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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:02
continue the lecture on lexicology and00:00:07
consider the words of the Russian language from the point00:00:11
sight of them and speed or borrowing00:00:13
from other languages00:00:15
but I want to say right away that although I00:00:19
susceptible to the concept that there is a lot00:00:23
Russian words exist in the Russian language00:00:25
nevertheless, of course, very large and00:00:29
we borrowed the lexical layer from00:00:30
other languages00:00:32
Well, about the fact that the main Russian words00:00:35
that's how it's been since a very long time for me00:00:40
there is no doubt about it, I read00:00:43
on various stones on other artifacts00:00:48
for example, geographers, that is, those00:00:50
formations that were made in the form00:00:54
hills in the form of some kind of earthen coverings00:00:58
with letters there many Russians are written00:01:01
words such as say00:01:04
workshop temple and others00:01:07
from this it follows that let's say the words00:01:09
we don’t borrow workshop from anyone00:01:12
just like we don’t go to church either00:01:14
borrowed and00:01:15
and there was never a time when this word00:01:18
written in chorus for example this helped there00:01:21
never existed but others exist00:01:25
not all of me are original Russian words00:01:28
I can read the inscriptions simply because00:01:30
that the inscriptions have the character of a title from00:01:33
titles oh as you know not all00:01:34
it is written therefore I basically still00:01:39
I would like to talk about something other than what we00:01:41
inherited from our ancestors how much00:01:43
talk a little about what we got00:01:45
from other ancestors, first of all to me00:01:49
I would like some detail00:01:51
dwell on the contribution that00:01:53
Russian language Old Church Slavonic00:01:57
this contribution is really very big00:01:59
huge contribution and very positive00:02:03
contribution and no bad words about it00:02:06
I can’t tell you, although in my opinion00:02:09
the whole company was conceived of the composition of the Slavs00:02:12
their language is not quite so cloudless in what00:02:16
the thing is that once upon a time Rus'00:02:20
exactly the ardent Rus', that is, what is now00:02:22
called germany then she is there00:02:24
she decided to strengthen her00:02:30
posts in northern Italy and sent there00:02:33
Russians who began to be called those00:02:36
Russian or reverse reading no00:02:39
Russians and unfortunately this is what happened00:02:44
that the opponents of Rus' began this00:02:50
Etruria, present-day Tuscan region00:02:52
win waists not with fire and sword00:02:57
and to conquer from within, that is, because00:03:00
Rome was a city open in it00:03:03
settled a lot of different00:03:04
nationalities who are gradually00:03:06
became also inclined Romans00:03:08
should have passed 2 3 generations00:03:11
and people acquired the right of citizenship00:03:15
Rome00:03:16
but unfortunately there were newcomers00:03:19
quite a lot and besides they apparently00:03:22
gave birth to more offspring00:03:26
than the trash themselves and it so happened that with00:03:30
time came from the population became00:03:33
they became the majority00:03:35
genuine Romans and created on the basis00:03:38
your native language and the Russian language00:03:42
such an intermediate language or like us00:03:47
we call such languages pidgin which00:03:50
later it became the native language for00:03:53
subsequent generations we call such00:03:55
languages Creole and that is Latin00:03:57
tongue00:03:58
Latin language includes many Russian words00:04:02
but with some distortions but I am now00:04:05
I won't talk about awakens com language00:04:07
that gradually the Romans were able to take possession00:04:13
Etruria and thus the Russian action on00:04:19
holding northern Italy turned out to be00:04:21
pointless00:04:22
well, that is, it was meaningful, but to00:04:24
Unfortunately I was defeated, and then00:04:29
ardent Rus' conceived in a certain way00:04:32
take revenge took revenge were Gothic00:04:36
the invasion was eventually van gaal00:04:38
ska and the invasion of Russian skies is a thing00:04:42
happened and Rome essentially existed but if00:04:47
not completely then to a large extent00:04:49
destroyed, another actually began00:04:52
culture and00:04:54
and vandals, that is, they are still remembered as00:04:56
about people who really robbed00:04:59
Rome and destroyed many of its wealth and00:05:02
Thus00:05:04
Rome seemed to have conquered the Vandal theory00:05:09
destroyed Rome00:05:10
but the story didn't end there00:05:13
gradually Western Europe which also00:05:16
rose by the aliens, she also decided00:05:19
give battle to this very northern Rus'00:05:23
ardent and Rus' and conquer it and again00:05:28
and this company also succeeded by the 12th century00:05:31
all ardent Rus' with its center in the city of Arkona00:05:35
was partially conquered partially by them00:05:38
marked in the 12th century already so to speak00:05:42
this Russian territory has ceased00:05:45
exist as Russian but so00:05:49
happened let's say in history between00:05:53
Western Europe by Rome and this very00:05:57
agre that is, spring handles but several00:06:00
otherwise what happened with Byzantium00:06:03
Byzantium is the Eastern Roman Empire00:06:06
which at one time separated from00:06:08
Western she survived no barbarians00:06:11
didn't fail the game00:06:12
it even withstood the Arabs and00:06:18
unlike Rome, it did not develop there00:06:22
Latin and Greek but to Byzantium00:06:27
adjoined not only countries, say00:06:32
Arabic or others but also Slavic and00:06:35
Now, if Byzantium managed to subjugate00:06:39
Slavs and that would also be quite00:06:43
strong victory over the Russians00:06:47
Slavs00:06:48
because 1 Western Europe was00:06:51
still not enough, but Byzantium was cunning00:06:55
or wiser, it’s hard to say, she decided00:06:57
subjugate the Slavs not with fire and sword00:07:02
the power of weapons and the power of words because it00:07:06
I decided to create a very good one00:07:10
literary language for the Slavs and thereby00:07:13
attract the Slavs to their history00:07:16
side but to attract not just Slavs00:07:19
pagans and to attract Slavs Christians for00:07:22
this is what they needed to promote00:07:24
Christian teaching in the wrong dialects00:07:28
which then existed she new00:07:32
enriched dialect00:07:34
that could be offered to everyone00:07:36
Slavic countries and then they would have disappeared00:07:39
from Rus' the ardent Rus' did not take place00:07:43
Rus' is the same Rus' of the Slavs and which00:07:46
We live with you now, this is not Rus' yet00:07:49
reached the level of its cultural00:07:51
development therefore the plan of Byzantium could00:07:55
I'll manage to avoid going forward and say right away that00:07:58
it was a complete success indeed00:08:01
they made a very wise hunt for themselves00:08:05
they repaired the Slavs for themselves not just by00:08:09
Christianization and Christian00:08:11
Christianization of the Slavs who read00:08:14
prayers in Slavic language00:08:17
of course it was difficult to find one00:08:20
person who could make this happen00:08:25
the idea of Byzantium00:08:27
maybe they would have searched for quite a long time but00:08:30
events developed rapidly00:08:31
eight hundred fifty-nine year ardent00:08:35
Rus' still existed with its center in Arkona00:08:38
and Prince Rurik00:08:42
he was then a pirate, he was a contender00:08:45
to manage the entire horde of streams00:08:48
and really he's in about a year or so00:08:51
the two became this prince and essentially united00:08:56
affairs of two different principalities in Ogreja00:08:58
searches, that is, in other words, if00:09:00
speak the territory in modern language00:09:03
northern Germany and territory00:09:05
Scandinavia this is a very important step00:09:09
the step greatly strengthened the position in the agrarian00:09:12
and therefore he greatly weakened his position00:09:15
Rome and since Byzantium00:09:18
this is nothing more than Eastern Roman00:09:20
empire then gain00:09:23
ardent and Rus' was perceived as00:09:26
a certain challenge, well, right now00:09:28
the United States responded to00:09:30
another strengthening of Russia by some means00:09:32
They responded with countermeasures00:09:35
if 861 is a certain triumph00:09:40
mob of Rus'00:09:41
then already in 863 two years later they00:09:45
they find such a monk it turned out to be00:09:48
Konstantin the philosopher whom they entrust00:09:52
do an important thing, namely00:09:56
translate everything into Slavic00:10:00
liturgical books he does this00:10:05
but the problem is very difficult in the first place00:10:10
it was necessary to choose the dialect for which00:10:13
it would be worth translating books00:10:15
Of course the simplest thing is to translate it into00:10:18
Russian language which was in Rus Slavs00:10:22
that is, on the territory of present-day Rus'00:10:23
but for two reasons it was00:10:26
First of all, this dialect was unprofitable00:10:29
quite far from Constantinople00:10:32
so there was no control over it00:10:34
great opportunity and secondly why00:10:38
develop Russian language your language00:10:40
Isn't it better to take the enemy?00:10:42
some dialect that was much00:10:45
closer to Constantinople and represented00:10:47
itself but did not move away some weak shoot on00:10:51
this powerful Russian tree00:10:54
it turns out that such a dialect was found and so00:10:57
took the Bulgarian language which then00:10:59
differed very little from Russian00:11:02
it was just a dialect of the Russian language00:11:03
but again it’s not his when Slavsky00:11:06
dialect and its00:11:08
Solunsky Constantinople dialect00:11:11
that is, that’s what the Greeks said, excuse me00:11:15
Bulgarians in Constantinople itself it was00:11:17
and close it was controlled and it00:11:21
was really very insignificant00:11:23
by the number of people who spoke00:11:25
in such a dialect this is exactly00:11:28
attracted means this problem was solved00:11:30
the second problem which was also solved00:11:33
this is successful, this is the translation of books to a new one00:11:39
language what is really new about it00:11:41
the dialect already existed00:11:43
I would like to add here that everything00:11:46
languages that people invent they00:11:50
are called in contrast to natural ones00:11:52
languages in artificial languages because00:11:54
their author is known and all are natural00:11:57
languages originate their author is unknown00:11:59
people inventing, in this case it is00:12:03
was a typical artificial language00:12:06
artificial languages are called00:12:07
auxiliary00:12:08
most often auxiliary language is already00:12:11
ready-made languages00:12:13
well they are often called a posteriori00:12:15
because the inventor himself is not00:12:19
invents nothing from cover to cover00:12:20
will take a ready-made language and usually say00:12:24
18 19 20 languages the task was to00:12:28
to simplify this language for what00:12:30
make it easier for anyone else00:12:32
imagine in another nation00:12:35
I could learn this language00:12:38
the shortest time, well, in particular00:12:41
this was a very successful experiment00:12:44
Dr. Zonan have when he invented the language00:12:46
Esperanto and we know the beginning of the 20th century00:12:50
there were a lot of Esperantists, several00:12:52
million people actually it was00:12:55
Spanish but everything is very simplified00:12:58
inaccuracies have been removed00:13:00
in general all the numerous rules00:13:02
reduced lesson 16 that is, to have a tongue in00:13:06
which has only 16 rules, it’s natural00:13:09
the dream of just any linguist because00:13:12
in fact there are always several rules00:13:15
hundreds and very often rules can even00:13:18
therefore do not contradict each other00:13:20
we always know exactly how it will be00:13:23
rightly many are considered00:13:25
wrong is just right00:13:27
pronunciation00:13:29
this is what is known about languages but00:13:34
Cyril and Methodius the task was straightforward00:13:36
the opposite of us die simpler00:13:38
and what is a more complex language for?00:13:40
something complicated here also needs clarification00:13:44
that the level of language development00:13:47
depends not so much on the ethnic group itself00:13:51
how much from the dominant ones at this time00:13:54
conditions, let’s take for example the 18th century00:14:00
Russia from Peter's point of view cut through00:14:03
window to Europe it became European00:14:05
nation she switched to French and00:14:08
it seems that the Russian language was not very good00:14:12
developed but there was a galaxy of Russians00:14:16
writers and poets00:14:18
this is first of all Zhukovsky00:14:20
Derzhavin and of course this is Pushkin who00:14:24
discovered00:14:25
that the Russian language is not like that at all00:14:27
hopeless is not so bad there00:14:29
there are archaisms they cleared of archaisms00:14:32
they left what was quite suitable and suddenly00:14:36
in their hands the Russian language began to shine and sparkle00:14:40
Pushkin already wrote in a language that00:14:43
we don’t need to explain it, but he has it00:14:45
a very small number of words that can00:14:48
be not quite so understood well00:14:50
let's say00:14:51
let's say he said the travelers saw00:14:54
advanced hills we just said00:14:57
front hills because found00:14:59
the advanced corresponds to the scrapping of the backward here00:15:02
in such a figurative sense in a literal sense00:15:04
I mean, no, no words are used00:15:07
but we still understand what is going on00:15:11
speech, that is, it’s not like another word00:15:14
it's just a slightly different meaning00:15:16
which is now forgotten but in general it is00:15:18
the word is clear, well, he has several00:15:21
such words, that's what I mean00:15:24
two hundred years of past requests after00:15:26
Pushkin, in fact, the Russian language is almost00:15:28
hasn't changed but then and then everything00:15:32
went on the rise as we know after00:15:34
Pushkin a huge galaxy appears00:15:37
Russian writers who widely00:15:38
use Russian language at the end of the 19th century00:15:41
three writers appear, namely Tolstoy00:15:45
Dostoevsky Chekhov00:15:46
who not only became writers00:15:49
world class and these writers are famous00:15:52
in any country in the world, here I can00:15:54
confirm I was in Honduras where00:15:56
absolutely none of the Russian writers00:15:58
they know, but these three names are well known there00:16:02
means that the Russian language is not just00:16:06
Russian language is no good00:16:08
thanks to the activities of Russian writers00:16:10
in one century became one of the world's00:16:14
but now we are watching directly00:16:17
here's the opposite picture for me00:16:21
lucky in several places00:16:23
teach Russian wires more00:16:25
just in preparatory courses that I00:16:28
discovered that modern youth00:16:31
who are now between 18 and 20 years old00:16:35
Russian expressions nizm00:16:36
why don't they know because they are in00:16:39
the school did not study the relevant00:16:42
classical works00:16:43
not all works are passed in00:16:46
in the classroom there is a so-called extracurricular00:16:48
reading which is usually assigned to people on00:16:50
summer Well, they usually don’t do anything in the summer00:16:53
read they think they cheated00:16:55
teachers actually they deceived themselves00:16:57
it's not too late they didn't meet00:17:00
only with a whole layer of Russian problems00:17:04
which existed in the 19th century and in that00:17:07
or to some other extent exists now but00:17:09
they have not met the relevant00:17:11
Russian expressions their dictionary00:17:15
their own dictionary was very uniting00:17:18
naturally many Russian expressions00:17:19
they don’t understand being ethnically Russian00:17:21
this is very annoying, and when I read00:17:25
what is now published on the Internet00:17:28
this is the next stage of degradation00:17:30
the Russian language has reached the point where there is00:17:32
writes hello yes bear and in general there you go00:17:35
such expressions, that is, it is already00:17:36
the Russian language is deliberately distorted00:17:38
distorted therefore naturally if00:17:41
now distort any language then00:17:43
Naturally there will be horns left from him yes00:17:44
legs in an hour we live in the period from whether it00:17:47
Russian language00:17:48
I think the same thing happened just at 800:17:52
century the day before00:17:55
after Cyril and Methodius came, that is00:17:57
ardent Rus' in which they lived mainly00:18:01
pirates00:18:02
she's somewhere around a century but maybe maximum00:18:05
two was at low tide what was there00:18:08
before that I don’t know but I think before that00:18:11
the language was richer and that's the background00:18:14
such an impoverished Russian language00:18:18
the language that later became known as00:18:20
Old Slavonic certainly looked better and00:18:23
further I am very grateful to Vereshchagin00:18:28
We have such a wonderful employee00:18:32
Russian language institute which together00:18:34
with Kostomarov00:18:35
did a lot for propaganda00:18:38
Russian language j here it is in particular00:18:40
conducted translation research00:18:42
activities of Cyril and Methodius and their00:18:44
students and when he started doing this00:18:48
he is in God saw that the mass of Greek words was00:18:52
translated into Russian because00:18:54
they are absent in Russian00:18:58
Well, let's say the words asbestos we are now00:19:02
we know the word asbestos then we didn’t know00:19:05
translates this word in parts as00:19:08
not aggressive or more precisely no-no-no-no00:19:12
burning in this spirit, that is, here00:19:17
Russian words are invented that00:19:19
must correspond to Greek or there00:19:23
let's say words00:19:28
Wednesday cardio sorry sclera cardio what00:19:33
he translates as a cashier gesture of this length00:19:37
way a lot of such complex words she00:19:41
was absent in the Russian language and00:19:44
the corresponding term and the Greek00:19:47
could these words be translated?00:19:49
I had to come up with it and that’s what’s great00:19:53
merit of Cyril and Methodius00:19:55
that he is in the image and likeness of these00:19:59
Greek words00:20:01
I’m just borrowing these words somewhere00:20:04
somewhere I translated these words in parts00:20:08
somewhere I reinterpreted Russian words00:20:11
for example, in such a word as the word he introduced00:20:16
a different meaning was previously understood by the word00:20:18
only as a specific piece00:20:20
human speech00:20:22
and he began to understand words in general00:20:26
some kind of narrative as like some00:20:30
thinking that is, he gave it00:20:34
lexical element of Russian speech00:20:37
much broader meaning and in general00:20:41
speaking if you ask who stole00:20:43
philosophical vocabulary of the Russian language then this00:20:45
of course Kirill and also Methodius00:20:48
students00:20:50
thus the Russian language is more accurate here00:20:54
Old Church Slavonic language became capable00:20:57
convey very subtle shades00:20:59
philosophical religious thoughts00:21:01
the inactivity of Cyril and Methodius is00:21:03
it would be impossible but if so then00:21:08
indeed the Old Church Slavonic language could00:21:10
contrast be opposed00:21:12
Russian language because in Russian00:21:14
this hasn’t happened in the language yet although it should00:21:18
say Old Church Slavonic from Russian00:21:19
disconnected a little, I already said, let's say00:21:23
the end of Old Church Slavonic00:21:26
adjectives and participles close00:21:28
burning candle but in Russian it was00:21:33
let's say a hot tear00:21:35
flammable or burning cave or cave on00:21:39
in fact it sounds very small00:21:41
difference let's say head and head health00:21:46
and health and so on, that is, on00:21:50
in fact I have the impression that00:21:52
once upon a time it was not complete in the Russian language00:21:54
glacee and once preserved and such00:21:57
words like milk and words like00:21:59
milk because we can tell00:22:02
milky but the way is the galaxy we00:22:07
we still don’t call the milky way00:22:08
milky breasts, that is, like this00:22:12
name or whether she came to us from00:22:13
Old Church Slavonic came whether she was00:22:15
the lawsuit in Russian is quite big00:22:18
question I'm not ready to answer because00:22:20
that I haven't researched it, what's that about?00:22:24
says that this is an offensive00:22:29
the Slavs were invented at one time in00:22:32
Byzantium and it succeeded indeed00:22:36
wonderful books have been written and00:22:40
liturgical books from which you can00:22:42
was to conduct worship services00:22:44
I definitely have to touch on this00:22:48
question about writing00:22:51
now in Russian language knowledge00:22:55
it is in the 20th and 21st centuries that the point is accepted00:22:58
view that Cyril and Methodius00:23:01
invented a writing system that00:23:03
called Glagolitic00:23:04
although before that until the mid-twenties00:23:08
for centuries everyone was convinced that Kirill00:23:11
invented the Cyrillic alphabet and it’s quite logical00:23:15
Kirill invented the Cyrillic alphabet from only Kirill00:23:19
came up with a Glagolitic alphabet, the question arises00:23:22
what then why is it called00:23:24
Cyrillic00:23:25
if Methodius came up with it, then she should00:23:28
called the myth of the maiden if invented00:23:31
his students are smart or much she should00:23:33
be called on the street or much vice00:23:36
the mouse does not observe this as regards00:23:39
words glagolitic over words verb verb00:23:43
this means speaking that is this00:23:46
they said no, it means it’s happening again00:23:49
question if this is a talking room means00:23:51
there was some kind of writing that00:23:54
it's called a pisanitsa yes I know one00:23:56
writing is called RuNet why00:24:00
she can be called a scribe she has00:24:05
do you know where each sign represents a whole00:24:07
syllable that is, consonant + vowel but in00:24:11
ancient times loved to write with ligatures00:24:14
that is, one sign was placed end to end with00:24:17
a different sign and therefore00:24:20
the reader should have understood what sign00:24:22
must be read before what should be read00:24:24
later if always counted first00:24:27
left sign and then right there would be problems00:24:29
did not have00:24:30
but sometimes I read the right sign first00:24:32
then left00:24:33
they could sometimes make signs00:24:37
united vertically and sometimes along00:24:41
vertical and horizontal say 400:24:43
signs are combined combined into one if00:24:47
speak english cluster in00:24:50
one group and then it arises for00:24:52
readers question which one to read00:24:55
earlier combinatorics shows that00:24:57
the number of readings of such a sign is 1600:25:01
that is, 16 options00:25:03
blue and these four signs themselves00:25:05
you understand that even when00:25:07
four options is very confusing00:25:10
sense and and you have to think through all options 1600:25:14
options just like that00:25:16
it’s simply impossible to calculate the input00:25:19
necessary but maybe there are some people00:25:21
calculators, they can do it00:25:23
a normal person can't do this00:25:25
so it should only be homemade00:25:28
preparations what the priests did here they are00:25:31
thought about this option and this00:25:32
option and let’s say this at home they could00:25:34
read two or three sentences but tomorrow in00:25:37
in the temple they already calmly read it00:25:39
because they actually read it because00:25:41
that they had homemade preparations at home00:25:43
they already knew which word was which00:25:46
then this was it00:25:49
writer it was what was written but00:25:51
what is in real time00:25:53
cannot be reproduced and, in contrast to00:25:56
she invented the Glagolitic alphabet which00:25:58
could be read at the same speed00:26:00
which person did you talk to so00:26:03
there was a contrast between the Glagolitic alphabet and00:26:05
not Cyrillic, namely Rudnitsa and Kirill and00:26:10
Methodius could not be invented00:26:11
Glagolitic00:26:12
the Glagolitic alphabet, as many believe, wandered00:26:15
Saint Jerome for about 500 years00:26:16
before Cyril and Methodius lived00:26:19
the question arises: is it really00:26:21
Cyril and Methodius invented something00:26:23
I unfortunately have to give for this00:26:27
negative answer they didn't invent that00:26:31
what we write now we wrote with this and00:26:34
a thousand years ago and two thousand years ago and00:26:36
ten and a hundred and maybe almost00:26:39
million years ago in the language of all eras00:26:44
this type of writing was called runes00:26:46
kind, that is, these wounds were named in00:26:52
honor of the male god of the god of the race in contrast00:26:56
which was named after00:26:58
Makashi these were the runes of poppies so exactly00:27:03
and the clan existed safely but00:27:06
write00:27:07
Christians would not be very comfortable with them00:27:11
why because it was believed that it00:27:13
pagan letter00:27:15
in the fourth century AD generally00:27:18
Not only the Russians tried to refuse00:27:20
many other nations have tried00:27:22
abandon purely folk writing but00:27:27
This was most clearly manifested in00:27:29
activities of the German00:27:31
Bishop Ulfill or Wulf Phila who00:27:35
added a few letters in Germanic rhon00:27:39
from Latin and Greek a a from00:27:43
those languages in which it was conducted00:27:45
worship means adding these letters00:27:48
as if it was smeared00:27:50
pagan basis and made writing00:27:53
Christian and that's how it was built00:27:57
Glagolitic00:27:58
but the Glagolitic alphabet was created as I repeat00:28:02
saints and vulnerable 500 years before this00:28:05
there are obvious requirements for Christianization00:28:08
grew up and in addition to the letters themselves it was necessary00:28:12
also replace the number00:28:14
but with the numbers in the Glagolitic alphabet it wasn’t all right00:28:17
okay why because we went there00:28:21
along the purely logical path a equals00:28:24
one b equals two you equals00:28:28
three and so on but what about it00:28:33
happened but if some word was00:28:38
written in Greek say Jesus00:28:40
Christ and then they wrote him00:28:44
in Glagolitic alphabet the numbers did not match and00:28:51
it turned out that it was either more or less00:28:54
numbers are based on numerology00:28:56
numerology not children not decimal 900:28:59
personally and there everything is considered odd00:29:02
numbers are good all even numbers are bad00:29:05
so if suddenly the sum of the numbers of some00:29:09
words will be even you will do good00:29:13
words are bad00:29:16
and therefore it was necessary to save00:29:18
the numbers are actually this00:29:22
and this problem was solved by Saints Cyril and00:29:27
Methodius difficult problem what did they do00:29:31
all those letters that were common to00:29:35
they betrayed the Greeks and Slavs digitally00:29:40
values00:29:41
and where the letters did not match, for example00:29:45
letter h letter letter w and so on there00:29:50
there were no numbers of digital values in00:29:54
in particular the letter b in the same form as y00:29:56
the Slavs and the Greeks did not have therefore in00:30:00
Cyrillic for numbering, that is, sci-fit00:30:02
other00:30:03
a equals one b has no00:30:06
numerical value equals two at once00:30:11
already from the second letter of the Cyrillic alphabet and00:30:14
Glagolitic letters do not match numbers00:30:16
meaning00:30:17
but thanks to this any Greek word00:30:21
in Russian the spelling kept the same00:30:24
poke around so you know nothing00:30:26
neither added nor subtracted, in short00:30:29
all actual Russian letters are not00:30:31
changed the Greek meaning this00:30:34
certainly a very interesting invention00:30:39
then I repeat this again only in00:30:42
the Cyrillic alphabet was and this was not in00:30:45
Glagolitic therefore if you are Kirill00:30:48
had he invented the Glagolitic alphabet he would have been there right away00:30:51
violated00:30:53
uniformity of writing of Greek letters and00:30:57
according to the Greek words and he was00:31:00
by Greek I mean Cyril and Methodius in00:31:03
difference from Saint Jerome Saint00:31:05
Jerome was a Slovenian, he was from the city with 300:31:07
donna so will y go against00:31:12
Greek vs Greek00:31:15
meanings for the sake of who knows what I think00:31:18
that no more, this is the next stage00:31:23
such Hellenization00:31:25
and so it means if the Old Church Slavonic language00:31:28
picked up a lot of Greek words00:31:31
origin translated into Slavic00:31:33
that means he directly became those words00:31:38
rewrite00:31:39
letters very similar to Greek and00:31:43
finally something that very few people know about00:31:47
because they just don't pay attention00:31:49
although it lies on the surface00:31:51
Cyril and Methodius themselves the letter and themselves00:31:55
the lines gave a Greek look, that is, he00:31:59
added extensions he made himself00:32:02
letters similar to Greek Greek00:32:05
as you know, they seem to quickly sing and00:32:08
This is roughly the shape and pour it in00:32:11
purchased cyrillic letters change i00:32:15
I'll take a break and finally they did what they wanted00:32:21
Russian letters in general are not needed at all00:32:25
accent marks were placed00:32:27
and put signs when breathing but00:32:29
emphasis, in principle, Russians know how00:32:33
for already burning and this is not really needed but00:32:36
when breathing as in Greek Russian00:32:38
I've never had it simple00:32:40
purely decorative element completely00:32:43
empty but due to this00:32:46
decorative element in appearance was very00:32:49
it is difficult to distinguish where it is written in Russian00:32:51
where it is written in Greek I myself once00:32:55
got caught on this I was in Bulgaria and I00:32:58
brought to the church that stood00:33:00
near the Bulgarian border00:33:02
I see some very strange inscriptions00:33:05
they seem to be Russian, but they’re not really00:33:07
read and then they explained to me shot00:33:10
The inscriptions are not Russian at all, they are Greek00:33:12
inscriptions because this is exactly this part of Bulgaria00:33:16
she got a few kilometers there00:33:19
Greek land together with this church so00:33:22
that this church is not Greek at all00:33:24
Bulgarian non-Slavic what I mean is00:33:27
really ancient texts00:33:30
it's hard to tell where it is in Greek00:33:31
written where it is written in Slavic or00:33:34
in Russian00:33:35
so this is all included in the program00:33:39
Hellenization so let's do it again00:33:41
let's see we'll see a whole system here00:33:45
not separate links00:33:46
and what does this system consist of?00:33:49
first to make it possible to understand00:33:53
any part of the Greek text in00:33:56
in the Slavic language why they are invented00:33:59
new words for and alogism and and well done00:34:02
Cyril and Methodius that they are so skillful00:34:05
came up with these new words that they became00:34:08
understood as primordial first second00:34:11
they came up with numbers, or rather they didn’t come up with them00:34:15
but they just came up with the idea not to give it to the Russians00:34:19
letters have these digital values00:34:22
this is also very important and this is editing00:34:26
maybe not the alphabet itself, but its00:34:28
digital value that's what they did00:34:30
so you can't say that they don't00:34:33
did next they added a few00:34:35
greek letters00:34:37
such as from dot such as hita izhitsy00:34:40
and so on means again Russian or00:34:45
Slavic texts have become much larger00:34:47
resemble Greek especially due to00:34:49
such very expressive letters as psy and00:34:51
pci which in fact are almost in00:34:54
one alphabet of the world does not exist00:34:56
so they immediately show what it is00:35:00
that's just of Greek origin00:35:02
text, well, that’s purely external00:35:06
correspondence in thickness of letters according to their00:35:09
writing dad with a balloon00:35:12
titles for everything else00:35:13
this means that it is a single system00:35:16
so nothing like this would have happened if00:35:19
it was a Glagolitic alphabet00:35:21
there was no system there would have been nothing if00:35:24
If only Cyril and Methodius had not translated it themselves00:35:26
words into the Slavic language, that is, in other ways00:35:30
words cannot be pulled out of the system00:35:33
individual elements of the system do not decompose00:35:35
so I completely understand the intent and I don't00:35:40
I can say that Cyril and Methodius00:35:42
let's just say they were chasing purely00:35:44
Greek interests are also not00:35:46
because it was really believed that00:35:49
Christianity is more progressive00:35:52
creeds than what the Slavs had00:35:55
Vedism and therefore this is a sincere desire00:35:58
was to give a helping hand to the Slavic peoples00:36:03
so that they can switch to this00:36:06
christian worship00:36:08
in your native language is generally shorter00:36:10
saying that it was possible, but what next00:36:14
a very interesting thing is happening Russian00:36:18
the language is very enriched by these00:36:21
Church Slavonic texts moreover00:36:25
It will become clear what we currently have in storage00:36:28
approximately 80 or 90 depending on00:36:32
given different percentages of all00:36:35
ancient manuscripts, the question arises how00:36:37
it could be very simple like this00:36:40
a huge number of ancient manuscripts00:36:42
shows that we had a very high00:36:44
literacy once this is what Kirill and00:36:49
Methodius were closer00:36:50
was closest to the Russian language00:36:53
2 if we take modern Bulgarian00:36:57
the language then turns out to be modern00:36:59
Bulgarians read Old Church Slavonic00:37:01
immeasurably more difficult than the Russians why00:37:05
because the Bulgarian language has lost00:37:07
let's say all declinations no declinations they00:37:12
apologize with excuses00:37:13
and in Old Slavonic hold the same amount00:37:17
as much as in Russian, that is, in this00:37:20
sense, we are much closer from the point of view00:37:23
Bulgarian phonetics for example00:37:27
lost such a phoneme as those that exist00:37:30
in Russian therefore if we speak now00:37:33
and ever and ever00:37:35
then the Bulgarians say now and forever and in00:37:38
centuries of centuries again they have no sound and00:37:43
again the Old Slavonic ones are closer to us00:37:47
Old Church Slavonic wavered in the writings00:37:49
between what are you saying one more words thing00:37:53
it was written to hang and we’ll say other words00:37:56
things were written through00:37:59
Bulgarian now reads just like00:38:03
also designated as a network, it is believed that00:38:06
so it’s written, let’s say I’ll need to bake00:38:09
read Budapest and so on Russian language00:38:13
may well write eat it may00:38:16
write more often these are different sounds Russian00:38:19
the tongue was on the moon and00:38:21
than stars and than excuse me Bulgarian sound00:38:25
and in Russian it was preserved in00:38:29
Bulgarian went there they speak to him and00:38:32
ami Well, you know, it immediately sounds like something00:38:36
foreign nothing is Slavic again00:38:40
Russian language is closer to Old Church Slavonic00:38:43
it turned out that without knowing it the Greeks00:38:47
Byzantium00:38:49
improved the Russian language more00:38:52
besides they made it00:38:55
let it be understandable in a small modification00:38:58
for all Slavs, that is, wanting just00:39:02
take away the Russian palm for a couple00:39:05
two centuries later they made a huge00:39:09
service specifically to Russia while others00:39:11
Slavic languages took a different path00:39:13
and they began to develop completely00:39:16
their other adverbs in their own way they became00:39:20
read all this or write this00:39:24
it happened so it was very natural00:39:26
a large layer of words in the Russian language has00:39:30
Old Slavic origin and more often00:39:34
In total, unlike the Russian language, this00:39:36
reservoir00:39:37
is a layer of sublime vocabulary and00:39:40
Also00:39:42
philosophical vocabulary, so let's say it ourselves00:39:46
Let's say the word worldview is philosophical00:39:48
Again, it’s clear, thanks Kirill and00:39:51
Methodius00:39:53
or we have the entertainment of words like00:39:56
chapter00:39:57
and the head understands what is written in the book00:40:01
the head is not a head, but a person has a head00:40:06
this way we distinguish between what and when00:40:10
that was in one word, although also with00:40:12
several meanings00:40:13
I mean we just replaced it with two00:40:17
in different words00:40:19
and finally there is an opportunity00:40:22
vary the word depending on the style00:40:26
let's say the words watchman is neutral00:40:29
stick then we say guard00:40:31
this is already a bit sublime or00:40:35
some words seemed original to us00:40:39
Russians are not very euphonious, for example00:40:41
words and we replaced them with Old Church Slavonic00:40:44
in a word, the leader and it’s more pleasant for us than howling00:40:50
in the same way we prefer to write even00:40:54
God forbid it rains they are a daughter00:40:59
although the words rain are on the radio all the time00:41:02
repeated during my childhood in that00:41:04
that someone's epic dictionary was00:41:06
written but none of the Muscovites I have ever00:41:08
I didn’t hear my daughter say the words00:41:11
everyone said it was raining but not my daughter00:41:14
what I mean is that many00:41:17
Old Church Slavonic words began to rise00:41:20
even more hands-on than the Russians themselves00:41:23
words, but of course this layer of vocabulary00:41:27
very enriching for any person00:41:31
reading the bible itself is impossible00:41:34
for a building without knowledge of Old Church Slavonic00:41:36
language and it enriches a person not only00:41:40
ideologically enriches and00:41:43
in terms of language because there is a lot00:41:46
proverbs we just don’t know where these come from00:41:48
proverbs did not come with bread, for example00:41:51
Man is full of nothing but bread alone00:41:54
this is from the bible, that's what I mean, of course00:41:59
an educated person is certainly00:42:01
should, well, if at least he doesn’t know00:42:04
Old Slavonic then be in some kind00:42:06
I'm somewhat familiar with it because it's00:42:08
greatly enriches human speech00:42:11
in the direction that no one is going now00:42:14
wants to enrich everyone now very much00:42:17
I like slang but slang is a phenomenon00:42:21
very ephemeral00:42:22
that is, these are jokes about language00:42:27
get boring quickly so it takes 2000:42:30
years new slang appears for another 20 years00:42:32
still new slang is appearing this is not00:42:35
the great mighty Russian language00:42:37
this is something very limited in00:42:41
time and space00:42:44
well, jokes about your comic tongues00:42:46
I hear it's gone00:42:47
but as for Old Church Slavonic, no00:42:51
this is just serious this is solemn00:42:54
language is the language that can be spoken00:42:56
with God this is the language with which you can00:42:59
talking about holidays is like this00:43:02
once a very rarely used part of the language00:43:07
but always used very00:43:10
a solemn and pleasant occasion therefore00:43:12
Every person should definitely know00:43:15
this solemn vocabulary00:43:17
Well, for example, let’s say don’t sleep, don’t rest00:43:25
dine and especially not don’t eat doesn’t eat00:43:28
from eating but and so on here00:43:32
tongues in the language of monastics is00:43:35
preserved to a much greater extent but00:43:37
simply due to the duty of their activities they00:43:39
deal with Stor Slavic texts00:43:42
much more than others by the way00:43:47
Old Church Slavonic in the form in which00:43:49
he was created mind not very long00:43:51
preserved when he entered the womb00:43:54
churches in each of the Slavic countries he00:43:58
began to slowly grow00:44:01
in the words of your native Slavic language00:44:05
one or another00:44:06
and from a single Church Slavonic and to00:44:11
some degree of invented steel00:44:12
appear real Church Slavonic00:44:15
language about two centuries later00:44:18
Church Slavonic is already a real language00:44:20
then natural languages are no longer00:44:22
artificial here we are most often00:44:25
we confuse understanding by Church Slavonic00:44:28
namely Old Church Slavonic language00:44:30
Well, I didn’t want to talk about this anymore00:44:34
would like to move on to borrowing00:44:37
from other languages00:44:41
Well, what other languages were there, of course00:44:48
these are primarily classical languages00:44:51
Greek language Latin Greek words00:44:57
they came to us first of all again from00:45:02
church sermons00:45:04
the fact is that a number of words and translate then00:45:08
It’s not clear how, but let’s say Kirill was able to00:45:13
translate the word grammar into Russian00:45:16
the language is like the words of a scribe, but let’s say00:45:20
We no longer translate the words grammar as00:45:23
bookishness00:45:24
we already take the Greek word itself, but this00:45:28
let's say it's connected with linguistics00:45:31
terminology but how to translate words00:45:33
angels but no one translates it00:45:36
just borrowed exactly the same as00:45:38
let's say the words demon, no one did either00:45:41
transfer borrowed and it greatly enriched00:45:44
Russian language because we can say00:45:46
let's say damn it will be in Russian we can00:45:51
to say devil it would be in Latin00:45:53
we can tell the demon it will be00:45:55
in Greek we have already forgotten which ones00:45:57
languages we borrowed00:45:59
we already perceive it as purely00:46:02
Russian words and from the word demon we already have00:46:05
there is an adjective let's say demonic00:46:07
from the word devil to offer or00:46:09
devilish and not at all without00:46:12
Dina in a church context tell me00:46:15
Today I'm damn lucky it's not at all00:46:18
means that we generally believe in the devil00:46:20
or someone else's wobbler is already an expression00:46:23
Russian language00:46:24
again this is very good it means00:46:27
that these words did not become strangers00:46:31
began to be perceived as natively Russian00:46:33
and again00:46:34
their use greatly enriches Russian00:46:38
language further if we take for example00:46:42
Latin words, many Latin words00:46:46
words have00:46:49
Russian basis, but what it is is another matter00:46:55
Russian00:46:56
the basis is not always visible but here I am00:46:58
for example, the words station say were explained00:47:01
is based on the Russian root stan then00:47:06
what is it worth, that is, a field camp or00:47:10
in a figurative sense let's say from a girl00:47:13
beautiful stand we have a diminutive00:47:17
words I’ll leave the machine aside and accordingly00:47:22
many eastern countries00:47:25
the words “stan” began to be understood as a country there00:47:28
Uzbekistan Tajikistan00:47:30
Afghanistan and so on, but I'm from here00:47:34
it is clear that the word station in general is this00:47:36
stop it's clear on again it's clear00:47:40
for those who know that once Latin00:47:43
the language came out of the Russian language and like this00:47:46
So this word has returned to us again00:47:49
for a few00:47:50
with other suffixes, that is, different00:47:54
In other words, this is basically a couple00:47:56
about him to the Russian word00:48:00
also many other words00:48:05
there are words that we will say strongly00:48:10
changed, let's work until the ward00:48:18
there won't be a lobo00:48:21
slave or laba slave or laba was very00:48:27
often change places therefore from00:48:31
laboratory verbs00:48:33
the laboratory will work simply00:48:37
jobs are stronger00:48:42
transformed but at the core too00:48:44
Russian word well and many many others you just need00:48:47
every time they couldn’t think of what00:48:50
undertake00:48:52
further, strangely enough, we have quite00:48:55
many words from Turkic languages but00:49:00
some words00:49:01
arose because we are closely00:49:05
came into contact with the Turks if for example00:49:07
take Tatarstan there next to Russian00:49:11
a village may be a Tatar village and00:49:13
so on it’s natural that the neighbors00:49:17
words are borrowed but there are also words00:49:20
of a different origin no longer from the fact that00:49:24
we are neighbors of what are apparently Turks00:49:29
played some role in Russian00:49:30
state00:49:31
Well, I would like to give the name00:49:35
some Cossack positions00:49:38
highest Cossack position00:49:40
called ataman or else in Turkic father00:49:45
man father I am or a man and so a man00:49:50
father dad yes that's what the Russians are00:49:54
the fighter's name was chock the name was ataman00:49:58
it turns out that Esauly’s words are words in unison00:50:01
andrzej they are all of turkic origin o00:50:03
What does this mean that many Cossacks00:50:06
squads00:50:07
on the Russian border00:50:10
from the Turkic peoples, yes, that’s normal00:50:16
it’s okay we’ve been with the Turks for many, many centuries00:50:20
we coexist side by side it’s quite clear why00:50:24
would not be if we take it from us now, for example00:50:26
Minister of Internal Affairs Nurgaliev who00:50:29
Turkic Tatar is also normal, no one00:50:33
says he's bad because here he is00:50:35
not Russian00:50:36
why is it normal to feel sorry for him no I would00:50:39
even said it to Russian ministers00:50:41
internal affairs was more a pity than00:50:43
let's say now on Nurgaliev00:50:45
that's what I mean00:50:50
borrowings were from Turkic languages00:50:52
but related, for example, to horse breeding00:50:56
names of many stripes, some of them00:51:00
roan calories and other Turkic names00:51:05
further details00:51:09
let's say the uniform of the same Cossack00:51:14
but let's say he has a hood and a scarf00:51:20
or let’s say the holster is where he hides it00:51:24
a weapon or a quiver and so on, that's all00:51:30
quite understandable00:51:32
Well, besides, there were periods when00:51:37
circulated in the Russian state00:51:41
coins of Turkic gold production00:51:45
Turkic will be Altyn and that’s how it is00:51:49
but let’s say the Poles held on00:51:52
names of zlotys and our name is golden00:51:55
couldn't resist holding us back so many ducks00:51:57
and altyn was a lot of money and00:52:00
then gradually it became 3 kopecks00:52:05
coins and we have a proverb not00:52:10
there was not a penny, but suddenly it’s an altyn penny00:52:13
half a kopeck altyn is three kopecks for an old man00:52:17
6 times more expensive than pears00:52:20
but these are historical realities like this00:52:23
that, as we see, many words came from00:52:27
Turkic language not because we lived00:52:29
there under the Tatar-Mongols and because00:52:32
indeed graters were integral00:52:34
part of our state00:52:36
By the way, this is where words like00:52:39
the horse is a distorted Turkic Alasha from00:52:42
and dogs as you know in Russian first00:52:46
the word will be horse the other word will be dog00:52:50
not a horse and not a dog, but me00:52:53
I would say that in our time the words00:52:57
of Turkic origin they are named in00:52:59
more use although we haven’t forgotten00:53:01
Of course, Slavic words are not constrained like that00:53:04
that this is also an interesting layer00:53:07
in the Russian language there are further words00:53:13
Scandinavian origin00:53:16
but there’s a lot here, it seems to me00:53:22
the assumptions are not entirely justified, well00:53:25
let's say it says that Rurik to the word00:53:28
Scandinavian origin00:53:30
really if we take the western00:53:33
in Europe words like00:53:35
Rurik Yurik Roerich and so on to the West00:53:41
in Slavic languages they mean words00:53:43
falcon00:53:45
these are not german words00:53:49
that is, the Germans borrowed them, but they00:53:52
Slavic origin00:53:55
therefore, that Rurik whom we called00:53:58
his nickname was falcon00:54:02
further words Oleg again I am very00:54:05
I doubt that this is a Scandinavian word00:54:09
origin why yes indeed00:54:13
they had similar words but they also00:54:19
let's say they have Vladimir00:54:23
derivative of this00:54:24
and Oleg or alt I have this impression00:54:28
well this one00:54:29
my hypothesis is that in Russian00:54:33
in the language there is a wolf's surname, you, but no name00:54:37
wolf in all other Slavic languages00:54:40
there are such surnames there are such names00:54:44
let's say wolves in Serbian in Bulgarian00:54:47
vuk in Czech wolf and so on is00:54:52
means that once upon a time there was in Russian00:54:55
that's the name, the question is, how is she?00:54:57
pronounced I think it’s most likely00:54:59
it was pronounced not wolf but several00:55:03
call what's on the Volga00:55:05
or wolga or oleg these are all options00:55:10
pronunciation of you also word word00:55:12
volga00:55:13
we know from epics there was such a word but00:55:16
there is a second clean consideration00:55:18
epigraphic when we write the word oleg00:55:22
we write it with the same syllabics and signs00:55:25
like the words volga00:55:27
they don't differ in the flag you write00:55:30
that is, in other words, these are Scandinavians00:55:33
we were borrowed but this is quite understandable00:55:35
if they have nothing and00:55:38
scandi and takes place in the 12th century00:55:41
the question arises where do they sign from?00:55:43
ski names could only come from00:55:45
Russian language00:55:46
Well, if we compare at all, for example00:55:49
Swedish language with Russian we will learn what00:55:51
all adjectives and let's say they have a magazine00:55:55
called archaeologists sk sweden will00:55:59
Lensk00:56:00
that is, svenska return that is, the ending00:56:03
them short Russians apply it completely00:56:06
it's clear that00:56:08
They're not all the way there yet, they're sword and vania00:56:11
some came00:56:12
rudiments of Slavic words remained there00:56:16
that's why I'm not very sure00:56:20
for example, the words settle, I think that this is00:56:24
word of Scandinavian origin i00:56:26
I believe that after all these are the words of a Russian00:56:28
origin of the word salt throughout00:56:30
apparently this is one of those fish that00:56:33
they started salting it very early to00:56:36
save somehow because pickles00:56:39
before conservation I finished this blinking00:56:45
thing means the film is running out, that is, a00:56:49
ok I'll continue then00:56:54
so the following is borrowed from00:56:58
Western European languages are from00:57:00
Western European languages were borrowed00:57:02
were at a much later time then00:57:05
have been around since about the eighteenth00:57:07
century again it is clear why in the first place this00:57:11
there were borrowings from the region00:57:13
ship vocabulary when peter the first00:57:16
came to Holland to study how00:57:18
building ships comes naturally to him00:57:20
borrowed a lot of Dutch words and00:57:22
first of all, they treated precisely00:57:25
shipbuilding00:57:27
that's why we see here first of all00:57:31
words that are associated with ships and00:57:35
secondly, somewhat more general words well00:57:37
For example00:57:38
boo york harbor tack pilot sailor skipper00:57:43
boat so on Skipper Dashkiev this00:57:46
the ship would simply have a skipper00:57:49
shipbuilder nothing more than a rudder00:57:53
we know in English there is a verb troll00:57:57
The steering wheel has become easy to control00:57:59
management nothing more but the harbor is00:58:04
Many languages of the world have such a word00:58:06
Khavn what does port mean, these are the words00:58:11
we are naturally for00:58:12
name match name of ropes so00:58:16
called running rigging name00:58:18
other gear with which the mother is attached00:58:21
that it's all Dutch00:58:22
even the main sail is called na na00:58:25
main match main or great power00:58:27
call the mainmast no thunderstorms as it would be00:58:30
in German and not great, as it were00:58:32
in English the grotto is somehow Dutch00:58:35
but this layer of words is relatively small00:58:39
and most of all connected will be able to00:58:43
the following words appear in Russian00:58:46
language from German and again this is connected with00:58:50
reforms of Peter the Great, but let's start with that00:58:53
that many positions in the army are related to00:58:57
this is because the German army is Prussian00:59:01
was in a sense it was bladed00:59:05
armies for many countries and tried it00:59:09
imitate, for example, the first title there00:59:12
was a liberated soldier or in German00:59:15
gif raider became a corporal for sure00:59:19
just like there was the rank of chief officer00:59:25
hauptmann which chamber did not sound like00:59:29
captain from the word capitalah head well00:59:33
other of the others let's say major it's already on00:59:37
other languages00:59:38
so let's say mine in Spanish00:59:42
seniors, but let’s say a colonel00:59:46
the Russian name remained because00:59:48
the Russian had the corresponding rank00:59:51
in other words, Peter just added00:59:55
the knowledge that the Russians had was different00:59:57
call on which the Russians did not have and those01:00:00
the most increased the number of these ranks, so I01:00:04
I think he did the right thing, well01:00:06
the word is more convenient and that’s how he became01:00:08
use01:00:09
in this sense it seems to me even01:00:12
despite the fact that it is not a homogeneous word01:00:16
by origin it is still convenient01:00:19
it's convenient to eat when there is something to eat01:00:21
I’m uncomfortable when this system doesn’t exist, well01:00:25
in addition, many words from the area were included01:00:30
arts and sciences01:00:31
Well, let’s say words from music01:00:34
Kapellmeister is a distorted German01:00:36
drops March April is it or wind01:00:40
group and or group of singers and01:00:44
maestro but the Germans generally love01:00:47
call any specialist bridges then01:00:50
there is a master so they have a master01:00:54
kpl and copier mash that is the master01:00:57
guard service that only guard01:01:01
it will be in German vakhtin from here vakht01:01:04
this is the guard service and in the police department of the bridge01:01:09
what is translated in Russian as sergeant or01:01:14
let's say there's a freak and a company commander01:01:18
the master will be a captain, that is, in Russian01:01:21
mouth places or tell people to leave something01:01:25
there is a city master01:01:27
we translate as burgomaster or then01:01:30
in Russian it was reduced to the word01:01:32
mayors so here we are too01:01:35
borrowed some words from01:01:39
let's say the words are severely distorted01:01:41
rathaus01:01:42
in Russian it became oratov literally01:01:46
council building house of councils01:01:48
well, advice has a date not in the Soviet01:01:51
in the sense of the word in the sense of something01:01:53
city council was located01:01:56
also household items, say clothing items01:02:01
well, for example, what is tied around01:02:04
neck is called han pieces in German from01:02:07
borrowed from German, that is, literally01:02:09
neckerchief on means no no01:02:11
modern tie in the shape of a herring or01:02:14
butterflies and a 19th century neckerchief which01:02:17
assumed a stand-up collar and maybe01:02:21
maybe you remember this has happened before01:02:22
big very knot that was just it01:02:25
neckerchief current you tie on01:02:28
the scarf doesn't fit at all01:02:29
Well, we’ll also say other words to Rita01:02:32
hear01:02:33
years and clover spinach doctor on01:02:37
and so on from musical01:02:39
instruments for example from the Germans01:02:41
loanwords horn like01:02:43
in german it sounds like volt home home01:02:46
this is a rock horn waltz this is a forest that is this01:02:50
spring rock really horn01:02:53
comes from the forest horn and more often01:02:55
when hunters come there are people like this01:02:58
or new moves01:02:59
which everyone associates exactly as01:03:02
the key of the hunters and of course the mass01:03:10
other words further in English too01:03:15
oddly enough, on the cheat at the beginning of this01:03:18
there was more borrowing under Peter01:03:22
words came into use in the nineteenth century01:03:25
English language in contrast to our century01:03:28
in schools without studying studied only one01:03:31
profession english this is us rivers01:03:34
why was britain at that time01:03:36
mistress of the seas and therefore necessarily01:03:41
the sailor if he wanted to talk to his01:03:43
colleagues from other countries should have01:03:46
speak English01:03:48
therefore from English from English01:03:51
many words have come to us, but01:03:55
not necessarily sea, although sea too01:03:57
well, for example01:03:58
midshipman sword generally speaking the middle01:04:01
sheksna01:04:02
well, it doesn’t take long to pronounce Russian like that01:04:05
smog went down to minus and that's it01:04:14
average ship man tomorrow word01:04:18
god the word brik is just from01:04:21
English language which is very interesting01:04:23
that we borrowed at least two01:04:26
teams for01:04:27
English language here we have a team01:04:30
whistle everyone up in English she01:04:33
sounds shorter01:04:36
Aurora went up and everyone started screaming01:04:41
Russian word "Avral"01:04:43
this is a corrupted English word01:04:46
Well, another team is English01:04:53
fun market team01:04:55
ring the bell turned into Russian01:04:58
expression bell bell no bell01:05:02
affect is such a bell, it is historical01:05:04
words that show that in the 17th century01:05:08
there were these boys in white sheepskin coats and01:05:13
with a very high white hat here they are01:05:15
called markets they stood with either01:05:18
the Russian halberd was called berdysh01:05:22
there was no way to kill this bell01:05:25
the words ring became associated with01:05:27
in a word bell01:05:28
gave away the bell and became associated with01:05:31
in a word beat and finally the answer to01:05:35
orders were also borrowed from01:05:39
English sailors01:05:40
there any sailor when he heard the order01:05:43
the officer answered, this is what I turned into01:05:49
there is Russian01:05:50
because you yourself understand when he01:05:53
they order that so let's say go there then01:05:56
you say there is what there is01:05:59
from in Russian it would be more correct to say01:06:01
yes, but in the navy it first took root01:06:05
English with as is but then it passed and01:06:08
in general to all other types of troops01:06:12
in addition, other words were included01:06:16
let’s say the tunnel has already been shown by the tender01:06:19
trolleybus comfort yo jack steak and01:06:22
so on, that is, a lot of words related to01:06:25
be01:06:27
a little later in the 19th century, but something went on in the 18th01:06:32
from French01:06:34
first of all we entered here the name of the clothes I01:06:38
Let me remind you that in the 18th century France was01:06:41
trendsetters of all fashions including fashion01:06:44
in clothes01:06:45
in general it was believed that France was the most01:06:48
luxurious country and number one country and01:06:51
from here01:06:52
Louis 14 considered himself the Sun King01:06:55
this is where words like01:06:59
let's say vest tights coat by the way not01:07:05
knew01:07:06
let's say Pushkin how to write the words coat01:07:08
in Russian and that's why he wrote in01:07:10
the French flight is not mastered and01:07:14
there were many words in Russian spelling01:07:16
frock coat veil corsage boudoir wardrobe01:07:20
toilet entered the name of some sweets01:07:24
for example, marmalade or something like this01:07:28
dishes like broth or cutlet are included01:07:32
let's say some words from the field of music01:07:34
dance ha that's the word play cauldron01:07:38
prompter, poster director, entrepreneur01:07:40
and so on from the art of war let's say01:07:44
words like battalion garrison01:07:46
artillery cannonade from frames and others01:07:49
so these words are very01:07:52
recent origin although it seems to us01:07:55
that they were in Rus' scania us now01:07:58
it's hard to imagine that we01:07:59
got by without a borrowed word01:08:01
general01:08:02
that we had a governor, we had a boyar01:08:09
we managed quite well without such names01:08:13
we even had an elder like this01:08:17
colonel who is for the brigadier 1801:08:19
century such a title would01:08:20
Well, there are words that were included in connection with01:08:25
something special, for example in connection with01:08:27
music we included a lot of Italian words01:08:30
at least01:08:32
the name of the intervals is that01:08:35
the name of intervals in music is taken01:08:38
just from Italian numerals directly01:08:41
second third quart fifth sex then01:08:44
Septima but on Decima and even he01:08:47
childish up to give them all the words01:08:50
Italian in addition01:08:53
a number of words have been introduced to denote music01:08:58
different tempos01:09:00
Well, let's say there's an alley there, let's say01:09:05
sonata allegro vivace and others included01:09:11
words like say libretto01:09:14
or tenor bravo buffoonery sonata01:09:18
carnival and so on, some of the words came from01:09:23
Spanish01:09:25
but often through French01:09:29
let's say we take the Italian word01:09:33
sonata01:09:34
but we don’t take the Italian word sirinat ah01:09:38
let's take the Spanish Cleveland Serenade01:09:42
because in Spanish the words are about calling01:09:44
they are worried, but then it would be necessary to talk and01:09:47
Not01:09:48
Sonata Asuna yes, that is, sounding01:09:52
this would be like this but like this01:09:55
historically it turned out that we are just words01:09:57
took other words from one language01:10:00
another took the words that mean01:10:04
items only in Spain for example went01:10:06
castanets in other countries although01:10:09
are used but it is considered that the homeland01:10:11
Spain guitar01:10:14
Well, they play in many countries, but01:10:17
no less01:10:18
from Spanish mantilla karavaeva01:10:21
caramel cigar and so on but there is01:10:25
very few words from other languages I use them01:10:27
I won’t list it, it means like this01:10:29
it turns out that very many01:10:34
words came to us from European languages01:10:39
zeros in particular from Turkic languages and01:10:42
The question arises: what to do with them?01:10:46
what to do with them and recently they collapsed01:10:48
we apply widely and we don't see01:10:52
need to change them, well, let’s say01:10:55
in music these intervals are of course possible01:10:58
translate that let's drink not in01:11:01
third01:11:02
let's sing at third rate, you'll agree01:11:05
sing at third sing at fifth sing there at01:11:09
eighth it’s not always clear but01:11:13
since this is a term any musician is01:11:16
understand moreover understand anyone01:11:18
musician in any language of the world so this01:11:21
conveniently means here we can01:11:24
demonstrate this very01:11:26
interesting property of the Russian language01:11:29
however, just like anyone else01:11:32
interesting convenience, that's if it's convenient01:11:35
a foreign word to the tongue01:11:37
we prefer someone else's word why she01:11:41
she's interesting, mind you, not in01:11:43
in the general sense we never know the general01:11:45
it makes sense if we say a person does not own01:11:48
you can't explain to him in Italian01:11:53
or rather, he won’t explain to you what is acceptable01:11:55
quinte means 5 in Italian01:11:58
but if he is a musician he will tell you01:12:01
what is a fifth yes this is the distance between01:12:06
let's say not food notes salt and this01:12:10
there is a fifth and everyone will understand that at that time01:12:14
how the Russian word 5 has a lot of meanings01:12:18
this may be 5 orders of magnitude computationally01:12:20
maybe the name of the fraction or maybe01:12:22
something else, that is, every Russian word01:12:25
having01:12:26
a colossal amount of semantic01:12:29
loads and when we take borrowed01:12:32
she usually only carries one word01:12:34
semantic load and we thereby01:12:36
we say very accurately it means it works01:12:39
if we want to express general words we01:12:41
we use the main lexical fund01:12:44
if we want solemn vocabulary we01:12:47
we use Slavic star Slavic01:12:49
language if we want to clarify some01:12:52
meaning we use borrowed words01:12:54
from other languages and and this gives very01:12:58
greater expressiveness to our language01:13:00
there were at one time the so-called01:13:03
tourists who said that in no way01:13:06
In case you can't use someone else's words01:13:08
everything needs to be translated into Russian01:13:11
such tourists were not only among Russians01:13:14
there were other countries, let's say in the Czech Republic they01:13:18
they said you shouldn't use Greek01:13:21
the word theater let's translate this word01:13:24
look at the Czech language in Czech01:13:27
the girl will be a sight, but the Czechs have an accent01:13:32
on the first syllable sell the girl, therefore01:13:36
where the people are the girl01:13:38
they called the sofa evil in this words of Diego01:13:41
they know things well, but none of them01:13:45
foreigners cannot guess what is being said01:13:47
is about the theater and it seems to me that by preserving01:13:52
a certain patriotism in the language they thereby01:13:56
made their theaters inaccessible to01:14:00
representatives of other nations so I01:14:02
I’m not very sure what they did best01:14:05
in the best possible way01:14:07
in the same way, let’s take for example let’s say like01:14:12
the Poles have come, there are more Poles01:14:15
Russian language uses Latin01:14:18
words are borrowed01:14:19
on you the case with the car they01:14:22
preferred another way they preferred01:14:26
they call it in Slavic01:14:29
just translate the word itself what it means01:14:33
auto auto does it mean itself and what does it mean01:14:36
my build moves with them01:14:38
they move words like a self-propelled gun and01:14:42
Polish car will be the best move01:14:46
let's say the factory itself cares01:14:51
well again is it great isn't it great I'm not01:14:54
I know, but let’s say I liked the Bulgarian01:14:56
this translation they decided that because01:15:02
there the wheels are spinning again the wheels are01:15:07
plural means singular01:15:09
will prick01:15:10
That's what they call Cole's cars01:15:16
karam kola01:15:17
I drive a car in01:15:21
and the Russians just followed the path01:15:23
borrowing the Latin designation01:15:26
that's what we call a car01:15:29
true in everyday speech we are words01:15:32
we hardly use the car01:15:34
we replace the words car, also borrowing01:15:37
apparently from the Latin language and also very01:15:40
interesting borrowing because01:15:43
generally speaking this word is very01:15:47
multi-valuedly I back means the most01:15:50
different types of mechanisms in principle01:15:53
a machine is a self-propelled mechanism01:15:55
unlike just a mechanism which01:15:57
are set in motion by a person but on01:15:59
in practice, few people separate these things01:16:02
nevertheless, let's say we have such01:16:05
cars, let's say cars in the 19th century01:16:09
the locomotive was called from here I just installed it01:16:12
the locomotive was then called the driver01:16:16
a washing machine appeared01:16:19
worked for her, no way he would be called01:16:21
also called a machinist or typist01:16:24
there was no name then it appeared01:16:26
a typewriter usually has printing on it01:16:29
women and the one who used the writing01:16:33
the typewriter was called the typist01:16:35
and so it turned out to be a very strange couple in01:16:39
Russian language01:16:40
driver and typist driver is not01:16:43
driver's wife01:16:45
driver01:16:46
he's not a sister, well, he's no good01:16:49
relationship with the car country by them01:16:52
Well, now it's out of use01:16:55
typewriters now we type on01:16:57
computer person typing up01:17:00
we didn't get any computer01:17:03
the Russian word is sometimes used for and01:17:07
mental english word user what01:17:09
means user to 5 user01:17:11
anything can be used01:17:14
use, say, a can opener01:17:16
you will also be a user01:17:18
in general the language is very whimsical in01:17:22
in some cases he dialed the beret01:17:25
only the main word but also form from01:17:27
its derivatives01:17:29
and in some cases no derivatives01:17:32
do not form the word user for Russian01:17:34
language is inconvenient because it’s difficult01:17:37
form an adjective like how you01:17:40
form a pattern here is the user01:17:44
please custom is possible01:17:47
say used but there is a lot here01:17:49
no derivatives from the user yet01:17:51
derivatives, that is, derivative words are not01:17:54
What I mean is that not everyone01:17:58
every need for a new word01:18:00
really covered with this new one01:18:03
in a word a word can be borrowed01:18:05
together with the thing and it can be preserved01:18:08
for the rest of the time or maybe01:18:11
replaced this is how I gave examples01:18:13
Let's say we borrowed the first planes01:18:17
together with the French word airplane a01:18:20
then we replaced the words airplane with01:18:22
the word airplane although we have the word airplane01:18:24
had a different meaning, maybe she is in this too01:18:26
I mean, I started using it this way01:18:30
what's there and then translate it again to01:18:33
Russian language something on we save something01:18:35
we replace whatever is there and omit it altogether01:18:39
without any replacement and this is probably not01:18:44
only an indicator that words are beyond us01:18:47
necessary and an indicator of how01:18:50
invented this word here we have01:18:53
for example there was an attempt01:18:56
when was the laser invented01:18:59
call it quantum optical generator01:19:03
elektra01:19:04
electrical electronic quantum01:19:06
optical generator and kg01:19:08
but now this abbreviation01:19:11
and kg is known to a very small number of people01:19:14
this is somewhere around 64 club is the word01:19:18
it lasted but maybe 6 years01:19:21
our dictionary and was later replaced by01:19:24
the word Lazov is an English word too01:19:27
abbreviation but very convenient because01:19:30
the word lazar immediately joins the ranks of everyone01:19:34
we incline their words we can say01:19:36
laser laser laser at abram from him01:19:40
form the adjective laser and so on01:19:43
next word about kg very inconvenient how is it01:19:47
to incline with us in general and not socially01:19:50
abbreviations they lean so I don't01:19:52
I can say there I took it from Akagi01:19:56
or put it to gu so you can’t take it from01:20:00
they are generally very convenient and exactly the same01:20:04
Plural is not clear01:20:06
form it is unclear how to form01:20:08
adjective in short for all01:20:11
I will note precisely the language parameters01:20:15
the word turned out to be unsuccessful, this is by the way01:20:20
some moral for the future inventors of words01:20:23
the word must be included in everything01:20:27
word-formation series it should01:20:29
tend to conjugate in general to experience01:20:33
everything that other words experience01:20:35
if she looks like this unusual01:20:38
that it is difficult to form something from him she01:20:40
most likely they didn’t take root01:20:41
and that’s why we preferred someone else’s word01:20:46
which is easier for the Russian language than01:20:50
your own01:20:51
and again I think that there is no01:20:55
there must be false patriotism we are not01:20:57
should say that this is the word01:20:59
it's someone else's, it should be thrown away, nothing like that01:21:02
if we invented good ones in our time01:21:04
words for God's sake no problem but no01:21:08
invented all this our omission01:21:10
means we will use other people's words01:21:13
well again01:21:15
the words laser have a very narrow meaning01:21:19
we can’t confuse mine with anything else01:21:22
does not in any way pretend to01:21:25
displace some relevant ones01:21:27
Russian words01:21:29
that's why I'm for such borrowing01:21:32
generally speaking, this is a whole philosophical01:21:35
problem01:21:36
is it good to have borrowing from my point01:21:39
vision is very good but of course in moderation01:21:42
again, what does it mean to the world and the language itself01:21:45
regulates you'll notice that the tongue is like the river one01:21:49
water has the property of self-purification01:21:52
ten years pass during these ten years we01:21:54
we borrow from some language as if01:21:57
from a bottomless barrel that's all new and01:21:58
new new words actually01:22:01
It turns out that I only borrow a few01:22:03
dozens of words despite the fact that01:22:05
intelligent should know about 1001:22:08
thousand, that is, the hundredth is borrowed01:22:12
fraction of a percent although it seems like a lot to us01:22:15
because every word is new to us01:22:17
It’s unclear how, however, over time01:22:21
we get used to them and we think that it is01:22:24
enrichment of the Russian language and not at all01:22:27
repression, but not the necessary words themselves01:22:30
disappear if they have a good Russian01:22:32
equivalent01:22:33
so to sum it up I wanted01:22:38
would show that borrowing words is01:22:41
very good noble process and01:22:45
process01:22:46
in a sense regulated by ourselves01:22:49
tongue some words are borrowed01:22:53
now the following is this kind of words01:22:57
which are called lexical calques and01:23:00
as they are divided into word-forming and01:23:02
semantic01:23:03
what is tracing paper is it a word or expression01:23:08
formed by copying01:23:11
the way in which it was formed in01:23:16
in our native language, for example, let’s say the words01:23:21
interjection01:23:24
in Latin inter those who really01:23:29
inter this is between those who are I throwing something01:23:34
I throw it and between the copper and01:23:37
or adverb let's say from verbum from just01:23:41
one of the meanings of this prefix to another01:23:46
namely speech spelling or01:23:51
superman from german and damage01:23:54
and so on again in what01:23:59
What is the overall significance of these cripples?01:24:02
but I have already shown that Cyril and Methodius01:24:04
a lot of colleagues did it from Greek01:24:06
language01:24:08
the fact is that a native speaker is not always01:24:12
figure out how to do this01:24:15
word01:24:16
and if he thinks of it, but not always01:24:20
It might be good to talk about this in due time01:24:24
Korney Chukovsky wrote when he was recording01:24:28
he has the speech of small children01:24:31
a book called from two to01:24:33
five and here are examples of the word01:24:36
education let's say the girl tore01:24:38
Mom says why did you tear the blouse?01:24:40
it burns and where the ripples arise01:24:44
question we have noun rava01:24:46
we have no such implementation01:24:49
sometimes there is a need for me yes01:24:52
sometimes it happens but I would say so01:24:56
the word rava sounds rude01:24:59
yes, that's why it didn't catch on, we have it01:25:03
another word when we want to say that01:25:07
a torn thing has a direct meaning or war01:25:10
open it corresponds much more accurately01:25:13
Russian Russian language learning the word rava01:25:15
wear or let's say I have a friend01:25:21
girl when she spat and did01:25:25
remark with your foot so where spit awka what01:25:29
it means spit awka there is no such thing in Russian01:25:31
in the language of words in Russian there is a word01:25:33
spit but again a girl01:25:38
formed from imperative forms from01:25:40
verbs spit and from here taking to a01:25:45
normal Russian language is formed from01:25:47
infinitive of the verb to spit began to be01:25:50
I don't care if I mean that there are people like that01:25:53
subtleties that children don’t know01:25:56
foreigners sometimes don’t even know adults01:25:58
Russian native speakers01:26:01
thus it is far from taking root01:26:03
any word01:26:05
words take root briefly and succinctly figuratively01:26:08
this is what we're really without01:26:10
we can't get by so in this sense01:26:14
language as a system has its own01:26:17
he resists protective functions01:26:20
uncomfortable words and that's wonderful01:26:24
because this way we guarantee01:26:27
that nothing unnecessary will reach our tongue01:26:32
it's like this01:26:35
derivational tracing paper and there is01:26:38
semantic tracing paper where it is borrowed01:26:43
meaning01:26:45
rather than say appearance word for example01:26:50
touch translated from French soul01:26:54
meaning to evoke sympathy or nail01:26:58
from the French combination nail01:27:00
programs and so on, that is, yes there is01:27:03
words that are borrowed from01:27:07
already foreign language phrases and this too01:27:11
enriches the language, well, I especially focus on this01:27:14
I didn’t want to stop but finally01:27:19
there is semi tracing paper semi tracing paper it01:27:24
combination of a borrowed part of a word with01:27:26
Russian part of the word but an example01:27:29
is the word humanity human01:27:34
borrowed evil you are not a guest this01:27:37
Russian suffix may be something like this01:27:41
combination like a word01:27:43
this is a hybrid of half rings followed by01:27:51
forms of language enrichment are01:27:54
appeal not to foreign words and not to01:27:59
foreign sources ok source01:28:01
inside the language but not completely normalized01:28:07
not quite literature as we know it is01:28:12
territorial forms of the Russian language01:28:14
which is called dialects01:28:16
and there is dialect vocabulary like this01:28:23
dialect vocabulary is twofold01:28:27
it can enrich the Russian language or maybe01:28:31
turn into the so-called01:28:33
colloquially that is colloquially that part01:28:36
dialects that are pronounced among people in01:28:39
which is a dialect01:28:41
play it is not perceived as a dialect01:28:43
perceived as wrong but01:28:46
for example, I saw with my own eyes and spoke with01:28:53
smart people in some dialects like this01:28:58
it will be normal, that's what they say, you yourself01:29:02
you know what we’ll say for Moscow it’s not01:29:05
the norm and if such a regional dialect01:29:10
becomes in some part of the capital before01:29:15
somewhat steadily we say01:29:17
that a new kind of simple speech has appeared01:29:19
that's just what speech is01:29:22
dragging dialects into that environment in01:29:25
which is it this dialect was not spread at all but01:29:29
nevertheless, a number of words entered the general01:29:34
language but for example let's say the words veksha01:29:40
in northern dialects this is a squirrel and so01:29:43
Nowadays hunters call the young one that way01:29:45
squirrel01:29:46
veksha or say stitch01:29:50
this is just from the southern dialects from the word01:29:53
path or let's demand but this01:30:01
regulatory language is not included but in a number01:30:05
dialect means disdain I'm here01:30:08
I listened to it myself from friends from Tula01:30:11
areas require such pronunciation01:30:13
instead of disdain, here are the words beam01:30:18
sense, it entered the ravine from the southern regions01:30:22
in general the national language and when we01:30:26
we read the description of the southern Russian regions there01:30:28
very often the enemy is called the word beam01:30:32
this way it's also pretty01:30:38
serious enrichment of the Russian language01:30:40
but how can I say she is not so01:30:45
necessarily and or something there is someone01:30:47
can someone use this vocabulary01:30:50
may not use knowledge01:30:52
oleg vocabulary and I don’t think so01:30:54
was mandatory although many01:30:58
they get offended when they don’t know the dialect01:31:01
vocabulary is their area because01:31:05
it's like they say it in Russian01:31:07
they think, how come the Russians don’t?01:31:09
understand Russian speech but that's because01:31:14
in fact, it’s still the basis of Russian01:31:19
literary language formed the basis of St. Petersburg01:31:23
Moscow dialects are not acceptable at all01:31:26
northern not southern dialect of Russian01:31:30
but dialect vocabulary can appear01:31:35
like paint and let’s say Turgenev writes01:31:41
all around there are gullies words gullies01:31:46
he used dialect vocabulary01:31:48
Well, maybe thanks to the Turgenevs and01:31:51
I know such words, actually we’re not very good01:31:54
We widely use dialect vocabulary01:31:57
so although she is to some extent01:32:01
enriches but it serves no more01:32:03
enriched coloring01:32:05
in order to convey just the color01:32:10
one area or another, but let’s say01:32:13
there was a movie called love and doves01:32:17
and the northern dialect was reproduced there01:32:21
say instead happens in from instead of know01:32:25
know and so on it's a little funny01:32:29
when people say that but we immediately01:32:31
We understand that these are not townspeople and this is not01:32:35
residents of the metropolitan area as follows01:32:40
such internal borrowings01:32:42
this is no longer part of the territorial vocabulary of01:32:45
professional vocabulary is different01:32:49
kind of professionalism they are also included in01:32:52
Russian language01:32:54
Well, for example, we know what we’ll say01:32:59
in the kitchen, that is, excuse us, on the ship01:33:04
there are names for some phenomena01:33:10
let's say the words flask means01:33:12
half an hour on the ship the cook is called as01:33:17
although everyone understands that this is a cook, but here it is01:33:20
they call it English and Dutch01:33:22
in other words, the kitchen is called a galley, but here it is01:33:28
let's say fish tail from fishermen01:33:31
called splashing as for speech01:33:33
there are interesting sailors there too01:33:35
options there, let's say the compass is not called01:33:38
campus is called a compass on a ship and01:33:41
they don't swim they leave because they swim01:33:45
it means to be completely in water01:33:48
the ship is actually only in the water01:33:51
their bottom summit sailors01:33:54
the air environment is not watery at all01:33:56
they will float when the ship01:33:58
hit when they are already swimming01:34:01
they go to the ship like this, they wear what01:34:04
they often call a ship a vessel01:34:07
also curious about a vessel not on a ship and01:34:11
they do not go to Murmansk Murmansk01:34:13
that is, there are a number of words that01:34:17
sailors sound different than other people01:34:20
but let's say lawyers really like to pronounce01:34:24
words are condemned and instead of condemned norms01:34:28
convicted and not saying so right away01:34:32
shows that they belong to a class01:34:34
lawyers and no other class01:34:40
then there is a terminological01:34:43
vocabulary, but we know that in a number of sciences01:34:51
there are ux highly specialized terms01:34:53
There are some philosophical ones, for example:01:34:56
abstraction argument dialectics thinking01:34:59
and so on and almost every science of us01:35:05
enriches with some words but here01:35:09
let's say mathematics there is an algorithm01:35:14
binomial integral01:35:15
vector and so on let's say physics us01:35:21
enriches with the names of elementary particles01:35:24
electron proton positron say01:35:30
gamma quanta from he and so on like this01:35:34
that many of these words are then transferred01:35:37
into the literary language and are already beginning to01:35:42
go far from the original01:35:46
meaning, well, let's say there is an expression01:35:48
atomic bomb everything means atomic bomb01:35:52
In general, any object consists of atoms01:35:54
there is not a single item that would not01:35:57
was behind there so I want a bomb in01:36:02
in this sense it also consists of01:36:04
given as the other is meant01:36:07
of course the so-called ellipsis01:36:09
reduction01:36:10
that is, part of this concept is thrown out01:36:12
meaning what's going on inside01:36:15
atomic processes that's what's available here01:36:18
they are not just atoms but unfortunately in01:36:21
many professions01:36:22
also used in vocabulary01:36:24
elliptically, for example, a teacher01:36:28
foreign language01:36:30
I told my friend yesterday01:36:34
spoke the language all day but we are without01:36:39
we can’t speak the language at all01:36:41
in view of not that in the language she said that he01:36:43
spoke foreign01:36:45
Is this understandable or does the doctor say so what?01:36:49
this comes to me from stomach to stomach01:36:51
you know you can't walk in your stomach01:36:54
The Germans themselves thought that they came with a sick person01:36:58
stomach of the patients and not themselves01:37:00
stomach, that's what I mean, of course01:37:05
many terms that come from that01:37:08
or another language, that is, poll01:37:10
history or another profession they enter01:37:14
into Russian and in a certain way01:37:17
it colors it is very important because01:37:21
what a normal person should be able to do01:37:26
express yourself not only in a narrow field01:37:29
everyday life or in the narrow area where he works01:37:33
he must understand speech and somehow intelligently01:37:36
don't let him answer questions01:37:39
specialist we know anyway01:37:42
what will a cardiologist say?01:37:43
This is a doctor who specializes in heart disorders.01:37:47
or let's say Lyalin's voice is connected with01:37:52
completely throat from ear-nose-throat01:37:55
but and so on, that is, at some01:37:58
level usually Russian people know this01:38:01
professional is easier and understands01:38:04
for example, when they are told it is in danger01:38:05
fatal does not mean that they01:38:08
flying means they'll just die01:38:12
that's how generally we know Latin01:38:16
language and so there is a layer01:38:22
professional vocabulary but I can't01:38:24
say that this layer is especially large in01:38:28
Russian language, that is, it is great only in01:38:32
one form of the Russian language precisely in01:38:36
scientific vocabulary is there and if we have01:38:39
scientific book is full of terminology01:38:42
but if we read a newspaper or magazine there01:38:45
there are not so many terms there always01:38:47
try to avoid them01:38:50
use to a minimum further01:38:55
there is slang vocabulary and ergotism01:38:59
but first I would like to distinguish what it is01:39:02
jargon and what is an organ the difference is01:39:06
what kind of jargon is this in terms of01:39:11
culturology subcultures, that is, part01:39:14
culture, let's say maybe youth01:39:17
jargon01:39:18
maybe old people's slang maybe01:39:22
be jargon let's say some kind of lovers01:39:26
things but let's say there is jargon these days01:39:31
related to computers01:39:33
Let's say someone says that the glands are01:39:36
him good01:39:37
but the software is playing tricks, it’s buggy, what is it?01:39:42
means glands it means everything01:39:47
computer components are not01:39:50
necessarily any metal01:39:52
but those that you can hold on to, that is01:39:55
material in the army said so01:39:58
material part but there is no hardware01:40:02
software01:40:03
this is the program for the program you are not01:40:06
hold on, the program can be recorded01:40:08
separately for files01:40:11
install programs and programs into your computer01:40:14
may be bad01:40:17
to fail means to fail01:40:19
glitch on a modern computer01:40:22
jargon01:40:23
it's not the youth here and the elderly01:40:26
can speak such jargon simply01:40:28
they are related specifically to computer01:40:31
technology they know it they understand it01:40:33
they use it others who don't know01:40:36
They naturally can’t understand what they’re talking about01:40:37
there is speech and youth slang01:40:40
this is really jargon01:40:44
quite ephemeral, that is01:40:47
there will definitely be some new words there01:40:49
the sources of these words appear01:40:51
very different but let's say01:40:54
somewhere at the end of the 20th century there were01:41:00
drugs are injected in general01:41:03
the special services tried mainly to01:41:05
tourist countries01:41:07
but nevertheless, what part of the youth01:41:10
the well became and then the names appeared01:41:13
these drugs that are usually few01:41:16
knows except the drug addicts themselves01:41:19
even such an expression as is acceptable01:41:21
it's cool to have this impression01:41:23
cool it means the state when01:41:25
the man made fun of himself, dosed himself and01:41:30
he felt good carefree great01:41:33
such01:41:35
on and so on that is actually01:41:38
a lot of slang words like this came from01:41:42
some very dubious sources01:41:44
some of the slang words came from01:41:47
speeches of musicians themselves, musicians themselves01:41:51
they call labukhi they labukhi01:41:54
after that they are given money which they01:41:56
they say let's go to these towers you can throw01:42:00
and you can take the cornice back for a drink01:42:03
it means he’s going to get something to eat and so on01:42:06
Further01:42:07
in other words, this is also not entirely01:42:09
youth slang is exactly that01:42:13
so musical and I knew him for example01:42:16
when I was studying at music school01:42:18
40 years ago has not changed since then01:42:23
jargon jargon again maybe01:42:25
Let's say professionally, lawyers can01:42:30
name articles and since ordinary people01:42:34
they don’t know what’s hiding there, let’s say01:42:37
which 282 article about extremist01:42:41
activities01:42:42
if you don't know that you are not a lawyer01:42:45
The numbers themselves don’t say anything, but01:42:47
lawyers will stand by and call her friend01:42:50
friend's numbers and in general this one is for you01:42:52
dark forest so this of course too01:42:58
jargon and it is necessary to distinguish argot from it01:43:02
argot is no longer a subculture and01:43:06
counterculture that is, when people in your01:43:10
presence want to discuss something01:43:14
you no longer understand that they are01:43:15
use words that01:43:17
completely incomprehensible to other people, well01:43:21
let's say if the doctor says you're a malingerer01:43:25
you understand that you do not have a disease01:43:28
like try and refuel it01:43:30
but let's say they can01:43:34
doctors tell each other but this is01:43:36
gradation in general such a bed is usually01:43:39
the patient does not understand01:43:41
that is, if in the first case the words01:43:43
malingerer is jargon, in general it is01:43:47
understandable to doctors but understandable to most01:43:50
parts and ordinary people01:43:52
then the words ogre ovation are understandable only01:43:54
to doctors the ogration means this01:43:56
exaggeration and unjustified01:43:59
do you have a little tingling in your tank?01:44:01
you say you're dying, here it is01:44:05
example of gradation and gradation does not mean01:44:07
that you don't have it, it's a simulation01:44:10
means that you don't have you portraying a01:44:12
here and there, but not at all to the same extent01:44:15
in which one you are shown is the brightest01:44:21
example of argot01:44:22
this is the speech of criminal elements so01:44:25
called thieves music or otherwise01:44:29
called finya because there were such01:44:32
traveling traders they were called Aachene and01:44:35
they were peddlers01:44:38
why did they invent a special language?01:44:41
the fact that while they are coming with the goods they are still01:44:43
do not really expect to be attacked and01:44:47
then they go in the morning and when they are all01:44:50
sell out sell out they're coming back01:44:52
it's late in the evening, it's already dark, they're walking with01:44:56
their goods may not be money01:44:59
every living person needs money01:45:03
By the way, money can be used by anyone01:45:05
that's why they are needed01:45:07
preferred to return no longer to01:45:09
alone in a pony how many people and to01:45:13
they were not understood to speak in such a language01:45:16
understandable only01:45:18
well, later of course, since they have01:45:22
dealing with money means one of them01:45:24
sooner or later he went to prison and01:45:27
from here this one here01:45:29
argo gradually became a prison arch well01:45:33
we know some words but the point is01:45:36
that as we begin01:45:38
they begin to recognize slang words01:45:40
invent new ones01:45:42
Well, let’s say a feather means01:45:45
in their language a knife means wet business01:45:49
tube and then let’s lose it in general and for now01:45:57
has to steal and let's pinch it01:46:02
pickpocket thief pickpocket01:46:05
well, they have completely different ideas about01:46:08
nobility01:46:09
height let's say a thief is a pickpocket for them01:46:12
much higher than a burglar thief because01:46:16
get into a person's pocket so that he01:46:18
didn't notice01:46:19
requires much more art than in01:46:23
absence of the owner of the house01:46:25
break into his apartment and the most01:46:28
they have a low thief who steals01:46:31
drunks in drunkenness are worth nothing01:46:34
steal from them therefore01:46:36
that's why they have their own ideas01:46:39
the distribution of roles they have, let's say the head01:46:41
called Ivan and the shortest man01:46:45
called six, well, in general, their own01:46:48
names of various objects01:46:52
verbs their adjectives their vows01:46:58
some kind of oath here is a century of freedom01:47:01
see01:47:04
an ordinary person wouldn't swear like that01:47:07
there is, in short, this is also well01:47:10
say some paint can be when01:47:13
describe or describe something but by yourself01:47:17
this one for myself01:47:18
thieves' argot he's not very handsome01:47:23
very euphonious, like many others01:47:26
jargons and then this is also Russian01:47:29
it's generally not any other, although there is01:47:31
and there are borrowings, well, let’s say01:47:34
one asks the other where is ki marish01:47:37
and he answers the bath, this means01:47:40
Are you spending the night somewhere, the answer is at the station01:47:43
words ban01:47:44
this is a distortion of the German banks that01:47:47
means station01:47:48
here is a borrowing from the German language01:47:51
but in general the Vars themselves hardly feel this01:47:56
such philological tons x01:47:59
Well, again, let's say more jargons01:48:02
mobile argo less mobile but this is not01:48:07
very much01:48:09
expanding the vocabulary of the language although this01:48:12
shows that inside any language there is01:48:15
there are no such closed areas of Argo01:48:18
only in Russian it is like this in English01:48:20
same as jargon01:48:22
and even if you studied for standard01:48:25
language that when you get into the area01:48:27
slang you feel very strange01:48:29
people talk about you almost don't understand but01:48:32
you definitely don’t understand the argot there anymore, that is01:48:35
you think you understand, but in fact01:48:38
in fact, the moment is completely different01:48:40
makes sense and by the way absolutely01:48:43
you may not guess, let's say one thief01:48:46
meets someone else, I haven’t seen you for a long time01:48:49
he was sick for a year01:48:50
Why didn’t you call the doctor?01:48:55
Well, how can I tell you I don’t have an exam?01:48:59
soon really what are they talking about01:49:03
I was sick, that means the doctor was in prison01:49:06
this means a lawyer and the exam is a court then01:49:10
there is no doctor really01:49:14
we are talking about no illness at all01:49:16
different but outwardly it looks like01:49:19
harmless jokes next division01:49:24
speech vocabulary of modern Russian language01:49:27
from an expressive point of view01:49:29
stylistic are divided into vocabulary01:49:31
book and vocabulary conversation01:49:34
this is very important and the division which01:49:39
It seems to us that there are many divisions01:49:44
linguists, that is, it seems to us not01:49:47
very significant between when we01:49:50
learning foreign languages you are at it01:49:52
we constantly stumble when we study01:49:56
a foreign language means almost a hundred01:49:59
It's percent true that we only study01:50:01
book or01:50:02
we hardly study spoken languages01:50:06
well, good textbooks sometimes introduce but01:50:11
she is best driven by all kinds01:50:13
phrase books01:50:14
or textbooks specifically dedicated to01:50:16
colloquial speech, let's say let's say here01:50:21
I studied German, say the verb to hang around01:50:25
in terms of accounting, you stay at home all day01:50:28
Here's transportation I must say that Ben Gunn01:50:32
because hanging around means sitting01:50:38
nothing to do at home brulik but01:50:41
agree that this is exactly the vocabulary01:50:45
conversation in everyday life but under no circumstances01:50:48
not a bookstore or there are two guys saying well01:50:53
What01:50:54
stay in class or run away Abhay too01:51:02
this is the verb to wash away01:51:04
I mean, we still have Russian01:51:07
Russian words to fade like this01:51:10
there is no equivalent in German for example01:51:12
I know the meanings so well01:51:14
in colloquial language to find out such01:51:17
aspects or you lately the Germans01:51:22
they like to say goodbye without a word a free01:51:24
Derzhavin, as usual, is not a word one of01:51:27
other languages now prevail among them01:51:29
words of feelings this word is almost in no way01:51:33
I didn’t see any textbooks and so on01:51:37
that is01:51:38
if you are unfamiliar with colloquial vocabulary01:51:42
then even brilliant having studied the normative01:51:46
book language you come to the country and01:51:48
half of that and more you just don't01:51:50
you understand01:51:51
because colloquial speech is very01:51:54
different from the bottom one, here's an example01:51:57
let's say from the Russian language like us01:51:59
welcome each other to the book01:52:02
written hello well no one no one01:52:06
doesn't say that, can you imagine if I01:52:08
I'll say hello Maria Ivanovna01:52:12
actually I'm saying not at all01:52:14
I say hello Mary Ivanna and she01:52:19
she understands that I'm not making fun of her01:52:21
really wanna marry01:52:24
that is, I don’t fully pronounce the name I01:52:28
to the top of the middle names I check the words hello01:52:32
and and this is correct and perfect01:52:36
it's wrong to be a person will flinch if01:52:39
they will tell him hello Maria Ivanovna01:52:42
so no one speaks Russian here01:52:46
in this example I show that yes there is01:52:48
colloquial vocabulary unfortunately01:52:52
the first monographs of colloquial vocabulary01:52:57
and in general in terms of conversational features01:53:00
appeared only in the seventies01:53:02
twentieth century before that, as it were01:53:05
the conversational layer of speech was not noticed, but everyone01:53:08
why because when we studied01:53:11
foreign language was not meant01:53:13
you will travel to another country01:53:15
such a trip seemed very01:53:18
ephemeral and what you want to read01:53:22
some work in the author’s language and01:53:24
so you need to know book vocabulary01:53:28
that’s when it turns out, yes, here’s a book01:53:32
we know vocabulary, for example, in Russian01:53:35
in pre-revolutionary language were called01:53:38
glory with, say, a lower official spoke01:53:43
to a higher official if in01:53:46
in the eighteenth century he said the amount01:53:49
first sir then su and already in the 19th century01:53:52
at the beginning of 20 I just say why01:53:54
what do you mean, please?01:53:58
this is what we mean by abbreviated words01:54:01
sir, again, we are not a foreigner01:54:05
we can explain what this phenomenon was01:54:10
so there are a lot of things that01:54:14
understandable to native speakers but foreigners01:54:17
wondering what this could mean01:54:19
and so there really is a book aspect01:54:26
and there is an aspect of conversation whether it is worth studying01:54:32
one or another aspect and certainly their01:54:37
should be studied at least in order to01:54:39
they should not be confused because literary or01:54:45
to book speech01:54:47
different refers to for example officially01:54:50
business vocabulary is characteristic of different types01:54:54
office documents law01:54:56
protocol, resolution, and so on we01:54:59
in our lives we write a lot of business01:55:03
documents and under no circumstances should they be01:55:06
express in everyday language01:55:09
Well, imagine what we’ll say01:55:13
a protocol was drawn up and the police01:55:16
looks like this we're out of you look01:55:21
look01:55:22
and there’s someone lying there, for the record, that is01:55:27
this is absolutely unnecessary language01:55:30
would write when walking around such and such01:55:32
terrain01:55:34
let's say such and such a person01:55:37
senior lieutenant there is a lot of it for you and01:55:39
junior lieutenant petrov01:55:41
it was established that and so on01:55:43
is listed, that is, we see that one01:55:47
this is how the policeman told it01:55:51
to your friend Vaska, someone else there01:55:54
it's a completely different matter how he writes it in01:55:57
protocol01:55:59
but not only in protocols01:56:02
the matter means besides this there is also01:56:06
scientific vocabulary because besides01:56:10
official papers we can write articles01:56:12
and again01:56:14
there is a different style of speech there, scientific ones01:56:17
there we must adhere as much as possible01:56:20
more terms01:56:26
exact verbs that directly express01:56:29
some real things and how possible01:56:33
fewer introductory words only01:56:35
acceptable introductory words in scientific speech01:56:40
this is the degree of your confidence in your01:56:45
rightness01:56:46
you can write as we think or01:56:50
it seems to us that is when you are not01:56:53
very confident or when you do01:56:55
assumptions not statements you01:56:57
this must be indicated somehow01:56:59
but in the protocol this is completely unacceptable01:57:03
so there are different layers01:57:06
book speech the following is01:57:11
intermediate01:57:12
speech well, this is the so-called social01:57:16
journalistic and more01:57:19
refer to the bookish scream although she is already in it01:57:24
there may be some words from01:57:29
colloquial speech, let's say feuilleton01:57:31
there you can write something, but here is our Nikolai01:57:35
Ivanovich this does not mean at all that our01:57:39
this means conversational and ronnie01:57:43
and driving irony is also scientific, but this01:57:46
exactly the conversation is not well but what concerns01:57:49
colloquial vocabulary is huge01:57:54
most words are so-called01:57:57
conversation in everyday vocabulary where01:58:01
includes a lot of words and expressions01:58:06
say diminutive magnifying01:58:10
let's say an old man, an edge, an old woman01:58:13
hands boots and so on and this01:58:17
not applicable in any01:58:19
scientific or book vocabulary so we01:58:24
This01:58:25
we only refer to joan colloquial speechDescription:
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