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инфоурок

школа

видеоуроки

история России

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[music]

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causes and beginning of the civil war the

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civil war was caused by the

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confrontation between the Bolsheviks and

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representatives of the overthrown classes and

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political forces it can be divided into the

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following stages the first summer-autumn of

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1918 the beginning of armed confrontation

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and foreign intervention the second end of

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1918 the summer of 1919 the Soviet republic

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in the ring of fronts

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3 years a 1919 1920

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defeat of the White Guards 4 end 1920

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1922 liquidation of the remnants of the White Guard

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oh well, Ataman Kaledin declared

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disobedience to the Bolsheviks in December

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1917, the formation of a volunteer army began here from officers,

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it

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was led by General Alekseev,

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participants in the movement wanted to revive the

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former power of the empire and set tasks

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fight against all socialist

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parties, but the population

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reacted favorably to the advice of the Kaledins, seeing that his

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cause was lost, he

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was forced to shoot himself,

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Alekseev soon died and was replaced by General

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Kornilov,

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soon he died from a stray bullet

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during the campaign against Kuban and

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General Denikin became the commander-in-chief

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in the southern Urals resistance to the Bolsheviks

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was headed by Ataman Dutov and in Transbaikalia by

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Ataman Semyonov the

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first anti-Bolshevik protests

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were spontaneous and scattered, but

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gradually two centers of struggle emerged 1

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in Siberia, where wealthy peasants predominated,

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dissatisfied with the activities of the Pobedy Committees 2 in the

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south with its Cossack population accustomed

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to freemen and a number of privileges which they

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enjoyed under the tsarist regime

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Lenin believed that the army should be

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replaced by the general arming of the people, but

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the fight against counter-revolution

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forced him to reconsider his approach. The

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decrees of January 15 and 29 were created on a

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voluntary basis and on the basis of the

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class approach of the

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workers' and peasants' red army and the

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red fleet,

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but in the conditions of a protracted war, a particularly

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large number there were no volunteers

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observed, therefore, on May 30, universal conscription was introduced;

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this made it possible by 1920 to increase the

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number of troops to 5 million people;

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courses were organized for the training of commanders; and in March 1918, a

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decree was issued on attracting bourgeois specialists to the army

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to control them; positions were introduced

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Commissar

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in September 1918, a unified

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army command structure was formed at the head of

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the fronts there was a revolutionary military council

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of the commander and 2 commissars they were

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subordinate to the revolutionary military council of the republic led by

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Leon Trotsky the

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civil war was complicated by

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foreign intervention in December

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1917 Romania occupied Bessarabia the

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central council in Ukraine

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concluded a separate treaty with Germany

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and invited its troops to its

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territory, Turkey invaded the Transcaucasus,

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soon the Germans appeared there and at the end of

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1917, the Americans, Japanese and British began to land in the Far East on

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March 6, 1918, the English landing

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landed in Murmansk, the

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Entente did not recognize the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in

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April 1918, the British and the French

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landed in Vladivostok,

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Lenin called for repulsing the aggressor

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in the fall after the defeat of Germany,

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Entente troops appeared near Odessa, Baku, in

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the Crimea,

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but the West

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was forced to withdraw troops back

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by 1920, the British and French and the

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Americans abandoned armed

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intervention and relied on helping

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the White Guards,

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Japan remained in the Far East until

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1922,

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in May 1918, the Bolsheviks dispersed the

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council, which was under the control of the

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Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, and they decided to start an

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armed struggle

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in June 1918, the Chelyabinsk

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incident occurred as a result of which the

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Czechoslovak corps

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began a rebellion

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in a short time, with the help of the Czechs, the

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Soviet government was overthrown in the

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Volga region and the Urals in Siberia and the

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Far East in the liberated

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territories, Arab governments began to emerge. On

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June 8 in Samara, after the

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occupation of the city by the Czechs, a

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committee of members of the constituent assembly came out of hiding to

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help, led by Sir Vladimir Waltz, who

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declared himself the temporary authority of the

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Samara province and other territories

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liberate them from the Bolsheviks

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com Uch began to form his own

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people's army under the red flag from

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students and officers dissatisfied with the councils of Christian workers.

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At the same time, he tried to ensure the

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observance of basic democratic

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freedoms and the implementation of the program goals of the

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socialist parties,

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such as the 8-hour working day, the

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initially people's army, thanks to the

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Czechoslovak units, achieved

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significant success on August 6, having captured

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Kazan, where

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part of Russia’s gold reserves was evacuated here as booty,

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however, discipline

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in the Red Army was gradually strengthened and its

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numbers increased; the Czechoslovaks were not

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particularly eager to fight in Russia and, with the

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growing resistance on the part of the Reds,

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they preferred to refrain from active

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participation in the battles, the

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Czechoslovak shelon and the

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Volga and Urals moved to Siberia,

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the people's army of the democratic komuch

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in many ways resembled the Russian army

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in the era of the provisional government, many

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units were undisciplined, the officers

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there did not enjoy authority, the most

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combat-ready units were the regiments of

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Izhevsk and Botkin workers in August

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1918, who

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rebelled against the Bolsheviks and after the

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suppression of the uprising that broke through to

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join the people's army

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in September, the Komuch troops suffered a number of

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defeats. On

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September 10, the Reds occupied Kazan.

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cheese Nikolai Avksentyev help

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abandoned claims to supreme

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power and began to be called the

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Congress of Members of the Constituent Assembly

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in October, under the blows of the Reds, the directory

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moved to Omsk

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here on November 18 and, with the support of

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officers and Cossacks, overthrew Admiral Kolchak

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whom they themselves invited to the

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post of Minister of War Avksentyev and

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part members of the directory were sent

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abroad, others were arrested, and after an

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unsuccessful uprising of Omsk workers

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against Kolchak, a number of former

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members of Mucha,

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including Volsky, went underground and

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decided to stop the armed

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struggle with Soviet power.

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Kolchak became the supreme ruler

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in the war that began. Both sides used terror

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officially red. terror was declared by the

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Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars by

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decree of September 5, 1918

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after the murder on August 30 in Petrograd of

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the head of the local check

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Moisei Uritsky to students by Leonid K not

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Sidir and the failed attempt on the

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same day in Moscow on Lenin's life by

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professional

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revolutionary Fanny Kaplan, both

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attempted, although they belonged to

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quarrels they acted alone and not on

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behalf of the party,

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in response, the check announced that henceforth they

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would shoot for attempts on representatives of the Soviet government, and hostages

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from the wealthy classes of the population,

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intelligentsia officers and all those

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suspected of counter-revolutionary

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activities,

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only in Petrograd, after the shots at

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Uritsky and Lenin, 500 hostages were executed

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in fact, the Red Terror was

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launched much earlier, at least

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at the beginning of 1918, already in January of this

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year the Council of People's Commissars announced the creation of

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labor battalions from the bourgeoisie

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resisting mobilization into these

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battalions,

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as well as counter-revolutionary

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agitators were ordered to be shot

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on the spot

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in June 1918, Lenin demands encouragement

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of energy and the masses can be seen from terror and

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Trotsky proclaimed

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intimidation is a powerful

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means of politics and you have to be a

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hypocritical bigot not to understand this. On

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July 17, 1918, by the decision of Lenin and

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Sverdlov, the royal family was shot

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along with the remaining servants loyal to it;

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peasants who did not want to

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give up the grain of the pond were shot by a detachment or simply

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taken hostage for the actions of those who

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rebelled against the Soviet regime;

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former manufacturers; bankers;

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landowners; deputies of the Duma;

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officers; only a small part of the victims of the

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Red Terror actually

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participated in counter-revolutionary

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conspiracies and, in one form or another, fought

00:10:03

against the Soviet regime; they were not

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inferior in cruelty to the Reds and Whites;

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they did not kill only their opponents, but

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even those who sympathized with the new government, the same

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Kolchak carried out the death penalty and established

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punitive detachments

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since 1918, under the influence of rumors about the

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forced redistribution of land,

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anti-Soviet protests began to arise

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when German troops appeared on the Don, the

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Cossack elite entered into a conspiracy with them

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here the Don army was formed,

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led by General Krasnov, the

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Cossacks had significantly larger

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land plots than the peasant

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population of Russia and did not gain anything

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from Lenin’s decree on land,

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but primarily suffered from the

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Bolshevik surplus appropriation and

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requisitions; this made the Cossacks

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opponents of Soviet power, but

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outside their lands they fought very

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reluctantly the Soviets formed the southern front

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and in December stopped the Cossack

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offensive soon after the Germans left

00:11:08

all the White Guards went under the banner of

00:11:10

Denikin he declared himself the supreme

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commander in chief of the armed forces of the

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south of Russia

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the Bolsheviks had the advantage of unity

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of command and the ability to act

00:11:22

along internal operational lines as

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Trotsky noted after the capture of Kazan

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by the Czechs for the first time everyone understood that the country was

00:11:29

facing mortal danger, the

00:11:32

main forces were sent to the eastern

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front as the closest at that moment

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to the vital centers of the country, Soviet

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troops occupied the Volga region and fought already in the

00:11:42

Urals; it was to the benefit of the Bolsheviks that it was

00:11:45

not the Central Powers, not the Entente busy with the

00:11:47

last decisive battles of the First

00:11:50

World War, they could not provide

00:11:52

significant assistance to the whites

00:11:55

in November 1918,

00:11:58

Germany and its allies capitulated; the

00:12:00

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk lost its power; the red army

00:12:04

moved to Ukraine in Belarus and

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the Baltic states; Lenin and other

00:12:09

party leaders hoped that it would be possible not only to

00:12:11

liberate Russian territory but and

00:12:14

ignite the fire of the world revolution in Poland,

00:12:17

Germany and other countries for some

00:12:20

time, the main efforts of the Soviet troops

00:12:22

were transferred to the west and southwest

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