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По следам великих открытий
Открытие Сибири
сибирь
история россии
ермак
освоение сибири
великие открытия
открытия
россия
16 17 век
урал
16-17 век история россии
гостелерадиофонд
советское телевидение
ссср
советский союз
документальный фильм
документальныйфильм
география
экспедиция
путешествие
история
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00:00:00
[music]
00:00:12
carriages
00:00:14
from here from the Moscow station,
00:00:18
my journey to the east began,
00:00:20
just like for the guys from student
00:00:22
construction teams going to construction sites in
00:00:25
Siberia,
00:00:26
perhaps it was them, and if not, then other
00:00:30
similar guys who are often now
00:00:32
called pioneers of the 20th century will be
00:00:35
written in newspapers to tell about the radio
00:00:37
will film them
00:00:44
[music]
00:00:46
this is understandable, and everyone’s attention is focused on the present day of Siberia and
00:00:50
its future,
00:00:58
but my story will not be about this, but its
00:01:03
distant past,
00:01:05
my heroes will be those who opened
00:01:08
this huge and difficult-to-reach country to the world,
00:01:12
the pioneers in the very original sense of
00:01:15
the word,
00:01:21
I had to walk along open roads
00:01:25
for the first time
00:01:30
[music] it has
00:01:42
long been customary that when
00:01:45
storytellers narrate their journey, they usually
00:01:47
begin with an explanation of how it all
00:01:48
began, well, I will not deviate from this
00:01:51
tradition
00:01:56
one day in one of the halls of the
00:01:58
state historical museum I
00:02:00
drew attention to a large copper
00:02:02
globe
00:02:04
made in Holland and presented to the
00:02:07
father of Peter the Great by Tsar Alexei
00:02:09
Mikhailovich,
00:02:12
the globe had darkened with time, but on its
00:02:16
sphere the outlines of continents and oceans,
00:02:17
familiar to us from modern maps, were still clearly visible;
00:02:27
this globe and old maps of the late 16th and
00:02:30
early 17th centuries summed up the scientific current
00:02:34
the colossal work that
00:02:36
humanity has done in understanding its planet,
00:02:39
people went to this for centuries before the
00:02:43
high point of the great discoveries came in the
00:02:45
15th and 16th centuries,
00:02:49
I knew that the brave
00:02:52
sailors of Spain and Portugal began to keep score and
00:02:54
then the sailors of England and
00:02:57
France, Holland and Norway continued, and then
00:02:59
one day I I asked about each one or whether the
00:03:01
discovery is considered great for geographical
00:03:04
science, it turns out
00:03:05
that there are only a dozen of them, the discovery of America by
00:03:10
Columbus before the
00:03:13
passage of Magellan from the Atlantic
00:03:16
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, also the
00:03:18
discovery of the Money Strait separating
00:03:21
Asia and America, of course, in
00:03:23
short, identifying the boundaries of the land and the world
00:03:27
ocean and are the great
00:03:29
geographical discoveries
00:03:33
of Western Europe cartographers and captains
00:03:35
put on their maps the supposed
00:03:38
outlines of the entire Asian continent,
00:03:40
but no one knew exactly where it ends
00:03:43
and how far it extends
00:03:49
[music]
00:03:56
this unknown mysterious country was
00:04:00
marked on the maps as terra incognita
00:04:03
land unknown or like the countries of cancer
00:04:07
or generally like a huge white spot
00:04:12
they really had similar rumors and
00:04:15
fantastic legends,
00:04:17
but what it really is like, how
00:04:20
people inhabit it, whether this land is rich or deserted
00:04:23
tropical heat or fierce
00:04:25
cold, no one knew this,
00:04:30
to open this mysterious huge country to humanity
00:04:36
was destined by the Russian pioneer
00:04:40
[music]
00:04:42
it was a geographical feat unprecedented in the history of geosciences, a feat
00:04:46
not single heroes, not even a single
00:04:50
expedition from an entire nation
00:04:55
[music]
00:05:12
I began to study the history of the discovery and
00:05:16
development of Siberia
00:05:27
for a long time and diligently, I read everything that
00:05:29
scientists recommended to me, I
00:05:31
tormented them and myself with endless
00:05:34
questions,
00:05:35
that’s all more in the sea of ​​events and
00:05:38
facts of names
00:05:41
I certainly wanted to talk about those
00:05:45
who for the first time crossed the world's greatest
00:05:46
Western Siberian plain reached the
00:05:49
Yenisei discovered Elena and Baikal crossed the
00:05:53
ridges of mountainous Siberia explored the
00:05:55
great harsh rivers of the northeast
00:05:57
walked along the Amur river circumnavigated Kamchatka
00:06:00
dozens of names were worthy attention to the
00:06:03
memory of glory, especially since we
00:06:06
most often know only five or six of them, but it’s
00:06:09
impossible to tell about everything, and
00:06:15
then one day I came across an ancient
00:06:18
chronicle of Siberian history
00:06:21
written 300 years ago,
00:06:23
illustrated by its author himself and
00:06:25
telling about Ermak’s campaign in Siberia
00:06:28
at the
00:06:30
end of his book and the author Semyon Remezov
00:06:33
drew a key symbolizing
00:06:36
Ermak’s discovery of the road to Siberia, here’s where to
00:06:39
start the story Sir Max I decided
00:06:43
[music]
00:06:52
that the Cossack squad defeated the
00:06:54
Siberian king Kuchum, I of course knew, but
00:06:58
now it’s time to ask the most
00:06:59
natural questions and of course get
00:07:01
on their answer is who Ermak was, how he
00:07:04
got himself, how he managed to
00:07:07
defeat an entire army with a handful of Cossacks,
00:07:09
the more I immersed myself in the history of the campaign,
00:07:12
the more I tried to find out about its
00:07:14
leader, the more mystery
00:07:16
shrouded the events of those ancient days and
00:07:19
the mysterious became the personality of Ermak
00:07:26
Ermak Vasily Surikov was not the
00:07:28
only image I introduced of
00:07:33
dozens of Ermak,
00:07:36
but what it looked like in reality and
00:07:38
Ermak, it turns out that it is not a name, a nickname
00:07:41
that can be translated as a millstone or a
00:07:44
cartel cauldron, and in a completely different way, the
00:07:47
word is widespread in different
00:07:49
languages ​​and dialects and means different
00:07:51
concepts, but what name was hiding under this
00:07:54
nickname
00:07:58
German as time is calling
00:08:04
Ermolai
00:08:07
Vasily
00:08:09
Timofey
00:08:10
Ermil
00:08:12
I have which of the dozen names given to him is
00:08:16
genuine, maybe 11 unknown well, in
00:08:20
what parts was he born, where is he from to
00:08:22
we answered me there is no zone,
00:08:25
others from the Volga objected, the third was his
00:08:28
homeland, the Northern Dvina the
00:08:30
fourth
00:08:31
archives proved they were silent,
00:08:34
they didn’t help so far I could reveal the secret,
00:08:36
but
00:08:39
only contradictory messages from the
00:08:42
chronicle remained and
00:08:44
it can be assumed that there was once
00:08:47
direct evidence of the events, but
00:08:49
they suffered the same fate as
00:08:50
most of the documents of past centuries, they
00:08:52
died, they were lost in the flames of endless
00:08:55
fires
00:08:56
during the alarming events of
00:08:59
our history
00:09:03
[music]
00:09:08
Russia during the time of Ermak was burning in the fire of the
00:09:10
Livonian war,
00:09:14
exhausted and after three decades of battles at the
00:09:17
western borders of Russia, it sought to
00:09:20
ensure peace with its southern neighbor, the
00:09:22
Nogai horde
00:09:27
[music]
00:09:30
and in August
00:09:32
1581 an embassy from the Nagais headed to Moscow
00:09:36
with letters in the world,
00:09:39
but then an unexpected event happened that
00:09:42
violated the government's plan
00:09:50
across Russia, a rumor spread that the dimple had
00:09:54
robbed the ambassadors
00:09:57
[music]
00:10:00
you can understand how angry the
00:10:02
formidable Tsar Ivan himself was when he heard about this when
00:10:05
he sent a punitive detachment to the Volga with a
00:10:07
boyar sentence where those thieves would not
00:10:10
be found here torture, execute and hang
00:10:14
[music]
00:10:17
and the robbers, like wolves, ran away along the
00:10:19
Volga up and down and breathe to the river to to we to
00:10:23
watch in and the Stroganovs
00:10:29
and
00:10:32
I decided that they did not need to go to the same
00:10:35
estate of the Stroganovs, in other words to the
00:10:39
Perm region
00:10:42
there I hoped find the answer to 2
00:10:44
questions that interested me: how did Ermak
00:10:47
get into himself
00:10:51
while the train started me to the Urals, I
00:10:53
remembered what I know and the Stroganovs about
00:10:56
whom someone even wrote honor the
00:10:59
annexation of Siberia first of all
00:11:01
belongs to them
00:11:04
famous as they were called by merchants or salt
00:11:07
industrialists the Stroganovs were
00:11:09
the owners the most extensive lands in Russia,
00:11:11
but Ivan the Terrible, who sought to
00:11:14
limit the rights of his vassals,
00:11:16
on the contrary, gave the Stroganovs more and more
00:11:18
privileges for trade and land, the
00:11:21
fact is that the Stroganov estates
00:11:24
lay on the easternmost borders of
00:11:26
the state and were a kind of buffer
00:11:29
between the hostile Siberian Khanate and
00:11:31
Russia
00:11:50
here on the Kama I was supposed to
00:11:53
meet Ermak, who fled here from the
00:11:57
wrath of the formidable Tsar
00:12:05
from the former possessions of the Stroganovs, the
00:12:07
ancient structure of the mills, barns, saltworks, huts is brought here,
00:12:12
the work is complex and time-consuming,
00:12:15
but someday, having visited the
00:12:17
historical and architectural reserve, you
00:12:19
will be able to imagine the living atmosphere
00:12:21
of the time when according to the
00:12:24
Stroganov chronicler, the merchants received the
00:12:27
disgraced Cossacks cordially with honor and
00:12:31
gave them many gifts and they were
00:12:35
plentiful to enjoy
00:12:39
[music] well, that’s
00:12:48
what the company scientist
00:12:51
Vladimir Antonik Oborin told me
00:12:54
just now 400 years ago the
00:12:57
chronicles report some years in particular
00:13:00
Remezov sky the chronicle of how Ermak came
00:13:03
here, that is, he came to the Kama from the Volga and
00:13:07
climbed up the Kama all the way to the
00:13:09
town of Orel, here the discrepancies in the chronicle
00:13:12
boil down to whether Ermaad immediately went on a
00:13:15
campaign without much preparation and received
00:13:18
help from the Stroganovs only in the lower
00:13:20
Chusovsky town, that is below the
00:13:21
place where we are, or believe the
00:13:24
Remezov sky chronicle, there is no other
00:13:26
chronicle they built on its basis, that
00:13:29
first Ermak came here on the Kama, reached the
00:13:33
eagle of the town and then went down to the sentry
00:13:37
for a while, we were preparing for the
00:13:39
campaign, after this preparation we
00:13:41
expressed ourselves as preparation but Lepse directly
00:13:44
reports on how it was expressed,
00:13:46
firstly, he needed to replenish the
00:13:48
squad of
00:13:49
people for this long
00:13:52
march, they still needed to gather
00:13:53
equipment because with the laziness of the earth, in
00:13:55
general, unknown to them, they
00:13:58
apparently needed to replenish weapons.
00:14:00
basically all this was needed, it
00:14:02
needed time, and of course
00:14:06
they needed help without the help of the planed, they would hardly have been
00:14:08
able to do it,
00:14:10
you will agree that it all looks somehow
00:14:12
illogical,
00:14:13
eminent merchants and their prosperity
00:14:16
depends entirely on the disposition of the tsar, they violate the
00:14:19
decree of Ivan the Terrible and not only do they not
00:14:21
hand over the robbers, but they also open
00:14:24
their barns to them and even arm them, as
00:14:28
Ermak Remezov says, here the Stroganovs have many reserves
00:14:31
of weapons and God, that is, they
00:14:34
took the guides, well,
00:14:37
be that as it may, but it is known for certain
00:14:40
that to the sound of trumpets, drums and
00:14:42
kettledrums with they paid with unfurled banners
00:14:45
I headed east
00:14:49
[music]
00:14:53
I decided to follow her routes
00:14:56
[music]
00:15:00
our paths, that is, mine and Ermak’s, lay
00:15:04
upward clockwise to its sources, which
00:15:07
began somewhere in the Ural mountains,
00:15:14
I sailed along that and at the same time another
00:15:17
river
00:15:18
plateau on the Kama hydroelectric station increased its width
00:15:21
four times,
00:15:24
this bank overgrown with dense forest,
00:15:26
which had never looked at the plow of
00:15:29
Ermak’s squad, was now lying under water,
00:15:33
I swam just above this ancient bank, I had a
00:15:44
rather long way to go
00:15:47
to the upper reaches of the Chusovoy, then cross the
00:15:50
Ural ridge to reach the eastern
00:15:52
slope from there along Tagil to get to
00:15:54
Western Siberia then along the tour to
00:15:57
Tyumen and there along Tobol and Irtysh the former
00:16:00
capital of the Siberian Khanate esquire
00:16:04
but Vladimir Antonov corrected me your
00:16:07
path is somewhat longer than you
00:16:09
imagine, the
00:16:10
Cossacks didn’t get to Siberia then and even
00:16:13
if are going to go their way, you should
00:16:16
know that they are lost,
00:16:21
look how easy it is to make a mistake here
00:16:23
Chusovaya its tributary Sylva together their
00:16:26
merger looks like twin sisters, but
00:16:29
here Chusovaya unexpectedly
00:16:30
turns sharply to the side and at the same time
00:16:32
hides behind a sand spit and its tributary
00:16:35
Sylva insidiously offers a straight line road,
00:16:38
but from Sylva there was no way out to Siberia
00:16:43
when the Cossacks realized that they were lost, they
00:16:46
exchanged according to Remezov, it
00:16:49
was too late to return, suddenly
00:16:51
frosts struck, they pulled the
00:16:53
plows onto the high banks covered with
00:16:56
pine forests, they set up camp and
00:16:59
began to prepare for winter,
00:17:10
local guys showed me the supposed site of Ermak,
00:17:17
but it turns out that 600 years before
00:17:20
the Cossacks came here, people lived here, the ancient
00:17:23
ancestors of modern Mansi, the fortification ditch
00:17:25
overgrown with wormwood is noticeable,
00:17:28
and now
00:17:30
the guys also told me that
00:17:32
archaeologists who carried out excavations here
00:17:34
confirmed the presence of Russian
00:17:36
soldiers here; arrowheads,
00:17:39
axes and chain mail from the end of the 16th century, that is,
00:17:42
from the time of Ermak, were found
00:18:33
the author of the legend here somewhat
00:18:35
embellished the amenities as in the
00:18:38
princely mansions the caves are not the best housing for a
00:18:40
person cheese dark in places temperatures
00:18:44
-5
00:18:46
but there were advantages firstly it’s
00:18:50
safe and secondly in the center the temperature is
00:18:53
constant and 0 degrees and this is naturally
00:18:57
warmer than at the top during the Ural
00:18:59
frosts
00:19:02
probably a little kilometre-long
00:19:05
labyrinths,
00:19:07
the Cossacks of Ermak liked this place for something else and
00:19:10
asked him the ataman to stay
00:19:12
here forever
00:19:14
Ermak, according to Remizov, allowed part of
00:19:17
his detachment with their wives and children to forever
00:19:20
overpower the wasp for
00:19:24
a long time then there was still a settlement
00:19:26
called Ermakova farm until the beginning of the
00:19:30
20th century and
00:19:31
then merged she is with the overgrown city of
00:19:35
Kungur
00:19:37
[music]
00:19:47
but as they say, the further into the forest the
00:19:49
more firewood the sovereign's
00:19:50
people Stroganov welcomes
00:19:53
the robbers and they don’t even touch the hair on
00:19:56
their heads does not rob them in the wilderness
00:19:58
according to the customs of his craft;
00:20:01
moreover, the Cossack ataman, out of incomprehensible
00:20:03
frivolity parted with the happiness of the
00:20:06
newly recruited army and instead of
00:20:09
fleeing to Siberia,
00:20:12
some strange robbers founded a settlement, and
00:20:14
who else but the people of the
00:20:17
Stroganovs who replenished Ermak’s squads
00:20:19
knew the horse road, how could they
00:20:22
confuse the security guards where was the second
00:20:25
Stroganov settlement, the so-called
00:20:27
Chu Sov towns
00:20:31
we sailed there Vladimir Anton than Oborin
00:20:34
them
00:20:35
thoughts about the mysterious Ermacs relentlessly
00:20:38
haunted me or
00:20:40
maybe Ermak didn’t get lost at all but
00:20:43
specifically turned to force so that, on
00:20:46
instructions from the Stroganovs, she could found them herself and the
00:20:49
eastern settlements here
00:20:54
are the echoes of ski and towns,
00:20:57
or rather, everything that is from they are left
00:21:00
when the water subsides, Vladimir Antonov will
00:21:03
continue the archaeological excavations,
00:21:09
it was necessary to call on all your imagination
00:21:11
to see in this patch of
00:21:14
land overgrown with grass in the past, the high shore of a
00:21:17
large island
00:21:19
sufficient to accommodate several
00:21:21
hundred inhabitants,
00:21:25
watchtowers and once strictly guarded
00:21:28
this piece of Russian land on the
00:21:31
easternmost extreme
00:21:33
last on the path of Ermak the Russian
00:21:36
settlement
00:21:40
once here they cooked salt,
00:21:44
grew vegetables,
00:21:47
sewed shoes,
00:21:49
made ceramics,
00:21:51
I myself often found
00:21:54
evidence here of this and a long-gone life,
00:21:56
but
00:22:01
can you imagine what the settlement looked like?
00:22:04
I asked Vladimir Antonich
00:22:07
why the objects found make it possible to
00:22:10
do this shore fortified with logs pier
00:22:13
3 street paved with wood church
00:22:17
and how many people lived here per person
00:22:20
three hundred and what was
00:22:23
the number of Ermak's squad in your opinion, I still
00:22:26
think that Ermak had a small detachment,
00:22:29
this is evidenced by, say, such
00:22:32
archaeological monuments associated with
00:22:34
Ermak as his sites on on the eastern
00:22:35
slope of the levels, they are very small in
00:22:37
area and more than 500 people, and the
00:22:40
smallest mention in the chronicle of the size of the
00:22:42
squad is about 500 people; it
00:22:44
would be simply impossible to accommodate them, so it is
00:22:46
acting in an unfamiliar environment
00:22:48
against the Siberian Khanate, although it is not a
00:22:51
very strong formation, the terms of
00:22:52
state formation could only a
00:22:55
skilled commander and an experienced diplomat
00:22:58
because he managed to provide himself with a rear in the
00:23:01
battle with the Siberian Tatars, at the same time
00:23:05
he was able to find a common language with the Mansiysk
00:23:07
population who didn’t hit the couplings in the rear, not
00:23:10
even a penny, and in which the
00:23:12
La Mata helped, yes, it seems to me that the diplomat too
00:23:15
and then the local population helped him in
00:23:17
carrying out the campaign itself, he had
00:23:19
guides from the local population, he
00:23:21
mentions the Komi-Zyryans who would most
00:23:23
often be hunters and fishermen and would follow
00:23:26
you with exact customs
00:23:28
from the local residents. Ermak tried to
00:23:31
find out as much as possible about the unfamiliar
00:23:33
side and, as evidenced Remezov
00:23:35
succeeded in this matter,
00:23:37
Ermak heard from many living on
00:23:40
the sentry about Siberia, which was owned by the tsar, and
00:23:44
that rivers flow from the stone to 2 and into Russia and along the
00:23:49
rivers they live in Agu, lychees and grandfather on reindeer
00:23:52
in the tour, Tatars live on this floor,
00:23:56
ride in boats and on horses and then the bull
00:24:00
power of the Tyzh and the Irtysh dug up OOO and in the
00:24:04
sea there are two mouths and the
00:24:06
Ostyaks live along it and they ride
00:24:10
deer and dogs and feed on fish and
00:24:13
on the Kalmykian steppe the mangals and the Cossack horde
00:24:17
ride camels and feed with a cat,
00:24:23
maybe really as
00:24:25
Remezov reported, Ermak had this exact
00:24:27
information, but it’s one thing to know and quite
00:24:30
another to step on someone else’s land, I sense
00:24:35
a lot of dangers
00:24:37
[music]

Description:

По следам великих открытий. Фильм 1. Открытие Сибири Цикл фильмов о русских землепроходцах XVI-XVIII веков, о географических открытиях в Сибири. Первый фильм цикла повествует об общественно-политической обстановке в России в конце XVI - начале XVII веков, о походе Ермака к Уралу и первых поселениях на реке Чусовой. ТО Экран 1979 Автор сценария - Раиса Осьминина Режиссер - Владимир Осьминин Режиссер - Валерий Гришин Оператор - Марк Трахтман Оператор - Лев Ревтов Ведущий - Вадим Малов Мы в соцсетях: Яндекс. Дзен - https://dzen.ru/fond Telegram - https://t.me/gosteleradiofond VK - https://vk.com/teleradiofond OK - https://ok.ru/gosteleradiofond ▶Подписаться на канал "Советские фильмы, спектакли и телепередачи": https://www.youtube.com/@gtrffilms?sub_confirmation=1

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