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00:00:00
planet earth solar system sleeve00:00:04
orion galaxy milky way exactly00:00:07
our cosmic address will sound in00:00:09
universe, you can go even further and00:00:12
add Virgo Supercluster coordinates00:00:14
together with the great attractor and00:00:16
complex and superclusters of fish, but00:00:19
This information is unlikely to be useful in00:00:21
the next millennium and this is what we need00:00:24
what is known about our galaxy today is00:00:26
much more interesting let's find out about00:00:29
this is the very name of the milky way00:00:33
derived from the ancient Greek word00:00:35
denoting milky Zeus according to legend00:00:38
decided to make my son Hercules00:00:40
born of a mortal woman00:00:43
immortal and for this purpose he planted it00:00:46
weight for sleeping wife for Hercules to drink00:00:48
Hera's divine milk waking up00:00:51
I saw that they were not feeding their own child and00:00:53
pushed him away from me, splashing shaya from00:00:56
the goddess's breasts a stream of milk turned into00:00:59
milky way for the first time speculation00:01:02
that the solar system is included in00:01:04
galactic structure expressed in the 18th century00:01:07
william herschel hersh or first rated00:01:10
size and general shape of the galaxy and came00:01:13
to the conclusion that it is00:01:15
island in the universe and in the 20s00:01:18
last century it was proven that00:01:20
the galaxy is not the only one in the universe00:01:23
For a long time it was believed that the Milky Way00:01:25
refers to ordinary spiral00:01:27
galaxies and only in the 1980s there was00:01:31
it has been suggested that our00:01:33
the galaxy is a spiral00:01:35
jumper structure is an assumption00:01:38
was confirmed in 200500:01:41
Spitzer Space Telescope and which00:01:44
showed that the central jumper of our00:01:46
the galaxy really exists and00:01:48
is more than previously thought but00:01:51
according to new research our00:01:53
the galaxy is not flat as previously thought, but00:01:56
twisted and twisted but for00:01:59
first let's take a closer look00:02:01
the structure of the milky way it consists of00:02:04
the following elements00:02:06
core jumper center representing00:02:09
the brightest region of the milky way00:02:12
distance from he to the center of the galaxy00:02:14
is 27 thousand seven hundred light years00:02:18
disk shape of the galaxy that resemble00:02:22
flying saucer but in fact it has00:02:25
flat formation because slow00:02:27
revolves around the nucleus, according to scientists00:02:30
galactic disk outstanding in different00:02:32
sides near the galactic center00:02:35
has a diameter of about 100 thousand light00:02:37
years spiral arms so-called00:02:40
nebulae within which exist00:02:43
stars of the planet and other cosmic00:02:46
objects as we learned from the beginning of the video00:02:48
then the solar system is on00:02:51
the inner edge of the sleeve bearing the name00:02:53
Orion's sleeve and finally the crown or00:02:57
galactic halo bright light which00:03:00
occurs as a result of accumulation00:03:01
a huge number of stars in one place00:03:04
and the length of this light can be00:03:07
several light years as you can see00:03:09
the structure of the galaxy has a clear00:03:11
structure and of her own free will she cannot00:03:14
change is the only thing that can change00:03:16
the formed order is a collision00:03:19
with another galaxy00:03:21
or the appearance of a super-powerful black hole00:03:23
scientists from the University of Warsaw made00:03:26
the assumption that the milky way has no00:03:29
flat shape as previously thought00:03:31
somewhat twisted which she00:03:34
accepted after a collision with neighbors00:03:36
galaxies this event happened around00:03:39
3 billion years ago when our00:03:41
the milky way galaxy experienced a tough00:03:44
radial collision with unknown00:03:46
dwarf galaxy00:03:47
gravity tore the baby apart and the stars00:03:50
astrophysicists managed to become ours00:03:52
identify the strangers and the time of the incident00:03:55
this cosmic accident is wrong00:03:58
clusters in our galaxy have revealed themselves00:04:00
along the shells of gas and dust around you00:04:03
which allowed astronomers to identify00:04:05
such formations and study in detail00:04:08
the movement of stars in these clusters form00:04:11
cluster shells is curved in such a way00:04:13
in a way that points to the place where00:04:15
dwarf galaxy begins to explode00:04:18
in part it made it possible to see the whole00:04:20
the whole picture and understand why alone00:04:23
stars in such clusters move away from00:04:26
us from the gi are approaching us but this00:04:29
the event mainly affected external00:04:31
parts of our galaxy and this is what's going on00:04:34
at its center there is a mystery to this day00:04:37
milky way galaxy like many00:04:39
other spiral galaxies in the universe00:04:41
hides a supermassive at its center00:04:44
black hole called Sagittarius00:04:48
with an asterisk this mysterious object00:04:50
incredible sizes constantly00:04:53
attracts stars dust and other matter00:04:56
in its immediate surroundings forming00:04:59
super dense star metropolis in the new00:05:02
study published in journal00:05:04
nicer astronomers describe 6 mysterious00:05:07
objects that rotate around00:05:09
the central black hole of our galaxy00:05:11
according to the authors, discovered00:05:14
anomalous objects called00:05:16
from g1 to g6 looks like oblong00:05:20
gas clots are several times more massive00:05:22
lands despite their small size00:05:25
dimensions discovered by cosmic standards00:05:28
objects behave like small stars00:05:30
capable of passing dangerously close to00:05:32
edge of a black hole without being00:05:35
torn to shreds00:05:37
interpreted gas wisps as remnants00:05:39
unfortunate dead stars injured in00:05:42
as a result of gravitational influence00:05:44
super powerful black hole located00:05:47
next door some astronomers expected00:05:50
see the final death of the miniatures00:05:52
stars as a result of their absorption00:05:54
Sagittarius and back in 2014, however, to00:05:58
nothing to the great surprise of scientists00:06:00
this did not happen and not before the star00:06:03
amazingly you lived within00:06:05
several hundred astronomical units00:06:08
from a black hole stretching and distorting00:06:11
objects g near the black hole00:06:13
restored to its original shape00:06:15
with gradual removal from it so00:06:18
unusual behavior suggests00:06:20
that something is extremely powerful00:06:22
holds a clot of gas together turned out to be00:06:26
what do all these objects represent?00:06:28
products of double stars crumpled by gravity00:06:31
formed about five million years ago00:06:34
back near Sagittarius and to the present00:06:37
Milky Way time does not apply to Sepha00:06:39
mouths skin tactics that is galaxies and with00:06:42
active nuclei in which it occurs00:06:44
release of enormous amounts of energy00:06:47
i also represents00:06:49
supermassive black holes but unlike00:06:52
from Sagittarius and is formed around them00:06:54
bright a3 valuable screw-on disc00:06:57
the substance heats up and due to frictional forces00:07:00
to extreme temperatures and emits00:07:02
optical ultraviolet radiation00:07:05
and X-ray ranges the brightness of the disk00:07:08
often reaches the Eddington limit00:07:10
plasma jet may also occur00:07:14
moving at near light speed00:07:16
but our Sagittarius behaves differently00:07:19
according to the calculations of another group00:07:22
scientists at the center of the galaxy may be00:07:24
a dense clump of dark matter that00:07:26
on the outskirts of the galaxy become more00:07:29
thin to diffuse concentration dark00:07:32
matter is undoubtedly one of00:07:34
the biggest mysteries of the universe is00:07:36
name of the mysterious mass responsible00:07:39
for gravitational effects that are not allowed00:07:42
explain what we can find00:07:44
in other ways with ordinary matter such00:07:47
like stars dust and galaxies for example00:07:50
galaxies rotate much faster than00:07:52
they should have if they just00:07:55
gravitational influence of normal matter00:07:57
in them but gravitational lensing00:08:00
curvature of space-time around00:08:02
massive objects are much stronger than00:08:05
there must be something that creates this00:08:07
additional gravity is not possible00:08:10
scientists suggest discovering directly00:08:13
that when the critical mass increases00:08:15
a clump of dark matter could gravitationally00:08:18
collapse into supermassive black00:08:20
hole this may help explain how00:08:23
supermassive blacks appeared in general00:08:25
holes because it is not known how they are00:08:27
become so big and unknown00:08:30
how many of them appeared in the early00:08:32
the universe before they could00:08:34
form a Nobel committee00:08:37
awarded the physics prize in 202000:08:40
gene tsilyu and guess with the wording for00:08:43
opening over massive compact00:08:45
objects in the center of the galaxy and in the same00:08:48
In 2020, NASA presented the latest00:08:51
and the most detailed heart attack private00:08:54
a snapshot of the central part of our galaxy00:08:56
the milky way is a panorama covering00:08:59
more than 600 light years away00:09:01
compiled from data00:09:03
stratospheric observatory sofia and00:09:06
Herschel and Spitzer space telescopes00:09:09
this is our home galaxy00:09:12
milky way starting to explore her00:09:15
secrets we are gradually moving through00:09:17
the immediate surroundings trying00:09:20
get to the very center of the galactic00:09:22
events and let us only now00:09:24
we write down what ours are able to catch00:09:26
devices, but even this information reveals00:09:30
give us new knowledge about the structure of the universe00:09:42
less than a century ago man first flew00:09:45
a colony is planned for space today00:09:48
Mars settlements on the moon and drilling00:09:50
asteroids for the purpose of extracting new resources00:09:53
technology is developing like never before00:09:55
at a pace00:09:56
opening up new opportunities for00:09:57
production as far as practical00:09:59
and what it can give to the planet, let's find out00:10:03
reserve of mineral resources extracted from00:10:06
the earth's crust is being depleted for growing00:10:08
the population of the planet is a serious threat00:10:10
which development will help prevent00:10:13
space meter at the end of November 202000:10:16
asteroid 2000w flew past the earth00:10:19
and 107 costs 17 and 4 billion00:10:23
That's exactly how much dollars they valued00:10:26
nickel iron and cobalt found in00:10:28
scientists on this cosmic body00:10:30
assume that many are building and00:10:32
contain a large amount of minerals00:10:34
including gold dam cobalt zinc00:10:38
tin lead india silver copper iron and00:10:41
various rare earth metals are completely00:10:44
naturally what is wealth00:10:45
attracted interest but is it all true?00:10:48
cloudless as officials see it00:10:51
land or similar flirtation with00:10:53
space giants are capable of bringing00:10:56
give us completely different surprises00:10:59
First let's figure out what steroids are00:11:01
asteroids are the starting material00:11:04
left over after the formation of the solar00:11:06
systems they are widespread everywhere00:11:08
some fly very close to00:11:10
the sun, others were discovered near00:11:13
Neptune's orbit is huge00:11:15
asteroids collected between Jupiter and00:11:17
Mars they form the so-called belt00:11:20
there have been asteroids to date00:11:22
about 9 thousand objects were discovered00:11:24
many passing near the earth's orbit00:11:27
of such asteroids are in the zone00:11:29
access and many contain huge00:11:32
resource reserves ranging from water00:11:34
ending with a dam their use00:11:36
will provide an almost endless source00:11:39
which will establish stability on earth00:11:41
will increase the welfare of mankind and00:11:43
will also create the basis for presence and00:11:46
space exploration there are more00:11:49
one and a half thousand asteroids to which00:11:51
just as easy to get to as the moon00:11:53
orbits intersect with the earth's orbit00:11:56
such asteroids have little force00:11:58
gravity, which facilitates the task of landing and00:12:01
takeoff when they talk about asteroids00:12:03
most people imagine them00:12:06
belt millions of objects that make it up00:12:09
form a ring-like area between00:12:12
orbits of Mars and Jupiter despite the fact00:12:14
that these asteroids are very important from the point of view00:12:17
understanding of the history of origin and00:12:19
development of the solar system compared00:12:22
with near-earthly ones it’s not so easy to get to them00:12:25
easy, another thing is near-Earth00:12:27
astroid near-Earth asteroids00:12:29
are defined as asteroids whose orbit00:12:32
or part of it is in between00:12:34
about one astronomical unit from00:12:37
sun for understanding one00:12:39
astronomical unit00:12:41
equal to the distance from the earth to the sun00:12:43
asteroid resources have a number of00:12:45
unique features that make them00:12:48
even more attractive, unlike00:12:51
lands where heavy metals are located00:12:53
metals on asteroids are closer to the core00:12:55
distributed throughout the object in such a way00:12:58
it's much easier to remove them00:13:00
asteroids contain precious and00:13:02
useful minerals such as iron, nickel00:13:05
water platinum group metals gold00:13:08
often their concentrations can00:13:10
compare with concentrations on00:13:12
richest deposits on earth00:13:14
humanity is just beginning to understand00:13:16
the incredible potential of asteroids when00:13:19
first contact of the spacecraft with00:13:21
one of them occurred in00:13:24
1991 when the Galileo spacecraft flew by00:13:27
next to the steroid Gaspra on its way to00:13:30
to Jupiter our knowledge of such heavenly00:13:32
the neighbors were not revolutionized00:13:35
numerous international and00:13:37
American missions undertaken with00:13:39
since then during each of them the science of00:13:42
water was rewritten on asteroids00:13:45
the most important element of the solar system for00:13:48
space water in addition to its critical00:13:51
hydration he provides its role and00:13:53
other important advantages it can00:13:56
protect from solar radiation00:13:58
be used as fuel00:14:00
oxygen and so on for today00:14:03
day all water and related resources00:14:05
necessary for space flights00:14:07
transported from the surface of the earth to00:14:10
extremely high prices among all00:14:12
restrictions on human expansion in00:14:14
space is the most important water with00:14:17
steroids can be converted into00:14:19
rocket fuel and deliver it to00:14:22
special storage located00:14:23
strategic locations in orbit for00:14:26
refueling spaceships this type00:14:28
fuel supplied and sold will give00:14:31
a huge impetus to the development of space00:14:34
vados asteroid flights can00:14:35
significantly reduce costs for00:14:37
space missions because they all00:14:39
depend primarily on fuel00:14:41
for example much more profitable00:14:43
transport a liter of water from one of00:14:46
how to deliver asteroids into earth's orbit00:14:48
its the same liter from the surface of the planet to00:14:51
in orbit, water can be used for00:14:52
refueling augmentation satellites00:14:54
rocket lifting capacity maintenance00:14:57
orbital stations provide protection00:14:59
from radiation and so on rich in water00:15:02
an asteroid 500 meters wide has00:15:05
$50 billion worth of water00:15:08
it can be delivered to a special00:15:10
space station where they will refuel00:15:13
devices for deep space flights00:15:15
it is very effective even with00:15:17
skeptical assumptions that00:15:19
only one percent will be recovered00:15:21
water and half of the extracted bots will be00:15:23
use for delivery also00:15:26
success of commercial space00:15:28
flights will lead to 100 times00:15:30
reducing the cost of launching ground rockets00:15:33
of course with not so conservative00:15:35
approach, the value of asteroids will increase by00:15:38
many trillions or even tens00:15:40
trillion dollar economy operations00:15:43
asteroid mining may also00:15:45
be improved by using local00:15:47
fuel, that is, a mining apparatus00:15:49
can fly between planets using00:15:51
water from this asteroid on which she00:15:54
extracted which will lead to high00:15:56
payback subject to success00:15:58
water extraction development of other elements00:16:01
and metals will become much more real00:16:03
in other words, water extraction will allow00:16:06
mine metals platinum metals00:16:08
groups on earth are very rare00:16:10
they are like metals similar to them00:16:13
have specific chemical00:16:15
properties that make them incredible00:16:17
valuable for industry and economy00:16:20
21st century, in addition to their abundance, can00:16:23
give a start to something new and unknown00:16:26
their use other than delivery to the ground00:16:28
metals mined on steroids can00:16:31
used directly in space such00:16:33
elements such as iron and aluminum00:16:35
and can be used when00:16:37
construction of space objects00:16:39
protection of devices and the like when00:16:42
availability of mining installations at00:16:43
the asteroid still has a problem00:16:45
safe delivery of cargo to the ground if00:16:48
the collected materials can simply be launched into00:16:50
side of the earth everything will burn up in the atmosphere00:16:53
Of course you can download the collected one on00:16:55
rocket and fly home if we assume00:16:57
that it will be a starship rocket then it00:17:00
will be able to contribute approximately 100 tons of00:17:03
steroid is the most valuable and widespread00:17:06
resource on cobalt asteroids its current00:17:08
the price for one kilogram is 10000:17:10
dollars this means that starship can00:17:13
carry away 10 million worth of cobalt in00:17:16
trip despite the fact that there will be a rocket launch00:17:18
cost 2 million dollars but that's us00:17:21
did not touch upon the issue of production so if00:17:24
installing a mine on an asteroid will00:17:26
cost the same as on earth then it00:17:28
the cost will vary00:17:30
within 500 million dollars so for00:17:32
the mine will need to make a profit00:17:35
produce more than six thousand 250 tons00:17:38
cobalt which will00:17:40
transported by 60 three missiles00:17:42
so humanity needs a cheaper one00:17:46
way of returning loads to the ground above00:17:48
which they now think they have already mastered00:17:51
someone mining on near-Earth00:17:53
there are no objects yet and the question is here for now00:17:57
what exactly is bureaucratic00:17:59
aspect who has the right to production in00:18:01
cosmos the basis of cosmic00:18:03
international law outer space treaty00:18:05
signed in00:18:07
1967 USSR with USA and Great Britain00:18:10
Today there are already more than a hundred participants00:18:13
according to the document celestial bodies00:18:15
goodbye private or national00:18:17
property, the conditions of production on them are not00:18:20
stipulates the first law regulating00:18:22
such activities are accepted in the United States00:18:24
states of America in 2015 one of his00:18:28
articles reads: US citizen engaged00:18:31
commercial resource extraction00:18:32
asteroid and other space resources00:18:35
has the right to any received00:18:38
asteroid or other space00:18:39
resource including the right to own00:18:42
transport, use and sell it00:18:44
in accordance with the current00:18:45
legislation including international00:18:48
US obligations in Europe are legal00:18:51
became the center of the emerging industry00:18:53
Luxembourg entered into00:18:57
the law that leases property00:18:59
companies for the space they extracted00:19:02
resources to act legally00:19:04
miner's field of celestial bodies must have00:19:07
office in this country and receive written00:19:09
government permission first companies00:19:12
developing similar technologies00:19:14
appeared quite recently00:19:16
2009 orchid astronaut x in 201200:19:20
renamed to captivity and 3 resources to00:19:23
2010 moon express00:19:26
2013 deep space industries00:19:29
most space missions00:19:31
aimed at developing useful00:19:32
fossils in space today american00:19:35
and European and Japanese Chinese and00:19:38
Indian00:19:39
Russia also plans to launch in 202500:19:42
automatic interplanetary station00:19:45
Phobos-soil 2 intended for00:19:47
delivery of soil samples from00:19:49
Phobos, the natural satellite of Mars, and00:19:52
while for the average person the idea of mining00:19:55
resources on asteroids sounds00:19:57
fantastic number of international00:19:58
Patent applications are growing in 2008 201700:20:03
years from one hundred twenty-four to 339 and00:20:07
new technologies make mining possible00:20:09
mineral resources in space are already in00:20:12
coming decades00:20:13
it is still important to remember despite the fact that00:20:15
the earth is much larger than all known00:20:18
asteroid collision with a body the size00:20:20
more than three kilometers can lead to00:20:23
destruction of civilization collision with00:20:25
smaller body but over 5000:20:28
meters in diameter00:20:29
can lead to numerous casualties00:20:31
and gigantic economic damage00:20:34
what if we suddenly get closer to us00:20:37
rush huge build from pure00:20:39
platinum, then first of all you need it00:20:42
perceive them as a source of threat00:20:44
mythical well-being so as not to00:20:47
repeat the fate of humanity as in00:20:49
one famous film00:20:57
looking at the night sky full of stars00:21:00
Each of us sooner or later asks00:21:02
the question is will we ever be able00:21:04
reach distant galaxies and others00:21:07
star systems make you wonder00:21:09
about how long it will take00:21:11
spaceship to get to00:21:13
planets located at a distance of many00:21:16
billion kilometers what direction00:21:18
select the alpha system closest to us00:21:21
Centauri or go straight to00:21:24
constellation Canis Major, regardless00:21:26
from destination00:21:28
the spacecraft will00:21:30
overcome enormous distances00:21:33
which is very difficult to convey today00:21:35
we will find out how much time it takes to00:21:38
get to other star systems00:21:41
first travelers00:21:43
voyagers and pioneers many people00:21:46
those interested in space are familiar with00:21:48
history of research apparatus00:21:50
voyager 1 and voyager 2 in the late 70s00:21:54
these probes went to study our00:21:57
solar system00:21:58
paying special attention to Jupiter and Saturn00:22:01
spacecraft are not only successful00:22:04
coped with the main task but also00:22:06
started a new mission00:22:09
which turned out to be no less important scientists00:22:12
sent voyagers to study distant00:22:14
regions of the solar system as a result00:22:16
why highly autonomous robots have become00:22:19
objects farthest from the earth00:22:21
created by man00:22:23
Of course some viewers may00:22:25
remember the Pioneer-10 devices and00:22:28
pioneer 11 who went to conquer00:22:30
deep space even before those mentioned00:22:33
envoys, however, these probes have not been sent for a long time00:22:35
shows signs of life besides voyager00:22:38
and have great speed overtaken their00:22:41
colleagues at the turn of the two thousandth00:22:44
Voyager 1 is currently on00:22:46
21 billion kilometers away00:22:50
earth heading towards the constellation00:22:52
Ophiuchus speed of space probe00:22:55
is 17 kilometers per second which00:22:58
makes it the fastest device00:23:00
leaving the solar system00:23:02
We are interested in this handsome man because00:23:05
it is the first voyager that has every chance00:23:07
reach other stars in the galaxy00:23:10
milky way according to preliminary00:23:13
According to calculations, after about 40 thousand years he00:23:16
will fly at a distance of 1 and 6 light00:23:19
years from the star gliese e445 which00:23:22
located in the constellation giraffe00:23:24
by cosmic standards this is relative00:23:27
a short distance of 15 trillion00:23:29
kilometers to this point in eager00:23:32
move away from the solar system by one00:23:35
a light year, that is, even after four00:23:38
ten thousand years, the NASA probe will be closer00:23:41
to native spaces than to the nearest00:23:44
star on its way somewhere through 28500:23:47
thousand years the device will be able to approach00:23:50
Sirius which is located in the constellation00:23:52
big dog and are at a distance00:23:55
eight and six light years from us word00:23:58
this white dwarf is considered one of the00:24:00
the stars closest to the earth are at least00:24:03
an interesting fate awaits voyager 200:24:06
Now the device is rushing towards00:24:08
space adventure at 15 speed00:24:11
and 4 kilometers per second relative00:24:13
the sun somewhere in 300 years messenger00:24:16
humanity will reach the inner edge00:24:19
oort cloud outer part of this00:24:22
hypothetical area is considered00:24:24
approximate solar limit00:24:26
systems to get the Oort probe through the clouds00:24:30
it will take about 30 thousand years after00:24:33
why will he head towards the star00:24:35
andromeda voyager 2 systems get closer00:24:38
to one of its stars height 248 by00:24:42
distance of 1 and 7 and light years00:24:44
in forty thousand years in about 30000:24:47
thousand years the device will reach00:24:49
closest approach to Sirius00:24:51
having separated from him at a distance of 4300:24:54
light years regarding those mentioned00:24:57
earlier pioneers, despite the fact00:24:59
that contact with them was lost long ago00:25:02
also continue their journey to00:25:05
in silent space the last radio signal00:25:08
30 were received from the Pioneer 11 probe00:25:11
September00:25:12
1995 after this direction00:25:15
the transmitting antennas were lost and00:25:18
the device continued its journey00:25:20
The American probe flies to the00:25:23
towards the constellation the eagle which lies in00:25:25
eastern branch of our galaxy he00:25:28
will reach one of his stars later00:25:31
four million years old so he is00:25:34
there's an incredibly long way to go 1000:25:37
the pioneer was a little luckier00:25:39
researcher since last time00:25:42
sent data to earth on January 23, 200300:25:46
years that cosmic moment00:25:48
the traveler was 12 billion00:25:51
kilometers from the ground and moved from00:25:53
speed 12 2 kilometers per second to00:25:56
word up00:25:57
1998 he was also the most distant00:26:01
a man-made object until it was overtaken00:26:04
the famous Voyager 1 apparatus flies from00:26:07
speed sufficient to00:26:09
leave the solar system on its course00:26:12
lies towards the star aldebaran it00:26:14
the pearl of the constellation Taurus and one of00:26:17
the brightest stars in the night sky to00:26:20
in the vicinity of Aldebaran Pioneer-1000:26:22
will get there in two million years if00:26:25
he will not stumble upon unexpected paths00:26:28
situation or will not be captured00:26:30
space pirates unknown to science00:26:33
By the way, this particular device will be the first00:26:36
who will pass on a relatively small00:26:38
temporary distance from the star system00:26:41
the pioneer's neighbor will be the hip system00:26:45
117,796 that are part of the constellation00:26:49
Cassiopeia space hulk00:26:52
will approach it at a distance of 0.7600:26:56
light years for this probe will have00:26:58
travel 90 thousand years00:27:01
speed problems and the future of space00:27:04
travel as we understand it is the main00:27:07
the problem of space flights is00:27:09
huge distance with existing00:27:12
technologies even traveling on red00:27:14
planet is not an easy task00:27:17
which requires the right moment for00:27:19
launch at maximum approach of orbits00:27:22
mars and earth distance between the two00:27:25
planets is 50 4.6 million00:27:29
kilometers and even for such flights00:27:31
factors like00:27:34
planetary speed flight speed00:27:37
solar spacecraft00:27:39
attraction need adjustment00:27:41
course in00:27:43
In 1969, NASA launched the Mariner spacecraft.00:27:47
7 who reached the red planet00:27:49
in just one hundred twenty-eight days however00:27:53
it is worth understanding that the total mass of sunda00:27:55
was only four hundred twelve00:27:57
kilograms for example dry mass00:28:00
the newest manned spacecraft crew00:28:02
spacex's dragon is 600000:28:05
400 kilograms although he is not00:28:08
designed for interplanetary00:28:09
travel to fly to mars00:28:11
will need to create much more00:28:14
heavy and complex ships, not to mention00:28:16
about traveling to other stars directly00:28:19
Elon Mask's company is currently engaged in00:28:22
development of a reusable interplanetary00:28:24
space and transport system00:28:26
starship dry weight of which00:28:29
supposedly equal to four hundred00:28:31
tons, with the starting mass of this00:28:33
giants exceed 5000 tons by others00:28:37
in other words, existing technologies are not00:28:39
allow you to achieve a speed that will give00:28:42
the ability of the device to overcome00:28:44
huge distances in space00:28:46
relatively short period of time00:28:48
engineers and scientists around the world are actively00:28:51
are working to solve this problem00:28:53
however, even the most daring projects are far from00:28:56
from desired results00:28:58
There are many options for traveling in space00:29:01
and each of them has its advantages and00:29:03
minuses00:29:04
many motors or drives are still00:29:07
resides in the theoretical field and so far00:29:10
very far from realizing the most00:29:13
economical and, as a result, the most00:29:15
a slow way of traveling is00:29:17
ion engine a few dozen more00:29:20
years ago such a system was considered closer00:29:23
to science fiction than to reality00:29:25
life one commission deep space one in00:29:28
1998 proved that ion engines00:29:31
not only work but also brings real00:29:34
benefit using 81 and a half kilograms00:29:37
such a fuel installation accelerated the TS-100:29:40
up to 56 thousand kilometers per hour true for00:29:44
it took her 20 months00:29:46
if we assume that it is with this00:29:49
speed humanity will send the device00:29:51
towards Proxima Centauri then to him00:29:54
it will take 81 thousand years to00:29:56
fly a distance equal to 4 point 2400:30:00
hundreds of light years during this time00:30:02
the earth will be replaced00:30:04
2700 generations of people using another method00:30:07
space travel is the principle00:30:10
gravity maneuver in this way00:30:13
took advantage of the legendary voyagers and in00:30:16
In 1976, the Helius 2 apparatus was able to00:30:19
accelerate over 240 thousand kilometers in00:30:22
hour subject to constant preservation00:30:25
at this speed the umbrella could reach00:30:28
Proxima Centauri and in nineteen00:30:30
thousands of years, many discussions have been going on00:30:33
relative to electromagnetic motor00:30:36
and the m-drive scientist are still arguing00:30:39
does RF really work?00:30:41
drive with its resonant plane00:30:44
the concept was proposed back in 200100:30:46
year but the device is still working00:30:49
tests that cannot give00:30:51
a clear answer to the main question00:30:53
Does m-drive also function according to00:30:56
theoretical calculations such a setup00:30:58
will allow you to get to the pluto which is in00:31:01
on average 5 9 billion away from the earth00:31:04
kilometers00:31:05
18 months of travel to proxima00:31:08
Centauri in this situation will take about00:31:10
13 thousand years among other transport00:31:13
systems that live in theoretical00:31:16
plane there are nuclear missiles00:31:18
synthesis00:31:19
thermonuclear PVRD laser sail and even00:31:23
anti-matter drive00:31:26
Science fiction fans can also00:31:29
recall the famous project of Miguel al00:31:31
courier who is in00:31:33
In 1994 he proposed the so-called00:31:36
warp drive concept00:31:38
instantaneous movement by stretching00:31:41
the fabrics of space-time are not actually00:31:44
provide for wasting time on00:31:46
flight we will not consider it00:31:48
instead let's pay attention to00:31:50
nuclear fusion engine and installation00:31:53
with antimatter in the first case we are talking00:31:56
about the theoretical achievement of speed00:31:58
equal to 12 percent of the light, which will allow00:32:02
fly to Proxima Centauri in just00:32:04
thirty-six years to reach00:32:07
Barnard's stars located in the constellation00:32:10
Ophiuchus at a distance of 5 and 96 light00:32:13
year transport system at nuclear00:32:15
synthesis needs to fly throughout00:32:17
50 years in the seventies British00:32:20
interplanetary society studied in detail00:32:23
such a project called00:32:25
dedal two-stage system even00:32:29
the most conservative estimates00:32:30
should have weighed about 60 thousand tons00:32:34
what made it unimaginably expensive what00:32:37
concerns the antimatter engine then00:32:40
we are talking about a hypothetical setup00:32:42
characterized by high efficiency and00:32:45
fuel efficiency is somewhat00:32:47
a milligram of such fuel generates00:32:50
more energy than a hydrogen explosion00:32:52
bombs with a yield of 10 megatons according to00:32:56
calculations published at the conference00:32:58
joint tire missing conference & exhibition00:33:01
it is an antimatter carrier consisting of00:33:04
two stages00:33:05
already fly 40 years to the same00:33:08
Proxima Centauri and this despite the fact that00:33:10
getting one gram of fuel for00:33:12
antimatter drive will cost more00:33:15
than a trillion dollars in theory at00:33:18
sufficient supply of antimatter00:33:20
the spaceship can be accelerated to00:33:22
50 percent speed of light at00:33:25
achieving such indicators flight on00:33:28
424 light years will take about eight00:33:32
years to Sirius would have to fly00:33:34
approximately 17 years as we see00:33:37
humanity is still looking for ways00:33:39
fast and most importantly economical00:33:41
travel through space00:33:44
at this stage we do not have00:33:46
technologies that will overcome00:33:48
a couple of light years away00:33:50
relatively short period of time00:33:53
however, the first successes in this direction00:33:54
already there and who knows maybe in a couple00:33:58
decades towards alpha centauri00:34:01
the first research00:34:03
probes00:34:04
[music]00:34:19
in the twenty-first century Roscosmos NASA and00:34:22
Eka announced the flight to Mars as their main00:34:25
The goal is the idea of delivering an expedition to Mars00:34:27
this is the first step in colonizing the planet00:34:30
however, the closer target is direct00:34:33
inclusion of the human mind in00:34:35
exploration of Mars as part of the environment00:34:37
world but everyone knows that there is no world on Mars00:34:40
water, this planet is dry and lifeless as00:34:43
in this case people will decide the issue00:34:46
with water the basis for life but not00:34:48
bring her there with you, what if00:34:50
our assumption about anhydrous00:34:52
surfaces of mars are wrong what if00:34:55
the red planet has such a reserve of water00:34:57
which, when properly processed00:34:59
able to maintain a full life00:35:02
in a new colony how is this possible00:35:04
you ask let's find out research00:35:06
Mars began a long time ago still three and a half00:35:09
thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt the first00:35:12
detailed reports of the position of Mars were00:35:14
compiled by Babylonian astronomers and00:35:18
1960 AD already started running00:35:21
automatic interplanetary stations for00:35:24
studying this planet at the beginning with00:35:26
flight paths and then from orbit00:35:28
artificial satellite and00:35:30
interesting directly on the surface00:35:33
what in00:35:34
1892 French scientist Camille00:35:37
Flammarion wrote that the channel and on00:35:39
surfaces of the planet that have been seen00:35:41
scientists through a telescope resemble rivers and00:35:44
similar to anthropogenic ones has been put forward00:35:47
assumption that representatives of reasonable00:35:49
races could use them for00:35:51
redistribution of water to the dying00:35:54
to the Martian world but in three years00:35:56
English astronomer Edward Mander00:35:59
made sure that the linear objects were00:36:01
just summing up many small ones00:36:03
details that created an optical illusion00:36:06
however, the question of water availability00:36:09
Mars did not leave the minds of scientists so is there00:36:12
water on neighboring planets or not, scientists00:36:15
We are sure that once upon a time on the planet00:36:17
Mars existed water and there was water00:36:20
so much that there is depth00:36:21
continuous ocean could range from00:36:24
100 to one and a half thousand meters however00:36:27
about 3 billion years ago the planet00:36:29
lost the atmosphere and this led to00:36:32
the disappearance of all liquid as a result00:36:34
Mars today looks like how we see it00:36:37
show spacecraft00:36:39
cold desert through which time from00:36:42
dust storms sweep through time according to00:36:45
researching giant columns of dust in00:36:47
storm times on Mars can reach00:36:50
altitude of 80 kilometers and act as00:36:53
space elevators throwing into space00:36:55
everything that is on the surface of the planet00:36:58
there is usually a storm on earth00:37:01
focus on one thing00:37:02
area but on Mars everything is a little different00:37:05
about once a decade throughout it00:37:08
the surface is enveloped by a global storm00:37:11
which lasts for several00:37:12
weeks, for example, such a storm was observed in00:37:16
2018, when Mars turned yellowish00:37:19
haze, as dust research has shown00:37:22
would become much denser than usual00:37:25
dust clouds that are present in00:37:27
atmosphere of Mars, in addition, they00:37:29
rise much higher than the dust clouds00:37:32
these giant columns may arise00:37:34
not only during the storm but most of all00:37:37
they are formed precisely during00:37:39
global storm these dust would become00:37:41
have a base with a diameter of up to 9000:37:44
kilometers expanding upward to 60000:37:47
kilometers and scatter we raise at the south00:37:49
dust from the surface of the planet on the territory00:37:52
with a diameter of more than 4000 kilometers in 201800:37:56
year a global storm during which00:37:58
such pillars formed lasted almost00:38:01
four weeks in planetary exploration00:38:03
extensive long-term00:38:06
datasets obtained using00:38:08
orbiter peak instrument00:38:10
mars express stereo camera high00:38:13
permissions on board the ship captured00:38:16
rising front of dust clouds near00:38:19
north polar ice cap of mars00:38:21
along with dust from the surface of the planet00:38:24
is taken up and dust moisture would become like00:38:27
the space elevator lifts her into those layers00:38:29
atmosphere where under the influence of solar00:38:32
radiation, water molecules disintegrate and00:38:34
is carried into space, it is very likely that00:38:37
This is how Mars lost all its water00:38:40
For a long time, scientists were confident that00:38:42
that water on Mars disappeared by00:38:45
evaporation the earth has a magnetic field00:38:47
or the magnetosphere which does not give00:38:50
atmosphere evaporate into space near Mars00:38:53
the magnetic field is weak and apparently it does not00:38:55
could hold water but speed with00:38:58
of which today hydrogen is a component00:39:00
some of their water evaporates from the atmosphere00:39:03
Mars indicates that history00:39:05
Martian oceans are much more difficult if00:39:08
take for granted that today hydrogen00:39:11
evaporates at the same speed as00:39:13
past then according to the co-author00:39:15
study of his lintgen schiller from00:39:17
California Tech00:39:18
Institute in Pasadena Mars this way00:39:22
would have lost quite a bit of water otherwise00:39:24
in words, most of the water should have been00:39:27
go somewhere else recently scientists00:39:30
studied scientific data from space00:39:32
devices and suggested that00:39:34
up to 99 percent of the water is simply absorbed into00:39:38
artificial surface layer of the planet00:39:40
Mars satellite children discovered that under00:39:43
there are deposits on the surface of the red planet00:39:46
water ice later it was00:39:47
confirmed by other devices with00:39:49
using a camera to create an image on00:39:52
based on thermal radiation analysis00:39:54
finally questions about the availability of water00:39:57
Mars was decided in 2008 when I00:40:00
automatic Martian station00:40:02
phoenix landing in the polar region of the planet00:40:04
got water from Martian soil too00:40:06
the study authors suggested that00:40:09
Mars has lost most of its liquid water00:40:12
in the period from 4 and 1 to 3 and 7 billion00:40:15
years ago in the historical period00:40:17
known as the Noachian period for00:40:20
which was characterized by intense00:40:22
meteorite steroid bombardment and00:40:24
abundance of surface water in some00:40:27
moment the planet Mars lost its00:40:29
atmosphere is a fact, why is it00:40:31
Scientists do not know exactly what happened in 201700:40:35
year, researchers studied the data00:40:38
sent circling around the red00:40:40
planets spacecraft maven they00:40:43
came to the conclusion that most00:40:45
Mars' atmosphere disappeared due to00:40:47
solar wind influence00:40:49
This is evidenced by the fact that he is on00:40:51
for many years from the atmosphere00:40:53
Most of the argon gas has evaporated00:40:55
due to its properties, it could fly to00:40:58
space only under the influence of solar00:41:00
winds anyway due to00:41:02
disappearance of the atmosphere of the molecule00:41:04
waters found on Mars00:41:06
interacted with solar00:41:08
ultraviolet light decomposes into oxygen and00:41:11
hydrogen is like that at least for a long time00:41:13
scientists believed that this00:41:15
the process led to the disappearance of a large00:41:17
amount of water however recently00:41:19
US researchers have noticed00:41:22
that orbitals are still00:41:24
hydrogen evaporation is recorded, this means00:41:27
that there are still molecules on Mars00:41:29
waters that interact with solar00:41:31
rays and disintegrate into their component parts00:41:34
Unfortunately, at the moment, scientists00:41:35
haven't studied Mars well enough to00:41:38
say everything with complete confidence but00:41:41
the hypothesis can be verified00:41:43
will be thanks to the results of the work00:41:45
perseverance rovers as we already know00:41:48
this device is located on the territory00:41:50
crater lake scientists are inclined00:41:52
assume that she once was00:41:55
filled with water and no microbes lived in it00:41:58
it is possible that there is still some in the soil of the crater00:42:01
there are water samples older than 300:42:03
billions of years after studying samples00:42:05
scientists will be able to say exactly what00:42:08
water turned out to be the main thing in the soil00:42:10
the original purpose of Mars exploration00:42:12
there was a search for water as she was playing00:42:15
key role in geology, climate and00:42:18
the origin of life is explained by Dr. Michael00:42:20
Meen who heads the scientific00:42:23
NASA Mars Exploration Program00:42:25
The results of a new study suggest00:42:27
that a lot of water is possible00:42:30
most of it was tied up in00:42:32
Martian minerals adds the doctor00:42:34
green dart as a result of the hydration process00:42:37
formation of stable compounds of water with00:42:40
substances dissolved in it00:42:41
could be connected in this way00:42:44
huge volumes of water up to the layer00:42:47
kilometer depth covering the entire00:42:49
planet, but today all we have left is00:42:51
guess what Mars was like in those ancient times00:42:54
times when there are pleasant sea breezes00:42:56
perhaps evoked a special freshness00:42:59
I'll even enjoy them someday, who knows?00:43:01
perhaps when a person masters all00:43:04
complete knowledge of the climate on Mars00:43:06
the rivers will flow again00:43:13
once the idea that the sun00:43:16
is the central celestial body00:43:18
around which the earth and00:43:20
other planets seemed fantastic00:43:23
Today they talk about this to children themselves00:43:25
early age our modern knowledge00:43:27
the universe has come just to that very point00:43:30
only one fantastic barrier00:43:32
a look for which is fully capable00:43:35
Are the only ones who can change space science?00:43:37
we are living beings in the universe or maybe00:43:40
be somewhere there is someone else who wonders00:43:43
questions like what if00:43:45
assume that there is more than one such universe00:43:48
and not two but a whole set of what laws00:43:51
operate in other worlds and who can do them00:43:53
populate let's figure it out imagine00:43:56
that the universe is observable by us from the edge00:43:59
to the edge is just a drop in the cosmos00:44:01
the ocean that is beyond our field00:44:03
sight, there is still space, there are still stars00:44:06
galaxies are even more numerous than ever00:44:09
billions of light years further than us00:44:11
will ever be able to see and although not00:44:14
the observable universe is large and exists00:44:17
countless others00:44:19
universes similar to her, some of them00:44:22
they are larger and older00:44:23
some are smaller and younger stretched00:44:26
in vast spaces00:44:28
space-time these universes00:44:30
expanding inevitable quickly but00:44:32
holding back their space-time00:44:34
expands even faster, spreading them apart00:44:37
further apart ensuring that00:44:40
no pair of universes ever00:44:42
meet sounds like fantasy00:44:44
but this is how scientists see a scientific idea00:44:47
multiverse so how big00:44:50
observable universe we observe it00:44:52
we can, of course, only from the ground for00:44:54
to determine the distance you need to multiply00:44:57
time to speed the big explosion happened00:44:59
approximately 13 and 8 billion years ago00:45:03
the speed of light is 3 times00:45:05
10 to the eighth power meters per second then00:45:08
there is light traveling for nine seconds in a year00:45:10
half a billion kilometers00:45:11
multiplying time and speed we get 100:45:15
and 3 times 10 to the 20th power00:45:17
kilometers or approximately 13 and 8 billion00:45:20
light years exactly at this distance00:45:22
we can see from our planet that00:45:26
direction this is a certain radio sphere with00:45:28
earth in the center everything is very simple but so00:45:31
Is this really the first 380,000 years?00:45:34
after the big bang the universe was00:45:37
smaller and hotter and the temperature was00:45:39
so high that the newly educated00:45:41
the particles were moving too fast and not00:45:44
could unite, a fourth arose00:45:46
state of matter when as a result00:45:48
strong heating, atoms lose their00:45:51
electrons the process of ionization occurs00:45:53
this state is called plasma00:45:55
It is plasma that our sun consists of and00:45:58
all other stars are ours first00:46:00
the universe was one big glowing one00:46:03
a drop of plasma and only then it all started00:46:06
gradually cool down but the main reason00:46:08
errors in our calculations are an extension00:46:11
universe since the big bang00:46:13
space expands all contents00:46:16
the universe is running in different directions00:46:19
some fragments are moving away from each other00:46:21
friend speeding00:46:23
light at first glance it seems that this00:46:26
it just can’t be special00:46:28
theory of relativity00:46:30
prohibits this, however, on the extension00:46:32
space itself is not a limitation00:46:35
distributed here is permissible and00:46:38
high speed if you take this factor into account00:46:40
the situation will become clear immediately, it will turn out that00:46:43
an object that, for example, is 10 billion00:46:46
years ago and descended visible to us now00:46:48
the light is much further away from us00:46:51
distance because he was moving all the time00:46:54
along with the expanding universe but also00:46:57
that's not all according to the data00:46:59
obtained using space00:47:01
Hubble telescope and other instruments00:47:03
the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate00:47:06
eat faster and faster with new ones00:47:08
calculations taking into account all these factors00:47:10
the observable universe will represent00:47:13
is a sphere with a radius of 46 half00:47:15
billion light years of earth in the center00:47:18
where do we see all this from but big00:47:21
explosion that happened simultaneously throughout00:47:24
the universe was not the beginning of space and00:47:26
time and became only the beginning of our00:47:29
observable universe before him00:47:31
there was an era of cosmic inflation00:47:33
in which space expanded and00:47:36
was filled with energy inherent in tko not00:47:39
space-time inflation works00:47:41
so makes space expand with00:47:44
at exponential speed everything that00:47:46
there was a big bang00:47:48
becomes much much larger00:47:51
the size of the universe at the end of inflation00:47:53
filled with matter and radiation and00:47:55
that's what we see as hot big00:47:58
explosion but what's strange is inflation00:48:00
the quantum field that00:48:03
her replies must move from high00:48:06
energetically unstable state00:48:08
signing inflation state00:48:11
low energy equilibrium00:48:13
transition and and rolling down the hill of energy into00:48:16
its low and causes inflation00:48:18
end and give birth to a hot big one00:48:21
explosion therefore where the meaning is00:48:23
fields will slide down inflation will end in00:48:26
In other areas inflation will be00:48:28
continue and generate more and more00:48:30
new space comes from here00:48:32
phenomenon known as infinity00:48:35
inflation is where it ends we00:48:37
getting hot big bang and ours00:48:39
the universe but where inflation does not00:48:41
ends more appears00:48:44
expanding space as a result00:48:46
what appear as the area where it is hot00:48:49
the big bang when it happened00:48:52
there will be reasons not to be associated with our site00:48:54
and the area where inflation will continue and00:48:57
so on, it is this picture of huge00:49:00
universes much larger in size00:49:02
than the area where we can observe00:49:05
constantly appearing in exponential00:49:07
expanding space and describes00:49:10
multiverse, it is important to understand what it is00:49:13
the multiverse is not itself00:49:15
it doesn't make it a scientific theory00:49:16
prediction of any observables00:49:19
phenomena that we could get00:49:21
access from our corner space00:49:23
multiverse instead00:49:25
this is a theoretical prediction00:49:26
arising from the laws of physics we understand them00:49:29
by us today in the best possible way00:49:32
she is an inevitable consequence of these laws00:49:35
if you have an inflationary universe00:49:37
controlled by quantum physics then you00:49:40
is predetermined to come to exactly this conclusion00:49:42
and what might others look like then?00:49:45
universes in the 1980s Hawking along with00:49:49
American astrophysicist James hard00:49:52
he developed a new theory of the origin00:49:54
universe this theory solved one00:49:56
problem but created another or even00:49:59
an infinite number of others in accordance00:50:02
from Hartle and Hawking's theory some of00:50:04
parallel universes similar to ours00:50:07
there are planets similar to earth00:50:09
society similar to ours and even similar00:50:12
people from other universes can be with us00:50:15
it could be a little different planet00:50:17
similar to the earth but preserved00:50:19
the population of dinosaurs in the third everything can00:50:22
be completely different without land00:50:24
perhaps even without stars and galaxies with00:50:26
other laws of physics arise here00:50:29
problem because if exists00:50:31
infinite number of universes00:50:33
endless variations of the laws of physics00:50:35
then the theory cannot contribute00:50:37
understanding in which universe00:50:40
where we are and what are its features according to00:50:43
compared to others it is this paradox00:50:45
in my last work I tried to solve00:50:48
Hawking with Professor Thomas00:50:50
Hartigan according to Hawking theory00:50:52
Herzog parallel worlds exist00:50:55
but the laws of physics must be in them00:50:57
the same as in ours, this means that00:50:59
our universe is typical and therefore conclusions00:51:02
which we draw from observations of her00:51:04
applicable to parallel worlds, but we00:51:07
remember that the idea of a multiverse is00:51:09
just an idea and not yet00:51:11
confirmation of the correctness of certain00:51:13
theories it is also possible that in all00:51:16
universes will not exist alone and00:51:18
the same physical laws and constants00:51:20
some universes may have more00:51:23
or less dimensions than ours, we have 4 of them00:51:26
including time somewhere maybe00:51:28
be strong and ubiquitous00:51:30
some kind of magnetic field appearing00:51:32
universe may have a weaker00:51:34
gravity or other altered00:51:37
fundamental physical quantities00:51:38
perhaps all of them are just as brightly lit00:51:42
capable of supporting the life of the universe00:51:44
like ours and dark sterile00:51:46
dimensionless volume and scattered quarks00:51:49
and electrons that never00:51:51
complex matter will gather cosmologist max00:51:54
tech mark suggested the following00:51:55
classification of possible worlds level 100:51:58
worlds beyond our visible00:52:00
the universe in them is galactic00:52:02
objects level 2 world with others00:52:04
physical constants such as the world and00:52:07
on other branes in m-theory level 300:52:10
world and emerging within the multi-world00:52:13
interpretation of quantum mechanics00:52:15
intended to explain traditional 200:52:17
slit experiment where it is shown that00:52:19
light behaves both as a wave and as a particle00:52:22
level 4 final ensemble includes everything00:52:26
universes realizing certain00:52:28
mathematical structures regarding00:52:30
the first level of worlds, those affected by us00:52:33
questions of the visible universe and the cosmic00:52:35
inflation give a clear idea of00:52:37
multiverse different universes00:52:39
arose at different times but we are limited00:52:42
only the region of the universe visible to us and00:52:45
here is the one put forward in string theory00:52:47
assumption about worlds on other branes00:52:49
can be seen in the following example00:52:52
for the models they took a group of universes00:52:54
each of which had four dimensions00:52:56
three spatial and one temporal and00:52:59
was built into the full multidimensional00:53:02
space called bulk universe in such a model00:53:05
are called sconces by us, shortened from00:53:08
membrane universes in brane theory00:53:10
resemble slices of bread in a loaf00:53:13
matter is tightly connected with its00:53:15
branan although theoretical physicist Brian Greene00:53:18
believe that gravity can leak00:53:20
between these brothers, despite all the controversy00:53:22
This is the assumption of some physicists00:53:25
use it to explain00:53:27
why gravity00:53:28
weakest interaction in our00:53:31
the universe and perhaps even does not have00:53:33
own particle which is00:53:35
interaction transfers like a photon00:53:37
responsible for electromagnetic forces00:53:39
The theory has been removed and can be verified completely00:53:42
accessible green experiments00:53:44
suggested that when particles collide00:53:46
at the Large Hadron Collider00:53:48
fragments of protons at high energies00:53:50
can be thrown into the bank in our00:53:52
space this will lead to leakage00:53:54
energy that can be measured if00:53:56
it turns out that the energy before the collision is not00:53:59
corresponds to the energy after a collision00:54:01
then this will indicate her transition from00:54:03
our universe into space more00:54:05
high dimension in which they float00:54:08
brane and unlike previous versions00:54:10
multi universes theory of multiples00:54:13
worlds already has experimentally and00:54:15
proof although somewhat strange00:54:17
for example, an experiment in which00:54:19
the source emits a stream of electrons into00:54:22
direction of the screen with two slits00:54:24
if no one is watching the electron pass00:54:26
observes it exhibits wave properties00:54:28
that is, it passes through both simultaneously00:54:31
slits and present behind the screen00:54:33
a picture appears of alternating00:54:35
black and white stripes but if you try00:54:38
fix using instruments through00:54:40
which slit does the electron go through it will start00:54:43
behave like a particle in different00:54:45
variations this experiment was repeated00:54:47
thousands of times and always gave the same00:54:50
results also in this model00:54:52
the universe is not separated by a large00:54:55
distance and not built into bank00:54:57
it is believed that they all exist in the same way00:54:59
called Gilbert space00:55:01
infinite dimension complete list00:55:04
Green's scientifically based hypothesis00:55:06
includes 2 more idea multi00:55:08
universes simulation and hologram describe00:55:11
theory of simulated multiverses00:55:13
relatively easy each universe00:55:15
simulation filled with code fragments00:55:18
possessing the consciousness of such universes00:55:21
there can be an infinite number of00:55:23
almost identical to unimaginably different00:55:26
travel between them can occur00:55:28
as by the will of external intelligence so if00:55:31
would a gamer move characters from one00:55:33
games in another way and with the help00:55:35
own technologies developed00:55:37
inhabitants and finally the idea that00:55:40
our universe is just a hologram00:55:42
first appeared in the 90s and on00:55:45
today has the same amount00:55:46
there is so much evidence for the theory of inflation00:55:49
the holographic universe arose as00:55:51
product of the theory of information transmission00:55:54
what we perceive as three-dimensional00:55:56
reality is actually on00:55:58
two-dimensional surface remember00:56:00
holograms on bank cards object00:56:03
in the picture it seems three-dimensional but00:56:05
we perceive it as two-dimensional00:56:08
if the object was on a hologram for example00:56:10
the bird had consciousness, he would believe that00:56:13
is in a three-dimensional environment it turns out00:56:15
that our physical reality00:56:17
actually located or more precisely00:56:19
encoded on the boundary of less00:56:21
measurements and what we see in the hologram00:56:24
has three dimensions the surface which00:56:27
we reflect is far away for example on00:56:29
the edge of the universe is inherently00:56:31
quite simple concept00:56:33
made up of just two universes00:56:35
real and reflected go to00:56:38
edge of the universe and you will face your00:56:40
hereby I am traveling to you00:56:43
towards and finally let's sort it out00:56:45
theory called finite ensemble it00:56:48
includes all universes realizing those00:56:51
or other mathematical structures00:56:52
a universe in which there is nothing a universe00:56:56
with an absurd number of spatial00:56:58
dimensions of the universe in the form of cheese00:57:00
a universe in which only00:57:02
laws of Newtonian mechanics which according to00:57:05
the statement of the green is filled with hard and00:57:07
billiard balls difference between00:57:09
number of universes in this model00:57:11
there is mathematics in our universe00:57:13
your own set of math00:57:15
laws in an attempt to understand why this is so00:57:18
and the mathematical hypothesis was born00:57:21
universe which is called finite00:57:23
the ensemble assumes that the world and00:57:25
corresponding to different sets00:57:27
initial states physical constants00:57:30
or completely different mathematical00:57:32
equations can be considered as00:57:34
equally real however it is rather00:57:36
philosophical than cosmological version00:57:39
multi universe so whatever00:57:41
there were other universes sooner or later we00:57:44
let's find out about this what we once did00:57:46
for science Kepler Copernicus and Bruno00:57:49
our time did continue to do00:57:51
andrey linde brian green stephen hawking and00:57:54
many other scientists may be in00:57:56
some other universe someone00:57:58
is also working on these issues for a while00:58:01
will show00:58:15
it is difficult to overestimate the contribution made00:58:18
Albert Einstein00:58:19
in increasing the volume of modern knowledge00:58:22
theories of relativity discovered by him00:58:24
affected many branches of science and00:58:26
thanks to its rethinking quantity00:58:28
new theories and discoveries continue to grow00:58:31
so using the first exact solution00:58:33
equations of the gravitational field of the underlying00:58:36
the basis of the general theory of relativity00:58:38
German astronomer and physicist Karl00:58:40
Schwarzschild predicted the theoretical00:58:43
the possibility of the existence of the region and00:58:45
space-time where known00:58:47
the laws of physics don't work the way we do00:58:50
we're used to it, but rather they don't work00:58:52
There, later, these areas became00:58:55
call them black holes so what are they?00:58:58
black hole and what secrets it contains00:59:00
hides let's find out massive star00:59:03
having used up all the fuel shaya can00:59:06
turn into that type00:59:08
superdense matter which is necessary00:59:10
for the emergence of this twisted00:59:12
parts of the universe the star collapses00:59:15
carries you under its own weight00:59:17
yourself00:59:18
space-time continuum00:59:19
gravitational field around you00:59:21
becomes so strong that even00:59:23
light can no longer escape from it00:59:26
as a result, the area in which previously00:59:28
there was a star becoming absolutely00:59:30
black this is a black hole conditionally in00:59:33
structure of a black hole can be distinguished00:59:35
its external and internal parts external00:59:38
the surface of a black hole is called00:59:40
the event horizon is spherical00:59:42
the boundary at which balance is achieved00:59:44
between the strength of the gravitational field and00:59:47
through the efforts of the light trying to leave00:59:49
a black hole if you cross the horizon00:59:51
it will no longer be possible to escape events00:59:54
however, one scientist discovered that00:59:56
the event horizon glows with energy00:59:59
thanks to quantum effects on it01:00:01
streams of hot particles arise01:00:04
emitted into the universe is a phenomenon01:00:06
called Hawking radiation after01:00:08
the British one who described him01:00:10
theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking01:00:12
despite the fact that matter cannot01:00:14
break beyond the event horizon01:00:16
the black hole nevertheless evaporates and with01:00:19
over time she will finally lose her01:00:22
mass and will disappear but this intensity01:00:24
negligible for astronomical blacks01:00:27
up to even if we assume that the flow01:00:30
matter and radiation to black holes01:00:32
say with a mass of 10 solar masses01:00:34
there is no time for its quantum decay01:00:37
monstrously great it surpasses time01:00:39
the existence of our universe is more than01:00:42
by sixty-five orders of magnitude this means01:00:44
what are more massive black holes?01:00:47
almost eternal for complete disintegration01:00:51
lifetime of the universe black hole mass01:00:53
should be less than a billion tons though01:00:55
such holes are theoretically possible neither01:00:58
one observation indicating their01:01:01
existence at the end of January 201401:01:04
archive on the website. orc appeared preprint01:01:07
the work of Stephen Hawking in which he01:01:09
suggested abandoning the concept01:01:12
event horizon formal boundary01:01:14
black hole existence which01:01:16
predicted by theory01:01:18
relativity it was done for01:01:20
in order to solve the so-called01:01:22
firewall problem or wall of fire01:01:25
arising at the intersection of quantum mechanics01:01:27
and theory of relativity firewall black01:01:30
holes are a hypothetical phenomenon when01:01:32
in which the observer who falls into01:01:34
meets a black hole01:01:36
high-energy quanta near01:01:38
event horizon and the problem is here01:01:40
is that we cannot accurately01:01:43
say what will happen if someone01:01:45
will step us beyond this event horizon01:01:47
will information about us be lost?01:01:50
forever, which contradicts quantum01:01:52
theory or outside observer01:01:54
will still receive some data about our01:01:57
condition and thereby disrupting physical01:02:00
laws according to which nothing can01:02:02
break beyond the event horizon01:02:04
therefore the event horizon was proposed01:02:06
replace with the so-called visible01:02:08
horizon Hawking's idea to abandon01:02:11
horizon in favor of the visible horizon01:02:13
is new and has been offered before01:02:16
scientists from different countries are once again01:02:18
times indicates that black holes01:02:20
still contain many01:02:22
answers capable of explaining their nature and01:02:25
modern theories need improvement01:02:28
It is also known that a black hole emits01:02:30
also like a heated body therefore01:02:33
it is not surprising that to describe her01:02:35
properties to use wisely01:02:36
thermodynamics if there is temperature then01:02:39
the object must have a different definition01:02:41
entropy the idea of the entropy of a black hole01:02:44
proposed by physicist Yakov Bakenstein in01:02:48
1972 even before Hawking's discovery01:02:51
quantum radiation problem is01:02:53
the fact that this entropy is monstrously high01:02:56
suffice it to say that entropy is only01:02:58
one black hole in the center of our01:03:00
galaxy exceeds the entropy of everything01:03:03
matter and radiation in the visible universe01:03:05
It is worth noting that giant black01:03:08
holes according to modern ideas01:03:09
forms the cores of most galaxies in their01:03:12
the number includes a massive black hole in01:03:15
the core of our galaxy Sagittarius a01:03:17
being closest to the sun01:03:19
supermassive black hole01:03:21
located twenty-six thousand01:03:23
light years away from us now01:03:26
the existence of stellar black holes01:03:28
galactic scale is considered01:03:30
reliably proven by most scientists01:03:32
astronomical observations01:03:34
there are several approaches01:03:36
suggesting an explanation of the nature01:03:38
entropy of black holes most advanced01:03:41
approach is based on string theory01:03:43
an alternative method is used like this01:03:45
called loop theory of gravity but01:03:48
loop theory of gravity has a number01:03:50
unresolved problems and therefore not yet01:03:53
has become widespread to01:03:55
loop quantum gravity is not01:03:57
contradicted the special theory01:03:59
relativity it is necessary to introduce01:04:01
interactions that are similar to01:04:04
considered in string theory but in01:04:06
string theory itself has already been established01:04:08
that black holes have a surface and this01:04:11
the structure is called a fluffball01:04:14
the surface itself is not sucked into01:04:16
hole objects because with01:04:18
additional dimensions01:04:19
present in string theory in01:04:22
space-time a new one arises01:04:24
topology in new topology01:04:26
spacetime ends at01:04:28
in the immediate vicinity of the place where01:04:30
the horizon would be formed therefore not01:04:32
there is no inside where could01:04:35
hit the surface but again everything01:04:38
this is just a theory and this is where we come in01:04:40
to one of the most important questions01:04:42
occupying the minds of both scientists and ordinary people01:04:45
ordinary people what will happen to you if you01:04:47
maybe you will fall into a black hole01:04:50
Do you think it will crush you or vice versa?01:04:53
will tear to shreds but in reality01:04:55
everything is much stranger01:04:58
the moment you hit black01:05:00
hole reality will split in two01:05:03
one reality of you and instantly01:05:05
will incinerate another living one, dive deep into01:05:08
black hole alive and well inside01:05:11
black hole does not operate as usual01:05:13
laws of physics according to albert01:05:15
Einstein01:05:16
gravity bends space like this01:05:19
way, if there is an object of sufficient01:05:21
space-time density01:05:22
the continuum around him can01:05:25
deform so much that in the most01:05:27
reality a gap is formed as01:05:29
moving deeper into space time01:05:31
continues to bend in the center01:05:34
it becomes infinitely curved.01:05:36
known as gravitational01:05:38
singularity space and time in it01:05:41
ceases to have any meaning01:05:43
all the laws of physics known to us for01:05:45
descriptions of which these two are needed01:05:47
concept no longer valid no one01:05:50
knows what exactly awaits the person who gets caught01:05:52
another universe into the center of a black hole01:05:55
oblivion back wall of the bookcase01:05:57
like in American science fiction01:06:00
movie interstellar this mystery let's01:06:03
Using your example, let's talk about what01:06:05
happens if you accidentally get into01:06:08
black hole in this experiment for you01:06:10
An external observer, such as yours, will help01:06:13
best friend and so friend are on01:06:16
safe distance will see that01:06:19
as you approach the horizon01:06:21
events you stretch out in length and01:06:24
narrow in width except as you get closer01:06:27
you will fly up to the event horizon01:06:29
the more it will seem to him that you are01:06:31
the speed drops when you reach01:06:34
event horizon then from the point of view01:06:36
your friend is banned in place as and if01:06:39
would someone put play on01:06:41
pause you will remain motionless01:06:43
stretched across the horizon01:06:45
events and everything will begin to cover you01:06:48
increasing heat hawking radiation01:06:50
before you cross the horizon01:06:52
events and delve into the depths of the black hole01:06:55
All that's left of you is ashes, but01:06:58
let's look at this terrible scene with01:07:01
your points of view and from your point of view01:07:03
something even more will happen01:07:05
strange, that is, absolutely nothing01:07:08
special you are flying straight to one of01:07:11
the most sinister points of the universe are not01:07:14
without experiencing the slightest shaking01:07:16
speaking of stretching space01:07:19
time dilation or heat radiation01:07:21
all because you are able01:07:23
free fall and therefore not01:07:26
this is how you feel about your weight01:07:29
Einstein called his most successful idea01:07:32
life really is the event horizon01:07:35
not a brick wall in space but a phenomenon01:07:37
due to the point of view of the observer01:07:39
observer remaining outside black01:07:42
holes can't see inside through01:07:44
event horizon but that's his problem01:07:47
yours from your point of view no01:07:50
the horizon does not exist if the dimensions01:07:53
our black hole was smaller than you and01:07:55
would actually run into a problem01:07:58
gravity would act on your body01:08:00
unevenly and you would be pulled into01:08:02
pasta but luckily for you ours01:08:05
the black hole is millions of times large01:08:08
More massive than the sun, black holes bend01:08:10
space-time continuum up to01:08:13
to such an extent that inside the horizon01:08:15
events time and space change01:08:18
in some ways you are drawn into01:08:20
singularity is not01:08:22
spacetime you can't01:08:24
go back and and get out of the black01:08:26
holes just like none of us01:08:29
capable of traveling into the past and so01:08:31
the laws of physics want you01:08:33
were simultaneously outside the black01:08:36
holes in the form of a handful of ash and internal01:08:40
safe and sound and one more01:08:42
an important point according to general01:08:44
principles of quantum mechanics information01:08:47
you can't clone you need to be there01:08:49
in two places at the same time but at the same time01:08:51
only one copy of this01:08:54
Physicists call a paradoxical phenomenon01:08:56
the term disappearance of information in01:08:58
luckily black hole in the 90s01:09:01
scientists managed to resolve this paradox01:09:04
American physicist Leonard Suskind understood01:09:07
that there really is no paradox01:09:09
because no one will see your01:09:12
cloning your friend will watch01:09:14
with one of your copies and you with another01:09:17
so reality depends on01:09:19
observer there is reality with01:09:22
your friend's point of view and01:09:24
reality from your point of view here it is01:09:26
all almost all summer 2012 physics01:09:30
ahmed al fiery donald more of joe01:09:33
Kolchinsky and James Le collectively01:09:36
known by the English abbreviation01:09:38
from the first letters of their last names like mps01:09:41
proposed a thought experiment that01:09:43
threatened to change our understanding of01:09:46
black holes according to scientists resolution01:09:49
contradictions proposed by Suskind01:09:51
is based on the fact that disagreements in01:09:53
assessment of what is happening between you and your01:09:56
best friend mediated by the horizon01:09:58
events it doesn't matter whether a friend is really01:10:00
I saw one of your two copies01:10:03
died in a fire of Hawking radiation because01:10:06
the event horizon kept him from seeing01:10:08
your second copy flying into the depths01:10:11
black hole but what if a friend01:10:13
there was a way to find out what was going on01:10:16
the other side of the event horizon01:10:18
crossing his general theory01:10:20
relativity tells us what it is01:10:22
impossible but quantum mechanics slightly01:10:25
blurs the rigid rules your friend could01:10:28
I would like to look beyond the horizon with one eye01:10:30
events using the fact that Einstein01:10:33
called creepy long-range action we are talking about01:10:36
about quantum entanglement phenomenon01:10:39
in which the quantum states of two or01:10:41
more particles separated by space01:10:44
mysteriously turn out to be01:10:46
these particles are now interdependent01:10:48
form a single and indivisible whole01:10:51
information required for description01:10:53
of this whole is not contained in this or that01:10:56
particles and in the relationship between them an idea01:10:59
extended and mps sounds next01:11:01
So let's say your friend takes01:11:04
particle near the event horizon01:11:07
let's call it a particle and if its version01:11:10
what happened to you corresponds01:11:11
in reality, that is, she killed you01:11:13
Hawking radiation from the outside01:11:16
black hole means particle a must be01:11:19
interconnected with another particle b which01:11:22
must also be located on the outside01:11:24
sides of the event horizon from01:11:26
yours corresponds to reality01:11:27
vision of events and he is alive and well with01:11:30
the inner side then particle a01:11:32
must be interconnected with particle c01:11:35
located somewhere inside a black hole01:11:37
The beauty of this theory is that01:11:40
that each of the particles can be01:11:42
interconnected with only one other01:11:44
particle this means that particle a01:11:47
associated with either particle b or particle01:11:50
c but not both at the same time so what01:11:53
will still happen to you inside the black01:11:55
identify the holes with which one01:11:58
particle interconnected clear from01:12:00
extremely difficult physics daniel harlow01:12:03
from Princeton University to01:12:05
New Jersey and Patrick hiding who01:12:08
currently working in California01:12:09
Stanford University in California01:12:11
wondered how much for this01:12:14
it will take time in 2013 they01:12:17
calculated that even with the help of and01:12:20
the fastest computer possible01:12:22
create according to size according01:12:24
with physical laws to your friend01:12:27
it would take a lot01:12:29
time to decipher01:12:31
the relationship between particles is so01:12:33
a lot by the time he gets it01:12:36
answer: the black hole will evaporate a long time ago01:12:39
if it's so likely to your friend01:12:41
it’s simply not destined to ever find out whose01:12:44
point of view correspond01:12:45
in fact, in this case both01:12:48
the stories will remain at the same time01:12:49
truthful reality depending on01:12:52
observer and none of the laws of physics01:12:54
will not be violated 2 theoretical physicist Huang01:12:58
Mal Dassin and Leonard Susskind01:13:00
suggested that the particles are entangled01:13:02
quantum state connected by tiny01:13:05
wormholes and burrows, some tunnels in01:13:08
space and this is completely different01:13:10
level of theory so as we see01:13:12
connection between super complex calculations01:13:15
to which your observer is throughout01:13:18
incapable of visibility and01:13:20
space-time continuum01:13:21
may lead physicists to some01:13:24
new theoretical discoveries and by the way 1001:13:27
April 2019 national scientific01:13:30
The usa foundation showed the photo for the first time01:13:33
supermassive black hole at the center01:13:35
galaxy missier 87 located at 101:13:38
toy they are 54 million light years away01:13:42
earth image received thanks to01:13:44
project event horizon telescope which01:13:47
includes 8 radio telescopes01:13:49
located all over the globe01:13:51
the received picture confirms01:13:53
the existence of an event horizon that is01:13:56
confirms the correctness of the general theory01:13:58
Einstein's relativity01:14:00
said one of the project leaders01:14:02
lucha Nuretal in April 2020 scientists01:14:06
got the most detailed image01:14:08
jets of plasma escaping from the center01:14:11
supermassive black hole in this way01:14:13
black holes are not just dangerous objects on01:14:16
paths of interstellar expeditions but also01:14:18
theoretical laboratories in which01:14:20
the smallest variations in physical laws01:14:23
grow to such a size that the name is already01:14:26
impossible to neglect possible in the future01:14:28
scientists will be able to more accurately answer01:14:31
the question is, what are black holes and if01:14:33
some other way of research01:14:36
their internal structure if such01:14:38
the structure even exists01:14:55
October 6, 2020 Nobel01:14:58
Assembly of the Royal Academy of Sciences01:15:00
Sweden announced the names of the new owners01:15:02
annual prize in physics they were01:15:05
scientists who have obtained important results in01:15:08
universe sciences amount to five01:15:09
million crowns equally divided by two01:15:12
astronomers German Reinhard Hansel and01:15:14
American Andrea Ges as stated in01:15:17
official wording of hansel and guess01:15:19
marked the most prestigious in the scientific world01:15:22
reward for discovery beyond massive01:15:25
compact facility in the center of our01:15:27
galaxies so what did scientists discover in01:15:29
the center of our milky way let's01:15:31
find out how our sun is known01:15:34
orbits the center of the Milky Way01:15:36
quite an ordinary spiral galaxy in01:15:39
the composition of which includes from 200 to 40001:15:42
billion stars the diameter of its spiral01:15:45
disk is approximately 28 kilos01:15:47
parsec just over 90 thousand light years01:15:50
however, the Milky Way includes01:15:53
also the stars distant from the center on01:15:55
distances up to one hundred kilos parsec that is01:15:57
lying far beyond disco radio01:16:00
solar inside the galactic orbit before01:16:02
still not known exactly, but01:16:05
latest estimates are approximately 801:16:07
kilo parsec so our luminary is displaced01:16:10
to the outer edge of the galactic disk01:16:12
time to complete a revolution around the center01:16:14
galaxies are approximately 250 million years old01:16:17
there are about 200,400 stars in our galaxy01:16:21
billions as for our sun01:16:23
then it is packed inside the cavity in01:16:26
interstellar gas are known as local01:16:28
bubble about 600 in diameter01:16:31
light years this cavity in turn01:16:33
lies in the gould belt a cluster of stars and01:16:36
molecular gas lying between two01:16:39
spiral arms of the galaxy sun01:16:41
is located near but not inside one of01:16:44
these sleeves have Orion's sleeves like this01:16:47
we got a description of the place where01:16:49
we are with you yes this is of course not01:16:52
the center and our planets are far enough away01:16:54
from him but maybe it’s to our advantage01:16:57
after all, the galaxy is like a metropolis and what01:17:00
The farther from the center the calmer it is, so what?01:17:03
located in the very center of the milky way01:17:05
judged that he was over this issue01:17:07
scientists have been working for decades01:17:09
the center of our tactics is located01:17:11
complex radio source Sagittarius a01:17:14
consisting of three objects, the first of them01:17:16
Sagittarius and the east is01:17:18
presumably supernova remnants01:17:21
exploded from 35 to 100 thousand years01:17:24
back its width is approximately 2501:17:27
light years away another sagittarius and west01:17:30
is a complex of three gas and dust01:17:32
clouds rotating around an object01:17:35
Sagittarius a with an asterisk with speed01:17:38
1000 kilometers per second and represents01:17:41
is a spiral with three arms like01:17:43
It is customary today to consider such objects01:17:45
located in the centers of most01:17:47
spiral and elliptical galaxies01:17:50
this object was first discovered on 13 and01:17:53
February, 1501:17:55
1974 by astronomers at the national01:17:58
us radio astronomical observatory01:18:00
before this the radio signal itself came from01:18:03
the center of the Milky Way has been recorded01:18:06
also in01:18:07
1931 by Karl Jansky who01:18:10
considered one of the pioneers01:18:12
radio astronomy and in 2002 appeared01:18:15
reason to believe that a is a Sagittarius01:18:18
with an asterisk is something quite01:18:20
large and here is October 16, 200201:18:24
international research group01:18:26
Max Planck Institute reported01:18:29
observations of the movement of a star with 2 around01:18:32
object Sagittarius and with an asterisk for whole01:18:36
ten years of observation from proved that01:18:39
Sagittarius and with an asterisk a huge object01:18:42
mass according to the analysis of orbital elements01:18:44
At first it was determined that its mass01:18:46
is 2 and 6 million a sun and01:18:49
all this mass is contained in a volume not01:18:52
more than 17 light hours in diameter01:18:55
follow-up established more01:18:57
exact value 3 and 7 million solar01:19:00
mass and radius no more01:19:03
6.25 light hours for comparison to Pluto01:19:07
distant from the sun by 5 point 50 one01:19:10
hundredth of a light hour it turns out that this01:19:13
an object almost the size of ours01:19:15
solar system01:19:17
being next to him would be like01:19:19
death there is a gravitational component there01:19:22
truly unimaginable it is these01:19:25
observations suggested that01:19:27
object Sagittarius and with an asterisk is associated with01:19:30
black hole in December 200801:19:33
researchers from the Institute of Extraterrestrial01:19:35
physicists Max Planck published01:19:38
updated data on mass estimated01:19:40
supermassive black hole01:19:42
results of observations over 16 years01:19:44
Reinhard Gen Goal Team Leader01:19:47
noted that this study is01:19:49
the best experience01:19:51
existence01:19:52
supermassive black holes in 2018 at01:19:56
based on X-ray observational data01:19:58
Chandra Space Laboratory01:20:01
the galactic center has been discovered01:20:03
12 low massive X-ray binaries01:20:06
systems one of the components of which with01:20:09
highly likely to be black01:20:11
stellar mass holes are possible at01:20:13
1 parsec away from the supermassive01:20:16
black hole which is associated with a compact01:20:18
radio source Sagittarius a with an asterisk01:20:21
there may be as many as 10-20 thousand blacks01:20:24
holes further observations in particular01:20:27
international group of researchers in01:20:29
led by alexis andris discovered01:20:32
that there is a black hole at the center of our galaxy01:20:34
and Sagittarius and with an asterisk flashes and01:20:37
these outbreaks are irregular they occur01:20:40
day after day for a long time01:20:43
time the study was initiated01:20:45
Andris in 2019 when he was01:20:48
student at the University of Amsterdam01:20:51
in subsequent years he continued his01:20:53
research, the results of which are now01:20:55
will be published in monthly01:20:57
royal notices01:20:59
Astronomical Society to find out01:21:01
more about these mysterious flashes01:21:03
groups of astronomers rule search01:21:05
patterns in 15 years of data01:21:08
presented by the observatory on01:21:10
satellite in low Earth orbit01:21:12
designed to detect01:21:14
gamma-ray bursts is an observatory under01:21:16
named Swift observes gamma rays from01:21:19
black hole since 2006 data analysis01:21:22
showed a high level of activity with01:21:24
2006 to 2008 with a sharp decline01:21:27
activities over the next four01:21:30
years after 2012 outbreak frequency01:21:33
increased again and researchers were01:21:35
it is difficult to identify patterns in01:21:38
the next few years the team01:21:40
astronomers expects to gather01:21:41
enough data to understand why01:21:44
or variations of flares from Sagittarius a co01:21:47
asterisk passage of gas clouds01:21:49
or stars because there is no evidence of this yet01:21:52
no, maybe it's something else you01:21:55
you probably know that dark matter01:21:58
is one of the biggest mysteries01:22:00
universe researchers believe that this01:22:03
a mysterious substance is responsible for01:22:06
gravitational effects that cannot be01:22:08
explain by the influence of ordinary matter01:22:10
such as stars dust and galaxies dark01:22:13
matter also does not enter into01:22:15
electromagnetic interaction and therefore01:22:17
inaccessible to direct observation is considered01:22:20
that it is approximately 80 percent01:22:23
of all matter in the universe, the authors of the new01:22:25
studies have suggested that dark01:22:27
matter can help explain01:22:29
existence01:22:30
supermassive black holes obtained01:22:33
the results showed that the clot of dark01:22:35
matter can gravitationally collapse01:22:37
into a supermassive black hole it's in its01:22:40
queue might help explain how01:22:42
supermassive blacks appeared in general01:22:45
holes because we have no idea how01:22:47
they get so big and of course01:22:50
we don’t know how many of them appeared in01:22:53
early universe as science alert writes01:22:55
the future will help clarify the situation01:22:58
analysis that will either confirm01:23:00
the findings obtained by the researchers or01:23:02
will make a hole in their theory, which is also not01:23:05
will bring us closer brushes not so what remains01:23:07
just wait for the results anyway01:23:10
there were theories sometimes confirmed01:23:12
facts and for scientists there are no points01:23:15
more beautiful than this happened to01:23:17
the previously mentioned Nobel01:23:19
laureates Reinhard Genz and Andrea Ges01:23:22
led two groups of astronomers01:23:24
which are about three decades01:23:26
tracked the luminary from the cluster group01:23:29
Hansel worked on telescopes01:23:31
European Southern Observatory in Chile01:23:33
their American colleagues used01:23:35
Keck Observatory telescopes because01:23:38
visible light from these stars does not reach01:23:41
land, both groups collected information in01:23:44
near infrared range at a length01:23:47
waves two and two micrometers using01:23:49
with an adaptive optics system they were able01:23:51
get photos of stars and and01:23:53
spectrograms and their emissions are01:23:56
information became the basis for conclusions01:23:58
formulated about the object in the center01:24:00
Swedish academics considered the milky way01:24:03
reaching Reinhard Gen Goal and Andrea01:24:06
hydroelectric power plants worthy of a Nobel Prize01:24:08
measure the speed of a star moving nearby01:24:11
the center of the galaxy is a daunting task01:24:13
because you can't see them directly01:24:16
allows dust clouds to be needed01:24:18
use infrared01:24:20
Hansel and Guess involved the largest01:24:22
at that time the telescope located on01:24:25
Hawaiian Islands and applied01:24:27
adaptive optics because distance01:24:29
these stars from the described name of the compact01:24:32
object if we look at the earth measured01:24:35
tenths and hundredths of arcseconds01:24:38
non-stationarity of the earth's atmosphere01:24:40
blurs the image and therefore objects01:24:43
located so close merge but01:24:46
such tasks did not scare away the laureates and01:24:48
on the contrary, scientists stimulated them01:24:51
used cunning tactics that01:24:53
allows you to achieve high angle01:24:55
telescope resolution method spectrum enter01:24:58
farm 3 thanks to this they could01:25:00
follow every star up close01:25:02
object and there are a lot of them there and were able01:25:05
determine not only the speed but also01:25:07
the direction of motion of the two stars they01:25:10
We were even able to measure the orbits after receiving these01:25:13
parameters can determine the mass01:25:15
the central attracting object here01:25:17
they did it but at the same time they01:25:20
have not proven the existence of an event horizon01:25:22
this object is therefore Nobel01:25:25
The committee formulated its verdict as follows01:25:27
carefully determine the mass of the compact01:25:30
object because formally the presence01:25:32
there is no black hole in the center of the milky way01:25:35
was proven over the final decision01:25:37
question about the black hole at the center of the galaxy01:25:40
and now the telescope team is working01:25:42
event horizon and eat from English01:25:45
event horizon telescope is global01:25:48
network of radio telescopes developed using01:25:51
whole earth task and eat watching01:25:54
the object is Sagittarius a with an asterisk and behind01:25:57
supergiant black hole and elliptical01:26:00
galaxy M87 in April 2019 and almost01:26:05
published the first ever01:26:06
images of the black hole at the center of M8701:26:10
her shadow was surrounded by a photon sphere team01:26:14
and eat now working on getting01:26:17
images of Sagittarius himself01:26:19
with an asterisk and when will it happen then01:26:22
it will be finally proven that this is not01:26:24
just a massive and compact object but01:26:26
an object that has no observable01:26:28
surface and is the event horizon and01:26:31
then perhaps 2 will be awarded01:26:33
Nobel Prize for Black Studies01:26:36
holes for receiving their images01:26:39
the study of black holes covers a huge01:26:42
layer of human knowledge about processes in01:26:44
scientists need more of the universe01:26:46
evidence of the correctness of their own theories and01:26:48
assumptions Einstein predicted black01:26:51
we saw the hole at the beginning of the 20th century01:26:54
its just now the discovery of gravitational01:26:57
waves also confirmed the accuracy of scientific01:27:00
we need to understand even more theories01:27:03
in black holes to get closer to01:27:05
the mystery of not only our origin but01:27:08
and creating an entire universe in one of01:27:11
his interviews with the Nobel laureate01:27:12
Reinhard Hansel said we are astrophysicists and01:27:16
we like to travel back in time01:27:18
we hope to look inside the universe01:27:21
see the first objects formed01:27:23
after the big bang so let's go01:27:26
we'll be checking in more often01:27:28
inside the universe and maybe on this path we01:27:31
let's find something that will change our world for the better01:27:34
side01:27:35
[music]01:27:49
the universe is a huge space01:27:51
I am filled with planets, stars and01:27:53
galaxies black holes nebulae01:27:56
even dark matter and much more though01:27:59
the universe is one that has no strict01:28:02
definitions of the concept but conditionally possible01:28:04
identify two fundamentally different01:28:07
speculative philosophical essence and01:28:09
material accessible to observation01:28:12
in general the universe includes everything01:28:15
yourself not only the whole space but also01:28:17
all the matter and energy contained in01:28:20
in space the universe even includes itself01:28:22
time and of course includes us01:28:25
what do we know about the universe?01:28:28
solve one of today's mysteries01:28:31
science is the eternal question of how01:28:34
the universe appeared at the moment01:28:36
science has not yet proven they have one theory about01:28:39
the origin of the universe but some01:28:41
theories are best known as01:28:43
like the big bang theory01:28:45
infinitely small and infinitely dense.01:28:48
which may not be the case at all. but in which01:28:52
our entire universe was compressed, all physics01:28:55
world constants matter space and01:28:57
time hovered somewhere in the distance later or during01:29:00
during this time there was a big explosion01:29:03
everything we see and know originated01:29:05
Today scientists assume that everything01:29:08
processes after the big bang were01:29:10
due to the fact that the universe is gradually01:29:12
cooled down and became less and less dense01:29:16
as we know temperature is a measure01:29:18
movement of particles temperature drops01:29:20
particles slow down the slower01:29:23
the easier it is for particles to move with each other01:29:25
connect with each other as it cools01:29:27
universe first flying separately01:29:30
quarks were able to combine into protons and01:29:32
neutrons and other particles then01:29:35
the resulting particles continue to slow down01:29:37
began to form the first nuclei of familiar01:29:40
to us atoms the universe continued to cool01:29:43
and about 300,000 years after01:29:45
big bang temperature dropped01:29:47
enough for electrons to01:29:49
join the nuclei of atoms and how01:29:52
consequence the universe became transparent01:29:55
photons that filled everything around01:29:57
didn't see any more obstacles video01:30:00
electrons from could fly with01:30:03
from everywhere and in all directions at once01:30:05
actually exactly those photons that were01:30:07
liberated at this moment we see and01:30:10
today in the form of cosmic microwave background radiation01:30:13
microwave cosmic background and then01:30:15
the first stars formed01:30:17
it is supposed to be very heavy01:30:20
stars with short lifetimes are not01:30:22
the first quasars that have survived to this day01:30:24
galaxies and clusters and superclusters01:30:26
galaxies01:30:28
then there was the formation of interstellar space01:30:30
the clouds that gave rise to our solar01:30:33
system according to modern01:30:35
the size of the observable01:30:37
the universe is approximately 4501:30:39
billion 700 million light years01:30:41
or 14 6 hyper parsec yes this is the diameter01:30:46
the universe and that's only what we can do01:30:49
see with the most powerful devices01:30:51
actually real scale01:30:53
we cannot imagine the universe and01:30:55
approximately however if01:30:57
look at the size of the known universe01:30:59
and imagine what a person could01:31:01
travel 1 light year per second01:31:04
it would take him almost 3000 years01:31:06
to get from one side to01:31:09
another human imagination is not even01:31:11
can imagine how big it is01:31:13
the universe is most of the scientific01:31:15
fiction describes his stories with01:31:17
mandatory travel at speed01:31:20
exceeding the speed of light but even01:31:22
ships that are the basis of scientific01:31:25
fiction is not fast enough and even01:31:27
the fastest of these ships which01:31:30
can fly more than 1 and 3 billion01:31:33
times faster than the speed of light after all01:31:35
it will take most of the day01:31:37
to reach andromeda that's all it says01:31:39
that even the wildest fantasies01:31:42
underestimate the size of what01:31:44
humanity deals every time01:31:46
you look at the sky you see the universe01:31:49
what she was like in the past and what01:31:51
objects are located farther away, especially01:31:54
deep past we look if we01:31:57
look at an object at a distance of 5001:31:59
million light years we will see how01:32:02
this object looked exactly 50 million01:32:05
years ago because that's how many years ago01:32:07
it took time for the light to pass01:32:09
from the object to our eyes is also taken into account01:32:12
taken the theory that galaxies01:32:14
move away from each other and during01:32:17
moving they gain speed01:32:19
according to this theory, over time01:32:22
galaxies exceed the speed of light01:32:24
because humanity will stop seeing them01:32:26
Having analyzed these theories, scientists came01:32:29
to the conclusion that beyond that universe01:32:31
which people can observe are01:32:34
space of gigantic proportions however01:32:37
there is no way to see him because01:32:40
speed of light limits space01:32:42
This statement is constantly expanding01:32:44
officially recognized as modern scientific01:32:47
community but even scientists cannot01:32:49
tell me if this will last forever01:32:52
and to what extent it can increase01:32:54
the universe in transition to scale01:32:56
less than one hundred megaparsecs are detected01:32:59
clear cellular structure inside the cells01:33:02
the emptiness of war and the walls are formed from01:33:05
superclusters of galaxies these01:33:07
supercluster upper level of the whole01:33:09
hierarchies followed by clusters01:33:12
galaxies then local groups of galaxies01:33:14
and the lowest level is huge01:33:17
variety of different objects from01:33:20
they are worth mentioning separately: quasars01:33:22
characterized by very high luminosity and01:33:24
such a small angular size that01:33:27
within several years after opening and01:33:30
they could not be distinguished from point ones01:33:32
sources such as stars moving to01:33:34
composition of the galaxy we discover a dark01:33:37
matter cosmic rays interstellar gas01:33:40
globular clusters open cluster01:33:42
double stars star systems larger01:33:45
multiplicity supermassive black holes and01:33:48
stellar mass black holes and finally01:33:50
single stars of different populations01:33:53
individual evolution and interactions01:33:56
each other give rise to many01:33:57
phenomena so it is assumed that01:34:00
source of energy already mentioned01:34:02
quasars serve as accretion of interstellar01:34:04
gas to the supermassive central01:34:07
black hole the amount of matter in01:34:09
the universe is simply huge but even on01:34:12
the earth has a quantity of substances that01:34:14
are beyond human01:34:16
understanding is quite difficult to imagine01:34:19
and it’s even more difficult to understand how it was calculated01:34:21
scientists but the planet is located approximately01:34:24
seven and a half kvn leon grains of sand is01:34:28
seven and a half with 18 and zeros however01:34:31
less visible stars even more many01:34:35
there are about 10 times more of them already01:34:38
studied part of the universe and this is without01:34:41
accounting of planets and their satellites01:34:43
if you look at the night sky you can01:34:45
see a black background dotted with glowing01:34:48
dotted picture from the Hubble Ultra project01:34:51
deep field can look surprising01:34:53
similar, the only difference is that the points on01:34:55
in the night sky these are individual stars and points01:34:58
These are galaxies in Hubble telescope images01:35:01
each of which can contain up to 10001:35:04
billions of stars, some theorists01:35:06
suggest that our world has its own01:35:09
borders but beyond them there is nothing01:35:12
according to this hypothesis, when the universe01:35:14
only the abstract ends01:35:17
emptiness complete nothing in which there is no01:35:19
no laws of physics apply there01:35:22
the light comes, you can't feel it, you'll see it01:35:24
there is no time and space hypothesis01:35:27
states that space is01:35:29
a closed ball that floats in01:35:32
infinite nothing to which we cannot apply01:35:34
not one of the physical ones we know01:35:37
parameters to understand and accept01:35:39
abstract emptiness is quite difficult for01:35:41
human brain even if the hypothesis01:35:44
true we can't imagine how01:35:46
looks like complete nothingness black background white01:35:49
The matrix can take a long time to guess, but it’s unlikely that we01:35:52
we can really imagine it01:35:55
Scientists have even discovered a void in space01:35:57
one and a half billion kilometers wide01:35:59
which they think could be01:36:02
parallel universe in this void01:36:04
there is no substance even as it is believed01:36:07
dark matter and it is 40 times larger than01:36:10
largest void recorded01:36:12
earlier but nevertheless even with the help01:36:15
the most powerful telescope is a huge field01:36:18
not so easy to notice simply because01:36:21
that she is too small by general standards01:36:23
space and time earlier we already01:36:25
mentioned that our space01:36:27
constantly expanding and the farthest01:36:30
its edge corresponds to the start time01:36:32
big bang today is the farthest01:36:34
area that scientists can do in this01:36:37
the surface of the last scattering is precisely01:36:39
photons of the relict radiation come from there01:36:41
radiation that arose almost immediately01:36:44
after the big bang surface01:36:46
the last scattering reflects the moment01:36:49
when the universe became transparent to01:36:51
radiation behind this area is located01:36:54
something that is not yet subject to study01:36:56
with our instruments we cannot see that01:36:59
areas that are located behind the surface01:37:01
last scattering due to the fact that she01:37:03
opaque to radiation, which is precisely01:37:06
light allows us to see distant01:37:09
objects and judge their properties01:37:11
despite the fact that you can't see what01:37:13
occurs behind the surface of the latter01:37:15
scattering astronomers can predict01:37:17
what is happening in the space behind it for01:37:21
of this they observe what influence it has01:37:23
has an impact on existing01:37:24
astrophysical objects moreover01:37:27
according to modern theory Linda we are sitting01:37:30
galaxies are moving away from each other01:37:32
acceleration and the further the galaxy, the01:37:35
she's moving away from us faster, that means01:37:38
that at some point the removal rate01:37:39
galaxies will exceed light and we01:37:42
let's stop seeing these objects and leave01:37:45
beyond the horizon but this fact will not disappear01:37:48
means what is possible beyond01:37:50
of the observable universe there is still a huge01:37:53
space hidden from us by the limit01:37:55
speed of light studying radiation01:37:58
cosmic microwave background after01:38:00
glow of the big bang astronomers01:38:03
discovered these temperature fluctuations01:38:05
different temperatures or Annecy therapy01:38:08
correspond to regions with different01:38:10
density of matter in the early universe and01:38:13
expanded to enormous proportions as01:38:15
extensions are a particularly interesting idea01:38:17
is that we see the area in01:38:20
which our universe crashes into01:38:22
another universe mutually breaking the laws01:38:25
physics if this is the case and01:38:28
astronomers have witnessed01:38:29
interaction of universes hypothesis multi01:38:32
the universe says that every01:38:34
a separate universe is01:38:36
something like a bubble forming from01:38:39
all substances during the big bang01:38:42
worlds are born01:38:43
evolve and eventually died01:38:46
give, replacing new ones, one of the most01:38:48
well-known supporters of this hypothesis01:38:50
Stephen Hawking also supports her01:38:53
perhaps the most famous popularizer01:38:55
science astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson01:38:59
in the universe there is infinity01:39:01
a lot of bubbles that work01:39:03
the same laws of nature but01:39:06
is in different states01:39:07
parallel universes are independent01:39:10
from each other and practically01:39:12
these hypotheses interact on this01:39:14
at this stage it’s not even entirely scientific01:39:17
suggests what may be behind01:39:19
outside the universe but to prove or although01:39:21
would try to test it experimentally01:39:24
can't therefore for now it's more likely01:39:26
philosophical question than scientific but if01:39:29
the assumption will be true it will be01:39:32
mean that besides ours there is01:39:34
a huge number of universes with01:39:36
finite size and duration01:39:39
life but don't worry this region is in01:39:42
billions of light years away and this01:39:44
It’s unlikely that another universe is knocking on our door01:39:46
door we just need surveillance01:39:49
better than Stephen Hawking's latest work01:39:51
which was published after the death of the scientist01:39:54
contains one very interesting01:39:56
assumption she says that our01:39:59
the universe may be just01:40:01
a hologram of some primary plane01:40:03
the big explosion led to the appearance of that01:40:06
the plane itself and our world is two-dimensional01:40:09
projection is two-dimensional and 3d is01:40:12
just an illusion all our space01:40:14
time and the laws of physics also represent01:40:18
is a projection distortion of reality01:40:20
the hypothesis is quite complex and and and even01:40:23
it’s hard to understand, let alone prove if01:40:25
suddenly it turns out to be true it will be01:40:27
mean that all the laws of nature01:40:29
working in the three-dimensional world in reality01:40:32
in fact they do not work like that and are only01:40:34
distortion if outside our01:40:36
the universe lies the primary plane01:40:39
we can't even imagine how01:40:41
everything is arranged in her, along with the absolute01:40:44
void and multi universe this theory01:40:46
like hundreds of others are more01:40:49
philosophical than scientific and what actually01:40:51
actually is outside the universe we01:40:54
we'll probably never knowDescription:
Космос манит к себе миллионы умов. Но что мы знаем о космосе? Какие тайны скрывает? 00:00:00 | Галактика Млечный Путь 00:09:43 | Добыча минералов из астероидов 00:20:56 | Как долго лететь к другим звездным системам 00:34:18 | Куда исчезла вода на Марсе 00:43:13 | Мультивселенная за 15 минут 00:58:15 | Черные дыры. Что такое черная дыра 01:14:55 | Что находится в центре Млечного пути 01:27:49 | Что такое вселенная_ Факты о вселенной 🢖 Все космические видео: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPtC7pwHsZU&list=PLxwi128m9g-OLACj54Nv1Pikz-3n11_lC 🢖 Солнечная система: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6vz8E_NQRc&list=PLxwi128m9g-PbNeYsj0vlcX4_jKORz6Rb 🢖 Самое популярное: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxwi128m9g-OuxpNaFxNdtkopSYs0K0pl Музыкальное сопровождение audiojungle.net
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