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0:00

Вступление

2:58

Европа накануне нашествия

7:18

Польша в XIII в.

9:24

Разорение польских земель

13:58

Битва при Легнице 1241 г.

25:37

Венгрия накануне нашествия

28:27

Расселение половцев

30:43

Вторжение монголов в Венгрию

40:33

Битва на реке Шайо 1241 г.

52:49

Европа после поражений при Легнице и Шайо

57:39

Наступление Батыя зимой 1241-42 гг.

1:05:09

Монголы на Балканах

1:13:05

Итоги нашествия

Отступление Батыя из Европы. Пределы монгольской экспансии // Монголы в Европе #3

Отступление Батыя из Европы. Пределы монгольской экспансии // Монголы в Европе #3

Channel: Маховик Истории

История Монголии на карте. Почему монголы всех побеждали?

История Монголии на карте. Почему монголы всех побеждали?

Channel: ИСТОРИЯ НА КАРТЕ

Золотая орда / Монгольское нашествие на Русь / Правда или миф | Теория Всего

Золотая орда / Монгольское нашествие на Русь / Правда или миф | Теория Всего

Channel: ТЕОРИЯ ВСЕГО

татаро монгольское нашествие на Русь полный фильм

татаро монгольское нашествие на Русь полный фильм

Channel: in search funny

Батый в Венгрии. Битва на реке Шайо 1241 г. // Монголы в Европе #2

Батый в Венгрии. Битва на реке Шайо 1241 г. // Монголы в Европе #2

Channel: History Flywheel

Монгольское нашествие на Русь (все части) // Маховик Истории

Монгольское нашествие на Русь (все части) // Маховик Истории

Channel: Маховик Истории

Монгольское нашествие #3. Битва под Коломной, взятие Владимира | 1238 г.

Монгольское нашествие #3. Битва под Коломной, взятие Владимира | 1238 г.

Channel: Маховик Истории

Монголы разоряют Польшу. Битва при Легнице 1241 г. // Монголы в Европе #1

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Монгольское нашествие #2. Разорение Рязани | 1237 г.

Монгольское нашествие #2. Разорение Рязани | 1237 г.

Channel: Маховик Истории

монгольское нашествие

татаро-монголы

битва при легнице

маховик истории

золотая орда

монгольская империя

батый

военная история

анимированная история

история на карте

завоевания монголов

монголы в польше

битва под легницей

субэдэй

субэдэй багатур

генрих благочестивый

бела

орда

1241

монголы в европе

монгольское нашествие на русь

европейский поход монголов

поход монголов в европу

монголы в венгрии

битва на шайо

битва при мохи

монголы на балканах

1242

шайо

татаромонголы

монгольскоенашествие

польша

венгрия

средневековье

военнаяистория

история

накарте

образование

00:00:10

In 1240, political life in

00:00:13

central and eastern Europe went on as

00:00:16

usual; feudal rulers

00:00:19

fought tirelessly for lands and title and cities

00:00:22

defended their liberties

00:00:23

from the church and monasteries accumulated

00:00:26

wealth.

00:00:37

the throne quite recently in

00:00:42

1239, Pope Gregory 9 excommunicated

00:00:46

Frederick from the church for the second time and the

00:00:48

emperor’s subjects were at a loss as to

00:00:51

what new absurdity the emperor

00:00:54

would have to commit

00:00:55

in order to remove his anathema, and the European

00:00:59

kingdoms received news that

00:01:01

somewhere in the east an unknown people

00:01:04

had descended on the lands of the Rusyns but such

00:01:07

messages were mostly taken as a joke

00:01:10

or senseless nonsense,

00:01:14

but the invasion was not of the Balashov,

00:01:18

suppressing all resistance in its

00:01:20

path and turning the ancient Russian lands

00:01:23

into one big ashes; the

00:01:25

Mongol army under the leadership of

00:01:27

Batu and Saturday was

00:01:29

rapidly moving to the west; in the

00:01:32

coming months, a steppe hurricane

00:01:34

will hit to the lands in Hungary and more

00:01:38

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talkin' of dollars from Karen Si, dying, the

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founder of the Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan,

00:03:02

bequeathed to his descendants to conquer all

00:03:05

lands right up to the last sea, however,

00:03:09

fulfilling the will of the great conqueror

00:03:11

was not so easy The defeat of the

00:03:15

Russian principalities that stubbornly resisted the

00:03:18

steppe hordes, as well as the conquest of the Bulgars and

00:03:21

Polovtsians, greatly delayed Batu and his

00:03:25

commander only by 1241,

00:03:29

5 years after the start of the western

00:03:32

campaign, the Mongol army reached the

00:03:35

Bolognese lands, a

00:03:37

kind of gate that opened the way from

00:03:40

Russia to Eastern Europe; organized

00:03:44

resistance in this region cannot be expected

00:03:46

had local prince Daniel of

00:03:49

Galicia

00:03:52

fled to Hungary several months ago, so the Mongol

00:03:54

army made a short stop,

00:03:57

using the available time to

00:03:59

replenish supplies, the leaders of the

00:04:02

Bate and Saturday campaign began planning

00:04:06

further operations long before the

00:04:11

invasion of Europe, Mongol spies and

00:04:14

merchants appeared in the western kingdoms

00:04:17

and began collecting information about

00:04:18

the location of large settlements,

00:04:21

communication routes and potential

00:04:23

enemies, the Mongol military leaders

00:04:26

knew that the largest state

00:04:29

formation in Europe, the

00:04:30

Holy Roman Empire, was

00:04:33

nothing more than a conglomerate of

00:04:35

semi-independent lands unable to

00:04:37

field a united army, they

00:04:41

also knew about the long conflict between Emperor

00:04:43

Frederick II and the papal throne because of

00:04:47

northern Italy, Frederick, for his

00:04:49

passion for science and extravagant

00:04:52

antics, received

00:04:54

the nickname stupor moon from his contemporaries, that

00:04:56

is, the miracle of the world, was not at all

00:04:59

interested in organizing effective

00:05:01

resistance to the conqueror, believing that the

00:05:04

Mongols would not reach the border of his empire,

00:05:07

Frederick concentrated all his forces in the

00:05:10

Italian direction

00:05:12

and when in 1238 a

00:05:15

letter arrived from BTS demanding that he surrender the empire

00:05:19

and take a place among the Mongol

00:05:21

courtiers, he only joked about this,

00:05:23

saying that with his experience he was well

00:05:27

prepared only for the post of

00:05:29

Khan Sokolnikov, the King of White Hungary took a completely different

00:05:33

position regarding the Mongol threat The

00:05:36

4 borders of his

00:05:40

state were directly adjacent to the

00:05:43

Russian lands,

00:05:44

so Bela was aware in advance of the

00:05:47

impending catastrophe; as soon as

00:05:50

the fighting reached southern Russia,

00:05:53

frighteningly large crowds of refugees rolled towards Hungary,

00:05:58

and soon Mikhail of

00:06:00

Chernigov

00:06:01

and Daniil of Galicia came to him, having lost their

00:06:04

possessions in a matter of weeks,

00:06:06

realizing that soon the wave of invasion

00:06:09

would reach him and Bela actively

00:06:12

began to strengthen the border regions of the

00:06:15

Mongol ambassadors who arrived at his court

00:06:17

demanding submission, he correctly

00:06:20

identified Batu’s headquarters as spies, they

00:06:23

did not return, the

00:06:26

decisive attitude of the Hungarian king

00:06:29

convinced the Mongol military leaders that

00:06:32

it was his lands that should become the main

00:06:34

goal of the upcoming company.

00:06:38

plans for the invasion of eastern Europe

00:06:40

soboda for you have prepared a truly

00:06:42

grandiose tactical operation with the

00:06:45

delivery of 3 simultaneous strikes,

00:06:48

the main Mongol forces under the

00:06:50

leadership of Batu himself should

00:06:53

move directly towards Pannonia of the

00:06:55

very center of the Hungarian kingdom, the

00:06:58

left wing was entrusted to yes, and storms

00:07:02

moving into the interfluve altered and then,

00:07:05

upstream the Danube, the detachments led

00:07:09

by them had to defeat the Wallachian and

00:07:11

Transylvanian vassals of Bela 4,

00:07:14

without giving them the opportunity to support

00:07:16

their overlord, the

00:07:18

right wing was led by the elder brother of

00:07:21

Batu Horde and the son of Chagatai buy a gift like a

00:07:25

da well and storm and the task fell to not

00:07:28

allow a potential ally the

00:07:29

Hungarian king, the Polish princes, the

00:07:32

Teutonic knights and the Czech king

00:07:35

Wenceslas to come to the aid of take 4

00:07:40

the ambition of the plan was amazing, the

00:07:43

Mongol detachment had to carry out

00:07:45

coordinated attacks in a space a

00:07:48

thousand kilometers wide; moreover,

00:07:52

the number of forces under the command of Vatslav had by that

00:07:55

time decreased since many

00:07:57

Mongols had died from -due to illness or

00:08:00

during bloody assaults on Russian

00:08:02

cities, the

00:08:03

total number of the nomadic horde in 1241 did

00:08:08

not exceed 50-55 thousand people, of

00:08:12

which about 30,000

00:08:14

were concentrated in the central

00:08:16

direction,

00:08:17

the rest were distributed between the flanking

00:08:20

corps in the

00:08:22

winter and spring of 1241, after a

00:08:26

short rest, the Mongols again

00:08:28

moved in a huge roundup to to the last

00:08:32

sea

00:08:36

[music] the

00:08:38

first European kingdom

00:08:41

to experience the wrath of the Mongol hordes

00:08:44

was Poland, unlike Hungary,

00:08:48

where in the mid-13th century

00:08:50

there was still a semblance of effective

00:08:53

central power, the Polish lands

00:08:56

every year plunged deeper into the

00:08:58

abyss of political fragmentation

00:09:01

after death they were words 3

00:09:04

1138 year, Poland, like Kievan Rus,

00:09:08

disintegrated at a meeting of warring

00:09:10

principalities in each of which was ruled by a

00:09:12

separate branch of the Piast dynasty,

00:09:15

by the time of the Mongol invasion the

00:09:18

Polish crown was claimed by 4 Polish

00:09:20

feudal lords Mishka Prince and Poles Konrad Prince of

00:09:25

Mazovia Kondrad's nephew Boleslav

00:09:28

the bashful of Sandomierz and the most powerful

00:09:31

Henry the pious of Silesia

00:09:34

controlled Krakow and therefore

00:09:36

formally was the Polish Grand

00:09:39

Duke,

00:09:40

two of them were related by family

00:09:43

ties with the King of Hungary, Bela Bela

00:09:48

warned his

00:09:50

Polish relatives many times about the danger of the

00:09:53

Mongol invasion, however, the princes

00:09:55

were too busy with internal affairs.

00:09:58

Henry by that time controlled a

00:10:01

good half of the Polish lands and it

00:10:03

seemed was close to a military triumph,

00:10:07

his main rival Konrad of Mazovia,

00:10:10

whose possessions were located away from

00:10:12

the main route of the conquerors,

00:10:15

felt relatively safe and

00:10:17

therefore he was not at all touched by the stories of

00:10:20

Mikhail of Chernigov, who took refuge with him

00:10:23

before fleeing to Hungary, as a result, the

00:10:26

sudden appearance of the army of the canoe and the horde

00:10:29

became an absolute surprise for the

00:10:32

Polish princes, immersed in

00:10:35

internecine massacre

00:10:37

[music]

00:10:43

you understand that the Poles were taken by surprise by

00:10:45

the news of the invasion or do i buy gift

00:10:49

immediately after crossing the border

00:10:51

they went into action in February

00:10:54

1241, the Mongols burned the city of Lublin and

00:10:58

devastated the city along the way the

00:11:01

countryside that surrounded them, carefully

00:11:04

moving deeper into the Polish lands,

00:11:06

the Mongol corps crossed the frozen

00:11:08

Vistula on the ice, after which they were able to take and

00:11:11

plunder Sandomierz, which was defended by a

00:11:14

small garrison. The absence of obvious

00:11:17

resistance and the amazing ease of

00:11:19

which the horde and byte or moved

00:11:21

west allowed Genghis and us to act in

00:11:24

small detachments Without fear of a surprise

00:11:26

attack at Sandomierz, the ten thousand strong

00:11:30

Mongol corps split up, the horde led

00:11:33

its horsemen north in Masovia, Abay

00:11:36

Dar went further west along the

00:11:39

northern slope of the Carpathian mountains,

00:11:42

raiding,

00:11:44

burning the village and attracting

00:11:46

attention, the

00:11:47

vanguard of the baydar reached Krakow a few days later

00:11:50

and then slowly turned

00:11:53

back. as if returning to their camp with the

00:11:56

loot and prisoners, having decided that the

00:12:00

time had come to give the conqueror the

00:12:03

Krakow voivode Vladimir and the

00:12:05

Sandomierz voivode, while Slav left the

00:12:08

city with significant forces and

00:12:10

went in pursuit, the

00:12:12

Mongols abandoned the loot and

00:12:15

fled, which gave the voivodes a

00:12:19

false sense security, believing that the

00:12:22

raiders would not return again, Vladimir

00:12:25

hurried back to Krakow,

00:12:27

however, it was already too late. On March 18, under

00:12:30

the hop

00:12:31

just 20 kilometers from Krakow, buy dar,

00:12:38

Vladimir ambushed the Polish army until Slav and most of their

00:12:40

soldiers died under a hail of Mongol

00:12:43

arrows when the battle was coming to an end. A

00:12:48

detachment of Mongolian reconnaissance approached Krakow,

00:12:50

the last fugitives from the battlefield

00:12:53

rushed through the city streets to the west, and

00:12:55

Borislav the Shy

00:12:57

hurriedly left for Hungary with all his

00:13:00

wealth that he could carry away.

00:13:03

While the townspeople were preparing to

00:13:06

leave Krakow and take refuge in the forests, the

00:13:08

trumpeter on the fortress wall continued to

00:13:10

sound the alarm until he was struck by a

00:13:13

Mongol arrow,

00:13:14

Krakow still remembers this

00:13:18

episode every hour, pipes from the Krakow

00:13:21

fire department play the alarm on the tower of the Marie of

00:13:23

Hell Church, while the signal

00:13:26

ends abruptly in memory of the events of

00:13:30

1241,

00:13:33

deprived of their military leaders and

00:13:36

bled dry after the death of the militia

00:13:38

under the x miller, the

00:13:40

inhabitants of the small Polish capital who remained in the city did not

00:13:43

voluntarily open the gates to the invaders

00:13:45

and gave the Mongols a fierce battle on the

00:13:48

city walls and streets after a

00:13:51

bloody attack on March 28, 1241, the

00:13:56

exhausted invaders were not even able to

00:13:59

establish complete control over the entire

00:14:01

territory of Krakow, a

00:14:02

handful of militia took refuge in the Church of

00:14:05

St. Andrew never surrendered and

00:14:08

was not captured, preserving a

00:14:11

piece of free land under the church vaults,

00:14:14

capturing many prisoners and without stopping, the

00:14:17

boater led his horsemen through the mouth and

00:14:20

the bush and the fields to the capital of Silesia, the

00:14:23

glory was where the horde should have approached by the

00:14:28

time the buy gift reached mouth

00:14:31

words the townspeople had already set fire to their city and

00:14:34

retired to the citadel, the horde was still on the way

00:14:37

and buy gift began the siege of the fortress, but

00:14:41

soon received a message that Henry

00:14:43

the Pious was gathering an army in Legnica

00:14:46

and that the king of Bohemia, Wenceslas 1, with a huge

00:14:50

army

00:14:51

was coming to his aid buy gift immediately He

00:14:54

abandoned the siege and, uniting with the

00:14:57

corps of the horde, hastily brought the Mongol

00:15:00

army to the Legnitsa Chingizids; it was

00:15:03

critically important to prevent the

00:15:05

unification of the European armies; everything was decided in

00:15:08

a matter of days

00:15:12

[music]

00:15:19

expecting the approach of the Bohemian army from day

00:15:22

to day and knowing about the approach of the Mongol

00:15:25

troops, Henry positioned his army on In the

00:15:28

plain outside the city in the preceding

00:15:31

weeks, contingents

00:15:34

from his possessions in Greater Poland and

00:15:36

Upper Silesia managed to approach him; a large detachment including

00:15:40

various foreign mercenaries and

00:15:42

volunteers from the German and Czech

00:15:44

knighthood was brought by Boleslav, the son of the Moravian

00:15:47

margrave; in addition, a

00:15:51

detachment of Templars arrived to Henry, as well as a group of

00:15:53

Teutonic knights under the command of the

00:15:55

Prussian

00:15:56

land master of the Teutonic Order pop

00:15:58

phone

00:15:59

Aster, however, most of the Polish

00:16:02

army were not knights, poorly

00:16:05

trained infantrymen,

00:16:06

many of whom did not even have military

00:16:08

equipment, so a large detachment of

00:16:11

volunteers was collected by Bavarian gold

00:16:14

industrialists from zlotys and was

00:16:17

armed with nothing more than tools of labor in

00:16:20

general the army Henry's army could consist of no

00:16:23

more than 8 thousand people, approximately the same number

00:16:26

of soldiers was under the command of the

00:16:28

horde and the canoe

00:16:31

as soon as the Mongol vanguard

00:16:33

appeared near the Polish camp,

00:16:35

Henry divided his army into 4 parts and

00:16:39

positioned them in the traditional European

00:16:41

style, the vanguard of the Polish forces was formed by

00:16:44

knights, mercenaries, volunteers and also

00:16:47

miners and the evil of the same under the command

00:16:50

were the words of the Moravian, the reinforced center of the

00:16:53

Polish army was made up of sheep and

00:16:56

knights from Greater Poland under

00:16:58

the command of the brother of the Krakow voivode

00:17:00

Sully, the words next to them were

00:17:03

horsemen from the field under the leadership of the

00:17:06

Polish prince Mishka,

00:17:08

as well as the Teutonic knights led by pop

00:17:11

phone a star on Henry himself led the

00:17:15

third reserve line, which consisted

00:17:18

of warriors from Silesia and the French

00:17:20

Templars, faced with Mongol

00:17:25

military tactics, the European knights

00:17:27

at first did not even understand that the battle had

00:17:29

begun, unlike the knightly cavalry, the

00:17:32

Mongols carried out a rebuild without

00:17:35

battle cries and a corpse and all signals

00:17:37

were transmitted visually with the help of

00:17:39

pennants and standards, it is curious that although the

00:17:42

general discipline of the Mongols was higher than that

00:17:45

of the knights,

00:17:46

their formation was looser, which

00:17:49

made it difficult for the Europeans to accurately determine the

00:17:52

number of the enemy

00:17:54

when the Mongols approached the Polish

00:17:56

order, Henry sent his vanguard into battle

00:17:59

under the command of the

00:18:01

European horsemen, weakly lowering their spears,

00:18:04

moving forward, trying to engage the

00:18:06

enemy in hand-to-hand combat, however, the

00:18:10

lightly armed Mongolians on their

00:18:12

steppe horses easily retreated and,

00:18:14

avoiding a head-on collision, began to

00:18:17

surround the

00:18:18

knightly cavalry, showering them with arrows,

00:18:21

realizing that they would not receive any support from other

00:18:25

Polish formations, the

00:18:27

people interrupted the attack and

00:18:29

moved back to the Polish the line of

00:18:32

retreat, however, it turned out to be

00:18:34

extremely difficult, and Boleslav himself

00:18:38

and many of his close associates were

00:18:41

killed only by the Polish crossbowmen who arrived in time, the

00:18:46

second attack was launched by Sulli

00:18:49

and the bear from the field which led the

00:18:52

main Polish forces into battle,

00:18:55

unlike the previous attack, the offensive of the

00:18:57

Polish army in this once it started

00:19:00

successfully, after small hand-to-hand skirmishes, the

00:19:03

Mongols began to roll back,

00:19:06

inspired by the initial success, the

00:19:08

knights continued the attack, trying to catch up with the

00:19:12

Mongols and bring down on them the full power of

00:19:14

their coffee strike,

00:19:17

realizing what losses

00:19:19

such a head-on collision could lead to,

00:19:21

the Mongols continued to retreat,

00:19:24

firing back at the Poles, then an

00:19:28

unusual event occurred to the ears of the warriors sulli

00:19:32

words and the bear began to fly the cry

00:19:35

run-run, as it later

00:19:38

turned out it was shouted in Polish,

00:19:42

running across the field, the provocateur Prince

00:19:45

Bear apparently took the cry for

00:19:48

the truth and, dragging part of his

00:19:50

squad with him, began to leave the battlefield, seeing

00:19:55

the retreat of the bear, Henry Paul went into battle

00:19:58

reserve line, intending to deliver a

00:20:01

decisive blow to the

00:20:03

dispersed Mongol backdrop;

00:20:05

however, buy dar parried

00:20:08

Henry’s actions by bringing into battle his own

00:20:11

reserve; a division of heavy coffee

00:20:13

cavalry, which the Mongols also had,

00:20:16

although they were inferior to European knighthood in the

00:20:19

quality of equipment and horses,

00:20:23

Henry II’s regiment of baydar collided in

00:20:26

brutal hand-to-hand combat. copy squelched

00:20:29

steel

00:20:30

clanged armor researchers agree

00:20:33

that at that moment of the battle the forces of

00:20:36

the parties were approximately equal and

00:20:39

no one had an advantage at

00:20:41

some point Henry’s cavalry

00:20:43

apparently began to prevail over the

00:20:46

Mongols, however, they still managed to

00:20:49

organize the Poles and turn the

00:20:52

tide events in their direction, there are

00:20:55

two versions of how the Mongols

00:20:59

did it, the Polish chronicler I nde Lukasz

00:21:02

attributes to the Mongols the use of

00:21:05

witchcraft which led to a turning point in the battle and the

00:21:08

defeat of the Europeans was in their army

00:21:12

among other banners of

00:21:13

1 enormous size and on the top of the shaft of

00:21:17

this banner stuck out a very similar

00:21:20

ugly and ugly heads with a beard,

00:21:23

when the Tatars, in a single impulse,

00:21:26

had already moved back and were preparing to flee, the

00:21:29

standard bearer at that banner began to strongly

00:21:32

wave that head, and

00:21:34

steam, smoke and fog immediately began to emanate from it

00:21:37

with such a strong stench that because of this, the stench

00:21:41

spread between the troops

00:21:43

the Poles were thrilled for a time, barely alive,

00:21:46

their strength left them

00:21:48

and they became incapable of fighting; later

00:21:53

researchers believed that here we are

00:21:56

dealing with the first case of the use of

00:21:59

chemical weapons for combat purposes, and although the

00:22:02

Mongols really had access to

00:22:04

Chinese military achievements,

00:22:07

including gunpowder,

00:22:08

this version is all It also seems

00:22:11

unlikely that a more plausible interpretation of

00:22:14

events suggests that the Mongols simply

00:22:17

set fire to a plant on the field, thereby

00:22:20

creating absolute confusion in the ranks of the

00:22:23

Polish army, a cloud of smoke rising above the field,

00:22:28

disorganized and the Polish

00:22:31

knights randomly rushed from side

00:22:34

to side trying to find a way out of the

00:22:36

fiery trap Having

00:22:38

lost contact with their banners,

00:22:41

resting from the thick smoke in their

00:22:43

helmets, the horsemen, one after another, died

00:22:46

from the Mongolians themselves, at the same time, the

00:22:49

liberated Mongolian units

00:22:51

overcame the smoke screen, rode out towards the

00:22:54

helpless Polish infantry and

00:22:56

instantly shot down and there was no doubt

00:23:00

left, the allied army was

00:23:03

completely defeated, the Teutonic land master fled

00:23:06

but most of his knights, along with the

00:23:09

Polish aristocracy and the Templars,

00:23:11

remained lying dead on the battlefield.

00:23:14

Henry tried to escape with three

00:23:16

bodyguards;

00:23:17

however, a group of Mongols moved after them,

00:23:20

shooting one after another,

00:23:22

when Henry’s exhausted horse

00:23:25

collapsed, he tried to escape in armor,

00:23:28

but to no avail, the Mongol horsemen

00:23:30

caught up with him and cut off his head. and in the future they

00:23:34

carried her on a spear under the walls of the Legnitsa.

00:23:39

After the battle, the Mongols counted the number of

00:23:42

killed enemies,

00:23:43

cutting off an ear from each and putting them in 9

00:23:47

large bags, which they sent to

00:23:49

Batu.

00:23:51

More accurate information about the losses was

00:23:53

not preserved in the sources, however, the number of

00:23:56

European knights laid down their heads under the

00:23:59

Legnitsa

00:24:00

in any case, it was significant

00:24:03

[music] the

00:24:11

Mongol victory at Legnica made a

00:24:14

strong impression, but reinforce it and it was in

00:24:17

no way, despite

00:24:21

the head of Henry displayed under the city walls, the

00:24:22

inhabitants of Legnica did not open the gates to the

00:24:25

Mongol army

00:24:26

and the subsequent assault was repelled,

00:24:29

apparently a

00:24:30

difficult battle severely crippled the combat

00:24:33

capabilities of the corps hordes and canoes,

00:24:35

in addition, literally one day's

00:24:39

march from the battle site,

00:24:41

King Wenceslas 1, who was late, was with a fresh

00:24:45

army, everything was decided in only one day and one

00:24:49

day's march,

00:24:50

which the Mongols managed to complete and the Czechs did

00:24:53

not. Wenceslas did not try his luck and

00:24:58

retreated,

00:24:59

leaving all of southern Poland to the Mongols,

00:25:02

who without delay they took up

00:25:04

looting and violence, but winning the

00:25:07

battle of Legnica was not the main

00:25:10

goal of the Mongols; the key goal of the company

00:25:13

was still Hungary and the triumph of the

00:25:16

baydar only ensured the safety of the

00:25:18

northern flank of the main forces of the

00:25:21

conquerors; a

00:25:22

bloody massacre of the forces of the

00:25:25

Hungarian kingdom would occur

00:25:27

just 48 hours after the victory at

00:25:32

Legnica

00:25:34

[music]

00:25:47

at the beginning of 1241, a crushing blow to the

00:25:51

Mongol cavalry

00:25:53

struck the Polish lands; the

00:25:56

amazing mobility of the Mongol

00:25:58

troops under the command of the horde and the canoe

00:26:01

discouraged the Poles, giving rise to rumors about the

00:26:04

enormous number of

00:26:06

foreign conquerors; in fact,

00:26:09

only a small part

00:26:12

of the Mongol army acted in Poland; the main forces in At this

00:26:16

time, they were preparing to strike the

00:26:18

possessions of the Hungarian king, White 4

00:26:22

Bate and Soboda

00:26:24

were determined to defeat Bela

00:26:27

before he had time to take advantage of the extensive

00:26:30

military capabilities of his

00:26:32

kingdom. The outcome of the company

00:26:35

depended entirely on the swiftness of the Mongol

00:26:38

offensive.

00:26:41

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Hungarian kingdom

00:26:45

was considered one of the most powerful

00:26:47

in Europe. the territory stretched from the

00:26:50

Adriatic Sea to the Carpathian mountains

00:26:53

and the army was famous for its

00:26:55

numbers and combat experience;

00:26:58

however, Hungary encountered the Mongol corps

00:27:02

at the most inopportune moment in the

00:27:04

forties of the 13th century;

00:27:07

the country was in a deep internal

00:27:10

political crisis due to attempts by the white

00:27:13

4 to restore the power and authority of the

00:27:15

Hungarian crown from The king developed a

00:27:19

hostile relationship with the highest

00:27:21

aristocracy as a child, Pala

00:27:23

witnessed how his mother died as a

00:27:26

result of a conspiracy of the Hungarian barons, and

00:27:29

further alienation from the royal

00:27:32

court turned him into a

00:27:34

cynical

00:27:35

and capricious person. Having ascended the throne in

00:27:41

1235, Bela actively began strengthening

00:27:44

his personal power and began to confiscate

00:27:47

land ownership of the Hungarian barons

00:27:49

abolished the golden bulo of 1222,

00:27:54

which established privileges above the

00:27:56

Hungarian nobility and, during a

00:27:58

symbolic ceremony, burned all the chairs

00:28:01

in the royal council room, thereby

00:28:04

forcing his vassals to stand in the

00:28:07

presence of the king,

00:28:09

Bela's sincere interest in the prosperity of

00:28:12

his kingdom

00:28:13

provided him with wide popular

00:28:15

support, but relations with the barons, the

00:28:19

contingents formed the backbone of the

00:28:21

Hungarian army, hardened to the

00:28:23

limit, the

00:28:28

internal situation in Hungary became even more

00:28:31

complicated when in 1238 a

00:28:35

horde of Polovtsians arrived in Hungary under the

00:28:37

leadership of Katya Nas at Toy Vich,

00:28:40

fleeing from the advancing Mongol armies, the

00:28:43

Polovtsians asked the Hungarian king to

00:28:46

provide them refuge in their lands,

00:28:49

Bela

00:28:51

at first perceived the unexpected arrival of the Polovtsians as a great success,

00:28:54

being surrounded by internal and

00:28:56

external enemies,

00:28:57

the king desperately needed the allies of the

00:29:00

Polovtsians, Katya on Bela cordially accepted,

00:29:04

granting them lands in Pannonia,

00:29:06

and representatives of the Polovtsian nobility and I

00:29:09

replenished the royal light Katya, but for

00:29:13

our part also did everything possible

00:29:15

to strengthen the new union, converted to

00:29:19

Christianity, promised to baptize the

00:29:21

rest of the pagan Polovtsians, and also

00:29:24

gave his daughter Elizabeth to the son of the white

00:29:27

Istvan;

00:29:29

however, the inhabitants of the Pannonia region where the

00:29:33

Polovtsians settled did not at all share

00:29:36

the enthusiasm of their king about the

00:29:39

sharp increase in the emigrant population,

00:29:42

most of them were Hungarian The plains by that

00:29:45

time had long since turned into

00:29:46

agricultural land unsuitable

00:29:49

for steppe cattle breeding. The arrival of 40,000

00:29:53

on the nomadic horde in the interfluve of the Danube and the

00:29:55

Yew River

00:29:56

meant the immediate trampling

00:29:59

of crops and the transformation of fertile lands

00:30:02

into pastures. In

00:30:03

medieval realities, such a blow to the

00:30:06

agriculture of the region inevitably

00:30:09

meant

00:30:10

famine for the entire local population food supply

00:30:13

the problem, as well as an

00:30:15

oversupply of workers, a disruption in trade

00:30:18

and a violation of general peace, quickly

00:30:21

led to an increase in social

00:30:22

tension and the massive

00:30:24

spread of xenophobic sentiments of

00:30:27

their new neighbors, the inhabitants of the but did not

00:30:30

perceive them as anything other than barbarians whose

00:30:33

speech was stupid and illegible, the home

00:30:36

covered with dirt, aida disgusting in

00:30:39

taste, trying to to take advantage of popular

00:30:48

indignation for their own selfish interests, the

00:30:50

Hungarian barons insisted on expelling the

00:30:54

Polovtsians, but Bela

00:30:56

was adamant, knowing about the danger of an

00:31:00

imminent Mongol invasion, the king in

00:31:03

1240 intensively prepared his

00:31:06

possessions for defense on the Carpathian

00:31:09

passes, forts and barricades were erected

00:31:12

from fallen trees,

00:31:14

and garrison units were formed in strong points a

00:31:16

separate role in the

00:31:20

white defensive strategy was

00:31:21

assigned to the Polovtsians if the Mongols broke

00:31:24

through the Carpathian mountains the Polovtsian cavalry

00:31:27

would be the only force of constant

00:31:31

combat readiness except the Polovtsians Katya on

00:31:34

Billy there was no one to count on the

00:31:37

Hungarian barons hated their

00:31:39

king Emperor Frederick II ignored

00:31:42

his appeal and representatives of the Pope

00:31:45

recruited subjects white for a

00:31:48

crusade,

00:31:50

but not against the Mongols or

00:31:52

Muslims, but against the German

00:31:55

emperor at the end of December 1240,

00:32:01

cables began to arrive regularly and

00:32:03

reports of the Mongol offensive, the king

00:32:07

immediately announced the gathering of the feudal

00:32:09

militia, obliging all barons and

00:32:11

bishops to appear before him for a military

00:32:14

council on February 17 In 1241, on the appointed

00:32:20

day, most of the army

00:32:23

was indeed assembled, however, as it soon

00:32:26

became clear, the white barons did not want to enter into battle without

00:32:28

preliminary concessions at all.

00:32:31

At the military council,

00:32:34

representatives of the highest nobility reported to White

00:32:37

that he himself had brought upon himself an invasion

00:32:40

by providing refuge to the Polovtsians, rolling on in

00:32:43

addition the barons declared that the Polovtsians

00:32:46

were the Mongol fifth column in

00:32:49

Hungary and again began to demand their

00:32:52

expulsion; Bela went to meet his

00:32:55

vassals and placed Katya and other

00:32:58

Polovtsian princes under house arrest

00:33:00

as hostages for the loyalty

00:33:03

of the Polovtsians; however, this was not

00:33:07

enough for the baron and the blackmail of the king was resumed

00:33:09

in the end when On March 10, a messenger arrived

00:33:13

with the news that the Mongols were

00:33:15

attacking the Carpathian passes; the

00:33:17

Hungarian army continued to remain

00:33:19

inactive under the walls of Pest;

00:33:24

meanwhile, on the eastern borders of the

00:33:25

Hungarian kingdom,

00:33:28

grandiose events were taking place simultaneously in

00:33:31

several places; Mongol corps

00:33:33

appeared on the Carpathian passes and

00:33:35

easily broke the resistance of the Hungarian

00:33:38

garrisons, who led the left wing of

00:33:41

Khanna K. of this storm,

00:33:44

they entered Transylvania in mid-March and immediately

00:33:46

began the total devastation of the

00:33:48

region; the

00:33:49

pictures of the Mongol invasion in

00:33:52

Transylvania differed little from what was

00:33:54

happening in Poland then,

00:33:56

one after another, the Mongols burned local

00:33:59

cities, destroying all living things in their path, as the

00:34:03

Mongol military leaders had calculated, the

00:34:06

impact of the code on and the storm

00:34:08

fettered the forces of the majority of the Transylvanian

00:34:11

barons and bishops and did not allow them to

00:34:14

support the bill. At this time, the

00:34:18

main forces of the Mongol army,

00:34:20

led by Batu, without serious

00:34:23

problems overcame the central massif of the

00:34:25

Carpathian mountains and descended into the Pannonia valley. The

00:34:30

further path through the flat terrain

00:34:32

took place in the usual mode for the Mongols, the

00:34:35

villages were cut out and cities that refused to

00:34:39

surrender voluntarily were subjected to

00:34:41

assault and

00:34:42

devastation, such a fate befell Gear

00:34:46

Yakovich,

00:34:47

but near Borodino the Mongols

00:34:50

unexpectedly encountered

00:34:52

resistance, the local bishop Benedict

00:34:56

gathered large forces and was able to

00:34:58

defeat one of the Mongol detachments,

00:35:01

but success did not accompany him for long, the

00:35:04

Mongols gathered together their reserves

00:35:07

the horses

00:35:08

were stuffed on them and, during the

00:35:10

next clash with Benedict,

00:35:13

they were brought into the flank of the fighting Hungarians,

00:35:15

provoking a stampede,

00:35:19

and Dec managed to escape along with

00:35:21

his entourage; however, the ordinary residents of

00:35:24

Borodino were much less fortunate; the

00:35:27

Mongols who burst into the bar staged

00:35:30

such a massacre in the streets that they

00:35:32

were soon forced leave the city due to the

00:35:35

stench of rotting corpses, the Mongol

00:35:40

offensive developed so

00:35:42

rapidly that already on March 17,

00:35:44

the Mongol advance detachments under the

00:35:46

command of his younger brother Batu

00:35:48

Oshiban reached the Danube and captured the city.

00:35:51

Soon after this, Shiba horsemen

00:35:55

appeared near the pest

00:35:57

and began to fire at the Hungarian regiment standing still.

00:36:01

as medieval chronicles report, the

00:36:04

bishop of Kaluga ugreen had a very hard time

00:36:07

enduring the inaction of the Hungarian army

00:36:10

when the Mongols once again approached the

00:36:13

pawn ugreen, contrary to the king’s orders,

00:36:16

left the city with a small detachment and

00:36:19

went in pursuit of the raiders;

00:36:21

the chase of course ended tragically;

00:36:25

the Mongols lured the soldiers near the green swamp to

00:36:28

get out of which few succeeded,

00:36:32

the archbishop returned to the pawn with

00:36:35

three or four of his men and

00:36:37

attacked Bella with reproaches

00:36:40

due to the fact that the king did not support him,

00:36:44

meanwhile in the pesh the situation from bad

00:36:48

gradually turned into a

00:36:49

catastrophic one,

00:36:50

even in the face of the mortal threat of singing

00:36:54

and his vassal they refused to reach

00:36:57

compromise, the situation worsened when the

00:37:00

sworn enemy white 4

00:37:04

Frederick 2 Bobin Berg arrived in Pest, Duke of Austria,

00:37:07

being one of the contenders for the

00:37:10

Hungarian crown, Frederick, under the guise of

00:37:13

help, was going to

00:37:15

harm his political opponent as much as possible,

00:37:17

he supported the barons who

00:37:20

refused to fight without concessions from the

00:37:23

king

00:37:24

and declared that brought with him

00:37:26

irrefutable evidence of the

00:37:28

unreliability of the Polovtsian allies, white,

00:37:31

as it turned out, on the way to Pest, he

00:37:35

defeated one of the Mongol patrols and

00:37:37

among the captured steppe inhabitants there

00:37:39

were indeed several Polovtsians, having secured the

00:37:43

favor of the barons, Friedrich

00:37:46

began to demonstrate his military

00:37:47

prowess in front of the White soldiers and during

00:37:51

one of the skirmishes he himself

00:37:52

defeated 2 Mongols on

00:37:56

this, however, the duke considered his task

00:37:58

completed and, under the pretext of unreasonableness,

00:38:02

white 4 left back to Vienna,

00:38:07

meanwhile the barons decided to resort to a

00:38:10

proven tool of court

00:38:12

struggle - political murder at night,

00:38:16

some of them crossed the

00:38:18

Danube to Buda and broke into the house where

00:38:21

Katya was being held and other Polovtsian

00:38:24

princes, realizing where everything was going, Kotyan

00:38:27

stabbed his wives and then committed suicide

00:38:32

when the news of the prince’s death reached the

00:38:36

Polovtsian camp, they became enraged in

00:38:40

complete despair, the Polovtsians attacked the

00:38:42

detachment of the Canadian bishop moving towards the pawn

00:38:47

and then crossed the Danube and in

00:38:50

retaliation for the death of Katya, they began to

00:38:52

devastate the countryside and plunder

00:38:55

Hungarian cities, seizing many

00:38:58

valuable horses and cattle, the Polovtsians

00:39:01

then turned south and moved

00:39:04

towards Balkaria. The arbitrariness of the barons

00:39:09

deprived Bela of his most valuable ally,

00:39:12

however, it still helped to move the matter forward for the

00:39:16

first time in several months.

00:39:19

or managed to build their army in

00:39:21

battle formations under the walls of the pest, the sight of the

00:39:24

large Hungarian army

00:39:26

apparently so impressed the Shiba

00:39:29

that he hastily retreated, sending

00:39:33

reports to Batu that the enemy had almost two times

00:39:36

superiority in forces, a sharp

00:39:39

change in the behavior of the invaders

00:39:41

was noticed and in the Hungarian camp,

00:39:43

feeling weakness The enemy white

00:39:46

barons

00:39:47

raced in pursuit of Shiba.

00:39:50

Bela's decisive actions

00:39:54

apparently took the military

00:39:57

leaders at the Mongol headquarters by surprise. The

00:39:59

retreat of Batu's forces continued and

00:40:02

after reuniting with the Shiba corps,

00:40:05

Batu himself, as Persian

00:40:08

sources report, retired to a high hill and

00:40:11

spent two days in diligent In prayer, the

00:40:14

Genghisids had every reason to call on

00:40:18

heaven for help; the upcoming battle was to

00:40:20

become the most difficult test of the

00:40:23

Mongol army in the western campaign;

00:40:25

its final test of strength on the

00:40:38

day of April 10, the Mongol army, on an

00:40:42

accelerated march, approached the neck river and

00:40:45

crossed it along the only bridge

00:40:48

strengthening the mahi right the bank of the Paros river is

00:40:52

densely forested, thanks to which the Mongolian

00:40:55

commander managed to hide his

00:40:58

corps from enemy scouts,

00:41:00

waiting for the approach of the Hungarian army, Bate

00:41:04

from the water took up positions on one of the

00:41:07

hills, White 4 regiments were

00:41:11

not forced to wait long, in the evening

00:41:15

the main forces of the Hungarians approached Chaillot

00:41:18

and set up camp not far from crossings,

00:41:21

the king sent forward his patrol detachment

00:41:24

to find out

00:41:25

the location of the Mongolian army, the detachment

00:41:29

crossed the neck across the bridge,

00:41:31

discovered the location of the Mongols, but

00:41:34

could not determine their number,

00:41:36

incomplete information about the enemy forced

00:41:39

Bela to take additional

00:41:41

precautions, he ordered the

00:41:44

camp to be surrounded by carts and the tents

00:41:46

to be placed as close to each other as possible as

00:41:50

a result, the disposition of the Hungarian army

00:41:52

created such a pile of tents,

00:41:55

ropes of carts and horses

00:41:57

that it became almost impossible to move freely around the camp.

00:42:00

Bate, who

00:42:04

closely followed the actions of the

00:42:07

Hungarians, was unpleasantly surprised by the size of the

00:42:10

Hungarian army, according to modern estimates,

00:42:13

under the command of the whites at that time

00:42:16

there were up to 30,000 people, although

00:42:19

there are more high estimates

00:42:22

for the first time in a long time, the Mongols did not

00:42:25

have a numerical superiority due to the

00:42:28

difficulties of the campaign and the

00:42:30

dispersed sti of the Mongol forces Bate

00:42:33

and Saturday

00:42:34

had approximately 25 thousand horsemen at their disposal,

00:42:38

however, the Mongol commanders

00:42:41

considered that this was enough for victory

00:42:43

and in the last rays of the

00:42:45

setting sun they developed a plan for the

00:42:48

upcoming baty's battles together with for

00:42:52

we had to cross the river at night and the

00:42:54

next morning engage in a head-on collision with the Hungarians,

00:42:57

while the soup idea

00:43:00

was entrusted with the execution of a wide

00:43:02

flank attack, he was supposed to

00:43:05

cross the Chaillot downstream with the

00:43:07

help of tied rafts and then

00:43:10

fall on the Hungarians with an unexpected On both

00:43:13

sides, when darkness finally fell on the valley, the

00:43:16

Mongols began to

00:43:18

carry out their plan, however, to

00:43:23

cross the Rim River without hindrance and it did not

00:43:26

work out. Soon after the advance of the Mongols, the

00:43:29

Hungarian camp, a defector rode up

00:43:32

and reported the impending attack, without

00:43:36

wasting a minute,

00:43:37

brother White Hertz of Croatia, Koloman with

00:43:40

his detachment set

00:43:41

out from the camp in the direction of the bridge

00:43:43

through the neck

00:43:44

he was followed by Archbishop green with his retinue

00:43:50

at midnight they approached the bridge and

00:43:52

discovered that some of the Mongols had already managed to

00:43:55

cross the Hungarians immediately attacked

00:43:59

them and bravely fighting

00:44:01

killed many of the nomads, the rest were

00:44:04

thrown into the river

00:44:05

so that many Mongols drowned in the fast

00:44:09

stream Leaving the guards at the bridge, the Hungarians

00:44:13

returned to their camp in wild jubilation

00:44:15

and slept carefree all night. Failure,

00:44:21

however, did not stop Batu

00:44:23

and shortly before dawn the Mongols struck a

00:44:25

new blow at the bridge.

00:44:28

European chroniclers report that the

00:44:30

Mongols not only showered the Hungarian

00:44:33

guard detachment with arrows, but also

00:44:35

positioned them opposite the bridge 7 siege

00:44:38

guns threw their huge stones onto the

00:44:42

opposite bank,

00:44:43

thus driving the Hungarians away from

00:44:47

the war, the Batyas crossed the bridge and took up

00:44:50

combat positions opposite the Hungarian

00:44:52

camp,

00:44:53

at the same time the Oshiban corps discovered a

00:44:56

ford upstream and moved to

00:44:59

join the main Mongol

00:45:01

units at dawn on April 11, the Hungarians

00:45:06

discovered the field

00:45:07

was flooded and the great multitude of Mongols,

00:45:11

most of the White warriors did not immediately

00:45:14

realize the danger of their position and

00:45:16

therefore preparations for the battle in the

00:45:18

crowded camp proceeded extremely

00:45:21

slowly; the

00:45:22

only ones who were ready to

00:45:24

immediately attack the enemy were the

00:45:27

same Koloman and Ugreen

00:45:29

who, with the support of the Templars, boldly

00:45:32

rushed into the enemy ranks and again The

00:45:38

Hungarian knights fought with great

00:45:41

courage and fought with Batu’s horsemen; however, due to the colossal

00:45:43

numerical superiority of the enemy, they

00:45:45

soon suffered heavy losses and with difficulty

00:45:48

retreated in the direction of the main forces,

00:45:53

returning to the camp at Grinstall,

00:45:55

scolding the king for carelessness

00:45:58

and blaming all the barons of Hungary for

00:46:00

in such a dangerous situation, they did

00:46:03

not even think about their lives and did not

00:46:05

care about saving the entire

00:46:07

kingdom

00:46:08

when the army finally lined up in battle

00:46:12

formations outside the walls of the camp, the morning

00:46:15

sun was already brightly illuminating the valley, King

00:46:18

Bela ordered to launch an offensive and

00:46:22

as the Hungarian army

00:46:23

approached the enemy formation in the

00:46:26

Mongolian plan, a

00:46:29

serious miscalculation began to be revealed; Batu’s army was

00:46:33

pressed against the river,

00:46:34

which greatly limited the possibilities for

00:46:37

maneuver;

00:46:38

besides, the submarine was still building bridges

00:46:41

downstream of the Shayo,

00:46:43

and therefore the Mongolian army had to

00:46:46

engage in hand-to-hand combat with the entire

00:46:48

Hungarian army, after some time

00:46:52

the Hungarians reached Mongolian positions and having

00:46:55

entered into a head-on collision with the enemy, they

00:46:57

began to gradually push back

00:47:00

Batu’s horsemen,

00:47:01

not being able to use their

00:47:04

mobility, the Mongolian units

00:47:06

suffered significant losses, especially

00:47:09

for the units in the center of the

00:47:11

Mongolian line where

00:47:14

Kalam struck, and in this area the

00:47:17

Hungarian knights were able to partially

00:47:20

break through the Mongolian order and even

00:47:22

reached the personal guard of Batu himself,

00:47:26

after two hours of fierce

00:47:29

battle it began to seem that the Mongol

00:47:31

army would soon falter and take

00:47:34

flight under the uncontrollable pressure of the Hungarians,

00:47:38

finally at noon it happened what Batu had been

00:47:41

looking forward to,

00:47:43

Saturday’s corps arrived on the battlefield and

00:47:46

fresh Mongol troops began shower the

00:47:49

Hungarians with a rain of arrows, the

00:47:51

actions of the opponents

00:47:53

changed radically, now the Mongols went on the

00:47:56

offensive

00:47:57

and the Hungarians began to roll

00:48:01

back; however, a general flight did not happen;

00:48:03

most of the Hungarian army, in

00:48:06

perfect order, although in a shabby

00:48:08

state, returned to their camp; the

00:48:11

Mongols took the initiative on the battlefield;

00:48:15

however, Bate was in a depressed

00:48:17

mood the

00:48:19

flanking took longer than

00:48:22

expected and the delay led to

00:48:24

significant losses for which he now

00:48:26

blamed the subs.

00:48:39

.

00:48:42

however, he had no doubt about success and told

00:48:45

Batu the following: if the princes want to

00:48:48

retreat, then let them return until I

00:48:52

reach the city of Pest on the Danube River; I will

00:48:54

not return at approximately the second hour of

00:48:59

the day, the Mongols surrounded the Hungarian camp and

00:49:02

began systematically shelling it;

00:49:05

shooting with burning ammunition had a particularly high effect The

00:49:10

Hungarian tents stood so close to each

00:49:13

other that the fire easily spread throughout the

00:49:16

camp.

00:49:18

At the same time, the Mongol horsemen

00:49:20

rode up to the camp fence

00:49:22

trying to set them on fire. The Hungarians, seeing that they were

00:49:26

surrounded on all sides by enemy

00:49:28

troops, lost their prudence and

00:49:31

no longer understood at all

00:49:33

how to deploy their formations or how to

00:49:36

raise people to During the battle, at some

00:49:39

point the Mongols also brought catapults to the camp

00:49:42

and began throwing

00:49:45

shells with oil, gunpowder and other

00:49:48

flammable substances into the camp, realizing that things were

00:49:53

bad, Duke Koloman, Archbishop Green and the

00:49:57

Templars tried to launch a final

00:50:00

counterattack, their few detachments

00:50:03

were very soon crushed

00:50:06

and the seriously wounded Koloman and ugreen

00:50:08

returned to the camp;

00:50:10

part of the Hungarian army died from

00:50:14

arrows and the rest, without receiving

00:50:16

orders, turned into a general flight;

00:50:20

everywhere the Hungarians tried to get out of

00:50:23

the trap

00:50:24

but were blocked by fallen tents and

00:50:27

ropes from them, so that in the resulting

00:50:29

crush many Hungarians died through the fault of

00:50:32

their own comrades Realizing that the

00:50:36

destruction of an enemy driven into a trap

00:50:39

could result in

00:50:40

additional losses, the

00:50:42

Mongols deliberately created a gap in their ring

00:50:45

through which the Hungarians could

00:50:47

leave the slugs. The desperate White warriors

00:50:51

rushed through the resulting window, however,

00:50:55

only death awaited them here, when the

00:50:58

column of fugitives stretched out, the lightly

00:51:00

armed Mongol horsemen

00:51:02

were able to target the Hungarians

00:51:05

one by one, in the end the entire road to

00:51:08

Pest turned out to be strewn with dead bodies, the

00:51:11

fourth was lucky, he was able to

00:51:15

break away from the Mongol pursuit, having changed

00:51:17

several horses along the way, Duke Koloman

00:51:21

followed the whites, but soon after

00:51:24

the battle he died from his wounds.

00:51:27

Archbishop Green died in one of the

00:51:30

swamps from a Mongol arrow

00:51:32

[music]

00:51:34

the battle on the Chayo River marked the

00:51:36

destruction of the Hungarian army; sources

00:51:40

do not provide exact data on losses,

00:51:43

but it can be assumed that at least

00:51:45

half of the white soldiers died during the

00:51:47

battle and the ensuing pursuit, the damage to the

00:51:52

Mongol army also turned out to be extremely

00:51:54

impressive, about 3000

00:51:58

[music] the

00:52:03

defeat of the Hungarian army in the battle on the

00:52:06

Neck River and became another triumph of the

00:52:09

Mongolian military art;

00:52:12

however, the victory was overshadowed by one

00:52:14

circumstance; the battle survived Bela 4,

00:52:18

who fled to Austria to his enemy

00:52:21

Frederick II from Vienna, the king began to

00:52:24

bombard the Western rulers

00:52:27

with panicked letters asking for help,

00:52:30

in turn for Bate and further the

00:52:32

path to central Hungary

00:52:34

turned out to be open, not even two weeks would pass

00:52:38

before the Hungarian cities on the Danube

00:52:40

experienced the full power of the Mongol

00:52:44

army

00:52:53

[music]

00:52:59

Mongol victories at Legnica and Chajo,

00:53:02

standing only two days apart,

00:53:04

became the culmination of the western campaign of the

00:53:07

Mongol army resistance of the

00:53:11

European armies was broken and those

00:53:14

who were lucky enough to survive without looking back fled

00:53:17

to the west from the ferocious steppe horde the

00:53:20

king of Hungary Bela 4, who

00:53:23

had just suffered a catastrophic defeat

00:53:25

from the Mongols, hastily arrived in Vienna where

00:53:29

he hoped to wait out the hurricane from the steppes at

00:53:33

this time the Mongol army

00:53:35

was moving inexorably forward, the hour was not far off

00:53:38

when Mongolian standards will appear

00:53:42

under the walls of Pest with trading and other

00:53:45

Hungarian cities on the Danube European

00:53:52

chronicles of that time oversaturated

00:53:54

information about the great fear that gripped

00:53:57

Europe after the arrival of news of the defeat

00:54:00

at Legnica and Chaillot,

00:54:02

trading operations ceased, people

00:54:05

abandoned property, left their

00:54:08

homes throughout the Holy Roman Empire began

00:54:12

to spread fables about the steppe

00:54:14

conquerors, some mistook the steppe inhabitants

00:54:17

for the lost tribes of Israel, others

00:54:20

connected their appearance with the prophecy of

00:54:23

Gog and Magog, fugitives from Poland and

00:54:26

Hungary

00:54:27

talked about the Mongols like the son of

00:54:30

nakhoda with dog faces who

00:54:33

mock their victims and

00:54:35

feed on the bodies of the dead so obviously

00:54:41

I’m close and the threat did not at all cause a

00:54:44

surge of courage and unity in the villages in Europe,

00:54:47

despite all the efforts of Bela, his

00:54:50

correspondence with the papal throne actually

00:54:52

ended in nothing; the pope only allowed him to

00:54:55

preach a crusade against the

00:54:57

Mongols;

00:54:59

at the same time, Bela turned to

00:55:02

Emperor Frederick II for help and even

00:55:04

promised to become his vassal if he

00:55:07

will help Hungary in the fight against the

00:55:09

steppes,

00:55:10

however, Frederick, who felt an imminent

00:55:13

victory over the papacy and did not think of leaving

00:55:16

Italy,

00:55:17

soon he gathered a large army that in

00:55:21

June 1241 moved straight to Rome

00:55:26

against the Mongols, Frederick sent his

00:55:29

13-year-old son Conrad,

00:55:31

who was to become the leader of the

00:55:34

crusade campaign on May 19, Conrad accepted the

00:55:38

cross in a sling, where the

00:55:41

army of Christ slowly began to gather,

00:55:45

the rest of the European rulers

00:55:48

looked attentively at the requests of the

00:55:50

Hungarian king for help,

00:55:52

but with the real actions of the time, the

00:55:56

confrontation with the Mongols

00:55:58

was perceived by many as the affairs of

00:56:00

Hungary alone, beyond which the invaders had

00:56:03

not yet gone beyond the Venetians for example, they were

00:56:07

proud that nobility did not

00:56:09

allow them to stab the Hungarians in the back to

00:56:11

attack them while Hungary

00:56:14

was fighting the pagans, the Venetian

00:56:17

chronicler and later Doge Andrea

00:56:20

Dandolo wrote about this following

00:56:23

only out of attention to the Christian faith, the

00:56:26

Venetians did not

00:56:29

harm the Hungarian king then, although they had a lot

00:56:31

against

00:56:35

Another closest Hungarian neighbor to undertake it was not

00:56:39

such a sophisticated matter of faith and honor,

00:56:42

Frederick the second Duke of

00:56:44

Austria simply captured the

00:56:46

unfortunate Bela and demanded a ransom of

00:56:49

ten thousand marks,

00:56:51

this amount significantly exceeded

00:56:53

the value of all the property the bill had,

00:56:56

including jewelry and the crown,

00:56:59

Bela could only promise payment in

00:57:02

the future, Frederick, as a collateral,

00:57:05

demanded the killing of 3 Western Hungarian

00:57:08

commentators Sopron machines and later,

00:57:12

however, Frederick failed to establish his power in these

00:57:15

regions

00:57:18

when his soldiers took possession of Jer, the

00:57:21

devastation of the countryside

00:57:24

angered the local residents so much

00:57:26

that they set fire to the Austrian camp and

00:57:28

forced them to leave the city, in

00:57:32

turn, the inhabitants of Bratislava simply did not open the

00:57:35

gates to Frederick’s troops; all these events

00:57:42

took place during the period of the ongoing

00:57:44

devastation of the Hungarian state, but

00:57:48

despite the passivity of the allies, the

00:57:50

defeat of the royal army and the disappearance

00:57:53

of military leaders, the

00:57:55

resistance of ordinary people within

00:57:57

the country continued when the retreating

00:58:01

knights transported the

00:58:03

seriously wounded Croatian duke through Pest

00:58:05

Kalama then called on the townspeople not to

00:58:08

resist the invaders and

00:58:11

rely on their kind

00:58:13

led; however, the residents did not follow the advice;

00:58:17

they did not open the gates and withstood a

00:58:19

three-day assault, after which everyone was

00:58:23

massacred; the

00:58:25

capture of Pest put an end to the next

00:58:29

Mongol blitzkrieg, the results

00:58:32

of which were hotly discussed at the large

00:58:34

military council of the Chingizids princes and

00:58:37

military leaders sorted out the

00:58:40

actions of various formations and

00:58:42

commanders, the merits of Shaban were noted,

00:58:46

as well as the eldest son of Batu,

00:58:49

who led the Mongol

00:58:52

vanguard during the battle for the bridge,

00:58:54

but the council was not without

00:58:57

conflict, Batu was beside himself with the death of

00:59:01

his nephew baha tu

00:59:03

during the unsuccessful operation

00:59:05

to capture the bridge and therefore the khan again

00:59:09

reproached Saturday for the delay biographer su

00:59:13

b.d. This is how the 70-year-old commander joan conveys the answer,

00:59:17

although he knew that in the upper reaches

00:59:20

the shallow water still took possession of the bridge

00:59:23

to cross and fight without knowing

00:59:26

that I in the lower reaches had

00:59:28

not yet completed tying the rafts, and

00:59:30

today he says that I was late and to think

00:59:34

that this is precisely the reason bate for

00:59:38

- apparently he did not dare to enter into an argument with his

00:59:40

experienced experience with the BDM and later at

00:59:43

the feast he

00:59:44

recognized his merits and stated the following:

00:59:47

everything that was captured at that time was the merit of

00:59:51

Suba and I. In the summer of 1241, Father gave

00:59:58

his soldiers a short rest during

01:00:00

which no major operations were

01:00:02

carried out at all perhaps

01:00:05

the khan expected the return of the horde and kaydar corps in

01:00:09

the spring, which ravaged Poland after the victory

01:00:13

at Legnica, the

01:00:14

Genghisids sent

01:00:15

their regiments to Moravia about the

01:00:18

fighting in these parts, little reliable information has been preserved,

01:00:20

it is known that the

01:00:23

Mongols fought in the area and in you

01:00:25

and Alamut, later the traveler

01:00:29

Plano Carpini noted that Moravia was

01:00:32

devastated to the depth of a

01:00:34

four-day march, although

01:00:36

most of the cities

01:00:37

still remained intact, having left

01:00:42

Moravia in April 1241, the Mongols

01:00:45

began to conquer Slovakia,

01:00:47

which was part of the Hungarian

01:00:50

kingdom

01:00:51

here or do i buy the gift, they remained

01:00:55

until December 1241 and even tried to

01:00:58

establish

01:00:59

administrative control of the regions,

01:01:02

however, the number of soldiers returning from

01:01:05

Poland was small and therefore, as in

01:01:08

Moravia, the Mongols were not able to capture a

01:01:11

single significant city, so the Slovaks did

01:01:16

not submit to the Mongols Bratislava

01:01:18

Trencin and nitro at the end of 1241, a

01:01:24

favorable moment came for the

01:01:26

continuation of expansion, the Danube River rarely

01:01:30

freezes, however

01:01:32

severe In the winter of 1241-42,

01:01:36

severe cold fell on Europe, due to which the

01:01:39

Danube was covered with a thick layer of ice

01:01:41

and ceased to be an obstacle for the

01:01:43

Mongols. In December, the main part of the

01:01:47

Mongol army approached the fire to whom

01:01:49

this rich city was then one of the

01:01:53

leading trading centers in Eastern

01:01:55

Europe; its archbishop bore the title directly

01:01:59

from Hungary, the main church

01:02:01

authority in the kingdom,

01:02:02

and the city castle often served as

01:02:05

the residence of the king and his court,

01:02:09

the Mongols drove away many prisoners in order to

01:02:14

fill the moat with the shooting range of the house with the earth of their bodies,

01:02:18

while thirty stone throwers were hitting the fortress walls

01:02:21

at once, day and night; the

01:02:25

inhabitants defended themselves. and when it became

01:02:28

clear that they could not resist, they decided not to

01:02:31

leave anything valuable to the invaders and

01:02:34

destroy their property,

01:02:36

all warehouses of goods were burned, all

01:02:40

valuables were buried in the ground and the horses were killed, the

01:02:43

city fell after lengthy

01:02:46

street battles and the enraged battalion ordered to

01:02:50

tear to pieces everyone who survived,

01:02:52

however, even after that The Mongols failed to

01:02:56

capture the Tester Gamma citadel, in

01:02:58

which a detachment of crossbowmen

01:03:01

led by the Spaniard Simeon settled, at that time the

01:03:07

Dan crossed the Danube at Pest

01:03:10

and attacked using

01:03:13

flamethrowers, the active use of incendiary

01:03:17

shells is confirmed by the testimony of

01:03:19

chroniclers, and we splitz who wrote

01:03:22

that the Mongols burned the city before

01:03:26

they took the

01:03:28

conquering charge of the Mongols, however, weakened

01:03:31

before our eyes, while retaining a

01:03:33

fundamental victory,

01:03:35

the Mongols increasingly missed frequent cases of

01:03:38

resistance to the invaders, they were not able to

01:03:42

capture even such small fortifications as the

01:03:45

monastery of St. Martin of Panama

01:03:47

near Pierre,

01:03:49

not to mention large cities like

01:03:52

Szekesfehervar who did

01:03:53

not open the dodge steppe corps,

01:03:58

despite the severity of the campaign and individual

01:04:01

setbacks, the Mongol army sold

01:04:03

la to move forward, soon the advanced

01:04:06

Mongol troops entered the

01:04:08

territory of the Holy Roman Empire and

01:04:11

began to plunder the

01:04:12

Austrian lands; however, in March

01:04:17

1242, an unforeseen event occurred from a

01:04:21

distant mangal, a messenger arrived to Batu

01:04:23

and reported that ten weeks

01:04:26

earlier, the great khan of the land died,

01:04:30

according to the law, this obligated all Genghisids to

01:04:34

appear in the indigenous ulus to participate in the

01:04:36

kurultai

01:04:37

where they had to proclaim a new

01:04:40

ruler;

01:04:41

moreover, the Mongol troops by that

01:04:44

time were greatly exhausted,

01:04:46

and therefore the death of the great khan became a

01:04:49

suitable excuse for Batu to retreat in the

01:04:52

steppe in the spring of 1242, the

01:04:55

Mongol army reached the limits of

01:04:58

its expansion in Europe, the borders of the

01:05:01

Holy Roman Empire, the Mongol

01:05:04

standards would never return again,

01:05:11

having bought from Austrian captivity,

01:05:13

King Bela in May 1241 and sat down in

01:05:18

Zagreb where all summer he waited for further

01:05:21

actions of the invaders, noticing the revival

01:05:24

of the Mongols at the beginning During the winter, he sent his

01:05:27

wife and son to Dalmatia

01:05:29

and soon he himself arrived there. Initially,

01:05:33

the king planned to take refuge in Split. The

01:05:35

city had strong fortifications and a

01:05:38

large garrison; however, due to

01:05:41

suspicion of treason, Bela did not dare to

01:05:44

enter Split; he chose another

01:05:46

shelter for himself, located nearby the city of

01:05:49

Trager here. the king stayed until March

01:05:54

1242, when the Mongol army began to

01:05:57

withdraw from Europe;

01:06:00

however, despite the defeat of the Hungarian

01:06:03

army on the river, he went and took and tester gamma, the

01:06:06

conquest of Hungary could not be considered

01:06:09

successful

01:06:10

while the legal ruler was alive to

01:06:13

capture the white baty sent to Dalmatia a

01:06:16

code body for which he should was on

01:06:19

the way to destroy all the lands on the coast of the

01:06:21

Adriatic Sea,

01:06:23

having passed along the northern shore of Lake

01:06:25

Balaton, the

01:06:26

army when they quickly moved to

01:06:29

Croatia,

01:06:30

the news of their approach

01:06:32

provoked panic among the local

01:06:34

population,

01:06:35

who hastened to take refuge in the mountains and

01:06:37

forests on the way to the mushroom, the Mongols

01:06:40

apparently met limited

01:06:43

resistance, the Salnik fortress survived,

01:06:46

however, the rest of the villages in the area were

01:06:49

subjected to pogroms.

01:06:51

Archaeological finds in this area

01:06:53

indicate a short break in the

01:06:55

use of local cemeteries

01:06:58

around the middle of the 13th century,

01:07:01

by the time the Mongols reached

01:07:03

Zagreb, Kadan received information about the flight of

01:07:06

Bela, the

01:07:07

capital of Croatia, this, however, did not save

01:07:10

from the devastation, most of Zagreb,

01:07:13

including the cathedral in the upper city, was

01:07:15

destroyed to the ground; a further campaign

01:07:20

along the Adriatic coast began for the

01:07:22

corps when, over difficult trials in the

01:07:25

Dalmatian mountains, there was practically

01:07:28

no pasture for the

01:07:30

Mongol horses;

01:07:31

in order to speed up the movement of his regiments,

01:07:34

Kadan even ordered the execution of a large

01:07:38

number of captured Hungarians Rogyro was woven in the area

01:07:42

when it remained for the whole of March 1242. The

01:07:47

Mongols approached the gossip several times

01:07:49

but did not dare to storm,

01:07:52

deciding that Bela had taken refuge in the mountain fortress of

01:07:55

Kliz, located not far from Split, the

01:07:57

Mongols began to storm it, but as

01:08:01

soon as it became clear that the Hungarian

01:08:03

ruler was not here, they abandoned the

01:08:06

assault and moved in the direction of Trager,

01:08:08

and having received news that the Mongols had moved

01:08:13

against him, Bela, fearing to

01:08:16

remain in the city, boarded a ship with

01:08:19

the intention of observing the movement of

01:08:21

the enemy from a distance,

01:08:22

however, his concern turned out to be

01:08:25

in vain; the

01:08:26

scouts soon discovered that the

01:08:29

narrow strip of land separating the city from

01:08:32

the mainland impassable due to the large amount of

01:08:35

silt,

01:08:36

in the end, without taking a single city in

01:08:40

Dalmatia, Kadan left it and moved

01:08:43

further along the coast

01:08:47

in April 1242, the Mongols were able to

01:08:51

capture the well-fortified city of

01:08:53

Qatar, but they didn’t even try to

01:08:58

storm Dubrovnik in the spring and summer of one thousand two hundred and

01:09:01

forty in the second year, their lot was the

01:09:04

plunder of the rural population and the capture of

01:09:07

small towns; most of the

01:09:10

territory where the horsemen entered

01:09:12

was under Serbian suzerainty;

01:09:15

however, no information about the reaction of

01:09:18

Stefan Vladislav, the first Serbian

01:09:21

ruler, was preserved in the sources,

01:09:24

it can be assumed that he did not dare

01:09:27

to confront the invaders in the open there

01:09:32

is no information about the battle, I have no information about the actions given

01:09:35

in Serbia itself,

01:09:37

it is only known that Cardan

01:09:39

eventually joined forces with Batu in

01:09:42

Bulgaria, it is assumed that the invaders

01:09:45

followed the coast of the Adriatic

01:09:47

Sea to the Drina River

01:09:48

and from there to Serdi q through the despicable and niche

01:09:53

attack of the Mongols the very heart of the

01:09:56

Serbian kingdom is not pursued

01:09:59

aggressive goals and therefore the

01:10:01

destruction left almost no

01:10:03

archaeological trace. At

01:10:06

about the same time, the retreating

01:10:08

main forces of Bate

01:10:10

stormed Belgrade, located

01:10:12

north of the line of movement to Dan, after

01:10:16

which both armies entered the territory of the

01:10:18

Bulgarian kingdom in the forties of the 13th

01:10:24

century, Balka experienced a period of

01:10:26

political instability for centuries

01:10:29

this region was the

01:10:31

economic center and military stronghold of the

01:10:33

Byzantine Empire, everything changed in

01:10:37

1204 when the army of the crusaders,

01:10:40

initially heading to the holy land,

01:10:43

appeared under the walls of Constantinople,

01:10:46

took possession of the metropolis and subjected it to an

01:10:49

unprecedented pogrom,

01:10:51

the empire was fragmented into several

01:10:54

separate states, the Latin empire

01:10:56

led by former crusaders, the second

01:11:00

Bulgarian kingdom of a certain empire and

01:11:03

pierce and kingdoms and others

01:11:06

literally immediately after the fall of

01:11:09

Constantinople, a

01:11:11

struggle of all against all began in the region and by the arrival of the

01:11:14

Mongols, the fragments of Byzantium were

01:11:17

so exhausted by many years of strife

01:11:20

that they had practically no strength to

01:11:22

resist.

01:11:25

The devastation of Bulgaria by the Mongols is

01:11:28

one of the most nebulous episodes of the

01:11:30

western campaigns, several sources

01:11:33

mention the actions of Bate and when in

01:11:36

Bulgaria,

01:11:37

however, none gives comprehensive

01:11:40

information about the events; all that we have at our

01:11:43

disposal is a separate mention of the

01:11:46

capture of the large Bulgarian cities of

01:11:48

Tarnovo and Angela So, as well as

01:11:51

archaeological evidence of the destruction

01:11:53

in Chervi Ne Preslav Varna and other

01:11:57

settlements, the lack of serious

01:12:00

resistance in Bulgaria was explained, among

01:12:02

other things, by the internal situation in the

01:12:04

state. The Bulgarian Tsar Kalam was

01:12:07

barely seven years old and his regents

01:12:10

were more busy with palace intrigues

01:12:12

than with the defense of the state. As a result, bad i

01:12:17

ordered the Bulgarians to pay a constant

01:12:19

tribute. The last clash in During the

01:12:24

western campaign, it happened near

01:12:26

Constantinople, according to an anonymous

01:12:29

Austrian chronicler, the Ladin

01:12:31

emperor Baldwin 2

01:12:33

opposed the conquerors, defeated them

01:12:36

in the first battle,

01:12:37

but was defeated in the second, most

01:12:41

likely there was one battle after all, and

01:12:44

during it the

01:12:45

Mongols used the usual tactics of a

01:12:47

false retreat, leaving the borders of the

01:12:51

Latin empire and Bulgaria, the Mongols

01:12:55

finally rushed back to the steppe and the

01:12:58

seven-year western campaign ended the

01:13:06

European campaign, the Mongol army

01:13:08

led to large-scale devastation of the

01:13:11

Eastern European kingdoms, as in

01:13:13

Russia, most of the large cities were disrupted with their

01:13:17

wives, and agricultural

01:13:20

lands were trampled by the steppe cavalry, without a

01:13:25

doubt the Mongols took with them a

01:13:27

colossal amount of loot wealth,

01:13:29

however, in strategic terms,

01:13:32

Batu’s campaign did not achieve its main goal: to

01:13:36

reach the last sea, the Mongol army

01:13:39

succeeded; devastated Poland and Hungary

01:13:42

never became part of the Mongol

01:13:45

empire, and although in the future their lands will again

01:13:48

experience a steppe hurricane, the goal of

01:13:51

this hurricane

01:13:52

will be nothing more than ordinary robbery

01:13:55

[music] the

01:13:57

Mongol invasion

01:13:58

taught the European feudal lords nothing the

01:14:02

Polish princes will continue to fight for

01:14:04

Krakow, involving their neighbors in their conflicts,

01:14:11

Daniel of Galicia will become an active participant in the Polish squabble,

01:14:13

soon after the departure of the Mongols he will return

01:14:16

to his lands and in a short time

01:14:18

put an end to the resistance of the local

01:14:21

boyars

01:14:22

his western neighbors were 4 and Frederick 2

01:14:26

will begin to take revenge on each

01:14:29

other for past grievances with triple strength, and the fourth

01:14:32

was destined for a separate role in the history of the

01:14:35

Hungarian state in the few years

01:14:39

following the invasion,

01:14:41

he will be able to restore the economy and

01:14:44

military power of the entire kingdom, for which

01:14:47

he will later be called the second

01:14:50

founder of Hungary

01:14:53

life in Eastern European kingdoms

01:14:57

and principalities were returning to normal as if your

01:15:00

invasions were just a fleeting episode

01:15:03

that would not happen again, future

01:15:07

events will

01:15:08

soon dispel these illusions

01:15:11

[music]

01:15:15

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documentary, don’t forget to like it,

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watching and good luck

Description:

► 💰 Регистрируйся, вноси не менее 20$, соверши как минимум 1 левередж-операцию и получи бонус $50 с Currency: https://go.currency.com/visit/?bta=37397&nci=7039 Внимание! Инвестиции связаны с риском потери всех инвестиций. Успех прошлых инвестиций не означает успеха в будущем: https://currency.com/ru/ads ⚔️ "Маховик истории" продолжает изучение Западного похода монгольской армии 1236-42 гг. На этот раз в поле зрения попадет вторжение степной орды в восточноевропейские королевства - Венгрию и Польшу. Мы осветим политическую ситуацию в европейских королевствах накануне нашествия, детально рассмотрим ключевые столкновения монголов с польскими и венгерскими армиями при Легнице и Шайо, а также затронем такие малоизвестные страницы, как боевые действия в Сербии, Болгарии и Латинской империи. При подготовке документального фильма были использованы исторические источники и ключевые исследования по тематике Западного похода 1236-42 гг., причем как на русском, так и на английском языках. Полный список использованных работ – ниже в описании. Другие видео по монгольским завоеваниям: Битва на Калке 1223 г.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYWd-je40NY Разорение Рязани 1237 г.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXtxEgo1U7E Битва под Коломной, взятие Владимира 1238 г.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrQh6pCJvZo Битва на Сити, осада Козельска 1238 г.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJXYg1mIAyk Разорение Киева 1240 г.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yDnNZzUmg Монгольское нашествие на Русь (все части): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgb7rkiB4mM Монголы разоряют Польшу. Битва при Легнице 1241 г.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veVjBg_fyv0 Батый в Венгрии. Битва на реке Шайо 1241 г.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6b_CCMK_TE Отступление Батыя из Европы: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvBXZYgyHio Поддержать канал: Патреон: https://www.patreon.com/history_flywheel DonationAlerts: https://www.donationalerts.com/r/history_flywheel Яндекс.Деньги (ЮMoney): 4100116101914480 00:00 — Вступление 02:58 – Европа накануне нашествия 07:18 — Польша в XIII в. 09:24 — Разорение польских земель 13:58 — Битва при Легнице 1241 г. 25:37 – Венгрия накануне нашествия 28:27 — Расселение половцев 30:43 — Вторжение монголов в Венгрию 40:33 — Битва на реке Шайо 1241 г. 52:49 — Европа после поражений при Легнице и Шайо 57:39 — Наступление Батыя зимой 1241-42 гг. 1:05:09 — Монголы на Балканах 1:13:05 — Итоги нашествия 📝 Источники и литература: Фома Сплитский. История Архиепископов Салоны и Сплита. Магистр Рогерий. Горестная песнь о разорении Венгерского королевства татарами. Хрусталев, Д.Г. Русь от нашествия до ига. Злыгостев, В.А. Субэдэй. Всадник, покорявший вселенную. Храпачевский Р.П. Военная держава Чингисхана. Chambers, J. The Devil's Horsemen. The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Sophoulis, P. The Mongol Invasion of Croatia and Serbia in 1242. Giebfried, J. The Mongol invasions and the Aegean world (1241–61). 🚩 Документальный фильм подготовили: Никита Игошин (сценарий, звуки, саундтреки, карты, стилизация, эффекты, монтаж) Георгий Разуваев (озвучка) 🎼 Используемая музыка: Andreas Waldetoft - Cataraman Mirage (Crusader Kings 2 OST) Andreas Waldetoft - In the Name of God (Crusader Kings 2 OST) Richard Beddow - A Thousand Arrows (Total War: Attila OST) Richard Vaughan - Call Of The Sheep (Medieval II Total War OST) James Vincent - Darker Skies Ahead (Medieval II Total War OST) Geoff Knorr & Michael Curran - Genghis Khan Peace Theme (Civilization V OST) Geoff Knorr - Mongolia Theme - Industrial (Civilization 6 OST) Andreas Waldetoft - Path To Glory (Crusader Kings 2 OST) Finn Seliger - Wrath of the Khan (Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord OST) Richard Beddow - Fate Of Empires (Total War: Attila OST) Richard Beddow - Let's Kill Some Romans (Total War: Attila OST) Richard Beddow - King Of The Horde (Total War: Attila OST) Richard Beddow – Champions of God (Total War: Attila OST) Richard Beddow – Settlers of the Apocalypse (Total War: Attila OST) Остальная музыка предоставлена порталом Epidemic Sound: https://www.epidemicsound.com/campaign/invite-a-creator/?_us=Referral&_usx=6xyq79 Отдельная благодарность Александру Беспалову за создание польских субтитров. Коммерческие предложения (реклама): [email protected] Некоммерческие предложения: [email protected] 🚩 Социальные сети: Группа ВК ➤ https://vk.com/history_flywheel Twitter ➤ https://twitter.com/historyflywheel YouTube ➤ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeLixjhQNU6cGTNv_ECaooQ

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