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Электролитическая диссоциация

Электролиты

Электролиз

Электрохимический эквивалент вещества

00:00:09

we have looked at electric current

00:00:12

in metals

00:00:13

and today we will look at electric current in

00:00:17

liquids, in fact, we

00:00:21

have already seen how electric current flows through a liquid,

00:00:23

you can remember the experiment

00:00:25

in which this happened, we

00:00:33

inserted two electrodes into a solution of copper

00:00:35

sulfate

00:00:36

when demonstrating a chemical

00:00:38

effect current and what we observed as a

00:00:41

result of what we saw what happened

00:00:45

on one of the electrons appeared on ice and

00:00:47

as we later said this is copper, so

00:00:50

today we will talk about this in more

00:00:52

detail and so

00:00:54

the topic of the lesson is electric current in liquids

00:01:14

.

00:01:15

Faraday's law for electrolysis

00:01:34

electric current in liquids Faraday's law

00:01:39

for electrolysis homework notes

00:01:51

further in the textbook Bazhenova paragraph 19

00:01:58

Bozhinova

00:02:00

paragraph 9 paragraph 19 there in this textbook

00:02:05

there is exercise 19 on page 109

00:02:14

complete task numbers 4 and 5 and for

00:02:19

repetition preparation for the

00:02:22

test work on Gendenstein,

00:02:24

do tasks with numbers

00:02:33

17-30 1731 and 17:30 everyone

00:02:52

wrote down

00:02:54

well, now let's remember the experiment

00:02:58

that we already performed when we studied the

00:03:01

chemical effects of current, we took two

00:03:05

carbon electrodes like this, placed

00:03:08

them in a glass and filled this glass

00:03:13

with a solution in this case, copper

00:03:15

sulfate and connected in series

00:03:18

such a system, we can call it an

00:03:21

electrolytic bath, connected it

00:03:24

in series with a light bulb and connected it

00:03:26

to a current source and we saw that the

00:03:28

light bulb is on, once the light is on,

00:03:31

therefore an electric current flows in such a circuit,

00:03:33

let's restore the diagram of this circuit in the

00:03:37

figure and so we have vessels in

00:03:43

which there is some kind of solution, what

00:03:47

exactly we will not discuss for now,

00:03:50

carbon electrodes 1 and 2 are lowered into this vessel

00:03:56

and such an electrical circuit is assembled, a light

00:04:04

bulb, then a current source, I

00:04:10

will draw it abstractly like this, it

00:04:14

will be plus here minus here

00:04:20

and so, accordingly, this left carbon

00:04:24

electrode is connected to the positive

00:04:26

pole through the light bulb, this electrode is

00:04:29

connected to the negative,

00:04:31

this is the system we used

00:04:35

when we talked about the chemical action of

00:04:37

current, let's now recreate this system, here are the

00:04:40

carbon electrodes, here is

00:04:44

the cup, now we will connect the carbon

00:04:49

electrodes in series with the light bulb to to the

00:04:51

current source so that it is convenient for you to observe all this,

00:04:54

let's do it all in close-up

00:05:04

like this, here's a glass, carbon

00:05:10

electrodes,

00:05:11

lower them into the glass, now one of the

00:05:16

electrodes, here I have a plus sign

00:05:18

drawn, connect to the positive

00:05:21

terminal of the

00:05:22

current source, connect the negative to the

00:05:30

negative terminal of the current source, but

00:05:32

for this so that we can observe the

00:05:34

flow of current,

00:05:36

we turn on the light bulb in series in that diagram, the light bulb

00:05:39

is turned on in the positive to the

00:05:42

positive pole, we to the

00:05:43

negative, this value does not matter since

00:05:45

they are connected in series, then the

00:05:48

current strength will still be in the light bulb and in

00:05:51

this future electrolytic

00:05:54

bath. in the same way, we connect to the

00:05:57

current source, apply a voltage of about

00:06:01

4 volts, apply a light bulb that is

00:06:04

designed for four volts and check the

00:06:06

serviceability of the system with a

00:06:08

metal spoon, we connect the

00:06:10

electrodes to each other and see that

00:06:14

electric current flows,

00:06:15

now there is air in the glass, now

00:06:18

let’s play a little, take an

00:06:22

ordinary kitchen utensil salt and

00:06:25

pour it into a glass,

00:06:34

pour it in,

00:06:35

drop the electrodes in there, let's

00:06:38

add it, we don't mind,

00:06:40

salt is mined in large quantities in Ukraine,

00:06:45

here the voltage is applied,

00:06:48

if you look closely, the voltmeter needle

00:06:50

deviates, the contact may be broken,

00:06:54

the contact is in order through the crystalline

00:06:58

table salt, the current does not flow, take

00:07:02

a note, pull out the electrodes,

00:07:09

the following experiment let's

00:07:11

take a clean glass,

00:07:15

put the electrodes in it and take

00:07:20

clean water, pour clean water into the glass, the light

00:07:25

bulb does not light up,

00:07:33

and now the most interesting thing is to take

00:07:39

a little salt from the glass with salt and

00:07:43

pour it into the water, the light

00:07:48

bulb lights up and so what conclusions

00:07:55

can we draw with you,

00:07:57

let it burn for now through

00:08:04

the crystal sodium chlorine

00:08:09

through crystalline crystalline

00:08:14

salt table salt sodium chloride sodium

00:08:18

chlorine

00:08:21

current does not flow,

00:08:27

that is, crystalline sodium chloride

00:08:30

is not a conductor, this is the first fact

00:08:35

that we have established, the second fact is that

00:08:39

through pure water, current does not flow, that is,

00:08:42

pure water is

00:08:43

dielectric, through pure water, current does not

00:08:56

flow

00:09:00

but through a solution of salt in water, a

00:09:04

current flows through a solution of salt in water, a

00:09:16

current flows

00:09:25

crystalline sodium chlorine dielectric

00:09:30

pure water

00:09:33

dielectric solution of salt in water

00:09:37

conductor and now let's

00:09:40

play a little more with this installation

00:09:46

so that the light bulb does not burn out,

00:09:50

I will now disconnect and connect this light bulb

00:09:54

directly to the current source the second

00:09:59

electrode without a light bulb why am I

00:10:01

doing this I want to increase the current in the circuit

00:10:03

let's see what will happen

00:10:05

inside let's give it a little gas

00:10:14

as they say increase the voltage and

00:10:18

see what happens on the electrodes

00:10:22

gas bubbles are released where they are released

00:10:26

on which electrode on the negative

00:10:30

electrode

00:10:31

is good, but if you look closely at the

00:10:34

positive electrode,

00:10:37

gas bubbles are also released there, now Maxim,

00:10:40

can you come here among this side

00:10:46

please

00:10:48

smell this

00:10:51

and tell me what nitrogen smells like nitrogen has a smell did you go

00:10:58

swimming when ozone did you

00:11:02

ever go swimming in the pool

00:11:04

then it’s clear

00:11:05

guys what the water in the pool smells like

00:11:07

chlorine, sit down please thank you guys

00:11:11

one of the gases that are released here

00:11:13

is chlorine,

00:11:14

that is, we observe the release of a substance

00:11:18

on the electrode when a current flows through

00:11:21

this chloride solution, you

00:11:23

end up on the negative electrode,

00:11:27

1 gas is released on the positive another

00:11:30

time, what kind of gases are these, why are they

00:11:32

released, we will now begin to understand with you

00:11:34

and so we need to understand what is

00:11:36

happening in this situation, turn it off and

00:11:42

start thinking,

00:11:45

please tell me, in chemistry, you studied

00:11:48

what type of connection in Harris there is 3 and it and the

00:11:52

type of connection what is it this means that a

00:11:54

crystal of sodium chloride

00:11:57

is a large number of ions connected to

00:11:59

each other through a chemical bond,

00:12:03

what is the sign of sodium ions,

00:12:07

positive chlorine, negative if

00:12:12

crystalline sodium chloride does

00:12:15

not flow like that,

00:12:16

what can be said about the ability of these

00:12:20

ions to move, can these ions

00:12:23

move directed in the crystalline

00:12:25

porous on 3 no, the sprout does not flow and it also goes

00:12:27

into the ice cream into a crystal lattice, but

00:12:31

when we dissolve sodium chloride in

00:12:34

water, a current begins to flow through the water,

00:12:38

therefore the molecules of sodium chloride,

00:12:40

but actually there we can talk about one

00:12:43

macromolecule, crystals are such a super

00:12:45

large molecule that consists of

00:12:47

individual molecules of chlorine and no cry means that

00:12:50

it turns out that under the influence of water and what

00:12:54

is water is a solvent molecules in

00:12:59

our case sodium chloride

00:13:01

disintegrate into ions this process they have

00:13:04

their name maybe you know it

00:13:06

from chemistry lessons it is called

00:13:08

electrolytic dissociation

00:13:13

electrolytic dissociation

00:13:24

we will write electrolytic dissociation

00:13:28

is called electrolytic

00:13:30

dissociation is called the disintegration of molecules of

00:13:36

some chemical substances into ions;

00:13:41

electrolytic dissociation

00:13:43

is called the disintegration of molecules of some

00:13:47

substances into ions

00:13:50

under the influence of a solvent;

00:13:58

disintegration of molecules of some substances into ions under the influence of a solvent; disintegration of

00:14:04

molecules of some substances; a

00:14:11

chemical bond and an

00:14:14

ionic one that holds together a

00:14:16

positive charge positive ion a

00:14:19

3 and a negative chlorine ion

00:14:21

please tell me is there any

00:14:23

other way to destroy the crystal

00:14:25

lattice of a substance what does Sasha think

00:14:28

melt if we heat

00:14:30

sodium chloride then it will melt as a

00:14:34

result the crystal lattice

00:14:36

will collapse and this melt turns out to be an

00:14:39

excellent conductor of electric current, and

00:14:43

here we are dealing with substances that in a

00:14:49

solution or melt

00:14:51

conduct electric current; one

00:14:53

example is sodium chloride;

00:14:55

such substances are called electrolytes;

00:14:57

let’s write down substances; solutions and

00:15:00

melts of which conduct

00:15:04

electric current;

00:15:08

substances of solutions and melts of

00:15:12

which conduct electric current

00:15:15

are called electrolytes substances

00:15:23

solutions and melts that conduct

00:15:26

electric current

00:15:27

are called electrolytes and now

00:15:32

let's take a closer look at what

00:15:35

happens here

00:15:36

when there is a solution of sodium chloride,

00:15:40

for example, draw a large vessel here

00:15:49

two electrodes are lowered into it

00:15:55

1 is connected to the positive terminal of the

00:15:59

current source + 2 is connected to the

00:16:03

negative terminal of the source current

00:16:07

minus the electrode that is connected to the

00:16:12

positive terminal is called a

00:16:14

but the one that is connected to the

00:16:19

negative terminal is called cathodes

00:16:26

here the solution is for example sodium chloride

00:16:30

it is a mixture of

00:16:35

sodium ions positive

00:16:42

sodium plus

00:16:47

sodium plus and negative chlorine ions

00:16:53

chlorine minus chlorine minus when we

00:17:04

connect the voltage between between the anode and the

00:17:07

cathode, an electric field appears inside the solution

00:17:10

at the anode, an excess of

00:17:13

positive charges at the cathode, an excess of

00:17:19

negative charges, how do the

00:17:24

positive sodium ions relate

00:17:28

to the electric charge that is

00:17:30

on the anode,

00:17:31

they repel because like

00:17:34

charges repel, but they are

00:17:36

attracted to the code and they begin

00:17:38

to move towards the cathode sodium ions move

00:17:44

towards the cathode due to the fact that they have a

00:17:46

positive electric charge,

00:17:49

chlorine ions, on the contrary, are repelled from the cathode and

00:17:52

attracted to the anode,

00:17:57

we can say that here there is a

00:18:00

directed movement of charged particles,

00:18:03

yes, of course we can say that there

00:18:08

is a directional movement of

00:18:09

charged particles here, and in one word it

00:18:12

can be called as current occurs

00:18:15

electric current and so the

00:18:17

electric current in electrolytes

00:18:21

is caused by or represents the

00:18:24

directional movement of ions we write the

00:18:27

electric current in electrolytes

00:18:30

represents the directional movement of

00:18:33

ions

00:18:40

represents the directional movement of

00:18:42

ions and

00:18:43

note the positive

00:18:47

ions move towards the cathode therefore

00:18:51

positive ions are called cations

00:18:55

positive ions

00:18:59

are called cations

00:19:01

from the words cathode and sodium is a cation,

00:19:09

but we can take for example not

00:19:13

sodium chloride, but there chloride can also have a

00:19:15

cation,

00:19:16

and it’s interesting that copper can be 1-

00:19:19

valent and there are divalent cations,

00:19:23

we can take potassium, this is also a cation, we can

00:19:27

take some other ions, for example,

00:19:30

iron can be double maybe

00:19:34

triple not zero

00:19:36

these are all cations but those are the ones that

00:19:41

move towards the anode that is, negative

00:19:45

ions are called anions

00:19:49

negative ions anions

00:19:56

one example of anions is chlorine chlorine

00:20:01

minus besides we could take

00:20:06

not sodium chloride for example but hydrochloric

00:20:09

acid then well, or take sulfuric

00:20:13

acid so4 twice ionized

00:20:19

has a negative 2-fold charge

00:20:21

acid residues

00:20:23

are anions but now let's

00:20:27

see what happens to the ion

00:20:30

when it reaches the electrode sodium

00:20:33

comes to the cathode chlorine comes to not let's

00:20:36

start with chlorine, it's easier here

00:20:38

chlorine has an extra electron and so

00:20:49

he and and he when he comes to the anode what

00:20:52

happens to this electron he gives up

00:20:55

this electron by the way what is the name of the

00:20:57

process of giving up electrons chemistry

00:20:59

by oxidation chlorine is oxidized as a result the

00:21:03

result is an atom of chlorine but chlorine

00:21:06

has such chemical properties

00:21:08

that it combines immediately into molecules or chlorine does not

00:21:11

combine

00:21:14

2 combine so as a result,

00:21:17

bubbles are formed here

00:21:20

that float up and have a

00:21:23

specific smell, the smell is the same as

00:21:26

we smell when we visit

00:21:28

swimming pools, which means

00:21:32

chlorine gas is released at the anode

00:21:34

and what happens at the cathode, it

00:21:39

turns out it all depends on what kind of

00:21:41

cation we have, what happens there with sodium is

00:21:45

important sodium reaches the cathode, it

00:21:51

lacks an electron, it receives the

00:21:54

missing electron, it turns into a

00:21:56

sodium atom and it would seem that

00:22:01

metallic sodium should be deposited on the cathode,

00:22:02

so it would be if it didn’t

00:22:06

interact with water for three, if for

00:22:09

example we took non-sodium chloride,

00:22:11

sodium chloride be able to or copper

00:22:13

sulfate

00:22:14

would actually emit metal at the cathode

00:22:16

have these are used in

00:22:19

many technical applications which will be

00:22:21

discussed tomorrow when we

00:22:22

talk about electrons and the use of

00:22:26

electrolysis and what happens here is that

00:22:28

sodium, once in water,

00:22:32

interacts with water and as a result

00:22:39

hydrogen

00:22:43

and alkali are obtained plus

00:22:50

sodium a h it remains to arrange

00:22:53

the coefficients 222

00:23:01

look at sodium on the left two atoms on the right

00:23:05

two atoms here we have how many hydrogens

00:23:11

here we have 1 2 there are only 4 here yes there are two

00:23:17

and here everything seems to be correct it seems everything is

00:23:21

correct means that what happens is hydrogen

00:23:24

is released in the form of a gas and sodium

00:23:30

is converted in sodium oxide hydrate

00:23:33

branches above by the way, if we

00:23:36

passed an electric current for a long time on 3 yours,

00:23:39

too, that alkali

00:23:40

can somehow

00:23:44

be identified as this alkali, say that it is an

00:23:46

alkaline medium, that there are indicators for this,

00:23:50

phenolphthalein, for example,

00:23:52

is painted in such a crimson

00:23:54

purple color and so we

00:23:56

we are observing with you we are observing the release of a

00:23:59

substance on the electrodes when an

00:24:03

electric current flows through an electrolyte,

00:24:05

this process is called electrolysis, let's

00:24:08

write electrolysis, the process of releasing a substance on the electrodes is called the process of

00:24:18

releasing a substance on the electrodes when an

00:24:21

electric current flows through an

00:24:27

electrolyte, electrolysis is called the

00:24:32

process of releasing a

00:24:35

substance on the electrodes when an

00:24:39

electric current flows through electrolytes

00:24:43

when an electric current flows

00:24:45

through the electrolytes, and now let's set

00:24:51

ourselves the following task:

00:24:53

find out what the mass of the substance

00:24:57

released on the electrodes depends on, what the

00:25:06

mass m of the substance released on the

00:25:23

electrodes depends on,

00:25:33

probably a lot can be said even without

00:25:36

conducting any experiments, indeed,

00:25:38

let's say we're talking about

00:25:41

but the same sodium that comes to the

00:25:45

cathode before it

00:25:46

interacts with water, or it can

00:25:48

be copper in a solution of copper chloride or

00:25:52

copper sulfate, the more molecules or

00:25:57

atoms of copper or sodium that come to the

00:26:00

electrode, the greater the mass, but after all,

00:26:03

each of these atoms

00:26:06

moving inside the electrolyte was an ion,

00:26:09

that is, it was a charge carrier, then we

00:26:13

can say that the number of atoms

00:26:16

that came to the electrode is directly

00:26:18

proportional to the number of ions, and

00:26:20

the number of ions, after all, each carries a charge, the

00:26:24

number of ions is proportional to the charge

00:26:26

that passed through the electrolytic well, that

00:26:29

is, we can write that the mass of the

00:26:32

substance released per electrode

00:26:35

should be directly proportional to the

00:26:38

charge that passed through the

00:26:40

electrolyte, well, through the electrolyte

00:26:43

, the charge that passed through the electrolyte, the charge that

00:26:59

passed through the electrolyte,

00:27:00

and if you have, for example, an ammeter,

00:27:04

then you can easily find this charge by taking

00:27:07

an ammeter and a watch, multiplying the current in the

00:27:13

electrolyte

00:27:14

by the time the current flows, you you can

00:27:17

write that the charge is equal to the

00:27:19

product of the current flowing

00:27:21

through the electrolyte and the time the current flows,

00:27:25

therefore the mass of the substance

00:27:28

released on the electrode is

00:27:30

directly proportional to the current strength in the

00:27:34

electrolyte

00:27:35

and the time the current flows,

00:27:37

and now let's think about what this

00:27:42

proportionality coefficient depends on,

00:27:54

what the proportionality coefficient depends on,

00:27:55

let's reason

00:27:58

so let's say you have a sodium ion, a

00:28:06

sodium atom has some mass and

00:28:10

it is silver and a sodium atom and there

00:28:13

silver is one valence chemical

00:28:16

elements before turning into ions

00:28:18

have an elementary charge plus on itself but

00:28:22

which of the ions has a greater mass by

00:28:26

3 or silver,

00:28:27

if you look at the periodic

00:28:30

table of elements, silver has a

00:28:33

relative atomic mass of 108, and sodium has a relative atomic mass of

00:28:36

23, it seems so, look what

00:28:39

happens:

00:28:41

silver atoms, if

00:28:45

a million of them pass through and they reach the cathode and

00:28:48

turn into metallic silver,

00:28:50

they will have a greater mass

00:28:52

than the same amount sodium atoms, although

00:28:55

the charge will pass through the same, so

00:28:58

this coefficient depends on the substance

00:29:02

from the substance from the substance of the vapor, denote this

00:29:11

coefficient with

00:29:13

some letter and give it

00:29:17

a name, the

00:29:20

mass of the substance released on the

00:29:23

electrode is directly proportional to the

00:29:26

proportionality coefficient we

00:29:28

denote to the current strength in the electrolyte

00:29:33

and time flow of current, this

00:29:38

statement to which we came

00:29:42

speculatively experimentally was

00:29:45

proven by the English

00:29:49

physicist Michael Faraday, already known to you, and is called

00:29:52

Faraday's law for electrolysis,

00:30:04

Faraday's law

00:30:06

for electrolysis, let's formulate it in words, the

00:30:10

mass of the substance released

00:30:15

on the electrode during electrolysis, the mass of the

00:30:21

substance released on the electrode

00:30:25

during electrolysis is directly proportional to the

00:30:31

force current in the electrolyte, the

00:30:37

mass of the substance released on the

00:30:39

electrode during electrolysis is directly

00:30:43

proportional to the current strength in the electrolyte

00:30:46

and the time the current flows is directly

00:30:51

proportional to the current strength in the electrolyte

00:30:53

and the time the current flows, coefficient k

00:31:00

depends on what substance

00:31:02

is released on the electrode and is called

00:31:07

electrochemical equivalent

00:31:16

electrochemical equivalent of the

00:31:22

substance is a characteristic substances have

00:31:28

different electrochemical

00:31:30

equivalents, let's find out in

00:31:33

what units the

00:31:36

electrochemical equivalent is measured

00:31:38

and what physical meaning it has,

00:31:40

let's express from here to k equals the

00:31:46

mass of the substance divided by the product of the

00:31:50

current strength and flow time, from here

00:31:53

we conclude that the

00:31:56

electrochemical tape is measured in

00:31:58

what units,

00:31:59

mass in what units are measured in

00:32:02

kilograms,

00:32:03

but here we have an ampere multiplied by a

00:32:06

second, what is the first thing a coulomb is needed for a

00:32:08

second? By the way, we could

00:32:10

reformulate Ford’s law and a little

00:32:13

differently we could say that the mass of the

00:32:16

substance released on the electrode during

00:32:18

electrolysis is directly proportional to the charge

00:32:22

passed through electrolyte this

00:32:24

will also be correct and sometimes in this form of

00:32:26

Faraday’s law it is even more convenient to use

00:32:29

what physical meaning does the

00:32:32

electrochemical equivalent have? Let’s see

00:32:35

if the charge here is 1 coulomb then the

00:32:39

electrochemical equivalent is equal to the mass of the

00:32:41

substance released on the electrode

00:32:44

so we can write the

00:32:45

physical meaning of the electrochemical

00:32:47

equivalent the

00:32:49

electrochemical equivalent of the substance

00:32:52

we write electrochemical the equivalent of a

00:32:55

substance is numerically equal to the mass of the substance is

00:33:01

numerically equal to the mass of the substance

00:33:05

released when flowing through the

00:33:08

electrolyte the mass of the substance released

00:33:12

when a charge of

00:33:17

1 coulomb flows through the electrolyte and when a

00:33:22

charge of 1 coulomb flows through the electrolyte I have already said that

00:33:27

different substances have different electrochemical

00:33:30

equivalents, let's see now a

00:33:32

reference table in which all this

00:33:35

can be seen is a reference table from

00:33:42

our Bazhin textbook, look here for the

00:33:47

electrochemical equivalent of various

00:33:49

substances, although they are expressed in

00:33:51

milligrams per coulomb,

00:33:53

that is, in fact, the mass of the substance is

00:33:57

very small,

00:33:58

and if you pass one coulomb

00:34:02

through, for example, a solution where there is ions of 3

00:34:06

valence aluminum, then only

00:34:09

nine hundredths of a

00:34:11

milligram of the substance will be released; hydrogen has an

00:34:15

electrochemical equivalent

00:34:16

even less; copper has more; and who is

00:34:20

the record holder here?

00:34:22

chlorine to see here 037 and here is

00:34:27

silver, let’s remember how, for example,

00:34:30

they differ, and there silver and sodium atom have the

00:34:35

same valence so

00:34:37

monovalent means each of it is silver

00:34:40

when it comes to the electrode and

00:34:43

turns into a metal atom it

00:34:46

makes up one elementary charge to pass through an electrical circuit,

00:34:51

but one elementary charge flowing

00:34:55

along such a circuit leads to the appearance of a

00:34:58

larger mass of substance on the electron since

00:35:01

the mass of silver is

00:35:02

greater than the mass of silver there more than the mass of a

00:35:05

sodium atom and by the way, if you look

00:35:09

at the periodic table of elements, you

00:35:11

can see that the ratio of the

00:35:14

electrochemical equivalent of silver to the

00:35:17

electrochemical equivalent of sodium is

00:35:20

exactly equal to the ratio of the atomic

00:35:23

relative atomic masses of these substances,

00:35:26

well, let's check here we have

00:35:31

112 divided by 024

00:35:36

I of this I’ve never done this, but I’m

00:35:38

interested, so it turns out that the

00:35:41

electrochemical equivalent to argent

00:35:47

divided by x

00:35:50

sodium equals 467 the electrochemical

00:35:57

equivalent of silver is 4 point sixty-

00:35:59

seven times greater than the electrochemical

00:36:02

equivalent of sodium and now the relative

00:36:07

atomic mass of silver is divided by the

00:36:11

relative atomic mass of

00:36:13

sodium 108 correct, yes we divide by

00:36:19

sodium has 2323,

00:36:22

how much will it be

00:36:24

108 divided by 23 equals 4 point

00:36:31

sixty nine hundredths

00:36:33

4 point 4 well, if you round 70 hundredths

00:36:39

look at the three hundredths difference, but

00:36:42

you know what this difference is due to the fact that

00:36:44

in fact there will not be exactly 108 kg of the

00:36:46

periodic table of elements there

00:36:48

and here it’s not exactly 23 in the tenth grade, you

00:36:53

and I will learn, using the periodic

00:36:56

table of elements, to simply

00:36:58

calculate electrochemical equivalents, but

00:37:01

for now we will use this

00:37:03

table, that’s all for today guys, the lesson

00:37:06

is over

00:37:08

[music]

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