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ферромагнетизм

ферромагнетики

точка Кюри

феррит

диамагнетики

эфир

гистерезис

парамагнетики

Магнитные свойства вещества

пермаллой

домен

коэрцитивная сила

свободная энергия

остаточная намагниченность

магнитострикция

00:00:16

All substances in the nature around us, to

00:00:20

one degree or another, have magnetic

00:00:23

properties. Even in ancient times, the

00:00:28

amazing ability of

00:00:29

some minerals to attract iron

00:00:32

objects was known. Among the numerous

00:00:37

navigational instruments

00:00:38

necessary for plotting the course of a

00:00:40

ship or airplane, a

00:00:43

magnetic compass is also necessarily present

00:00:50

in the most precise measuring instruments. The number of

00:00:53

main parts

00:00:54

permanent magnets are

00:01:04

now well known that

00:01:08

not only ide has strong magnetic properties;

00:01:10

this includes cobalt and nickel,

00:01:18

alloys based on them and some rare

00:01:21

earth

00:01:22

elements;

00:01:31

all these substances and alloys are called

00:01:34

ferromagnets; what unites them is the

00:01:38

ability of spontaneous spontaneous

00:01:41

magnetization;

00:01:43

these properties of ferromagnets

00:01:46

are used to create permanent magnets

00:01:48

magnets the presence in the atoms of the substance is not

00:01:53

compensated for their magnetic moments

00:01:55

is a necessary condition for the

00:01:57

emergence of ferromagnetism

00:02:10

in the Defoe experiment of Einstein, based on the magnitude of

00:02:13

twisting during magnetization of the sample,

00:02:15

it was proven that yesterday magnetism is associated

00:02:19

with the spin of the magnetic moments of

00:02:21

electrons

00:02:30

exchange interaction of electrons at

00:02:33

certain ratios of the diameter of the atom

00:02:35

and the internal unfilled shell

00:02:38

leads to a parallel orientation of the

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spin-off; it is possible only with a

00:02:44

positive value of the integral of the

00:02:46

exchange energy. Ultimately, the

00:02:50

ferromagnet

00:02:52

is established in such a

00:02:54

spin-off orientation that provides the

00:02:56

minimum value of the sum of the energy of the

00:02:59

magnetic and exchange interaction; the

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region with uniform spontaneous

00:03:05

magnetization is called a domain;

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this

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arrangement of domains is energetically most favorable in which they

00:03:14

create a closed magnetic circuit between

00:03:18

neighboring domains with different

00:03:20

directions of magnetization, there are

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transition layers

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called domain boundaries or walls,

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in which a gradual rotation of the

00:03:32

magnetization vector occurs; ferromagnetic

00:03:37

properties of substances exist only in a

00:03:40

certain temperature region; the

00:03:43

temperature at which ferromagnetic materials

00:03:45

completely lose ferromagnetic properties

00:03:48

is called the point and the

00:03:53

shape and size of domains on the surface of a

00:03:56

ferromagnet can be seen under a

00:03:59

microscope, a

00:04:04

colloidal solution of ferromagnetic

00:04:06

powder is applied to an iron plate, which is deposited at the boundaries of

00:04:09

the domains; this method proposed by bits of frames

00:04:18

and oculum allows one to observe changes in the

00:04:21

shape of domains; the size and configuration of

00:04:25

the location of ferromagnetic domains

00:04:28

significantly depends on the magnetic

00:04:30

anisotropy of its crystals, for example in an

00:04:39

elementary crystalline cell,

00:04:41

iron, the

00:04:43

edges of the cube correspond to the direction of the

00:04:46

easiest magnetization of

00:04:48

iron crystals; the

00:04:56

diagonal of the game does not determine the direction of

00:05:00

average magnetization; the direction of the

00:05:07

most difficult magnetization

00:05:09

coincides with the diagonals of the cube; the area on

00:05:16

the graph characterizes the energy of magnetic

00:05:19

anisotropy

00:05:22

in the absence of an external field; the magnetic

00:05:25

moments of the domains are

00:05:27

oriented along the directions of easy

00:05:30

magnetization as a whole the sample is

00:05:33

demagnetized in weak fields, the growth of

00:05:41

those domains whose magnetization direction

00:05:43

makes a smaller angle with the

00:05:47

direction of the external field occurs; this process is

00:05:56

reversible if the external field is removed; the sample is

00:06:02

demagnetized and

00:06:08

with an increase in the external field,

00:06:11

further growth of domains occurs, which

00:06:13

stops due to defects in the

00:06:16

crystals when the field reaches a

00:06:19

certain value; the growing walls

00:06:22

domains jump over obstacles

00:06:25

due to this process, the

00:06:28

magnetization curve has a stepwise

00:06:31

character;

00:06:34

jump-like changes in magnetization

00:06:37

create voltage pulses in the solenoid coil

00:06:39

as they approach;

00:06:45

magnets of the ferromagnet are

00:06:46

heard in dynamics and pikes; this stage

00:06:51

ends with the transformation of the sample into one

00:06:53

domain; the magnetic moment in which the transition of

00:06:56

easy magnetization makes

00:06:59

the smallest angle with the direction of the external

00:07:02

field with a further increase in the field, the

00:07:08

magnetization vector rotates from the

00:07:12

axis of easy magnetization towards the

00:07:14

external field until they coincide;

00:07:20

this section is called the region of

00:07:23

technical saturation of the ferromagnet

00:07:25

and the corresponding value of the field is field

00:07:29

saturation; if from this value the field is

00:07:38

reduced to zero, the residual magnetization phenomenon will remain in the sample the

00:07:49

lag of magnetization from the

00:07:51

external field strength is

00:07:53

called hysteresis; closing domains,

00:08:01

creating a closed magnetic circuit,

00:08:04

reduce stray fields

00:08:06

and reduce the free energy of the sample;

00:08:12

residual magnetization is defined

00:08:15

as the difference between the magnetic

00:08:17

saturation of a ferromagnet and the

00:08:19

magnetization of the closing domains; in order to

00:08:25

demagnetize the sample,

00:08:26

it is necessary to apply a

00:08:28

negative field to it, called the

00:08:31

cartive force, when the field reaches the

00:08:42

saturation value, a complete magnetization reversal of the ferromagnet will occur

00:08:49

with the next change in the field; the

00:08:52

magnetization curve closes a loop

00:08:55

called the

00:08:56

hysteresis loop; the hysteresis on I; the loop

00:09:06

for saturation conditions is called the

00:09:08

limiting loop; and;

00:09:29

love and alloys of

00:09:34

longitudinal and transverse magnets from the lecture

00:09:37

have different signs

00:09:46

magnetostrictive effects find a

00:09:49

variety of applications in technical

00:09:51

devices, for example, for excitation by

00:09:53

ultrasound in ultrasound generators, a

00:10:00

magnetostrictive transducer

00:10:01

converts electrical vibrations into

00:10:05

ultrasonic ones, and in this machine

00:10:11

ultrasound is used to test

00:10:13

samples of various materials for

00:10:16

mechanical strength ultrasound from a

00:10:22

magnetostrictive vibrator

00:10:24

is fed through a waveguide to the test

00:10:27

sample

00:10:34

to meet the needs of

00:10:36

various fields of science and technology; a

00:10:39

variety of ferromagnetic materials have been created; it is

00:10:43

generally accepted that two main

00:10:46

groups of magnets are distinguished: hard and soft magnetic;

00:10:51

one of the main requirements for magneto-

00:10:53

hard material is

00:10:55

their high magnetic strength;

00:11:00

soft materials are

00:11:01

magnetized to saturation at

00:11:04

small fields and have small losses due to

00:11:07

magnetization reversal,

00:11:11

energy losses in transformers depend on these parameters,

00:11:18

for example, in an electric power transmission line with a

00:11:21

capacity of 100 million volt amperes with

00:11:24

transformers at the ends, annual

00:11:27

losses amount to about five million

00:11:29

kilowatt-hours; one of the best

00:11:34

representatives of the group of soft magnetic

00:11:36

materials is considered to be small an alloy of

00:11:40

iron and nickel;

00:11:43

magnetization in weak fields is

00:11:46

tens of times greater than the

00:11:48

magnetization of iron;

00:11:51

magnetic ordered structures in

00:11:53

some substances differ from the

00:11:56

magnetic structure of ferromagnets; if in

00:12:01

iron cobalt and nickel and the spin

00:12:03

magnetic moments are directed parallel, then

00:12:07

in chromium and manganese they are antiparallel;

00:12:12

such substances are called

00:12:15

antiferromagnets me in in this case, the

00:12:20

magnetic sublattices are

00:12:23

compensated by spontaneous magnetization;

00:12:29

if in the crystals of the substance there is no complete

00:12:32

compensation of the magnetic sublattices, then it is

00:12:35

called a sphere magnet in front of one of the

00:12:43

examples of sphere magnets that are widely

00:12:45

used in technology.

00:12:55

The structure of ferrites is similar to the structure of the

00:12:57

mineral spinel in which both it and non-

00:13:00

ferromagnetic metals are replaced by

00:13:03

ferromagnetic ones

00:13:14

From the variety of examples of the use of

00:13:16

magnetic materials, we will talk about one thing,

00:13:20

namely the use of storage

00:13:25

devices for rapid storage of

00:13:29

information and uses memory on

00:13:32

ferrite rings a1 ferrite

00:13:36

core is enough to store

00:13:38

one bit of information;

00:13:47

special

00:13:50

magnetic disks and tape recorders serve as long-term high-capacity storage devices;

00:13:57

the surface of tapes and disks are

00:14:00

covered with a thin layer of magnetics. Recent

00:14:10

advances in the field of magnetic

00:14:11

materials have led to the creation of new

00:14:15

storage devices based on thin

00:14:17

magnetic films.

00:14:22

Here, in a thin layer of the sphere of magnetics, a

00:14:25

magnetic structure is formed

00:14:27

without closing domains. In this structure, the

00:14:31

magnetization vector is perpendicular to the

00:14:35

plane of the film; we will conventionally designate the

00:14:39

different directions of magnetization of

00:14:40

domains with symbols plus and minus

00:14:46

if the plane of the film is exposed to an

00:14:49

increasing field, then

00:14:52

closed cylindrical domains cmd

00:14:59

stable cnd are formed only in a

00:15:02

limited range of external

00:15:05

field values the external field and the field of the domain wall

00:15:09

tend to neigh the domain internal

00:15:14

demagnetizes and the film field

00:15:16

tends to

00:15:17

stretch it when these fields are in equilibrium, a

00:15:21

carrier appears information stable

00:15:25

cylindrical domain, a

00:15:28

remarkable feature of cmd is

00:15:32

their high mobility and small size, with an

00:15:36

increase in the external magnetic field, the

00:15:40

annihilation of cylindrical domains disappears.

00:15:56

pole, a domain located near the pole,

00:16:03

when the direction of the control

00:16:06

field changes in the magnetic domain, will move to the

00:16:09

opposite pole of the application,

00:16:13

such control is used to

00:16:16

build logical elements of

00:16:18

shift registers and storage

00:16:21

devices on cmd

00:16:25

T-shaped perma new structures create a

00:16:29

channel for the distribution of shift domains in your

00:16:32

register if the movement of the control field

00:16:36

occurs along clockwise

00:16:39

the domain moves from left to right

Description:

Фрактальные антенны и линии задержки http://crit1.ru/fractal/ Видеокурс "Антенны" http://crit1.ru/Antennas/ Комплекс уроков "Электричество" http://crit1.ru/Electricity2014/electricity.htm Проект "Научная Критика" - http://crit1.ru/ Группа ВК http://vk.com/club51080272 Партнерская программа Agency of Internet Rights: https://www.air.io/?aff=1122 ферромагнетизм, ферромагнетики, диамагнетики, парамагнетики, Магнитные свойства вещества, домен, точка Кюри, гистерезис, остаточная намагниченность, коэрцитивная сила, магнитострикция, пермаллой, феррит,

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