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00:00:04

hello guys, my name is

00:00:07

Tatyana Gennadievna Belousova,

00:00:08

I’m a chemistry teacher, today we will

00:00:11

deal with very interesting substances,

00:00:14

one of the most important substances that

00:00:17

our body has, and we will get acquainted with the

00:00:21

composition of the two most wonderful,

00:00:25

probably huge molecules that

00:00:27

our body has, these are nucleic acids

00:00:30

DNA and RNA, and so on where does the

00:00:35

name of this type of substance come from, but first of all,

00:00:38

the word acid says that they obviously do

00:00:41

not exhibit an acidic character

00:00:43

due to which it does not, we will now

00:00:45

find out the word nucleic

00:00:48

comes from the Latin word nucleus,

00:00:51

which means nucleus, nucleic

00:00:55

acids were first discovered in the 19th century but their

00:00:58

true biological role was discovered

00:01:01

in the second half of the twentieth century;

00:01:04

nucleic acids are located in the nuclei of

00:01:07

the cell and so what do nucleic acids consist of?

00:01:25

either ribose or

00:01:30

deoxyribose, and also a

00:01:33

fairly large number of mixtures have been formed,

00:01:36

which consist of nitrogenous bases,

00:01:40

this is overcome by guanine, and so on,

00:01:43

so nucleic acids have

00:01:47

the following components in their composition,

00:01:50

firstly, they contain a

00:01:52

phosphoric acid residue, they include

00:01:55

carbohydrates

00:01:56

in the basins, ribose or deoxyribose and

00:01:59

includes nitrogenous bases, now I would

00:02:03

like to draw your attention to

00:02:05

the formula given here, the fact is that

00:02:08

if you carry out partial hydrolysis of

00:02:10

nucleic acids, they break down into

00:02:14

creatine and what is shown here is a

00:02:17

nucleotide and let's look at this

00:02:21

part in this formula, this part

00:02:24

is a residue of inorganic

00:02:29

orthophosphoric acid, as many as three in four,

00:02:32

it is due to this residue that they

00:02:34

exhibit acidic properties, this

00:02:38

part in this in this nucleotides

00:02:41

makes up a carbohydrate carbohydrate pento for

00:02:45

which, pay attention, I put it

00:02:48

here in this position and this is number two

00:02:51

carbon atoms x where x can be either a

00:02:56

group a or x can be hydrogen

00:02:59

and what it depends on

00:03:02

what kind of monosaccharides there will be here

00:03:05

if for example x

00:03:08

pay attention it will be your group then

00:03:10

accordingly it will be beta

00:03:13

ribose if instead of x it will be

00:03:17

this hydrogen

00:03:18

then accordingly it there will be

00:03:21

deoxyribose now moving away from the carbohydrate

00:03:26

bases these bases are

00:03:28

nitrogenous bases

00:03:30

and among them there are such

00:03:33

nitrogenous bases, respectively 5

00:03:36

substances of which the first ones you see

00:03:40

in this series are uracil thymine and cytosine such

00:03:44

bases are called pyrimidine

00:03:49

pyrimidine they are so called because

00:03:52

they are pyrimidine derivatives

00:03:54

include uracil

00:03:57

uracil is called differently in

00:03:59

modern nomenclature 24 deux and

00:04:02

pyrimidine is also thymine is 5-methyl 24

00:04:07

deux and pyrimidine or 5 methyluracil and

00:04:11

also cytosine cytosine is 4 amines 2 oxa

00:04:15

pyrimidine and this may also include so-

00:04:19

called purine bases

00:04:21

and the purine bases to which

00:04:26

adenine belongs adenine is called 6 amine purine

00:04:29

or guanine, respectively 2 min a6 axa

00:04:33

axa purine and so you look,

00:04:36

guitars are called cycles for a reason

00:04:39

and nitrogen guitars are not called cycles for

00:04:42

a reason because in their cycles,

00:04:44

pay attention, there is

00:04:46

nitrogen, respectively, very often

00:04:49

found and oxygen and in

00:04:51

this form, that is, when there is a double

00:04:54

bond oxygen why are they called

00:04:56

bases because you

00:04:59

have n h groups in their composition and these are

00:05:01

actually derivatives of amines and therefore

00:05:05

they behave like a base,

00:05:06

so in any nucleotides

00:05:09

there is such a set of chemicals

00:05:12

substances that are connected to each other,

00:05:15

now let's figure out what kind of bond

00:05:18

this bond is called

00:05:21

ester and this bond is called,

00:05:26

respectively, glyca visible glyca terrestrial

00:05:30

bond, while phosphoric acid can

00:05:33

approach

00:05:34

either the fifth carbon atom,

00:05:37

respectively, or it can also approach the

00:05:39

third carbon atom,

00:05:42

respectively

00:05:44

the nucleotide is combined in this way and this means

00:05:48

what components are included in nucleic

00:05:50

acids we have found out now

00:05:52

let’s find out what types of

00:05:55

nucleic acids there are and what their composition will be,

00:05:59

which means the fact is that

00:06:03

depending on what type of carbohydrates are

00:06:07

included in the composition of the nucleic acid they are

00:06:10

divided into DNA this

00:06:14

name stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

00:06:17

and the second type is called rnk,

00:06:22

it stands for ribonucleic

00:06:23

acid now let's you and me what is

00:06:27

included in the composition of each of these

00:06:29

nucleic

00:06:30

salts and so first of all the

00:06:33

orthophosphoric acid residue is included and it is

00:06:37

included in both DNA and RNA residue

00:06:43

h3 pyu 4 I’ll emphasize once again that’s why

00:06:46

they exhibit the properties of acids. The

00:06:48

composition of DNA includes beta

00:06:53

deoxyribose, its formula once again

00:06:59

draw attention to the fact that

00:07:02

RNA also contains beta, only now

00:07:05

ribose, which differs in that in

00:07:09

deoxyribose

00:07:10

x is hydrogen, that is, you have one group

00:07:13

less than were in the base

00:07:14

now the composition of both DNA and RNA includes the so-

00:07:18

called, I will repeat again, nitrogenous

00:07:22

bases, these nitrogenous bases,

00:07:28

if we now write let’s

00:07:30

abbreviate here let it be uracil t thymine

00:07:35

c, respectively, cytosine

00:07:38

adenine with the letter and guanine with the letter g,

00:07:41

then we can write it like this DNA

00:07:44

includes purine bases adenine guanine

00:07:50

and the composition of DNA and RNA

00:07:54

this set is the same, that is,

00:07:57

their purine bases are absolutely the same,

00:08:01

please look, and the composition of DNA also

00:08:05

includes cytosine

00:08:08

and thymine, the composition of RNA includes cytosine and

00:08:15

uracil, these bases are called

00:08:19

pyrimidine pyrimidine then we

00:08:23

can make a so-called

00:08:26

vein diagram, how are they similar and what is the difference and so

00:08:29

that the composition between DNA and RNA is the same,

00:08:33

what is included in the

00:08:35

orthophosphoric acid residue is the same

00:08:38

is the presence of

00:08:39

both purines, the

00:08:41

base is adenine guanine and also 1

00:08:44

pyrimidine in the base and tacito

00:08:47

and how they differ. DNA differs in

00:08:52

that it contains the

00:08:53

carbohydrate pento for deoxyribose and the

00:08:56

composition of RNA is beta

00:08:58

ribose and they also differ in one

00:09:01

nitrogenous base of pyrimidine,

00:09:04

please look here it is thymine and

00:09:07

here it is uracil so in

00:09:11

composition these substances look from the point of view of

00:09:13

chemistry they look exactly like this

00:09:17

and I would also like to draw your attention to the fact

00:09:19

that nucleic acids are biopolymers

00:09:25

biopolymers monomers of which are

00:09:30

once again substances that we call,

00:09:35

respectively, nucleotides, this is the

00:09:41

monomer unit that is the composition of

00:09:44

nucleic acids, and

00:09:46

that is, this is the smallest section

00:09:48

which, accordingly, then

00:09:49

continues nucleotides include

00:09:53

residues of orthophosphoric acid, I will denote by

00:09:56

the letter f the composition of the carbohydrate and the nitrogenous

00:10:01

base the nitrogenous base

00:10:04

a in this, nucleotides have an integral part

00:10:08

under the part, let's say this is nucleosides,

00:10:13

nucleosides consists only of a

00:10:16

carbohydrate, respectively, and a

00:10:20

nitrogenous base, then it is obvious that

00:10:23

first of all it turns out that DNA RNA

00:10:27

they will definitely differ in

00:10:30

composition

00:10:31

nucleosides but nitrogenous bases, as we

00:10:34

just said, can partially be in them

00:10:36

I repeat this about the composition of nucleic

00:10:40

acids, I hope the position of chemistry is clear to you, the picture of the

00:10:43

constituent components is accordingly

00:10:46

clear, but we will talk about what functions

00:10:49

these wonderful

00:10:51

clenic acids perform in the

00:10:54

next lesson, don’t miss it,

00:10:57

please, it will really be very interesting,

00:11:00

goodbye guys

00:11:02

[music]

00:11:10

[music]

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