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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:02
diamonds00:00:03
are 4 billion years old and00:00:07
yet they dazzle us with their brilliance00:00:09
but they are no longer just00:00:11
objects of admiration00:00:14
they hide within themselves powers that can00:00:17
change your life the future of the diamond is very00:00:21
exciting to discover what many of us are00:00:23
calling new diamond measures to00:00:28
achieve this a shining future,00:00:29
scientists will have to surpass nature and00:00:32
create better diamonds new technology for00:00:36
creating synthetic diamonds will take00:00:38
us where we have never been this is a00:00:42
dazzling challenge can science00:00:45
do the impossible and create a super00:00:48
diamond00:00:56
[music]00:01:02
from a scientific perspective super diamonds a diamond is00:01:08
like no other another substance00:01:12
they are four times harder than any00:01:14
mineral on earth they are karazine resistant00:01:19
the best of them are completely transparent and they00:01:24
conduct heat00:01:25
some can conduct electricity it00:01:29
is known that a material such as diamond00:01:31
has a huge set of unique00:01:33
characteristics, the combination of these00:01:35
characteristics is what makes a diamond so00:01:37
extraordinary if science can00:01:43
controlling the forces of these stones00:01:44
can turn our lives around,00:01:49
from the microcircuits in our phones to00:01:51
cars and the next space00:01:53
they must be super durable they00:01:56
must be eternal they must be00:01:58
resistant to heat and cold and other00:02:00
types of influences they say that diamonds00:02:02
are forever but this not so most00:02:06
of them contain natural cracks00:02:08
cracks that cannot withstand00:02:10
extreme temperatures and pressures in00:02:13
order to change the technology of science we00:02:15
must do something extraordinary00:02:17
to create a perfect diamond in the laboratory00:02:21
we are guided by nature and the question is00:02:24
whether we can surpass00:02:26
our goal to create a super Almaty00:02:32
super diamond will have all00:02:34
the characteristics of an ordinary diamond, while it00:02:37
will be possible to produce a super00:02:39
diamond of any shape and size, most of all00:02:43
their properties will be similar to the properties of the00:02:45
rarest stones, for example, this00:02:51
diamond, hope, is perhaps the most perfect00:02:54
natural diamond in the world, it is00:03:01
stored under bomb-resistant glass in00:03:03
Smithsonian Institution in Washington00:03:09
this 45 and a half carat stone is more00:03:13
than 100 times larger than a regular00:03:15
diamond ring it is one of the largest and most00:03:21
valuable diamonds ever found00:03:23
its value is about 25000:03:26
million dollars but that's not all this00:03:34
stone has some unusual00:03:35
qualities that highlight what00:03:38
makes a diamond so special00:03:41
jeffrey post curator of the national00:03:44
gem collection examines a00:03:46
stone in the laboratory he demonstrates a00:03:53
phenomenon that sets the hope diamond apart00:03:55
from most others let's take00:03:59
ultraviolet light and expose the00:04:02
hope diamond to it let's leave it00:04:04
exposed for 10-15 seconds notice00:04:12
that one of the white Larisa's diamond is shining with a00:04:14
very bright blue light, now00:04:20
turn off the lights in the room, I will turn on the00:04:22
ultraviolet lamp and we will see an00:04:25
intense orange glow,00:04:27
this is about the sphere sens sens,00:04:35
for many years this glow00:04:37
was attributed to a curse placed on the00:04:39
diamond when it was stolen from an Indian00:04:42
temple centuries ago,00:04:46
but the post is not superstitious and so00:04:51
supposedly this is a cursed diamond00:04:53
that glows with this blood-red00:04:55
color, you know, this is a beautiful legend, but the00:05:00
scientist in many of us00:05:02
wonders why it glows so much after00:05:05
his team conducts an investigation00:05:07
using a spectrometer, a device that00:05:08
measures the length of light waves,00:05:13
the spectrometer shows that the special00:05:15
shade hope is formed from two00:05:20
colors aqua and red00:05:26
thanks to this the team can name00:05:28
two chemical elements contained in00:05:30
diamond boron and nitrogen and suddenly I realized what00:05:35
happens when phosphorescent diamond00:05:40
gives the stones a blue color and in combination00:05:44
with nitrogen it gives a red glow to the stone00:05:49
chemical elements they curses00:05:51
make hope glow00:05:54
but scientists are not interested in the red glow00:05:57
abortion the element that makes hope00:05:59
blue pores don't just color diamonds00:06:06
it also allows them to conduct00:06:08
electricity due to boron impurities00:06:14
blue diamonds are essentially00:06:16
semiconductors of electricity which00:06:17
makes them significantly different from00:06:20
regular pure carbon diamonds00:06:23
pure white diamonds are00:06:25
dielectrics try passing00:06:28
current through them nothing will happen but00:06:31
blue boron rich diamonds like00:06:34
hope are conductors of00:06:36
electricity additional boron atoms00:06:39
interact with existing00:06:42
diamond atoms thus conducting00:06:44
electricity top00:06:48
there is another useful quality that00:06:50
not only blue but00:06:52
other diamonds have they conduct heat00:06:55
better than any other material00:07:04
if science could create00:07:06
synthetic diamonds that00:07:08
conduct both current and heat at the same time it would00:07:11
revolutionize the very important00:07:12
components of our lives in the field of00:07:16
semiconductors semiconductors00:07:21
are indispensable in almost every electronic00:07:23
device from the transmission of electricity to the00:07:25
precise control of microchip technology00:07:33
on Over the past 50 years,00:07:35
semiconductors have been made00:07:37
exclusively from silicon,00:07:39
but the cream has no serious00:07:42
drawback. The more electricity00:07:45
passes through it, the hotter it gets,00:07:47
as a result, most00:07:49
silicon chips require complex00:07:52
cooling systems; if their temperature00:07:55
rises above one hundred and forty-nine00:07:57
degrees Celsius, they burn out,00:08:03
revealing the fact that blue diamonds00:08:06
conduct heat and electricity, scientists00:08:08
have been able to imagine the00:08:09
unimaginable world after the silicon age,00:08:16
a world where everything from a cell phone00:08:18
to a spacecraft00:08:21
runs on diamonds;00:08:26
the ability to spray diamond coating00:08:28
on electronics or use pieces of00:08:31
diamonds as heat sinks will00:08:33
undoubtedly open up a whole new00:08:35
direction in the production of more00:08:37
smaller and more powerful electronic devices00:08:42
despite their attractive brilliance the00:08:45
true potential of diamonds00:08:47
has remained in the shadows for centuries00:08:51
the possibilities for technology are almost00:08:54
limitless but there is one problem diamonds are00:09:00
very expensive and rare00:09:03
natural diamonds semiconductors such00:09:06
as hope are found a thousand times00:09:08
less common and their shape and size are not00:09:12
suitable for industrial use,00:09:18
so scientists are trying to create a00:09:19
synthetic super diamond that has00:09:22
all the capabilities of a natural blue00:09:25
diamond and a given size and shape. In00:09:33
order to create an artificial super00:09:35
diamond, scientists will have to go back to00:09:37
basics and study the composition of00:09:39
natural diamonds,00:09:44
despite their rarity, diamonds consist00:09:47
of one of the most common00:09:49
elements on earth carbon carbon is a00:09:54
fundamental element it forms00:09:57
the basis of everything that surrounds us00:10:02
even we are made up of 18 percent00:10:05
carbon00:10:08
it is very common in the depths of the earth it00:10:11
contains approximately more than 9000:10:13
billion tons but carbon did not originate00:10:19
on earth it has a more distant00:10:22
origin and a longer history00:10:25
star on the verge of death red giant00:10:33
astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson studies the00:10:36
dramatic history of the formation of00:10:38
carbon our universe was born without00:10:42
carbon the process of birth involved00:10:45
only hydrogen and helium and a tiny00:10:47
amount of lithium carbon appeared later00:10:50
it is formed in the cores of stars this00:10:56
red giant star once looked like00:10:58
ours the sun, but over time, such stars00:11:02
grow thousands of times and instead of a white00:11:07
hot glow at the end of their life,00:11:09
they begin to glow red; they00:11:12
run out of fuel;00:11:17
their core now consists of almost00:11:19
only helium at the moment of fire and a00:11:24
nuclear reaction occurs in its core that00:11:27
splits helium and fusees it atoms into00:11:31
new matter into carbon dying00:11:37
red giants00:11:38
carbon factories of the universe00:11:42
eventually the star explodes in a bright white00:11:44
flash so strong that thousands of00:11:47
millions of tons of carbon scatter to the00:11:49
farthest corners of space over00:11:55
time vast clouds of fragments from the00:11:57
explosion are drawn into the orbit of the new00:11:59
star00:12:03
rotating these fragments gather in a00:12:05
clump after millions of years, these clumps00:12:10
grow and a planet begins to form; this is00:12:14
exactly how the solar system00:12:17
and our planet earth were born00:12:21
and this is why carbon, the raw material for diamonds,00:12:24
is found in large quantities deep00:12:27
in the bowels of the earth00:12:29
[music]00:12:32
the problem for scientists hoping to create a00:12:34
super diamond is that carbon is00:12:36
usually takes its weakest form00:12:42
the most common form of carbon is00:12:44
graphite00:12:45
it is great for pencils but00:12:48
too soft for high tech00:12:50
products god season scientist researcher00:12:56
at the carnegie institute of washington00:12:59
is an expert on the formation of00:13:02
carbon and diamonds funny how diamond and00:13:07
graphite are made from the same element00:13:09
carbon but they are very different between00:13:12
themselves the planes of least00:13:15
resistance graphite is located here and00:13:18
you can see how each of these00:13:20
black dots of carbon atoms connects00:13:22
with three other atoms forming00:13:25
groups of three atoms00:13:26
but in diamond each carbon atom is00:13:29
connected to four neighboring ones00:13:31
and they form a lattice so diamond is00:13:34
strong in all directions in this00:13:38
difference, the strength of a material is equal to the strength of00:13:41
its weakest connection, just like in a chain,00:13:43
look, graphite has these planes of00:13:46
least resistance, just like00:13:48
wood, wood is very weak, the fibers00:13:51
go in this direction and in it the wood is00:13:54
weak in the opposite direction, but it is strong,00:13:56
you can see this watching the00:13:58
performance of karatekas, take three pieces of00:14:00
wood,00:14:01
put them on top of each other, here is my trusty00:14:05
hammer and it was funny, but with a diamond it’s a00:14:09
different matter, it is strong in all00:14:11
directions, it can be compared to plywood,00:14:14
plywood is a composite material, layers with00:14:17
vertical fibers alternate with00:14:19
layers with horizontal ones, take one00:14:22
sheet of plywood hammer failed did not00:14:30
break00:14:32
just as a diamond would not break scientists00:14:35
hoping to create a super diamond will have to00:14:37
work hard to make it hard00:14:41
they will have to recreate the lattice00:14:44
structure of the diamond to do this they00:14:50
need to figure out how nature00:14:52
transforms ordinary carbon into a shining00:14:54
diamond scientists are faced with the task of00:15:02
figuring out how to do super diamond their00:15:06
search begins here in south africa the00:15:08
diamond capitals of the world in these rocks00:15:14
diamonds were found in the 19th century00:15:19
hundreds of thousands of diamonds were mined here but00:15:22
only recently have scientists figured out how they00:15:24
were formed00:15:29
professor steve and gerty00:15:32
diamond formation expert the origin of00:15:37
diamonds is a real mystery00:15:39
they were found in placers so if you00:15:42
find one diamond, don’t doubt there00:15:44
are others nearby, this has led to the formation of the00:15:47
point of view that the processes due to00:15:50
which diamonds appear on the surface00:15:52
can be deep00:15:54
diamonds are formed deep in the bowels of the00:15:57
earth in the mantle of00:15:59
that part of the earth that is located between the00:16:01
earth’s crust and the hot core here is00:16:06
strong pressure changes the molecular00:16:08
structure of carbon, pressing its00:16:11
atoms together and forcing them00:16:13
to form a new lattice structure00:16:15
and under the influence of high temperatures00:16:19
and pressure, carbon turns into diamonds,00:16:25
the temperature should reach about00:16:27
one and a half thousand degrees on a 100-degree00:16:30
scale and the pressure is about five giga bass00:16:33
if00:16:35
this equals 1400 82 degrees Celsius and the00:16:41
weight of 4000 adult men standing on00:16:44
your foot the journey from dying00:16:48
stars to diamond mines is almost00:16:49
complete00:16:53
160 kilometers share their source in the00:16:56
mantle the surface of the earth part of the substance00:17:02
called kimberley there quickly delivers00:17:05
them to the surface kimberlite this rock00:17:08
is the transporter of diamonds on00:17:11
power to although they are not formed in it00:17:19
kimberlite is a volcanic rock that00:17:22
forms deep in the bowels of the earth00:17:24
when it moves to the surface it00:17:27
forms tubes resembling the shape of a00:17:29
carrot these tubes are filled with00:17:32
molten rock particles of the mantle and00:17:35
diamonds00:17:38
when it breaks through the crust00:17:40
it erupts forming a small but00:17:42
strong volcano I like to think about them00:17:46
as volcanoes of opportunity these for00:17:49
example captured diamonds00:17:51
from their safe vaults about00:17:54
200 kilometers underground and then00:17:57
strong check on the surface magma00:18:02
forms a mound of volcanic rock00:18:05
which cools and hardens over time00:18:09
inside the rock hidden diamonds00:18:12
very rare crystals of perfect shape00:18:15
surrounded kimberley there00:18:19
and among them even rarer are00:18:23
blue boron rich diamond and00:18:25
such as the diamond of hope00:18:35
having come four billion years ago from a00:18:37
dying star to the surface of the earth00:18:39
carbon still excites scientists00:18:42
trying to convert it into super00:18:45
alma it would00:18:50
take to produce something like that incredibly high00:18:53
temperatures and pressures, it turns out that00:18:56
transforming graphite into diamond is not00:18:58
so easy. The first attempts were00:19:04
made in the 50s when the00:19:07
General Electric company launched a super pressure project;00:19:12
their goal was to create the first00:19:14
synthetic diamond;00:19:18
they developed a mechanism that allowed them to00:19:21
apply pressure on graphite of about five00:19:23
and a half giga pascals and heat00:19:26
it to a temperature of about 1300 7000:19:29
degrees Celsius you thus creating00:19:31
natural conditions in the earth's00:19:35
crust00:19:36
it cost them 5 years of time millions of00:19:39
dollars but finally in February 195500:19:43
they announced that they had made the00:19:46
world's first synthetic industrial diamond00:19:57
50 years later in a laboratory called00:20:00
element 6 located near johannesburg00:20:03
in south africa, research continues00:20:05
to create diamonds following the example of00:20:10
general electric00:20:11
they synthesize diamonds on an industrial00:20:14
scale not for jewelry but for00:20:15
heavy industry00:20:19
scientists richard botkin pioneer in the field of00:20:22
industrial diamond research we00:20:26
have many presses capable of producing00:20:28
diamonds in no less than 45 minutes it is very00:20:31
exciting to see this technology00:20:33
consistently room law behind the diamonds00:20:38
produced here begin their journey00:20:40
as a highly pure form of graphite00:20:43
powder it is sintered inside a00:20:48
pressure chamber at a temperature between 130000:20:50
seventy and 1980 degrees Celsius00:20:54
approximately the same if push 2000:20:57
sedans together and heat them to temperatures ranging from00:20:59
1400 to 2000 degrees Celsius the00:21:02
result is something that is00:21:04
50 percent stronger than00:21:06
natural diamonds and such diamonds element 600:21:09
can produce by the handful these diamonds00:21:12
have revolutionized drilling and drilling00:21:15
mines friction from drilling hard rocks00:21:19
such as granite can damage regular00:21:22
drills but diamond00:21:24
tipped drills take the heat load00:21:26
off the drill tip00:21:28
gas and oil drilling00:21:30
has improved enormously with diamond00:21:33
simply because you can drill00:21:34
deeper and faster with them00:21:38
the only downside to industrial00:21:41
diamonds is that they are small the00:21:45
next challenge is to create diamonds00:21:47
large enough to print on them00:21:50
electronic circuit boards or to shape00:21:52
other high-tech devices, the00:22:00
dji month company in Sarasota Florida is struggling with this task00:22:03
using00:22:06
special equipment they00:22:08
actually grow large diamonds00:22:12
they start grains of00:22:14
microscopic diamond natural00:22:17
or artificial and surround it with00:22:19
graphite this is a complex process00:22:24
showing how difficult it is to create00:22:25
large ones diamonds this process is led by00:22:29
chief engineer Clark McEwan, we take00:22:34
a graph and, together with a grain from a real00:22:37
diamond, combine it in an environment that00:22:39
simulates the processes occurring in the00:22:41
bowels of the earth 2 data form of carbon00:22:44
graphite and diamond grain are placed in a00:22:47
chamber,00:22:48
they are heated and compressed by a powerful00:22:51
hydraulic press under00:22:55
pressure and temperature, the graphite00:22:57
breaks down into independent00:22:59
carbon atoms, these atoms spread out and00:23:03
find the diamond grain and attach to00:23:06
it, it serves as a model when the graphite melts,00:23:12
carbon atoms are released that00:23:15
crystallize on the top of the diamond00:23:17
grain, the diamond grows molecule by molecule00:23:24
what nature does in 4 billion years00:23:27
they do in 4 days00:23:36
as a result they get a large00:23:39
artificial stone three times larger00:23:41
than a grain.00:23:46
Thanks to this achievement, scientists can00:23:49
gradually grow large diamonds. The00:23:55
quality of artificial diamonds is such00:23:58
that they are difficult to distinguish from real ones, but00:24:03
there is one way that00:24:05
David Weinstein from the00:24:07
International Institute of Precious Stones shows us to a00:24:10
simple test. which a jeweler can do00:24:12
to determine the00:24:14
origin of a diamond is to use a very00:24:16
strong magnet if the diamond he is00:24:18
looking at has an internal metal00:24:20
crystal as a result of the00:24:21
growing process then the magnet must cause it00:24:28
even though they can be00:24:30
identified these large artificial00:24:33
stones could revolutionize00:24:35
jewelry in fact,00:24:40
but scientists have yet to make a real discovery00:24:43
in a month; they cannot00:24:49
grow diamonds whose shape is suitable00:24:51
for use in high-00:24:53
tech areas; we cannot do this yet,00:24:57
but we are constantly working to improve the00:24:58
process of creating larger and better00:25:01
quality diamonds; scientists are trying to00:25:04
create a large diamond.00:25:05
possessing all the properties of a real00:25:07
diamond and a size and shape that does not00:25:10
exist in nature,00:25:13
applications can be endless from00:25:16
circuit boards to diamond scalpels00:25:18
[music]00:25:20
as scientists fight to create the00:25:23
perfect diamond, a clue00:25:25
approaches earth from an unexpected00:25:27
place00:25:31
[music]00:25:39
after years of research scientists00:25:41
have figured out how to create jewelry-00:25:43
sized diamonds, there is only one obstacle left on the00:25:47
way to creating a super diamond; make it of00:25:49
any size and shape;00:25:54
scientists need an impetus for development and it00:25:57
comes from space;00:26:14
these strange objects look like00:26:17
burnt stone; they were found in South00:26:20
America and in central Africa; testing00:26:24
revealed something unexpected00:26:26
these stones are actually00:26:28
diamonds black diamonds these two stones00:26:34
famous black diamonds otherwise00:26:36
called carbonado because of their resemblance to00:26:39
coal carbonado has been known00:26:46
for many centuries00:26:47
but the way it was formed remains a00:26:49
mystery only recently its00:26:53
potential importance to science has been revealed00:26:58
george harlow from the American Museum of00:27:00
Natural History explains what00:27:02
makes black diamond so unusual00:27:05
carbonado is a mystery because00:27:08
its characteristics do not match those00:27:10
that we attribute to diamond00:27:12
formed in the earth's mantle;00:27:17
diamonds from the earth's mantle are formed under00:27:19
enormous pressure and high temperature,00:27:21
so they are compact and dense;00:27:24
black diamonds are another matter00:27:31
Having examined them under a microscope,00:27:33
scientists learned that they are riddled with00:27:35
holes, they have a lot of emptiness inside,00:27:41
deep in the bowels of the earth there are emptiness and00:27:43
must be filled with something, but in black00:27:45
diamonds00:27:46
they are not filled with ordinary diamonds contain00:27:49
very few voids since they00:27:53
are formed deep underground they00:27:55
are compressed into single crystal,00:28:00
it seems that black diamonds are formed00:28:01
differently, unlike ordinary diamonds,00:28:07
they are not made up of one crystal, but00:28:10
from millions of crystals connected together,00:28:16
scientists have come to the conclusion that carbonados00:28:18
are not formed at high pressure like00:28:20
ordinary diamonds, but at low pressure, but then00:28:27
where did they come from and again00:28:34
research leads us to the last00:28:36
minutes of the life of a dying red00:28:38
giant, a00:28:42
modern theory explaining the00:28:44
birth of carbonado believes that these00:28:46
small diamonds were formed in a00:28:49
supernova explosion and Gertie believes that the00:28:58
vacuum of space00:28:59
explains the unique structure of carbonado the00:29:04
diamonds were hot, they collided00:29:06
with each other and eventually stuck together00:29:09
to form a large diamond00:29:15
during their formation during the explosion,00:29:18
particles of minerals also ended up in their00:29:20
composition, which colors the diamonds00:29:22
black, then the diamonds were delivered to the earth00:29:29
through a meteorite, when the00:29:33
meteorite fell, it rained diamonds,00:29:37
it must have been a truly amazing00:29:39
spectacle in the release of black diamonds from the00:29:41
meteorite when the aspens struck Scientists are00:29:46
fascinated not only by the large size of00:29:48
black diamonds, but carbonado has another00:29:52
advantage compared to ordinary00:29:54
diamonds;00:29:57
its field crystal structure00:29:59
makes it not only larger but also harder; it is00:30:02
almost impossible to cut everything with00:30:07
natural diamond; this is not the case,00:30:09
although it is one of the strongest00:30:11
known materials00:30:13
It has its weaknesses00:30:18
It may seem surprising that a00:30:20
regular diamond is not initially00:30:22
flawless,00:30:25
but in New York's jewelry district00:30:27
it is precisely these inherent flaws in00:30:29
natural diamonds that00:30:31
cutter Amico uses to me, their work00:30:36
demonstrates why single-crystal00:30:38
diamonds are not suitable as a sample00:30:40
for scientists hoping to create an00:30:42
ultra-strong super diamond00:30:47
in the editing room the diamond is marked with a00:30:50
pen so the cutter has a00:30:52
direction for further work00:30:54
computer analysis finds natural00:30:56
cracks in the stone and calculates the best00:30:58
way to split it these days00:31:02
lasers have replaced hammers and chisels in00:31:04
diamond cutting but in general cutting00:31:07
still relies to discover the00:31:09
natural cleavage plane of a diamond a00:31:14
natural single crystal diamond will00:31:16
separate cleanly where its chemical00:31:19
bonds are weakest00:31:21
know the cleavage plane a cutter can00:31:25
split the stone perfectly00:31:30
this weakness of single crystal diamonds00:31:34
is the fatal flaw of a diamond that00:31:40
can crack are not reliable enough00:31:42
for use in high00:31:43
technology00:31:46
[music]00:31:49
the key to the creation of a reliable super diamond00:31:52
lies in copying the field of the crystalline00:31:54
structure of carbonado, the theory of the formation of00:31:59
black diamonds in the vacuum of space00:32:01
gives another discovery, a completely new00:32:04
way of making diamonds,00:32:11
space diamonds helped us understand00:32:13
that it is absolutely not necessary00:32:14
to use pressure,00:32:16
everything can be done in a vacuum, carbonados00:32:20
have prepared the way for a new type of super00:32:23
diamonds are stronger than00:32:27
ever they can be created in a00:32:30
crystalline form not found in00:32:33
nature it's all about using low00:32:38
pressure to simulate the00:32:40
vacuum of space this process is called00:32:47
chemical vapor deposition or00:32:49
x for short it starts by00:32:56
placing a small grain of diamond this00:32:58
vacuum chamber at a pressure just below00:33:02
atmospheric the chamber is heated to00:33:06
nineteen eighty degrees00:33:07
Celsius then methane is pumped into it, a00:33:12
carbon containing gas and then hydrogen00:33:16
then the hydrogen and methane are bombarded with00:33:20
microwaves which shake them00:33:22
causing their molecules to collide this00:33:26
process releases clouds of00:33:28
carbon atoms which settle on the grain and00:33:31
so the diamond gradually grows00:33:38
this grain that was there at the beginning00:33:43
24 hours later it doubles in size in the00:33:49
research laboratory of the us00:33:51
navy james butler takes this process00:33:54
to a new level00:33:57
they grow not just single stones00:34:00
diamond sheets as thick as a microcircuit00:34:04
one of the materials we take00:34:06
in the beginning is not a diamond material like a00:34:09
silicon wafer on which we00:34:11
put a very thin layer of these little00:34:13
diamond grains that looks kind of like00:34:16
if you spilled salt on a00:34:18
kitchen counter00:34:19
then we put that board in a medium and the00:34:23
diamonds grow and as they00:34:26
grow they touch each other with a friend and00:34:29
we get one large diamond but with00:34:31
different edges in different directions,00:34:36
each diamond crystal is connected to00:34:39
another and together they form a network of00:34:41
crystals covering a plate00:34:43
less than half a millimeter thick,00:34:48
you can make such boards up to 2000:34:51
centimeters in width,00:34:56
the shape of the sample determines the shape of the diamond00:34:58
sheet, ideal for making wafers00:35:01
that replace silicon wafers they are00:35:04
much stronger than natural diamonds they00:35:06
conduct electricity and withstand00:35:08
high temperatures this is a real super00:35:13
diamond00:35:16
[music] a00:35:17
simple test shows why00:35:19
diamonds make great00:35:21
microcircuits they are able to conduct heat00:35:27
take an ice cube and a large diamond00:35:30
wafer this wafer will conduct00:35:32
heat from mine hands to the ice as you can see the00:35:39
diamond plate passes through the ice00:35:41
like a hot knife through butter and this is00:35:46
more than a beautiful trick super diamonds00:35:48
were coated with image brightness enhancers00:35:50
which showed how00:35:54
diamonds are more efficient heat00:35:56
conductors than copper commonly used00:35:58
in electronic components the00:36:04
left plate is made of00:36:06
artificial diamond00:36:07
the right two plates made of copper and placed00:36:13
in ice and connected to a thermal sensor00:36:14
that registers heat passing00:36:17
through an object,00:36:22
as can be seen from the diamond plate on the left,00:36:25
it conducts heat faster than copper,00:36:27
almost 5 times the00:36:33
super super diamond prefix appeared00:36:36
thanks to this incomparable ability,00:36:42
scientists are excited and for the first time they have there is00:36:45
a material that can withstand the00:36:47
dominance of silicon00:36:53
chips are made of diamond wafers00:36:56
can drive electronic00:36:58
devices at higher speeds with00:37:00
more energy without overheating00:37:03
they are faster smaller and more efficient00:37:07
razor thin computers mobile00:37:11
phones with a long lifespan00:37:13
perfect images on and TV screens00:37:15
electronics are just that start today00:37:19
Scientists can create diamonds in shapes00:37:21
and sizes that will revolutionize the00:37:23
future00:37:34
Researchers at the Carnegie Institution of Washington00:37:35
are trying to solve some of00:37:38
science's biggest mysteries, from how compressed00:37:43
gas can conduct electricity00:37:45
to how micro life can survive in00:37:48
extreme conditions,00:37:53
this research requires extremely high00:37:56
pressures which they create using a00:37:58
vice called a diamond00:38:00
anvil00:38:03
with its help the object is clamped between00:38:06
two diamond tips which creates a00:38:09
small area of high pressure00:38:10
around them with its help it can create00:38:14
the same pressure as in the center of the earth for the00:38:20
experiments of the research team00:38:22
from Carnegie this was not enough but00:38:25
when they increased pressure the00:38:27
diamond failed once00:38:35
the earth the director of the geophysical laboratory00:38:37
decided to improve the anvil by creating an00:38:39
ultra hard super diamond our group00:38:45
had been very interested in00:38:46
using diamond for00:38:49
high pressure experiments for so00:38:51
many years and we needed to00:38:53
take this to the next level00:38:55
we needed diamond and better yet even00:38:58
stronger even more than can be obtained from00:39:01
mother earth or as a result of a00:39:03
natural process00:39:06
to create such a super earth diamond00:39:09
used a variant of the hey00:39:10
method to accelerate the growth rate of the00:39:13
diamond00:39:14
after which the team subjected the diamond to00:39:17
high pressure and temperatures in order to00:39:19
harden it even more00:39:24
as the result was another leap00:39:27
towards creating a super diamond,00:39:30
the diamond not only grew many times faster00:39:33
but was also larger up to 15 carats00:39:39
in just six days they created a diamond00:39:42
only 3 times smaller than the00:39:45
Hope Diamond and half as strong as the stone00:39:49
that nature would forge billions of years the00:39:54
new super diamond was so hard00:39:57
that it broke the Finley hardness tester when00:40:01
used in a diamond anvil this00:40:03
new super diamond lived up to the costs and00:40:05
expectations with its help you can create00:40:08
a pressure that is a million times00:40:10
greater than any pressure existing00:40:13
on our planet00:40:17
now can simulate such00:40:20
powerful forces that are never studied00:40:23
for example such as pressure deep in the00:40:25
earth's mantle reaching 130 giga00:40:28
pascal00:40:30
this improved tool allows us to00:40:33
study some of the most important questions00:40:36
for example is there life in space00:40:44
[music]00:40:51
earth teams take 2 typical strains of00:40:54
bacteria including intestinal wand00:40:58
they place them in a liquid and launch00:41:02
super diamond discs the liquid00:41:09
turns into a dense form of ice under00:41:13
intense pressure00:41:14
most of the bacteria die incredibly00:41:19
but one percent survive if a bacterium00:41:25
can survive in such harsh conditions00:41:27
life is possible not only on00:41:30
earth but also on other planets00:41:40
innovative Applications of super diamonds00:41:43
go far beyond the search for00:41:45
alien life from00:41:50
ultra-sensitive electronic sensors00:41:52
to ultra-strong medical implants00:41:54
such as synthetic joints00:41:57
[music]00:41:59
thanks to super diamond created at00:42:02
low pressure diamonds will change the future00:42:09
super diamonds will change the way communications00:42:12
everywhere, especially on the battlefield00:42:16
[music]00:42:20
constant use, destroyed by00:42:23
heating elements,00:42:24
equipment such as walkie-talkies often break down in00:42:27
harsh combat conditions, but00:42:32
imagine that they are made of super diamonds,00:42:36
super diamonds can already be created in the form of00:42:39
small sound transmitters00:42:41
called resonators, making important walkie-talkies and00:42:44
computers more reliable and00:42:46
efficient, they can vibrate with00:42:51
speeds of up to 1 million times per second,00:42:52
while creating the00:42:54
highest quality sound that00:42:56
exists and at the same time hard as nails,00:43:01
and all this thanks to a diamond a thousand times00:43:03
smaller than the thickness of a human hair,00:43:08
but this is beneficial not only to soldiers;00:43:11
diamond resonators will eventually begin to be00:43:13
used in such familiar00:43:15
devices like mobile phones00:43:17
providing longer00:43:19
talk time and crystal clear sound transmission00:43:23
the very sparkle that attracts00:43:26
us to precious diamonds00:43:27
reveals another secret transparency00:43:31
they are transparent to the estimate they block the00:43:34
light passing through them as soon as00:43:37
the light hits the diamond the dense carbon00:43:40
structure slows it down by half and00:43:41
while the light is reflected inside the stone it is00:43:44
delayed you can make the light00:43:47
entering the diamond be completely reflected00:43:49
and come out at a different angle00:43:51
decan that's why the diamond sparkles so much00:43:55
because the light comes in at one angle00:43:58
and comes out at another it makes you00:44:01
think that it glows on its own but00:44:03
it not so all it does is00:44:05
redistribute the light it's wonderful00:44:11
now you know why diamonds are00:44:14
together00:44:15
[music]00:44:20
the unique optical transparency of a00:44:22
diamond is an excellent material for00:44:24
optical knife diamond is transparent to a00:44:30
wide spectrum of light from ultraviolet00:44:33
to infrared radiation it is00:44:37
the only substance through which light00:44:40
passes virtually unchanged he00:44:42
literally can see it us and can00:44:48
produce super strong super00:44:49
transparent windows from super diamonds00:44:51
the possibilities of super diamonds are limitless00:44:57
soon you will be able to find a super diamond everywhere00:45:00
from your desktop to your00:45:02
galaxy00:45:05
now we see only the very beginning of00:45:08
the future of diamonds and there are no limits00:45:11
to what we can make with their help00:45:12
in the future billions of years it took nature00:45:20
to bring a diamond to00:45:22
perfection today we make super00:45:25
diamonds in a matter of days00:45:26
harder bigger and better00:45:33
the future is just around the corner00:45:36
diamond production technologies are improving costs00:45:38
are decreasing00:45:41
perhaps someday the day will come00:45:43
when oils will be as common00:45:46
as I am on the streets just like steel00:45:49
transistors and silicon diamonds can00:45:52
make a revolution00:45:56
[music]00:45:58
welcome to the era of super diamonds00:46:03
the program is voiced by Arktov studio and the00:46:06
text is read by Alexander Gavrilin00:46:13
[music]00:46:19
[music]Description:
🪐NIGHT SPACE ПОДПИСАТЬСЯ: https://t.me/+-7S4DX7iUHswODVi «Двери во Вселенную открыты - приглашаем тебя войти и познать все ее тайны!» В видео содержится контент, защищенный авторским правом. Правообладатель разрешил нам использовать видео. Правообладатель "National Geographic" монетизирует это видео. Авторские права соблюдены. Подробная информация тут https://support.google.com/youtube/ -Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. -I Do Not Own Anything.All the Rights in This Content Belong to Their Respective Owner/
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