background top icon
background center wave icon
background filled rhombus icon
background two lines icon
background stroke rhombus icon

Download "Владикавказ. История основания (1 часть) [eng sub] @DAIV_official"

input logo icon
Table of contents
|

Table of contents

0:00
Вступление
1:54
Предисловие
6:22
Первая версия
26:37
Вторая версия
40:59
Дополнительные сведения и сравнение двух версий
52:42
Карты
54:50
Заключение
56:21
Подпишись и стань спонсором канала
Similar videos from our catalog
|

Similar videos from our catalog

Vainakh battle towers in Ingushetia. Caucasus. Russia
3:16

Vainakh battle towers in Ingushetia. Caucasus. Russia

Channel: Одна нога здесь, другая там - ONZDT
Интервью Путина Такеру Карлсону: что это было и зачем | Лекция по истории Украины для американцев
33:06

Интервью Путина Такеру Карлсону: что это было и зачем | Лекция по истории Украины для американцев

Channel: varlamov
Чеченцы отвечают на вопросы | 26 выпуск (Самый большой остров в России)
36:20

Чеченцы отвечают на вопросы | 26 выпуск (Самый большой остров в России)

Channel: Go Bro
🌌 ТОП 5 ПРИТЧ после которых к тебе придёт ОСОЗНАНИЕ и ты уже не будешь прежним
11:22

🌌 ТОП 5 ПРИТЧ после которых к тебе придёт ОСОЗНАНИЕ и ты уже не будешь прежним

Channel: ОСОЗНАНИЕ
В Украине погиб 62-летний замдиректора кадетского корпуса
0:14

В Украине погиб 62-летний замдиректора кадетского корпуса

Channel: Шаблишечка
Рамзан Кадыров✔ -Передал отделению ГИБДД 10 патрульных автомобилей "Шкода Октавиа".
1:38

Рамзан Кадыров✔ -Передал отделению ГИБДД 10 патрульных автомобилей "Шкода Октавиа".

Channel: Рамзан Кадыров - КРА 95
Колби Ковингтон замена в бою - Хамзат Чимаев против Гилберта /Разгромное поражение Волкова в Лондоне
8:20

Колби Ковингтон замена в бою - Хамзат Чимаев против Гилберта /Разгромное поражение Волкова в Лондоне

Channel: TOP TIP TOP MMA
Лезгинка на шоу талантов в Америке
3:20

Лезгинка на шоу талантов в Америке

Channel: Bers&Elberd
Секретный агент КГБ Колокол (hd) Совершенно Секретно
40:08

Секретный агент КГБ Колокол (hd) Совершенно Секретно

Channel: DoKKino
Великая Отечественная 4 часть Коллаборационисты (hd) Совершенно Секретно
42:39

Великая Отечественная 4 часть Коллаборационисты (hd) Совершенно Секретно

Channel: DoKKino
Video tags
|

Video tags

daiv
DAIV
владикавказ
ингушетия
осетия
пригородный район
ингуши
осетины
галгайче
магас
назрань
история
история на карте
анимированная история
буро
северная осетия
г1алг1айче
г1алг1ай
ангушт
кавказ
пригородный
южная осетия
россия
ссср
чеченцы
геноцид ингушей
геноцид
депортация
депортация чеченцев и ингушей
1944
грозный
калиматов
кадыров
галгай
чечня
Архивные документы
республика ингушетия
ичкерия
нохчи
чеченцы и ингуши
История основания
алания
аланы
кавказская война
даив
Subtitles
|

Subtitles

subtitles menu arrow
  • ruRussian
Download
00:00:14
Vladikavkaz now is the capital of Ossetia and one of the most significant settlements in the Caucasus.
00:00:21
It was founded as a military facility during the expansion to the south, and later began to fulfill an important function in the political influence of Moscow on its new possessions.
00:00:32
But to this day, for many, the foundation of Vladikavkaz remains a mystery. Both Ossetian and Ingush politicians consider this land their own, which causes many interethnic conflicts on this basis.
00:00:47
Today you will see about fifty authentic documents, which will put an end to these endless battles.
00:00:55
Stay until the end, as the plot will change its course more than once during the release. Both positions will be shown and by the end of the video you will be able to weigh the facts yourself.
00:01:08
So, in this video you will find: who was the mysterious Dzaug, who founded a settlement on the site of the future Vladikavkaz,
00:01:18
why the testimony of German travelers about this area is so different and, most importantly, what do the Ingush have to do with all this?
00:01:29
If you like my activity, don’t forget about likes, comments and subscribing to the channel, all this will help more people find this video. You can also provide financial assistance using the link in the description. And we start.
00:01:55
In almost every video of mine where the Caucasian war was mentioned, you have heard about the founding of Vladikavkaz, which had the most important military and political significance.
00:02:05
The very name - "own the Caucasus", gives us an unambiguous hint for what purpose a fortification was erected on this place.
00:02:15
If you assess the state of affairs in the 18th century, you will notice that the appearance of a military base here seems to divide the Caucasus in half,
00:02:23
which facilitates the access of the advancing troops both to the west and to the east, thereby giving additional mobility in case of need to suppress the uprising in the occupied lands.
00:02:36
In addition, Vladikavkaz is located at the very foot of the Caucasus, which should have prevented the potential unification of local residents into a single military-political bloc.
00:02:48
In the future, this will happen, the Imamat will fight alone for their lands in the east, and the Adygs will independently defend their lands in the west.
00:02:59
Not the least important in this isolation of the Caucasians was the network of military installations called the Caucasian Line and its southernmost bastion - known to us today as Vladikavkaz.
00:03:13
It would seem that everything is clear and obvious - in the course of the expansion of the Russian state, Cossack villages and military bases are founded,
00:03:21
later they will become settlements and even megalopolises - this is a natural course of events for most settlements, but what is wrong with Vladikavkaz?
00:03:32
The fact is that, unlike a similar foundation of settlements somewhere in a deserted steppe and in swamps, in this case we are dealing with the seizure of foreign lands in the direction of the movement to the south of the influential hegemon at that time.
00:03:47
This area was not deserted and uninhabited, which means that it had an owner before hostilities began here and the military came here. Therefore, you need to start this video with the fact that to find out on whose lands Vladikavkaz was built.
00:04:05
Each of the two neighboring nationalities, Ingush and Ossetians, are sure that these lands belong to them.
00:04:13
The complexity of this conflict lies in the fact that in the 18th century neither Ossetia nor Ingushetia existed in the political field in the form of a certain feudal principality or another type of state,
00:04:28
they didn’t have a capital and a single official responsible for all ethnic lands, hence the owner any possessions were considered the one who lived on them.
00:04:40
This is a common situation for that era, then there was no Google Maps to look there and find out the owner of each hill or even a piece of desert, as it is possible now.
00:04:53
Although this doesn’t mean that we will not be able to find the truth, as you will understand later in the course of the video. But for now, let's consider what positions exist.
00:05:03
On the official website of Vladikavkaz, and I remind you that it is now the capital of Ossetia, it is written:
00:05:10
“Vladikavkaz was founded on May 6, 1784 during the reign of Empress Catherine II as a Russian outpost near the Ossetian village of Dzaudzhikau on the right bank of the Terek River “at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains.
00:05:26
The emergence of the fortress is associated with the development of Russian-Ossetian relations, with the voluntary joining of the Ossetian society to Russia "
00:05:35
That is, according to the Ossetian position, Vladikavkaz was founded near the Ossetian village of Dzaudzhikau, which means on the Ossetian land.
00:05:44
What do the Ingush answer to this? The official website of Ingushetia shares with us a view of this situation.
00:05:51
"First of all, to connect the North Caucasus Line with Georgia, in 1784 a detachment of troops built a fortress near the Terek,
00:05:59
at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains, near the Ingush village of Zaur, and named Vladikavkaz"
00:06:05
So what do we have? The year of foundation converges, the received name is Vladikavkaz too. But the motives for the construction of a military base in this place differ, as well as, most importantly, on whose land Vladikavkaz was founded.
00:06:23
Well, you can write anything you want on websites now, so let's get acquainted with the original documents of that era. Stay until the end of the video, there will be a lot of documents.
00:06:34
So, in the newspaper "Kavkaz" for 1883 we see an article on the occasion of the centenary of Vladikavkaz:
00:06:43
“Terskie vedomosti” declares that Vladikavkaz has every reason to celebrate in the future 1884 the centenary of its existence.
00:06:53
In "Materials" Butkov says that "in 1784 to connect the North Caucasus Line with Georgia,
00:07:01
a detachment of troops built a fortress near the Terek at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains, at the Ingush tract of Zaur, and named Vladikavkaz"
00:07:10
It is indicated here that Vladikavkaz was built on an Ingush plot of land, but when did the Ossetians appear here?
00:07:17
And where did the Ossetian name Dzaudzhikau come from? In the newspaper “Terskie vedomosti” in 1911, several articles were published, where they told us how it all happened:
00:07:27
“Today we are celebrating the 50th anniversary of the city of Vladikavkaz. Earlier, at the place where Vladikavkaz is now located, there was the Ingush aul Zaur, but in 1784, by order of Prince Potemkin,
00:07:42
at the place where this aul existed, to guard the Georgian Military Highway, which served as the only convenient way to connect with Transcaucasia, was built the fortress of Vladikavkaz.
00:07:54
And in 1785, by the decree of Empress Catherine II, dated May 9, was built the first Orthodox Church in the fortress.
00:08:04
As soon as this fortress was built, part of the Ossetian people descended from the mountains and settled at the walls of this fortress, under the protection of local troops.
00:08:14
The resulting Ossetian aul began to be called "Kapkai", which translated into Russian means "Mountain Gate" "
00:08:21
“Today Vladikavkaz is celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of its existence as a city. Actually, Vladikavkaz, as a settlement under this name, arose much earlier:
00:08:32
in 1784, to connect the North Caucasus Line with Georgia on the banks of the Terek near the Ingush village of Zaur, a detachment of Russian troops built a fortress, which was named Vladikavkaz and was armed with 12 cannons.
00:08:47
Ossetians who descended from the mountains soon settled around the fortress. But four years later, Vladikavkaz and other fortifications,
00:08:54
which ensured communication with Georgia, were abandoned by the Russian troops and the Ossetians who had settled in the fortress, pressed by the Kabardians, went back to their mountains.
00:09:05
In 1795, in view of the need to ensure communication with Georgia, Vladikavkaz and other fortifications were restored.
00:09:15
10 years later, Ossetians reappeared near the fortress, settling in a special village, which still exists today, being part of the city. "
00:09:24
“At this place, in 1784, there was an old Ingush watchtower – galuan and at its foot below the villages of Zaur, Toti and Temurko lay.
00:09:35
Here, on March 12, 1784, the Vladikavkaz fortress was laid at the base of the hill, where the old tower stood, a prayer service was served and fireworks were performed.
00:09:48
In 1806, the Ossetians settled again near the earthen fortress Vladikavkaz, which was abandoned in 1788, and the commandant temporarily lived in the old Zaur tower.
00:10:01
At this time, the present Ossetian settlement was just emerging and by the name of its founder Dzaug was called Dzaudzhikau.
00:10:10
In 1858, when the Vladikavkaz fortress was surrounded by a stone wall, this place had its important, outstanding, strategic face, and the old, repaired and renewed Zaur tower vigilantly guarded it.
00:10:25
Now the restless times have passed, the tower has collapsed, it was dismantled, forgotten and buried the memory of it, and only a piece of an indestructible foundation, a hole, and a hill say that there was something here. "
00:10:38
In general, we have received a rather voluminous layer of information from the newspapers of the 19th and early 20th centuries,
00:10:44
and now we find out what they wrote in books then. For your attention a guide to the Caucasus, published at the turn of the century.
00:10:53
"In 1784, to protect the Georgian Military Road, a small fortress was built near the Terek River, at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains, near the Ingush village of Zaur,
00:11:05
and was named Vladikavkaz, and in 1785 by order of Catherine II an Orthodox church was built in the fortress.
00:11:14
Soon the Ossetians who descended from the mountains settled in the vicinity of Vladikavkaz.
00:11:19
In 1788, due to the fierce pressure of the mountaineers, Vladikavkaz was abandoned, and the Ossetians who settled at the fortress, pressed by the Kabardians, again went to the mountains.
00:11:31
Around 1795 Vladikavkaz was restored. In 1805, Ossetians were settled for the second time near the fortress in a special aul,
00:11:41
which is now part of the city, and in the 20s, a settlement was formed from families of retired soldiers and settlers from Russia. "
00:11:50
Illustrated Practical Guide to the Caucasus, 1902
00:11:55
If we look into older books, we will see the same thing. Let's take a look at the book of one of the members of the Academy of Sciences, who was also Butkov's secret adviser.
00:12:04
"In 1784 a detachment of troops built a fortress near the Terek, at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains, at the Ingush village of Zaur, and named Vladikavkaz"
00:12:15
"As soon as Vladikavkaz was founded, a certain number of Ossetians came out of the mountains, settled here in the vicinity,
00:12:22
arranging a village and cultivated vast fields, lying around Vladikavkaz and had perfect peace and quiet from their neighbors."
00:12:50
"Materials for the new history of the Caucasus from 1722 to 1803", 1869
00:12:55
Literally word for word with the same facts and details, several more books of the 19th century describe the foundation of Vladikavkaz.
00:13:03
“In 1784, to connect the North Caucasian Line with Georgia, a detachment of troops built a fortress near the Terek at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasian mountains at the Ingushevsky tract of Zaur, and named it Vladikavkaz.
00:13:17
Soon, in the course of the device of Vladikavkaz, Ossetians who descended from the mountains settled in its vicinity.
00:13:24
At the end of 1788, Vladikavkaz and other fortifications arranged for communication with Georgia were abandoned and the Ossetians who had settled at the fortress, pressed by the Kabardians, again left for the mountains.
00:13:37
Around 1795 Vladikavkaz and other fortifications were restored. In 1805, the Ossetians settled for the second time near the Vladikavkaz fortress in a special aul, which is now part of the city."
00:13:52
"Collection of information about the Terek region", 1878
00:13:57
“In 1784, to connect the North Caucasian Line with Georgia, a detachment of troops built a fortress near the Terek, at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains, near the Ingush tract of Zaur, and named it Vladikavkaz.
00:14:12
Soon Ossetians settled in the vicinity, who descended from the mountains. At the end of 1788, Vladikavkaz and other fortifications created for communication with Georgia were abandoned
00:14:24
and the Ossetians who settled at the fortress, pressed by the Kabardians, again left for the mountains. Around 1795 Vladikavkaz and other fortifications were restored.
00:14:36
In 1805, the Ossetians settled for the second time near the Vladikavkaz fortress in a special aul, which is now part of the city"
00:14:45
"Terek calendar for 1896", 1895
00:14:51
“The Ingush, or as they call themselves Galga, are the descendants of the Dzherakhovites, Kists, Galgaevites and other residents of the neighboring mountain communities who have moved out of the mountains.
00:15:02
Back in the first half of the last century, the Ingush under this name were already known to the Russians, they were also called Kists or Kishtins.
00:15:11
It is impossible to reliably determine when exactly the resettlement of the Ingush from the mountains to the plane began, but judging by the fact that the Ingush under this name were already known to the Russians in the first half of the last century,
00:15:23
it must be assumed that this resettlement took place long before our acquaintance with them. In the second half of the same century, the Ingush already undoubtedly lived on flatness, since in 1784, at the Ingush village of Zaur, the Vladikavkaz fortress was founded."
00:15:41
COLLECTION OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE CAUCASIAN HIGHLANDERS, 1876
00:15:47
"In 1784, a small fortification was erected near the Ingush aul, which was named Vladikavkaz, which, together with others, provided us with a road from Mozdok to Georgia."
00:15:59
THE LATEST ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE CRIMEA AND CAUCASUS FOR 1897, 1897
00:16:05
In general, it is already becoming clear what the situation around the founding of Vladikavkaz looked like, but besides that, we have a detailed description of the location of all Caucasian tribes of the early 19th century.
00:16:19
What could be better for us than to find out who lived where long before the creation of national autonomies, as well as additionally it will help us understand on whose lands Vladikavkaz was founded.
00:16:30
“The Ingush call themselves Lamur, which means a mountain dweller, and the neighboring peoples call them Ingush and Galgaevites.
00:16:38
They live on both banks of the Sunzha River, from the very source to the Nazran redoubt, along the left bank of the Ossay or Shadgir river, from the ruins of an ancient church to the Karabulak aul,
00:16:49
on both banks of the Kumbelay, from its very source in the Dzheyrakh gorge to the Elisabeth redoubt, and on both sides the Terek river, from the Vladikavkaz fortress to the confluence of the Poga river with the Terek."
00:17:02
“A narrow strip of land stretching in length from south to north, from Mount Kazbek to the Vladikavkaz fortress, a little over 40 versts, and barely 8 versts in width,
00:17:13
and bounded from the west by the current of the Terek River, and from the east by the land of the Ingush, serves as a dwelling for the Kistins , actually the so-called."
00:17:22
"Ossetia borders to the west and south-west with the land of the Balkars and the Great Kabarda being bounded from the south, east and north-east by the course of the Terek River, separated by it from the Kists lands"
00:17:36
“The land, inhabited by Kists tribes, is separated from the Bragun possession by the Sunzha River in the north, by the western course of the same river and by a dry line stretching from the Nazran redoubt to the confluence of the Aradon River into the Terek River,
00:17:51
separated from Small Kabarda by the Terek current, from the very source to the designated confluence with Aradon, separated from Ossetia.”
00:17:59
"Description of the Caucasian Territory", 1835
00:18:03
For a complete understanding of the described lands, it will be better if I show you them clearly. So, here is Vladikavkaz.
00:18:11
Ossetian lands, according to the book of the early 19th century, didn’t go beyond the natural barrier in the form of the Terek current, which is quite logical.
00:18:21
To make you even more aware of how important this information is, this is how it all looks against the background of today's Ossetia.
00:18:30
As you can see, one of the largest parts of it was not even inhabited by Ossetians until the 19th century, including the lands of Vladikavkaz, Beslan and Mozdok. But who then lived there?
00:18:42
The book names the Kists tribes, they are also the Nakh tribes, but if we are now discussing the western lands of the Kists, then the story is about the Ingush.
00:18:52
They lived south of Sunzha and this conditional line reached Ardon, this is beyond the current Beslan. Further, the lands of the Circassians began.
00:19:03
As for the west, the above-mentioned waters of the Terek served as a boundary right up to the Caucasus.
00:19:11
Considering that both Vladikavkaz and Beslan were founded to the east of it, then these lands were considered Ingush at that time.
00:19:20
We find exactly the same information about the habitats of the Caucasian tribes in an even older book.
00:19:27
“The Kistinsky lands stretch from the right or eastern bank of the Terek, which lies opposite the Ossetians, to the left bank of the Aksai, along the northern slope of the Caucasus,
00:19:38
occupying part of the high mountains at the foot of the ridge from south to north.
00:19:42
They border to the north-west with the Small Kabarda, separated by the Terek, to the west with Ossetia”
00:19:52
"The following rivers, starting from west to east, flow or wash the Kists lands: the Terek in its peaks up to the borders of the Small Kabarda, separates the Kists from Ossetia with its right bank."
00:20:06
“The Kistins live on the right bank of the Terek, in high mountains, opposite the Ossetian tribe of Tagauras, with whom they are in irreconcilable enmity.
00:20:14
Their barren lands stretch from the Vladikavkaz fortress to Dariel, where the Georgian border begins. Their villages: Zaurova and Dzherakh, are revered for the gathering places of two different societies."
00:20:27
"The Kists call themselves alternately Kists, Galga, Ingush, and they use one name instead of the other."
00:20:35
"The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus", 1823
00:20:42
I think we figured out the question of who owns these lands, but for a complete understanding, we should add books not only of the 19th century, but also later ones, namely the beginning of the 20th.
00:20:51
“Now let's try to take a closer look at how the Ingush live in their villages, and for this we will take a walk through one of them.
00:20:59
We won't have to travel far from the city, since the Ingush villages, or auls, as the villages of the mountaineers in the Caucasus are called (the Ingush call them yurts), begin right now near Vladikavkaz "
00:21:12
“The Kabardian princes were especially strong and dangerous enemies here. In the wars against the mountaineers, they used the help of the Russian troops.
00:21:21
This forced the Ingush and other highlanders who fought with the Kabardians to ask the Russians to accept them as their citizenship.
00:21:28
And about a hundred years ago, the Ingush came under Russian rule. On the Ingush land, Russian troops built a fortress, and around it the city of Vladikavkaz began to grow little by little. "
00:21:39
"Ingush", 1925
00:21:43
“Vladikavkaz was founded in 1784 on the site of an insignificant Ingush aul. In the beginning it was a small fortification, surrounded by an earthen rampart, and in some places even just a fence and a ditch. "
00:21:57
"Guide to the Georgian Military Highway", 1925
00:22:03
“In order to guard traffic in the Darial Gorge, the Russian commander of the troops, Delpozzo, concluded an agreement with the Ingush in 1801, according to which they had to put up a guard of 1000 soldiers for a certain fee.
00:22:17
A similar agreement was concluded with the Ingush when the fortification of Vladikavkaz was founded in 1784 at the Ingush tract Zaur "
00:22:27
“Mountain Ingushetia. To materials on the economics of the alpine landscape ", 1928
00:22:35
“The Kists lands stretched from present-day Vladikavkaz to Daryal, where the Georgian border had already begun.
00:22:42
Their villages: Zaur (Vladikavkaz) and Dzharakh were considered the main ones and served as a gathering place for societies. By the name of the main villages of the Kists, the Russians called them Zaurovtsy and Dzharakhovtsy.
00:22:55
Several versts to the East from the village of Zaur, began the auls of the Ingush : Vapi, Oset, Makari and others, located 2 kilometers from each other.
00:23:05
On June 24, 1783, in the Georgievskaya fortress, now the city of the Terek region, was signed an act , as is known,
00:23:15
on the entry of Georgia under the patronage of Russia, which at the same time raised the question of a convenient and safe communication of the North Caucasian Line with the Transcaucasia.
00:23:26
For this purpose, between Mozdok and the foot of the Main Caucasian ridge, were built four fortifications on the right bank of the Terek in 1784.
00:23:36
Of these, the fourth, the most southern, closing the entrance to the Terek gorge, was named Vladikavkaz, as a sign of dominion over the Caucasus.
00:23:45
Of course, it could not own the Caucasus, but it was the first step towards this. And on the place where stood the village of Zaur, a strong Vladikavkaz fortress was erected by the Russians at that time.
00:23:58
In 1785, Sheikh-Mansur, a preacher of the new Muslim doctrine, appeared in Chechnya, who excited the whole region.
00:24:07
The garrisons that occupied the fortifications of Mozdok up to Vladikavkaz inclusive, due to their small number, were not able to protect the road to Georgia from the attack of the Chechens, as a result of which in 1786 it was decided to abandon the recently erected fortifications.
00:24:25
With the withdrawal of the troops, the position of the Ossetians, who settled near the Vladikavkaz fortress, among the hostile Ingush and Kabardians, became unbearable and they hastily climbed into the mountains.
00:24:39
Events changed the decision taken by the Russian government in 1786, and in 1803, along with a number of other fortifications on the way to Mozdok, the Vladikavkaz fortress was renewed again.
00:24:53
In the same year, the Ossetians again descended from the Tagauri Mountains and settled forever near the ramparts of the southern face of the fortress."
00:25:01
Geodetic survey and a short description of Vladikavkaz, 1928
00:25:07
The moment with the founding of Vladikavkaz is very important due to the events of the Soviet era, namely, the inclusion of several nationalities in the list of objectionable nationalities and their further eviction.
00:25:19
The Ingush were one of these. In books on this topic, the motives of the communists are often associated with the ambitions of officials of the Ossetian autonomy.
00:25:29
To obtain a basis for the illegally seized land in the east, they had to prove that the Ossetians originally lived there.
00:25:39
“Vladikavkaz was founded on the right bank of the Terek on the site of three Ingush auls, of which the largest was the aul Zaur.
00:25:47
Ossetians lived on the left bank. At the end of the 18th century, the Russian military authorities attracted the Ossetians who lived in the mountains to increase the garrison of Vladikavkaz.
00:25:58
At the beginning of the 19th century, the fortress at the entrance to the Darial Gorge was restored, and the Ossetians returned to their old places. Later they were evicted and settled not far from Vladikavkaz in Olginskaya."
00:26:11
"Punished Peoples", 1978
00:26:16
As you can see, dozens, if not hundreds of documents call the land where Vladikavkaz was founded Ingush land. But is there really not a single source in favor of the Ossetian position?
00:26:28
Of course there is, it would be biased not to mention the information that became the foundation for doubts that these are the lands of the Ingush.
00:26:37
Although there are only a few such documents, let's take a look at them.
00:26:42
"Vladikavkaz ... was founded in 1784 on the site of a small Ossetian aul Kapkai to guard the Georgian Military Highway, which serves as the only convenient way to the Transcaucasia."
00:26:54
Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1892
00:27:00
"The Vladikavkaz post, by the name of the Ossetian aul Kapkai located near it, was also called Kapkai, - the latter name has been retained to this day."
00:27:10
Caucasian calendar for 1852, 1851
00:27:16
Perhaps now you are completely confused and don’t understand how this is possible, but calm down.
00:27:26
As you may have noticed, the name Kapkai appears in both quotes, which is not in all other sources. This is the key to understanding.
00:27:35
The settlement that was located on the site of the future Vladikavkaz in all documents is called Zaurkov and is designated Ingush, but in these two sources the aul is named Kapkai and is Ossetian.
00:27:50
Do they mean the same settlement, but with two names? Yes and no. In the year when Vladikavkaz was founded, this settlement had one official name - the Ingush settlement.
00:28:02
This is what you can observe in the diagram of 1784. But 50 years later, the Ossetian aul Kapkai is located in the same place and its appearance on the site of the Ingush settlement is clearly indicated in the documents of that era.
00:28:21
“Earlier, in the place where Vladikavkaz is now located, there was an Ingush aul Zaur, but in 1784, by order of Prince Potemkin, a fortress of Vladikavkaz was built in the place where this aul existed.
00:28:45
As soon as this fortress was built, part of the Ossetian people descended from the mountains and settled at the walls of this fortress, under the protection of local troops.
00:29:04
The resulting Ossetian aul began to be called "Kapkai", which translated into Russian means "Mountain Gate" "
00:29:13
“Some printed sources say that the Vladikavkaz fortress was built on the site of the Ossetian village of Kapkai. But this, I think, is not so, and is refuted by several facts.
00:29:25
The right bank of the Terek belonged, as it was said above, to the Ingush and Kists, the Ossetians could not start their aul on the foreign land of the hostile tribes.
00:29:35
Also, with the name of Vladikavkaz - Dzaudzhikau, the Ossetians confirm this opinion - since "Dzauag" is a proper name Zaur, and "kau" is a village, otherwise the village of Zaura."
00:29:46
Geodetic survey and a short description of Vladikavkaz, 1928
00:29:53
As you can see, the situation is quite understandable. There was the Ingush settlement of Zaur-kov, Vladikavkaz was erected, the Ossetians were settled and the Ossetian aul Kapkai appeared in the same place.
00:30:06
But this is understandable for us now, 200 years later, when we see all the documents and can analyze them.
00:30:13
But then people were confused, the documents say "Ingush aul", and when they visited Vladikavkaz, they saw an Ossetian settlement in the south of it.
00:30:24
Accordingly, they were judged on the basis of what they saw with their own eyes. And few people cared about how everything was here 50 years ago.
00:30:33
The most famous such episode happened with Pushkin in the 19th century.
00:30:38
“We reached Vladikavkaz, the former Kapkaya, the threshold of the mountains. It is surrounded by Ossetian auls. I visited one of them and happened to be at the funeral.
00:30:48
People crowded around the small house. In the yard there was a cart drawn by two oxen. Relatives and friends of the deceased came from all sides and with loud crying went into the house, hitting their foreheads with their fists.
00:31:02
The women stood meek. The dead man was carried out on a burka and put on a cart. One of the guests took the dead man's gun, blew gunpowder from the shelf and put it near the body.
00:31:13
The oxen began to move. The guests followed them. The body was to be buried in the mountains, about thirty versts from the aul. Unfortunately, no one could explain these rituals to me. "
00:31:25
“A Journey to Arzrum during the Campaign of 1829”, 1836
00:31:32
Have you noticed anything unusual? Be attentive to detail. Pushkin calls Vladikavkaz Kapkai and describes Ossetian auls nearby, which would seem to indicate that this is an Ossetian land.
00:31:46
But he is surprised that the body of the deceased had to be transported several tens of kilometers from this place.
00:31:55
Tell me, in what cases people don't have the opportunity to bury their loved ones near their village?
00:32:02
And who, being an adequate person, will carry the deceased to such a distance, when there is so much land near their own aul? Yes, you guessed it. In case these are not your lands.
00:32:15
After the construction of Vladikavkaz in 1784, a few years later the military retreats beyond the North Caucasian Line,
00:32:24
and the Ossetians immediately leave this land and go home, as we read more than once in the documents. When the military occupies Vladikavkaz again, the Ossetians appear after them again.
00:32:36
Therefore, by the time Pushkin visited here, although a large number of Ossetians had already settled near Vladikavkaz, they understood that at any moment they could leave again, as they did shortly before.
00:32:49
This means that it was impossible to leave your deceased loved ones here. Ossetians didn’t feel like they were on their land and were ready to leave this place at any moment.
00:32:59
The future of their villages near Vladikavkaz completely depended on the success of the Russian General Staff in the Caucasian War.
00:33:07
While they were winning, the Ossetians could live here under protection. It remains unclear why the military command relied on the Ossetians, and not on the Ingush.
00:33:19
These motives are clearly described in the documents and now you will recognize them.
00:33:25
“Report from 1809. This month, on the 17th, from the distant villages of Ollagir (Alagir), Ossetian foremen arrived at the Vladikavkaz fortress from all their villages,
00:33:36
stretching up to 3,000 households, with the consent of their entire community, they ask for permission from 780 families to produce arable farming for themselves near the black river beyond the Terek River, at a distance from this fortress no more than seven miles.
00:33:52
And if there were no obstacles for them from the Kabardians, they intend to move and live near that river.
00:33:58
And if they find out about the assembled parties from other nations intending to make an attack on the command of Russian troops, then in this case, without wasting any time, they pledged to inform me and the nearest military commander about that. "
00:34:17
"Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission", 1870
00:34:23
In 1809, Ossetians began to massively populate lands near Vladikavkaz in exchange for loyalty to the military and denunciations of all possible military sorties.
00:34:35
Sometimes it got to the point that the Ossetians renounced their religious views in exchange for land. A similar case is described in a report for 1807.
00:34:46
“Report dated May 13, 1807. The Koban officer Murzabek Tulatov, coming to me, announced. Since he and his subjects were before the Greek faith, recently, on the occasion of a riot taking place in the gorges, to please the Great Kabarda,
00:35:05
they turned away from Christian law, at the incline of the main rebel Dudaruko Dudarov, who insisted on rejecting Christian law from the people living in the gorges.
00:35:16
Those who hold the Mohammedan faith with them are given an advantage and are considered equal to them, and those who hold the Christian faith are considered their subjects.
00:35:27
Therefore, many Ossetians in the gorges abandoned Christianity, without having priests who would not allow them to debauchery. These rules and he (Tulatov) kept to this day, imitating them in appearance.
00:35:38
But Tulatov, now realizing his delusion, wants to renew the faith of the Greek confession, together with all his inhabitants,
00:35:46
of whom there will be up to 100 households in his village, so that he would be allowed to settle against the Vladikavkaz fortress beyond the Terek on the black river. "
00:35:51
Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission, 1869
00:35:57
That is, the Ossetians became Muslims in order to have an advantageous position in Muslim society, but with the advent of the Russian government, they agreed to change their religion in order to thereby show their loyalty to the new hegemon.
00:36:10
In return, for them was allocated lands near Vladikavkaz, one of such episodes is mentioned in the next document.
00:36:17
“The highest rescript addressed to Prince Tsitsianov dated December 14, 1804. Confirming on the testimony delivered from you to the Minister of Finance about the commitment to the Russian state of the Tugaur officer Dudarov,
00:36:32
who voluntarily donated the village of Lars in the Tagaur Gorge, I agree to give him in the eternal and hereditary possession in the vicinity of the Vladikavkaz fortress of their empty lands,
00:36:45
the amount you need at your discretion land for the settlement of 25 yards and for them both arable land and hay meadows "
00:36:50
Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission, 1868
00:36:56
Quite voluminous information about how the Ossetians lived near Vladikavkaz, we find in this book.
00:37:03
"The Vladikavkaz garrison regiment was responsible for the defense of the fortress, the Ossetians actively helped the lower ranks, they were entrusted with the defense of the southern face of the fortress, only the lower ranks stood here with guns."
00:37:18
“On the south side of the fortification adjoined the old Ossetian forstadt, it was surrounded by a high wooden palisade with loopholes, along which a deep ditch stretched in front.
00:37:28
The Ossetian forstadt, as mentioned earlier, appeared almost simultaneously with the fortress. In 1815, a church was built for the Ossetians, and families of married soldiers lived side by side among the Ossetians. "
00:37:42
“In 1786, it was decided to abandon the recently erected fortifications: the fortifications of Potemkin, Kumbilya, Grigoropolis and Vladikavkaz fortifications, and the teams in them to transfer to the North Caucasian Line.
00:37:56
With the withdrawal of the troops, the position of the Ossetians, who settled near the Vladikavkaz fortress, among the hostile Ingush and Kabardians, became unbearable and they abandoned their homes and hastily returned to the mountains.
00:38:10
In 1803, the Vladikavkaz fortress and a number of other fortifications were renewed. In the same year, the Ossetians again descended from the Tagauri Mountains and settled forever near the ramparts of the southern face of the fortress."
00:38:24
"The past history of Vladikavkaz", 1911
00:38:28
As you can see, all documents testify to the same thing - Ossetians settled near Vladikavkaz after its foundation and were active accomplices of the military, for which they received land and protection from neighbors.
00:38:42
But I am convinced that the Ossetians expect me to mention one more document. There is a book called "The Diary of a Journey" written in German and published at the end of the 18th century.
00:38:59
In fact, it is the main proof, foundation and basis for those who believe that Vladikavkaz is on the Ossetian lands.
00:39:09
Ossetians almost never refer to the two documents that I mentioned above, because they understand their inconsistency, but this book is so important in the discussion about whose Vladikavkaz is that they even erected a monument in the Ossetian capital with a quote from it.
00:39:26
This is not a verse, not a famous proverb, or even an important lesson for younger generations. Just one mention that there was an Ossetian aul on the site of Vladikavkaz, let's listen to the full quote.
00:39:41
“Finally I left the Ingush, crossed the Kumbuley and went west to the mountains and through three small streams flowing in the deep banks, on the seventh verst I came to the village of Zaurov.
00:39:52
It is located on the right high bank of the Terek, two versts below the foothills. Officer Guetta, a relative of my master Saiku, the most respected person here, received me in the best possible way.
00:40:05
Only he has a stone tower and a house, others have log structures with huge courtyards. This is the very first Ossetian village."
00:40:14
So, this traveler goes from east to west, from the Ingush to the Ossetians. And unlike dozens of documents that I showed you today, he calls Zaurkov an Ossetian village.
00:40:26
Well, anyone in my place would answer like this: to rely on the notes of a German traveler about the Caucasus is as foolish as to allow a Caucasian to walk around Lower Saxony and then,
00:40:39
on his testimony, discuss on whose lands Göttingen or Hildesheim are based. Although at the moment all Ossetian ambitions for Vladikavkaz are based precisely on the records of this German traveler.
00:40:52
But I am not everyone, and therefore I spent a few more days of my life trying to find out where the truth is. All documents as one call this aul Ingush and only this German wrote it down as Ossetian.
00:41:07
And what do you think? I found the answer. One fire drives out another fire, and the testimony of a German is knocked out with information from another German, but much more famous.
00:41:18
“On December 24, we continued our journey along the right bank of the Terek. After 4 versts on the left side we found the Ingush village of Zaukkoa, which is now called Zaurova by the Russians.
00:41:32
It lies on the steep bank of the Terek, about 2 versts below the foothills. In Zaurova, Ingush and Ossetian fugitives live together, almost all in wooden houses, but the latter outnumber the former, so this village can also be called Ossetian than Ingush..."
00:41:48
"Travel across the Caucasus and Georgia, undertaken in 1807-1808", 1812
00:41:56
They lived in the same era, and therefore their approach to describing the area was apparently similar.
00:42:02
The famous German orientalist, although he knew perfectly well whose land was, as we see at the beginning of the quote, but he also almost called this aul Ossetian. Why?
00:42:13
Here he explains what it is connected with, which gives us a key to understanding.
00:42:17
This village in his understanding is undoubtedly Ingush, but so many Ossetian fugitives have found salvation in it that, in terms of numbers, they may have already become the majority.
00:42:29
That is, the village is Ingush, but there are more refugees than owners. Apparently, this confused the German traveler when he visited this village.
00:42:38
Definitely, he was not worried about whose land it was, who founded this aul and who inhabited it. He described only what he saw on his way.
00:42:48
One of the largest parts or maybe even the largest part of the inhabitants of this village by that time were Ossetians fleeing revenge.
00:42:56
In the same book, the scheme of settlement of Ingush lands by Ossetian fugitives is remarkably described.
00:43:02
"Usually these Ossetians paid tribute to the Ingush who owned this area, but then they gradually increased,
00:43:10
thanks to new settlers and fugitives in the mountains, so they now consider themselves to be Tagaur Ossetians and no longer pay tribute ..."
00:43:17
"Travel across the Caucasus and Georgia, undertaken in 1807-1808", 1812
00:43:24
So we see how important the approach is in describing the area. Two Germans visited the same village, but each treated it differently.
00:43:33
If the German orientalist studied in detail the essence of what he saw, moreover, he found what events had happened shortly before that, what the situation was between the Caucasian tribes
00:43:45
and in all the details conveyed the information to us, then in the case of a traveler we observe a completely different situation.
00:43:53
Having visited this aul, perhaps having heard the Ossetian language or seeing a large number of Ossetians living there, he literally entered these data into his diary,
00:44:04
which would later allow Ossetian communist leaders to create a fantastic epic about a certain Dzaug, who lived in this place 2000 years before the founding of Vladikavkaz.
00:44:16
Naturally, you will not find any documents about the fact that this Dzaug ever existed. If we already remembered today the analogy with Lower Saxony, here's another one for you.
00:44:28
If you go to Cologne today, then already at the railway station you will notice that the majority there will be refugees of Middle Eastern appearance.
00:44:36
Without delving into the situation and without trying to figure out the essence, you may have a false belief that you are not in a German settlement, but, say, an Afghan one.
00:44:48
In your diary, you will note "Cologne is full of Afghans" and 200 years later some scholars from Kabul will consider Cologne to be on Afghan soil based on your traveller's notes.
00:45:03
Do you think this is stupid? I agree with you, but this is exactly how it looks in the context of Vladikavkaz.
00:45:10
All the documents that you can find indicate that Vladikavkaz is based on Ingush lands, but the Ossetian authorities, for some reason, from this voluminous list of inconvenient sources,
00:45:22
found the book of a certain German military traveler in the Caucasus and from just one entry in his diary erected a whole legend. By the way, there was another German scientist who visited Vladikavkaz.
00:45:37
“Vladikavkaz lies on the edge of the land of the Ingush, whom the Russians call Nazran people along the main river and who are separated from the Ossetians by the Terek River.
00:45:46
On the side of Vladikavkaz, as it was already said, the Ingush live, on the contrary, in the opposite direction, there are four Ossetian clans. Therefore, I previously called the left half of the plain Ossetian, in turn, the right should be called Ingush "
00:46:01
"Caucasian military road (Georgian Military Road), Kuban and Taman Peninsula", 1851
00:46:07
Again and again we see the same thing in all documents of the 19th and 20th centuries. No Dzaujykau, no Ossetian lands on the site of Vladikavkaz.
00:46:19
Before the Soviet era, no one even had a thought that everything looked different.
00:46:26
“As you know, the Georgian Military Road passed through the land of the Tagaur Ossetians, on the opposite right bank of the Terek River lived one of the tribes of the Chechen tribe - the Kistins, their lands stretched from present-day Vladikavkaz to Daryal, where the Georgian border began.
00:46:43
Their villages Zaur (now Vladikavkaz) and Dzharakh were considered the main ones and served as assembly places for two different societies "
00:46:51
"The past history of Vladikavkaz", 1911
00:46:55
Fun fact. Even when the military leader Vasily Potto in one of his books called this aul Ossetian, the Moscow Public Museum considered it a typo or an unconscious military mistake and made changes from “Ossetian” to “Ingush”.
00:47:11
So, 100 years ago, the fact that the land near Vladikavkaz was considered the Ingush land was so obvious that it didn’t even raise doubts.
00:47:20
Then what happened during the years of the Soviet Union and how did it happen - as far back as in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries the land was considered Ingush,
00:47:31
and now Vladikavkaz is the capital of Ossetia, and a few tens of kilometers to the east went to it as a bonus?
00:47:41
If you want to know about it, like it under the video, let me know about it in the comments, and also subscribe to the channel. Based on your activity, it will become clear to me how much you would like to see another issue on this topic.
00:47:54
In the meantime, I want to show you that even in the Soviet era, not everyone fell under the political agitation about the Ossetian Vladikavkaz.
00:48:03
“Vladikavkaz was founded in 1784 on the site of a small Ingush aul. When it was founded, the fortification received the name "Vladikavkaz", the natives began to call it the Turkic name "kapkoi" or "kapkei", converted by the Russians into "kapkai".
00:48:20
"Kapy" means a gate, a passage, "koi or kei" is a village. Ossetians call Vladikavkaz "Dzauji-Kau". "Dzaug" is a proper name - Zaur, and "Kau" is a village. Otherwise - the village of Zaura."
00:48:33
"Guide to the Georgian Military Highway", 1925
00:48:37
“The Malsagovs' surname was strong and numerous back in the middle of the 18th century. It is known that the son of Malsag, Dzavg or Dzaug,
00:48:47
founded on the plane the Ingush aul Zaur, inhabited by Ingush and Ossetians, with a predominance of the latter.
00:48:54
In this place, in 1784, arose the city of Vladikavkaz, called by the Ossetians and Vainakhs by his name - Dzaug-Kau or Dzaudzhikau "
00:49:05
Medieval Ingushetia, 1971
00:49:10
As we can see from these two sources, the Ossetian Dzaudzhikau is nothing more than a modified name of the Ingush settlement,
00:49:19
and the mythical Ossetian Dzaug (they even erected a monument to him in Vladikavkaz) turned out to be the most ordinary Ingush, the founder of this settlement from the Malsagov family, according to the Soviet researcher.
00:49:33
But what if the Ingush bribed scientists to write these books in spite of everyone and slander the great Ossetian heritage?
00:49:43
So the Ingush are so influential that they even bribed Ossetian scientists.
00:49:48
In 1998, a book was published in the capital of Ossetia, which describes the founding of Vladikavkaz, and we see the same thing, numerous quotes familiar to us from documents of the 19th century.
00:50:04
But already on behalf of the Ossetian researchers.
00:50:07
“When in the spring of 1784 the governor of the Caucasus Pavel Potemkin founded a military fortification at the entrance to the Caucasus Mountains to guard the road from Mozdok to Transcaucasia, he could have suggested any name he wanted.
00:50:23
But being an intelligent man, the general understood what significance the fortress at the entrance to the Caucasus mountains would have in the future, therefore he named the new fortress Vladikavkaz.
00:50:34
The military administration allowed a whole Ossetian aul to settle at the southern faces of the fortress, which, within the same borders, has survived to our time under the name “Ossetian settlement”.
00:50:46
In February 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR granted the request of the Council of People's Commissars of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
00:50:55
to rename the city of Ordzhonikidze to the city of Dzaudzhikau, named after a resident of the aul Kani Dzauga - the first settler at the walls of the fortress."
00:51:07
"Meetings with the Old Vladikavkaz", a book by the candidate of Historical Sciences, local historian, professor of the North Ossetian State University, laureate of the Khetagurov State Prize, researcher Henri Kusov.
00:51:20
Wait, you hear the same thing as me? The Ossetian aul was settled near Vladikavkaz after its foundation? Dzaug is a settler from the village of Kani.
00:51:32
Maybe it's somewhere nearby, maybe it's in the neighborhood? But no, here he is, Kani, but where is Vladikavkaz? I don't see him. In fact, the village of Kani is located high in the gorges, far from Vladikavkaz.
00:51:47
These are the gorges described in the reports of the military, from where the Ossetians were settled on the plain, these are the gorges where the dead were taken away,
00:51:58
which surprised Pushkin, these are the gorges where the Ossetians left after the soldiers left Vladikavkaz.
00:52:07
Now everything came together and the puzzle was formed. Of course, it is remarkable that not all Ossetian scientists are ready to distort the true facts, following the lead of greedy politicians.
00:52:20
. Today Vladikavkaz stands on the Ossetian land, and in a few years Moscow and London will turn out to be the original Ossetian lands.
00:52:28
It all starts with such small falsifications and as a result creates a headache and interethnic conflicts between neighbors. Finally, I will show you some more evidence.
00:52:42
This is a document of the 18th century, Vladikavkaz has not yet been founded, but there is an inscription in its place. Tell me what is written here? Ossetians?
00:52:53
Maybe somewhere nearby Dzaug is founding a 5000-year-old Vladikavkaz? No, it’s not like that at all. But the inscriptions "Ingush" and "Kistins" are clearly visible.
00:53:04
In addition, this line marks their habitat. Surprisingly, here they are marked on the left stream as well. And where then are the Ossetians?
00:53:16
And they are still much to the west, the Ossetian fugitives mentioned in the documents will appear here later. Here is another one, only after the founding of Vladikavkaz.
00:53:29
There is still an Ingush aul here, up to present-day Beslan there is an inscription "Ingush", and Kistins are marked south of Vladikavkaz. As you can see, the locations fit neatly with all of the documents we examined today.
00:53:47
On the map created a year before the foundation of Vladikavkaz, we were kindly told who lived there. Let's take a close look at this inscription.
00:53:56
Dzaudzhikau? No. Maybe the Dzaug settlement? Also no. It says "Ingush villages".
00:54:05
It is so sad that the descendants were left with completely inconvenient information. And finally, the last document for today, but it means more than all the others.
00:54:18
Why? Because it was created essentially by the same military that founded Vladikavkaz, in the year of its foundation.
00:54:27
There even remained the original inscription - Vladykavkaz, and under it the Ingush aul Zaur-kov, and next to it an inscription with the name of the real owners and inhabitants of this area - the Ingush.
00:54:43
The inscription was left by witnesses and those who built Vladikavkaz.
00:54:50
And now let's talk a little about life. Today you have seen more than fifty documents from several dozen sources, a truly large-scale research has been done.
00:55:02
I hope that by including this video you have significantly enlarged your knowledge base or even completely changed your view of the situation and now you think: what can I do instead?
00:55:13
To be honest, to create this issue, I needed to study more books than an average person in several years.
00:55:21
If you think for a minute how much effort is spent on such research, then perhaps you will understand why there are almost no such channels on YouTube.
00:55:31
I could voice Wikipedia articles and get much more return with less effort, but somehow it seems to me that my work is important to society, important to you.
00:55:42
If you feel the same way, then don’t be afraid to like this video, write a comment and subscribe to the channel, for this they don’t go to jail yet.
00:55:51
Send this video to as many people as possible, to the Facebook and VKontakte communities.
00:55:57
For those who want to contribute to our common cause, there is an opportunity to help the channel financially or to become a permanent sponsor, all links are in the description under the video.
00:56:09
And for today I am finished, peace to your home.

Description:

Владикавказ был основан как российская крепость на Северном Кавказе, с этим согласны все. Но вот что вызывает бесконечные споры и территориальные конфликты - на чьей земле? Сегодня мы с этим разберёмся. Приятного просмотра на канале @DAIV_official Владикавказ. История основания (Архивные документы) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ПОМОЩЬ КАНАЛУ: Поддержать деньгами единоразово - https://www.donationalerts.com/r/daiv_official Стать спонсором - https://www.patreon.com/daiv ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ДРУГИЕ НАШИ ПРОЕКТЫ: Резервный канал - @daivmusic2833 Группа в Instagram - https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Группа в TikTok - https://www.tiktok.com/explore ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Если Вам нравится то, что я делаю и Вы не знаете как можете помочь развитию канала, то вот несколько вариантов: - Напишите комментарий - Поставьте лайк - Подпишитесь на канал (не забывайте нажимать колокольчик, иначе не будут приходить уведомления!) - Помогите распространить видео по разным группам и знакомым. Так мы быстрее вырастем. Мир Вашему дому! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ТАЙМ-КОДЫ: 00:00 - Вступление 01:54 - Предисловие 06:22 - Первая версия 26:37 - Вторая версия 40:59 - Дополнительные сведения и сравнение двух версий 52:42 - Карты 54:50 - Заключение 56:21 - Подпишись и стань спонсором канала

Preparing download options

popular icon
Popular
hd icon
HD video
audio icon
Only sound
total icon
All
* — If the video is playing in a new tab, go to it, then right-click on the video and select "Save video as..."
** — Link intended for online playback in specialized players