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Хаббл

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Великие изобретения

Великие изобретения человечества: телескоп Хаббл

00:00:01

images taken by the

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Hubble Space Telescope have probably been seen at least once by

00:00:06

everyone, but not everyone knows its

00:00:09

unique history and very difficult

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fate. At first it was planned that it

00:00:14

would work in low-Earth orbit for 15 years,

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but very soon it

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will celebrate its 30th anniversary in working order, but

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let's take it in order

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The idea of placing a telescope in earth orbit

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appeared during the war years in

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the works of the German engineer Hermann Oberth,

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but the theoretical justification for this

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was put forward in 1946 by the American

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astrophysicist Liman Spitzer.

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He was so captivated by the idea that he devoted

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most of his

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scientific career to its implementation. Usually, astronomers built

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their own observatories on the tops of mountains

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above the clouds and from the polluted

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atmosphere, but even then the image

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was distorted by air currents the

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clearest image is available only

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from outside the atmospheric observatory in space

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using a telescope you can see what is

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not visible to the human eye

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because the telescope collects more

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electromagnetic radiation the first

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orbital telescope was launched by

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Great Britain in 1962 and the USA in 1966, the

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successes of these devices finally

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convinced the world scientific community of the

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need to build a large

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space observatory capable of

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looking even into the very depths of the universe.

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Work on the project, which eventually

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turned into the Hubble telescope, began in

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1970, but for a long time funding

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was not sufficient for successful

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the implementation of the idea, there were periods when the

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American authorities completely

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suspended financial flows; the

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limbo ended in 1977,

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seventy-eight, different sources

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write differently for some reason when the

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US Congress allocated

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36 million dollars for the creation of an orbital laboratory,

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an impressive, I would even say a

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gigantic amount in those days,

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but in general the total budget of the project at the time of

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launch amounted to two and a half

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billion dollars, then in seventy-

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seven seventy-eight,

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active work began on the design and

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construction of the facility, which

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involved many scientific centers and

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technology companies with a

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total of about 32 institutions

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around the world.

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By the way, the telescope owes its name to

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the famous American astronomer

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Edwin Hubble, who in the 20s of the

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last century confirmed that in addition to the

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Milky Way galaxy in which the

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earth is located, there are also others,

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and many other discoveries were made. It was

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originally planned to put the

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telescope into orbit in 1983, but only

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in 1985 the creation of the telescope was

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definitely completed there are similarities with the more recent

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history of the James Webb parade isn't it in

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vain they say history

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repeats itself in general a telescope

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that only took

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seven or eight years to build was finally ready the

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parameters it had impressive

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the instrument consisted of 400 thousand

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parts and 50 kilometers electrical wires, the

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constructed telescope was a

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satellite with a length of 13 point three

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meters, weighing about 12 and a

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half tons, together with installed

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instruments,

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it was stabilized in three axes

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using gyroscopes, the orientation accuracy

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reached 0 point 7 thousandths of arc

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seconds, 2 double-sided rotating solar

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panels on the telescope provided

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power 5 kilowatt In addition, the

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Hubble has six more batteries

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with a capacity of 60 amperes; a

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high-gain transceiver antenna allows you to receive

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data at speeds of 256 and 512 kilobits per

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second; detectors installed on the

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telescope allow you to record

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radiation in the range from 1050 to 8

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thousand angstroms; the

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telescope mirrors deserve

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they have their own story about this

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ahead, in general, this whole colossus the

00:04:12

height of a four-story building was

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planned to be launched in 1986, but it was

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in this year that the

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space shuttle Challenger crashed in

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which seven astronauts died. The

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tragedy forced us to once again revise the

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launch date of the object and only on April 24 In

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1990, Hubble finally

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went into space, it was assumed that the

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telescope would be 50 times greater than

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its ground-based counterparts in terms of the amount of

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collected light and an order of magnitude in

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spatial resolution.

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Edwin Hubble's telescopes began work

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while on earth the astronomical community was loudly applauding and rejoicing.

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very soon the initial

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euphoria and joy gave way to sadness and

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disappointment, unlike a

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spyglass in which lenses are used to collect and

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focus light in

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large astronomical telescopes; this

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function is performed by mirrors; telescopes with the

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largest mirrors should have

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the best image since they collect the

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largest amount of radiation and although

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the diameter Hubble's main mirror is only

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two point four meters smaller than the

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most common telescopes on earth; it

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can see objects 100 times

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clearer and details are 10 times finer than

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better ground-based telescopes, and this is

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because it is located above the distorting

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atmosphere. By the way, the device is equipped with an

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auxiliary mirror with a diameter of 0.3

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meters Hubble this reflecting telescope was

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originally supposed to be lowered

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to earth using a shuttle every

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five years, repaired, corrected,

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improved, and in addition, every

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two and a half years,

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serviced in orbit, part of the

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telescope’s iron had a reliability life of just

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about two and a half years, however

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Ground servicing was soon

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abandoned due to concerns about contamination and

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deformation when lifting up to

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photograph the sky. There are

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two main instruments on board: 1

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wide-angle planetary camera

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is designed for photographing

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planets and large celestial areas

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2 faint object camera can

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take close-ups of small,

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blurry objects

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such as individual galaxies after

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launching this camera, NASA operators

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tried to focus the telescope, but to

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their horror they discovered that not a single

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image even had approximately the

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clarity

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that they were counting on. Finding out the

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reason led to the main mirror, which

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was considered the most perfect, there

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were special hopes for it, why did

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this happen, who is to blame who? 10 years of

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planing thought the designers were

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joking, of course,

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in fact, as a result of the

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research, it turned out that the manufacturer

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simply polished the mirror at a slightly

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inaccurate angle of curvature

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and therefore it had the wrong shape,

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imagine a very tiny little thing, a

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small mistake that cost so much, the

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error in the arc parameters was

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only one fifteenth

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human hair, but this meant that the beam of

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light rays incident on the outer part of the

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mirror does not intersect with the beam of

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light rays incident on the central

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part, this error is called a

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spherical operation,

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amazingly, but the telescope has never

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been tested on the ground, which could

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prevent the error even before its launch,

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and here the question is: what those same ones did for almost

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five years from 1986 to 1990,

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but now it is clear why

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every detail in the James Webb telescope is so carefully checked

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and its launch is often postponed; scientists

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eliminated by computer the distorting

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effect in the telescope images; among

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what was seen was the well-known effect of a

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gravitational lens; a phenomenon observed

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when a beam of light passes through a strong

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gravitational field, deflecting and

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creating several images literally a

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few months after the

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Hubble was launched into the layer of clouds above Saturn, a

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huge storm broke out, the telescope

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was immediately aimed at the planet,

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because such storms are an extremely rare phenomenon,

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occurring no more than once every 30 years

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at the beginning of the storm above Saturn formed a

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large white spot, which then began

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to stretch, and a ring of clouds formed the

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equator of the planet, which made it possible for

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astronomers to record winds blowing at

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high altitudes. The design of the telescope

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made it possible to repair it directly in

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orbit; engineers provided

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additional corrective optics and

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failures of optical devices, just like

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glasses correct human vision; this

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system called castor, the

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corrective optics unit launched in

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December 1993, the space shuttle

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Endeavor reached the telescope at an altitude of about

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600 kilometers; a remotely controlled

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mechanical arm grabbed the Hubble and

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brought it into the cargo bay, where for

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five days two teams of

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astronauts mounted replacement

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devices

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while working in outer space; the effect

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was surpassed all expectations,

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not thanks to the Custard system, the telescope

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began to see even better than originally

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planned; nowadays, the need for the

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system has already disappeared; all instruments on

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board the telescope have built-in systems for

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correcting the defect of the

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main mirror; in March 2002, the

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Hubble telescope was additionally

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equipped with an improved viewing

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camera with increased

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sensitivity as to visible and

00:09:50

ultraviolet light, the installation

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increased the efficiency of observations by 10

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times; in total, since Hubble was put into

00:09:57

orbit, space expeditions have been sent to it five times; the

00:10:00

last time

00:10:02

Hubble was visited was in May 2009. By the way,

00:10:07

it’s worth talking about Hubble’s instruments

00:10:09

in more detail, and so it has a

00:10:13

wide-angle planetary The camera she

00:10:16

took almost all the stunning

00:10:18

landscape photographs consists of three large

00:10:21

square CCD matrices located at an

00:10:24

angle and 1 smaller one, but with better

00:10:26

resolution, inserted into an empty corner.

00:10:28

Because of this design, many pictures look

00:10:30

like a chipped square, and

00:10:34

there is also a two-dimensional spectrograph that is capable of

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recording the spectrum of many objects

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at the same time, the sensitivity range

00:10:41

from hard ultraviolet to the

00:10:43

infrared region is much wider than what

00:10:45

can be obtained on the ground, a near-

00:10:48

infrared camera and a multi-object

00:10:51

spectrometer are sensitive in the region of

00:10:55

0.8-2.5 microns beyond the visible

00:10:58

range requires cold therefore it

00:11:01

works in Győr

00:11:02

it is such a laboratory brake with

00:11:04

frozen solid nitrogen such dior

00:11:07

keeps the cold

00:11:08

for years the next camera for faint

00:11:11

objects is made by the European space

00:11:14

agency has a record angular

00:11:17

resolution of up to 0.01 arc seconds

00:11:21

uses light intensifying tubes

00:11:24

for example stars are mostly very bright

00:11:26

so Komi

00:11:27

must be exposed with a light filter

00:11:29

because otherwise everything will be illuminated, well

00:11:33

As for flight control, it is

00:11:35

carried out by the Goddard Flight Center,

00:11:37

here the data is collected and its

00:11:40

primary processing within 24 hours,

00:11:43

the data is transferred to the scientific institute of the

00:11:44

space telescope, which is responsible

00:11:47

for the main processing and support of data

00:11:49

for use by the scientific community, the

00:11:51

hubble telescope operates as an

00:11:54

international observatory,

00:11:55

projects are considered from all over world

00:11:57

want competition for observation time is

00:12:00

very tough accepted on average 1

00:12:03

out of 10 projects

00:12:04

every day he transmits to the earth about 10-15

00:12:08

gigabytes of valuable scientific information during

00:12:11

this time he has already flown more than four

00:12:13

thousand one hundred eighty-four

00:12:15

billion kilometers and this is more than the

00:12:17

distance from earth to uranium in our

00:12:21

time, Hubble remains an indispensable

00:12:22

telescope, although it’s quite difficult to

00:12:26

call it old,

00:12:27

let’s grow up next year on

00:12:32

April 24, 2020, the Edwin Hubble telescope

00:12:35

will celebrate its 30th anniversary

00:12:37

without exaggeration, it is one of the main

00:12:40

inventions of mankind in the last

00:12:42

quarter of the last century thanks to this

00:12:47

telescope scientists expanded their

00:12:48

ideas about space,

00:12:50

revised old theories and built

00:12:52

new ones that explain

00:12:55

astronomical phenomena in more detail, hubble made a

00:12:58

number of important discoveries,

00:13:00

the characteristics of our universe that

00:13:02

previously existed only in our

00:13:05

imagination will help you wake up, do not forget to subscribe

00:13:08

to our channel, because what could be better than a cool

00:13:11

autumn or winter in the evening with a cup of

00:13:13

hot tea

00:13:14

watching the channel is interesting and no this is

00:13:18

not my narcissistic thought this is a quote from

00:13:20

our regular viewer until new

00:13:23

interesting meetings

Description:

Это [Интересно] - Великие изобретения человечества: телескоп Хаббл Ссылки: https://www.space.com/15892-hubble-space-telescope.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope https://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/ https://thebabel.net/texts/29257-dvadcat-devyat-let-nazad-v-kosmos-zapustili-teleskop-habbl-vspominaem-samye-izvestnye-i-unikalnye-snimki-zvezd-planet-i-galaktik Ставьте лайк и подписывайтесь на канал Это Интересно! Загадки Солнечной системы: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x_IrdEWUTE&list=PLSCp31X5BXEqLOWl2izjRDgi0T5od-og- Тайны Вселенной, Теории, Гипотезы: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGCNVmrm3Fc&list=PLSCp31X5BXEpS3a-VWJuHW3S9i4ZAJVtp Занимательные объекты Космоса: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6PmPQfgWWc&list=PLSCp31X5BXErDSF4jYywdljeF-qrC4-sn Космос: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSCp31X5BXEr_Sg50P7Vj2AzifBBkfONM Наука: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSCp31X5BXEqswX2mwNpBl-f_U7um36Z3 Лучшие выпуски Это [Интересно]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSCp31X5BXEop7v6yZ7qZgoVZJkQ1P12q Сборники лучших выпусков: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSCp31X5BXErcOkKGTPLT4e_TG1FwbzrA вконтакте: http://vk.com/life_itsinteresting Музыка взята с библиотеки https://epidemicsound.com #Hubble #ЭтоИнтересно #Космос #ИсследованиеКосмоса #Вселенная #КаналКосмос #Космология #экзопланета #ИзучениеКосмоса #Космонавтика #ИзучениеПланет #КолонизацияКосмоса #Научпоп #Звезды #Астрономия #КосмическоеМировоззрение

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