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стрелочный

перевод

00:00:16

[music]

00:00:30

turnouts

00:00:32

are the most important and complex

00:00:34

part of the upper structure of the track;

00:00:41

they serve to transfer rolling

00:00:43

stock from one track above the hand.

00:00:49

turnouts differ in the types of

00:00:52

rails, brand of crosspieces, design,

00:00:57

number and location, connect them and

00:01:00

intersecting tracks, the most

00:01:04

common are single and

00:01:07

turnouts

00:01:08

which are divided into the usual

00:01:12

main path straight side

00:01:17

curvilinear asymmetrical

00:01:20

one-sided

00:01:21

both paths are curvilinear and directed in the same

00:01:24

direction not symmetrical

00:01:30

scalene both paths are curvilinear and

00:01:33

directed in different directions at different

00:01:36

angles and symmetrical both paths are

00:01:40

curvilinear and directed in different

00:01:42

directions at the same angles with such a

00:01:49

crossing of two paths either so-

00:01:52

called blind crossings are made, then independent movement

00:01:56

can be carried out along each of the tracks

00:01:59

without transferring from

00:02:01

one track to another,

00:02:05

or a double cross transfer is made,

00:02:08

which allows you to transfer a

00:02:10

train from one track to another in any

00:02:12

direction.

00:02:19

Consider the device of a single

00:02:21

ordinary turnout;

00:02:24

it consists of three main parts

00:02:28

arrow with a transfer mechanism

00:02:31

transfer paths and crosspieces multiplied

00:02:35

by a drill their bases the composition of an

00:02:39

ordinary transfer arrow includes

00:02:41

two frame rails two straight and

00:02:46

curved rails 2 root devices the

00:02:52

required number of thrust and support

00:02:55

devices from fasteners and a transfer

00:03:01

mechanism

00:03:02

points arrows type p43

00:03:06

made from special rails

00:03:08

low symmetrical profile and old people,

00:03:13

pointers of types p50 and p65 from rails of

00:03:17

low asymmetrical profile sharp

00:03:24

and low profile for points of types p65 and

00:03:28

p50 and p43

00:03:30

are made with pressing out and the root

00:03:32

part under the profile of a normal track

00:03:35

rail,

00:03:40

this achieves simplicity and strength of the

00:03:43

root fastening for a smooth

00:03:49

transition of wheels with the frame rail on the

00:03:52

osprey q point is given a specific shape, that

00:03:58

is, the side edges and the

00:04:01

rolling surface of the head are cut off, but the cross-section of the neck is completely preserved

00:04:07

due to the bending of the point to

00:04:14

cover the point under the head of the frame

00:04:16

rail.

00:04:29

covering the tip

00:04:31

protects it from being hit by the flanges of the wheels

00:04:34

improves the entrance of the rolling stock to

00:04:37

the turnout and increases the

00:04:39

service life of the switches. The angle at which the crest of the

00:04:44

bandage meets the point when moving onto the

00:04:47

side track is called the angle of impact when the rolling stock is

00:04:51

curved about the old man;

00:04:53

this angle decreases, therefore, to

00:04:58

transfer the rolling stock to the side

00:05:00

track Curvilinear Aztecs are used;

00:05:09

straight blades are used to maintain the

00:05:12

rectilinear movement; the blades are usually

00:05:17

translated by turning them

00:05:19

relative to the guy without bending the Aztec itself; the

00:05:26

root device serves to

00:05:28

secure the roots of the blade

00:05:30

and ensures its horizontal

00:05:32

movement when moving the arrow;

00:05:39

modern arrows use a

00:05:42

root device liner on the

00:05:44

masonry type joint of this The device is

00:05:51

placed on the scales and mounted on the bridge,

00:05:54

at the root of the wit, a four-door

00:05:58

speak liner of the adjacent rail is placed and az-3

00:06:02

is covered with 4 bad linings. The lining of the wit is installed on the

00:06:06

connecting rails. The liner

00:06:09

and frame rail are

00:06:11

tightened with four bolts so that there

00:06:18

are no obstacles to rotation. The lining

00:06:20

is bent and a

00:06:23

spacer is installed on the outer beam. bushing and so that the

00:06:27

ridge of the bandage does not run over the lining, the

00:06:29

vertical flange is cut off obliquely. In

00:06:35

recent years, with an increase in

00:06:37

movement speeds, new turnouts have appeared

00:06:40

in switches of the type p65 mark 1 11

00:06:48

with a downward slope of kai, as well as in switches that

00:06:50

provide increased speeds when

00:06:53

moving on side tracks,

00:06:55

flexible ones are used wits

00:07:03

when transferred from one position to

00:07:05

another, such an elastic wit bends in the

00:07:09

weakening zone;

00:07:11

weakening is achieved by shaving

00:07:14

the sole and the old man at a length of 900

00:07:17

millimeters; the

00:07:19

weakened part of the old man is installed

00:07:22

on a special carriage which attaches to the

00:07:25

root bridge; the

00:07:27

root of the flexible wand

00:07:29

is connected to the rail of the transfer track

00:07:32

by two and by pads

00:07:34

without an insert frame rails

00:07:38

are made from regular profile rails, the

00:07:41

length of frame rails with cross

00:07:44

grades 1 6 1 9 1 11 is equal to 12 and a half

00:07:49

meters and reaches 25 meters on

00:07:55

transfers with flat grades of crosses,

00:08:00

one of the curved frame rails

00:08:02

has two bends, it will transmit the

00:08:05

reception and at the end of gouging it will be cut and in

00:08:12

addition, the frame rails have a number of

00:08:14

additional holes for

00:08:16

attaching thrust pads and a

00:08:18

set of

00:08:21

modern translations, the arrows

00:08:23

are placed on your master shoe

00:08:28

consists of a lining with an arrow

00:08:31

pad and with an angle, the frame rail is

00:08:35

attached to the shoe from the

00:08:38

inside using pads from the outside

00:08:42

by means of a crust and a spacer

00:08:47

wedges, the wits are connected to each other by

00:08:50

switch rods, which are divided into

00:08:53

working and connecting rods,

00:08:58

they are attached to the old men with earrings

00:09:00

and serious bolts, the working rods are

00:09:05

connected to the transfer mechanism, they

00:09:08

serve to transfer the wits from one

00:09:10

position to another, the

00:09:14

connecting rods provide communication

00:09:17

between the old men and their stable position

00:09:20

under the passing by train, the connecting

00:09:26

rods can be rigid and adjustable

00:09:33

for adjustment, put on them during

00:09:37

electrical centralization, the bolted

00:09:40

connections of the connecting strips are insulated;

00:09:44

the point under the moving train must

00:09:48

be stable in both the vertical and

00:09:50

horizontal directions; for this purpose,

00:09:53

thrust pads are used; the

00:09:57

pads are attached to the 1st rail with two

00:10:00

horizontal bolts for the transfer of

00:10:05

old people from one position to another

00:10:07

is carried out by a transfer mechanism on

00:10:11

active main and station tracks,

00:10:14

as a rule, an electric

00:10:16

drive is used where there is no electrical and

00:10:21

mechanical centralization yet; a

00:10:22

manual drive is retained; the electric drive

00:10:29

consists of an electric motor housing and a

00:10:35

gearbox with a friction clutch and an auto switch block; in addition,

00:10:45

there is a working gate and

00:10:47

control rulers, the electric drive

00:10:52

reliably locks from the river in working

00:10:55

positions to lock the manually

00:11:00

operated switches, a standard

00:11:02

switch tab is used, which should

00:11:05

rest against the harness,

00:11:12

so we have looked at one of the main

00:11:15

parts of the switch, the switch

00:11:19

will now consider the transfer tracks in

00:11:23

single switches,

00:11:27

transfer tracks include the rails

00:11:29

located between the root joints and

00:11:32

cross

00:11:40

in ordinary transfers, one path is

00:11:42

straight, the other curvilinear radius and

00:11:47

transfer curves range from 200

00:11:50

meters in transfer of mark 1 9

00:11:58

to 1440 meters in transfer of mark

00:12:02

1 22 turnouts of flat marks, the

00:12:08

transfer curve extends to

00:12:10

the wit, then its cross-section with a head width of 40

00:12:14

millimeters,

00:12:20

this design of the transfer curve

00:12:22

reduces disorders of the roots of the old man,

00:12:24

since it ensures a smoother

00:12:26

passage of rolling stock on the

00:12:28

side track of switches of grades

00:12:35

1 11 1 9 and 1 6,

00:12:38

between the end of the transfer curve and the

00:12:40

front joints of the cross, a

00:12:43

direct insert is made to improve the entry of

00:12:48

rolling stock onto the cross of

00:12:52

switches of flat grades 1 18 and 1 22 the

00:12:58

transfer curve enters the front

00:13:01

extension of the crosspiece and ends almost at the

00:13:04

beginning of that part; the rails of the transfer

00:13:09

tracks in all transfers except high-speed ones are

00:13:12

laid without a slope on flat

00:13:15

pads

00:13:16

within the transfer tracks;

00:13:27

4 transfer rails are secured against

00:13:34

theft by spring anti-theft devices;

00:13:39

insulating joints on transfer tracks are

00:13:42

arranged suspended using

00:13:45

enclosing metal linings;

00:13:53

the crosspiece is designed to allow

00:13:56

rolling stock wheels to pass at the

00:13:58

intersection of rail threads in a single

00:14:05

turnout; the crosspiece is always

00:14:08

sharp; the crosspiece is used; grade 1

00:14:13

22 1 18 1 11 1 9 1 6

00:14:30

the mark of a sharp cross is determined as the

00:14:34

ratio of the width of the core at any

00:14:36

place to the distance from this place to the

00:14:39

mathematical center the angle at which the

00:14:47

working boundaries of speech intersect

00:14:49

is the angle of the cross the point of

00:14:54

intersection of the working edges is called

00:14:57

the mathematical center of the cross

00:15:01

in fact the core ends with a so-

00:15:04

called practical tip having a

00:15:07

thickness 9 12 millimeters sharp

00:15:14

crosspiece consists of two main

00:15:15

elements of the core and 2 mustaches of the eyelids between the

00:15:22

bite eyelids and the core there are two

00:15:24

grooves

00:15:25

for passing the ridges of the wheels the

00:15:28

narrowest space between the tips

00:15:30

is called the throat of the crosspiece the gap

00:15:34

between the throat of the crosspiece and the tip

00:15:36

is called harmful or dead

00:15:39

space

00:15:47

so that the wheels and least when passing through a

00:15:49

harmful space, the correct

00:15:51

direction and the ridges of the core trio could not hit

00:15:53

you with the ridges or hit the

00:15:56

neighboring gutter,

00:16:00

counter rails are laid against the crosspiece;

00:16:06

they cover with their straight part the

00:16:09

distance from the throat of the crosspiece to the cross

00:16:12

section of the core, 40 millimeters wide,

00:16:16

in order to prevent

00:16:18

impacts of the wheel ridges at the ends of the counter rail, the

00:16:21

ends are bent At present,

00:16:27

crosspieces are manufactured as solid cast

00:16:30

and prefabricated, the most widespread

00:16:39

is the prefabricated crosspiece with a holy

00:16:43

core type of common casting with the

00:16:46

wearing part of the mustache of centuries, such a

00:16:51

core and from above manganese vista and

00:16:54

steel are cast together with the wearing

00:16:57

parts of both mustaches of the ages,

00:17:03

the core and the rail us rivers are

00:17:05

connected by horizontal bolts

00:17:08

in a single design in order to maintain a

00:17:12

constant width of the core in the crosspiece,

00:17:15

spacers are placed; such a spacer consists

00:17:19

of two stops

00:17:21

attached to the sarik and the counter rail of the

00:17:25

cross tie between the retracts and an

00:17:30

adjusting device consisting of

00:17:33

two wedges

00:17:34

connected by a horizontal bolt for

00:17:38

greater stability of the structures

00:17:40

in the vertical and horizontal planes,

00:17:42

the crosspiece is laid on lacetti and 2

00:17:47

bridges, in addition to prefabricated crosspieces,

00:17:51

solid-cast crosspieces are currently used

00:17:54

in such a crosspiece, the core

00:17:58

and us a wiki

00:17:59

are a single common casting

00:18:02

from high-grade steel without

00:18:05

13L, the advantage of such a crosspiece is that

00:18:10

it has little detail, does not have bolted

00:18:13

connections, is stable in operation, is easy

00:18:16

to maintain control and the track relay

00:18:22

are connected to each other control over you with

00:18:24

bolts and liners

00:18:26

under the bolt heads and under the nuts put

00:18:30

lining washers for areas where trains

00:18:36

run at high speeds along the

00:18:38

side track

00:18:39

developed new

00:18:42

turnouts of type p65

00:18:45

mark 1 18 and 1 22 and type p50 mark 1 are laid 18

00:18:55

these transfers have flexible points

00:18:58

and the crosspieces are solid-cast or prefabricated with a

00:19:03

fused core;

00:19:06

these transfers allow

00:19:09

speeds of up to 80-120 kilometers per hour along the

00:19:13

side track in sections where trains

00:19:17

operate at speeds of up to 160

00:19:20

kilometers per hour along the direct track turnout

00:19:22

switches of type

00:19:25

p65

00:19:26

mark 1 11 are laid With the downward slope of the Koreans,

00:19:37

such a transfer has the purpose of casting a

00:19:39

crosspiece, strengthening the fastening of counter

00:19:42

rails

00:19:51

in order to increase movement speeds

00:19:53

over 160 kilometers per hour on a straight

00:19:57

track, testing crosspieces with a

00:20:00

continuous rolling surface in the

00:20:04

crystal of such transfers

00:20:06

there is no dead space and therefore

00:20:09

there is no need for counter rails,

00:20:11

which is essential improves the conditions for the

00:20:13

passage of rolling stock along the

00:20:16

crosspiece; this is achieved by using a

00:20:20

movable core in the crosspiece;

00:20:33

the problem of eliminating dead

00:20:35

space is solved; and in cross

00:20:38

switches, they are widely

00:20:42

used at marshalling and

00:20:44

district stations where it is important to

00:20:47

minimize the length of station necks;

00:20:51

in cross switches,

00:20:55

rigid blunt crosses are used; a

00:20:58

blunt cross consists of one of

00:21:02

the Savik has

00:21:03

2 cores and 1 counter rail; the

00:21:10

cores of a blunt crosspiece have only

00:21:13

one working edge on the side of the counter

00:21:15

rail; the edge on the side of the Savik has

00:21:19

guides; it complements the counter flight at the

00:21:24

intersection of the working edges of 2 cores

00:21:27

and in the Sarik it is called the mathematical

00:21:30

center of the blunt crosspiece; the

00:21:34

break in the working edge between the

00:21:37

mathematical the center and practical

00:21:39

tip of the cores is called harmful

00:21:42

or dead space to

00:21:48

ensure traffic safety

00:21:51

within the dead space within the blunt

00:21:54

crosspieces, the

00:21:56

counter rails in the middle part are increased by

00:21:59

45 millimeters and the elimination of dead

00:22:04

space has recently begun to

00:22:06

use cross

00:22:08

turnouts with movable cores of blunt

00:22:12

crosspieces,

00:22:23

the turnout is placed on

00:22:26

transfer bars beams differ

00:22:30

from each other in length and cross-

00:22:34

sectional dimensions and are combined into a set and the

00:22:39

beams are cut and unedged; under

00:22:43

each turnout a

00:22:44

set of beams specified

00:22:47

in the transfer puree are laid; transfer bars

00:22:56

perceive pressure from the wheels of the

00:22:58

rolling stock through the parts of the

00:23:00

turnout and transmit this

00:23:02

pressure to ballast layer

00:23:06

ballast layer transfers this pressure to the

00:23:09

main platform of the roadbed

00:23:12

elastic processing the impact of

00:23:15

rolling stock wheels on the rails

00:23:19

the safety of train traffic

00:23:21

depends not only on the design of the

00:23:23

turnouts but also on

00:23:25

their correct maintenance; the operation of

00:23:31

turnouts must be carried out in

00:23:34

strict accordance with current

00:23:36

standards and tolerances wear and relative

00:23:40

position of individual elements, these

00:23:44

standards are given in the technical operation rules,

00:23:48

instructions for the current maintenance of the

00:23:50

railway track, we

00:23:54

will consider some issues of the current

00:23:57

maintenance of switches,

00:24:10

technical inspections of turnouts

00:24:12

are carried out at certain

00:24:14

intervals and in strict

00:24:16

sequence,

00:24:19

measurements of turnouts according to the template and

00:24:22

level are carried out in strictly

00:24:24

defined places the

00:24:34

measurement locations for each type and brand of

00:24:37

switch are indicated in the

00:24:39

instructions for the current maintenance of

00:24:41

the railway track; it is

00:25:02

also necessary to measure the

00:25:04

pitch of the track of the fit of the

00:25:08

shear of the huge rail with a

00:25:10

spin test;

00:25:18

check the tightness of the old man's fit to

00:25:20

the pads and lowering its relative

00:25:24

strength;

00:25:33

at the same time, the wear of the points

00:25:36

and frame rails is checked

00:25:42

the wear of the core and the whisker of the eyelids is also checked using a

00:25:46

crosspiece and the

00:25:54

ordinates of the conversion curve are measured.

00:26:01

Inadmissible operation of the transfers,

00:26:04

for example, with such malfunctions, the

00:26:07

huge rail does not fit

00:26:10

more than four millimeters. In this case, a

00:26:14

violation can lead to a cut in the

00:26:16

switch under the train. Serious

00:26:20

consequences can result from lowering the

00:26:23

tip relative to the frame rail by

00:26:26

two and more than millimeters, we will

00:26:30

not allow the separation of the points,

00:26:33

which occur when the bolts are broken or the

00:26:36

connecting rod is broken,

00:26:40

since sagging on the heads of the frame

00:26:43

rails can lead to a break;

00:26:45

they must be removed in a timely manner with an

00:26:47

emery wheel when

00:26:53

the core is vertically worn and the wheel

00:26:54

rolling path of the sarik worsens; the

00:26:58

depth of the core is reduced; worn

00:27:03

crosspieces

00:27:04

are restored surfacing

00:27:10

with the current maintenance of

00:27:13

turnouts, it is necessary to systematically

00:27:15

tighten the nuts of the bolts on the entire

00:27:18

turnout,

00:27:19

finish off the crutches and dover screws on a

00:27:23

turnout equipped with

00:27:26

electrical centralization,

00:27:28

it is necessary to constantly keep the insulation in

00:27:30

good working order,

00:27:31

so the serviceability of the

00:27:34

electrical insulation on the

00:27:37

turnout is checked, if the insulation

00:27:39

is good, the arrow will be stationary and the

00:27:44

insulation is faulty arrow voltmeter

00:27:47

deviate

00:27:51

connections and intersections of rail tracks

00:27:55

are the most complex and

00:27:58

critical device of a

00:28:00

railway track; the

00:28:03

good condition and correct

00:28:06

operation of turnouts are

00:28:09

necessary conditions for ensuring the

00:28:12

safety of train traffic

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How can I download "Стрелочный перевод" video?

http://unidownloader.com/ website is the best way to download a video or a separate audio track if you want to do without installing programs and extensions.
The UDL Helper extension is a convenient button that is seamlessly integrated into YouTube, Instagram and OK.ru sites for fast content download.
UDL Client program (for Windows) is the most powerful solution that supports more than 900 websites, social networks and video hosting sites, as well as any video quality that is available in the source.
UDL Lite is a really convenient way to access a website from your mobile device. With its help, you can easily download videos directly to your smartphone.

Which format of "Стрелочный перевод" video should I choose?

The best quality formats are FullHD (1080p), 2K (1440p), 4K (2160p) and 8K (4320p). The higher the resolution of your screen, the higher the video quality should be. However, there are other factors to consider: download speed, amount of free space, and device performance during playback.

Why does my computer freeze when loading a "Стрелочный перевод" video?

The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.

How can I download "Стрелочный перевод" video to my phone?

You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.

How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Стрелочный перевод"?

The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.

How can I save a frame from a video "Стрелочный перевод"?

This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.

What's the price of all this stuff?

It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.