the main ones are

01:42:37

those that produce parathyroid hormone when

01:42:39

calcium drops and the most acidophilic oxyphil cells

01:42:41

are in groups and without function. It was

01:42:44

clear that the

01:42:46

parathyroid guys remember that

01:42:48

parathyroid hormone stimulated the osteo to

01:42:51

produce interleukins and thus the

01:42:52

osteoclast degrades the bone and

01:42:55

vitamin D is also active.

01:42:57

Remember, it stimulates

01:43:02

bone resorption and stimulates the

01:43:06

activation of vitamin D3. Remember,

01:43:09

guys, everything to raise the

01:43:14

calcium level was

01:43:18

clear. Ask,

01:43:25

guys, great. My adrenal is left. They're going to

01:43:28

stop for a second. They're doing a

01:43:30

repair and I have I have to go every two seconds I'll

01:43:32

come

01:43:34

eh

01:43:39

Come on okay Sor don't leave everyone,

01:43:43

only your kidney is left and we're done I

01:43:49

apologize

01:43:51

this schedule is complicated things are always

01:43:53

done on tomorrow's schedule

01:43:55

especially with this heat so I had to

01:43:58

pay attention to that well look, pay

01:44:00

attention to me, here we go with

01:44:04

adrenal adrenal because the pineal is not

01:44:07

going to ask you for anything. It is not taken, there is no

01:44:09

preparation, just know that it has

01:44:11

cells called pinealocytes that

01:44:13

produce melatonin that regulates the

01:44:14

circadian rhythm and we are just going to see the

01:44:17

adrenal or

01:44:19

adrenal, it is like

01:44:22

that, it has a capsule,

01:44:26

septa, it does not

01:44:28

lobe and it has a

01:44:34

cortex and it has a

01:44:37

medulla, a cortex and a medulla, that is

01:44:42

the adrenal, it has a cortex and it has a

01:44:45

medulla, pay

01:44:48

attention, it has one

01:44:54

that is made of

01:45:01

dense connective tissue and what it presents is the following

01:45:04

Look, the cortex has

01:45:08

three

01:45:12

layers three layers that are called

01:45:17

glomerular

01:45:19

fasciculate

01:45:23

and

01:45:27

reticular fasciculate glomerular

01:45:31

reticular the three layers that the

01:45:35

cortex has and then the

01:45:39

medulla in the medulla you will find

01:45:42

several

01:45:46

venous vessels remember one thing Now we are going to

01:45:49

describe this gr

01:45:51

Remember that the

01:45:54

stroma is made of cells and fibers

01:45:58

that are

01:45:59

reticular and that it has many capillaries

01:46:03

that

01:46:07

are characteristic of this

01:46:09

gland. It has a cortex with three

01:46:11

glomerular fasciculated

01:46:15

reticular layers and a medulla. The reticular is

01:46:19

the

01:46:21

developed one, the one that has the least

01:46:27

development. It is very developed in

01:46:29

the

01:46:30

fetus but in us we

01:46:33

no longer agree is the adrenal or

01:46:36

suprarenal So we are going to describe

01:46:38

a little what layers it has What cells

01:46:41

it has What it produces And what each of

01:46:44

the hormones does with a little square everything is

01:46:47

everything everything is studied and it already has endocrine

01:46:51

which is a very long temón all

01:46:55

liquidated look here

01:46:59

guys look

01:47:02

here easy what we are going to describe

01:47:05

now

01:47:07

look we have the

01:47:12

capsule

01:47:14

partitions capsule

01:47:19

partitions

01:47:24

the cortex has the

01:47:49

following

01:48:02

look at

01:48:05

this look

01:48:10

here at the layers of the

01:48:19

cortex

01:48:28

Look at the cortex guys help me a

01:48:30

little bit we are here finishing look I

01:48:32

have the

01:48:34

connective tissue capsule dense collagen

01:48:40

septum and the first layer is

01:48:44

called

01:48:46

[Music]

01:48:49

glomerular

01:48:50

the first is called

01:48:54

glomerular

01:48:55

glomerular this

01:48:58

glomerular s This

01:49:01

glomerular is stimulated by

01:49:07

angiotensin two

01:49:12

remember it stimulates the glomerular system

01:49:16

renin angiotensin aldosterone and What

01:49:19

produces

01:49:24

mineralocorticoids What is the main

01:49:27

mineralocorticoid

01:49:32

aldosterone produces

01:49:36

aldosterone mineralocorticoid

01:49:39

aldosterone a

01:49:41

mineralocorticoid that regulates

01:49:45

aldosterone regulates blood pressure

01:49:51

regulates

01:50:00

blood pressure what else the glomerular the other

01:50:03

is the

01:50:08

fasciculate is stimulated by the cth

01:50:11

remember the

01:50:13

acth of the

01:50:16

pituitary gland that

01:50:19

produces

01:50:21

glucocorticoids glucocorticoids

01:50:25

mainly cortisol in the stress hormone

01:50:29

cortisol is a

01:50:32

slow hyperglycemic

01:50:37

slow hyperglycemic eh state of

01:50:43

stress okay cortisol brings 1

01:50:46

problems is our big problem

01:50:48

What's in this fenestrated capillaries

01:50:52

fenestrated capillaries all the capillaries

01:50:55

here

01:50:57

fenestrated yes

01:51:02

fenestrated capillary okay hyperglycemic

01:51:04

slow fenestrated capillary the fasciculated

01:51:09

glucocorticoids it was clear

01:51:16

guys the cell of this layer has a

01:51:20

name it is called

01:51:24

esposito it is a cell that looks like a spongebob

01:51:27

Sponge is polyhedral and has

01:51:30

lipid droplets fat drops yes

01:51:33

lipid droplets and the nucleus has lipid drops

01:51:39

lipid drops all are steroids

01:51:43

corticosteroids yes steroids

01:51:46

mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids are

01:51:49

derived from the glomerular stimulated by

01:51:51

angiotensin two system renin

01:51:53

angiotensin aldosterone the fasciculated

01:51:56

by the

01:51:58

sth the last layer of the cortex is

01:52:02

called

01:52:05

reticular the reticular the

01:52:08

reticular Yes it is also by the acth O

01:52:12

either the acth stimulates both the

01:52:15

reticular and the

01:52:17

fascicular according to this reticular

01:52:21

produces

01:52:23

DEA which is a weak androgen it is not

01:52:27

very important it is a

01:52:30

weak androgen in the embryonic stage

01:52:34

it is very important now no the

01:52:36

weak androgen is the main androgen in the

01:52:38

woman but estradiol is aromatized

01:52:40

after menopause

01:52:43

different sexual characteristics appear in

01:52:45

women the thicker voice the more beautiful it is

01:52:47

because of this androgen hormone that comes the

01:52:50

baron is accessory In other words, the

01:52:53

adrenal cortex that is acidophilic will be seen the

01:52:55

glomerular that forms as villo produces

01:52:57

aldosterone and is stimulated by the angen

01:53:00

two the fasciculate that has many

01:53:02

capillaries fenestrated with spongiocytes

01:53:04

produces cortisol the

01:53:07

slow hyperglycemic stress hormone and the DEA in the

01:53:10

reticular which is very reduced yes it is the

01:53:12

smallest of the layers yes the smallest

01:53:17

reduced we are going to make it

01:53:19

look like more

01:53:20

and then we are in the medulla in the

01:53:22

medulla we have

01:53:24

veins mouth of those capillaries

01:53:27

veins And we have two types of

01:53:33

cells the most abundant are called

01:53:36

chromaffins they are with silver salts

01:53:40

they are actually

01:53:42

nervous they are called chromaffins or

01:53:45

argentaffins

01:53:50

these chromaffins

01:53:53

produce

01:53:58

catecholamines

01:54:01

catecholamines catecholamines produce

01:54:06

catecholamines produce catecholamines

01:54:09

chromaffins

01:54:17

catecholamines chroma fin

01:54:21

catecholamines What are the

01:54:23

catecholamines

01:54:27

adrenaline

01:54:32

norepinephrine this is the sympathetic autonomic nervous system

01:54:37

precisely the

01:54:43

medulla is

01:54:46

stimulated by the autonomic nervous system the

01:54:49

sympathetic

01:54:51

yes this is what stimulates the

01:54:54

adrenal medulla The chromaffins produce

01:54:56

adrenaline, norepinephrine,

01:54:58

alertness and there is another cell that

01:55:00

will not be distinguished very well in the

01:55:02

preparations, which is the one in the

01:55:05

autonomic system. It is the one that stimulates the

01:55:08

chromaffin, it is called the

01:55:13

ganglion cell, which is from the sympathetic

01:55:17

ganglionic system. agree guys This is the

01:55:21

adrenal that produces the cortex

01:55:25

aldosterone cortisol androgens the

01:55:27

medulla

01:55:28

adrenaline norepinephrine

01:55:32

catecholamines alertness

01:55:35

sympathetic systems is for alertness the

01:55:37

superanal is the big problem for

01:55:41

us remember that the supernal is

01:55:44

the cause of all the problems of the

01:55:46

supernal stress, the one that kills us, we

01:55:48

have it hyper inflated,

01:55:50

understand me why we have constant production of

01:55:52

cortisol and adrenaline due to a

01:55:54

state of alert, we are always afraid

01:55:55

that they are going to kill us in the

01:55:56

exams, okay, yes, any questions,

01:56:00

doubts, concerns, so far it is

01:56:04

clear Yes it will be This espit introduces the

01:56:09

cortisol that travels

01:56:12

through the clear, the sponge releases

01:56:16

the cortisol to this capillary exactly

01:56:23

it was clear

01:56:26

guys any questions here any

01:56:36

doubts now nothing is clear blackthorn

01:56:40

guys

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