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Download "How a Jet Airliner Works"

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00:00:00
I'm Jake O'Neal, creator of Animagraffs.
00:00:03
And this is how a Jet Airliner works.
00:00:15
Let's start with the Airframe
00:00:18
Thousands of specially formed, damage-resistant panels are riveted or otherwise attached to
00:00:24
a lightweight underlying base called the airframe.
00:00:28
The panels and frame together make a very strong, relatively lightweight craft.
00:00:34
Many of these parts, especially the outer panels, are made from a carbon fiber reinforced
00:00:39
material, though traditional aluminum and aluminum alloys are also used.
00:00:45
Vertical frames underpin the cross-sectional tube shape, connected by longerons that stretch
00:00:52
from nose to tail.
00:00:54
And in between these, a vast network of stringers, intercostals, and subframes.
00:01:03
At the nose, the radome shields a weather radar antenna beneath while allowing specific
00:01:09
radio frequencies to pass through for proper functioning.
00:01:14
A double-layered bird strike barrier is situated behind that.
00:01:21
Floor beams attach to frames, and support the floor panels.
00:01:26
Higher grade panels are used in high traffic areas and the cockpit or flight deck, with
00:01:32
lower grade panels beneath passenger seating areas.
00:01:39
Pressure bulkheads are reinforced metal barriers that separate pressurized from non-pressurized
00:01:45
areas of the plane.
00:01:46
Humans are accustomed to about 14 psi of air pressure.
00:01:52
Passenger planes generally fly between 31 and 38 thousand feet above sea level, where
00:01:58
air pressure is a meager 4 psi or lower.
00:02:03
As such, most sections of the airplane are pressurized while in flight.
00:02:09
These areas include the flight deck and passenger areas, equipment bays, and cargo compartments.
00:02:16
Unpressurized areas are the radome, landing gear bays, the center wing box, and the tailcone.
00:02:27
The wings attach near the center of the aircraft.
00:02:31
A center wing box ties wing frames together with the fuselage.
00:02:36
The keel beam offers additional support.
00:02:40
A wing-to-body fairing attaches to the keel beam and a pair of external longerons, to
00:02:47
enclose and further strengthen this critical wing attach point.
00:02:53
Sturdy yet flexible spars stretch from the center wing box to the wing tip, one at the
00:02:59
leading edge, and one at the trailing edge of the wing.
00:03:05
A pylon juts out from the wing frame to support the jet engine.
00:03:10
Titanium links extend from wing to pylon, and tension bolts mate aluminum and titanium
00:03:15
plates for an incredibly strong and flexible connection.
00:03:24
Moving now to the rear or "aft" of the plane, we see the vertical and horizontal stabilizers
00:03:29
with their additional frame supports, and the tailcone, which houses the auxiliary power
00:03:36
unit, or APU.
00:03:43
Windows
00:03:45
The windshields and side windows are made from three layers of chemically strengthened
00:03:50
glass, covered with an anti-static coating.
00:03:58
Cabin windows maintain the structural integrity of the fuselage with a thick outer pane made
00:04:03
from acrylic.
00:04:06
There's an additional protective acrylic pane on the passenger side, with a hole and an
00:04:11
air gap for pressure and temperature equalization.
00:04:18
Doors
00:04:20
There are passenger doors front and rear, with corresponding service doors on the starboard
00:04:25
side.
00:04:28
Cargo access doors are also on the starboard underside.
00:04:34
Smaller overwing emergency doors are located just above each wing.
00:04:41
Doors must be disarmed before opening so the emergency slide will not deploy.
00:04:46
An overpressure light, visible from inside and outside the door, indicates whether the
00:04:52
pressure differential would permit safe opening.
00:04:56
A vent panel enables pressure equalization.
00:05:02
Turning the interior latch handle allows the door to be opened.
00:05:09
There's also an externally accessible door latch.
00:05:12
The door rides on a hinge arm to swing out and away from the plane body, with stabilizer
00:05:22
bars to guide its path.
00:05:30
Wings and Flight Control Surfaces
00:05:35
The wings generate lift for the aircraft.
00:05:38
The main surfaces for flight control are the ailerons, elevators, and rudder.
00:05:46
The ailerons generally function opposite one another to roll the plane.
00:05:53
Elevators affect forward to back pitch.
00:05:58
And the rudder controls yaw, or vertical rotation from the plane's perspective.
00:06:06
The entire horizontal stabilizer, which the elevators are attached to, can be rotated
00:06:12
to hold the plane at a particular attitude and leave the elevators for finer adjustments.
00:06:19
To achieve this, the stabilizer is attached to a motorized device that can move up or
00:06:24
down a threaded rod.
00:06:29
Secondary flight control surfaces assist these primary systems.
00:06:37
On the wing, leading edge slats and trailing edge flaps make up what is known as the high
00:06:42
lift flight system.
00:06:45
Both slats and flaps extend outward from the wing in a curved, downward motion, which dramatically
00:06:52
alters wing shape for a much steeper climb angle while mitigating the chances of a stall.
00:07:05
The curved slat supports ride on gears, driven by a line of connected shafts back to the
00:07:10
slat power drive unit.
00:07:17
For the flaps, a flap carriage rolls outwards, driven by its actuator arm, as the supporting
00:07:23
flap track beam lowers.
00:07:28
A row of multi-function spoilers is situated at the wing's trailing edge to assist the
00:07:33
ailerons with roll control.
00:07:38
Special ground spoilers near the fuselage operate in sync for a "lift dumping" effect,
00:07:43
creating downforce during landing to effectively stick the plane to the runway, slow the plane
00:07:48
down, and put weight to the wheels for wheel braking.
00:07:54
Along the wingtip and winglet there are static dischargers, which are flexible metal rods
00:07:59
that discharge built up static electricity that builds from friction as the plane travels
00:08:04
through the air.
00:08:10
Landing Gear
00:08:11
A strengthened portion of the wing has attachments for the main landing gear, which is tucked
00:08:20
inside the wing and body during flight.
00:08:25
A hydraulic retraction actuator is attached to the main landing gear strut in such a way
00:08:32
to rotate the gear into position for landing.
00:08:39
Fairing doors pivot with the rotating action.
00:08:44
When the landing gear is fully deployed, a hinged side brace and locking stay with its
00:08:49
own actuator keep landing gear locked firmly in place.
00:08:55
These components unlock and fold with landing gear for stowing.
00:09:04
The nitrogen and oil filled struts also act as shock absorbers during landing, with an
00:09:10
attached hydraulic shimmy damper to reduce shimmy or shaking that occurs while under
00:09:15
extreme landing forces.
00:09:20
There's a heavy duty carbon brake stack in each wheel.
00:09:26
Rotors match with "keys" on the inside of the wheel so they rotate together.
00:09:31
Stators are keyed to the axle and are stationary.
00:09:38
During braking, electrically driven pistons compress the stack, and the resulting friction
00:09:43
slows the plane down.
00:09:51
The wheels have thermal fuse plugs that melt if braking temperatures exceed 200 degrees
00:09:52
Celsius (390 deg.
00:09:53
F).
00:09:54
Excess brake heat can bleed into tire air, causing dangerous tire swelling.
00:09:55
When the fuse plugs melt, air rushes out of the tires, relieving pressure and also cooling
00:09:56
the brakes.
00:09:57
The nose landing gear has slightly smaller tires and brakes than the main landing gear,
00:09:58
and operates in a similar way.
00:10:16
Engines Animagraffs already has an existing video
00:10:20
about the inner workings of a jet engine.
00:10:22
For this video, we'll focus on the engine's relationship to airplane function overall.
00:10:29
The rear of the engine case or cowling houses the thrust reverser assembly, which reverses
00:10:35
fan thrust to slow the plane down just after touchdown, reducing wear to other landing
00:10:41
parts and allowing shorter landing distances.
00:10:45
The cowling exterior is a translating sleeve that moves backwards, pulling a ring of connected
00:10:51
flaps into an angled position to block and reverse the normal path of thrust.
00:11:04
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) The APU is a backup power source that can
00:11:09
supply energy to things like cabin air conditioning, cockpit avionics, and so on when the plane
00:11:15
is grounded and not yet connected to an airport power source.
00:11:20
The APU also provides power to the main engines for starting.
00:11:24
Pressurized air from the APU turns a small turbine device at the engine, which rotates
00:11:29
the main gearbox and engine internals, starting the fuel and airflow process on which jet
00:11:36
engines function.
00:11:37
The APU itself is a gas generator that runs on principles similar to the core of a jet
00:11:45
engine.
00:11:46
The APU has an electric, battery powered starter.
00:11:50
Air is drawn in through a port at the rear of the plane.
00:11:55
It's mixed with fuel and ignited, and the resulting combustion drives a turbine to pressurize
00:12:00
more air for various purposes, or run an electrical generator.
00:12:05
The APU exhausts out the back of the plane.
00:12:14
Fuel
00:12:16
The center box and most of the internal wing area form a giant system of fuel tanks.
00:12:21
The main containers are the left, center, and right fuel tanks.
00:12:28
This plane can hold a maximum 5,681 gallons (21,508 liters) of fuel, weighing in at 38,350
00:12:37
lbs (17,400 kgs).
00:12:40
The same ribs that provide wing structure become baffles with cutouts that let fuel
00:12:45
travel through the tank but also avoid excessive sloshing.
00:12:52
Fuel enters through a port in one wing.
00:12:55
A refuel/defuel panel in the wing-to-body fairing controls the refueling process, and
00:13:02
also shows fuel levels.
00:13:04
Shutoff valves automatically open and close to ensure tanks are evenly filled.
00:13:12
To greatly reduce fire risk, normal air in fuel tanks is replaced with nitrogen rich
00:13:18
air after refueling is complete.
00:13:21
Bleed air valves on the main engines siphon off pressurized air which is then cooled and
00:13:30
passed through the air separation module to remove some of the oxygen, leaving a more
00:13:35
nitrogen-rich product, which is then pumped into the fuel tanks.
00:13:41
Surge tanks at the end of each wing act as vents for the main and center tanks, and have
00:13:47
a NACA style scoop that forces air into the tanks during flight, keeping positive pressure
00:13:52
on the fuel system while allowing pressure changes depending on the elevation of the
00:13:57
plane and the temperature of the fuel.
00:13:59
These scoops also allow air to escape from the system during refueling.
00:14:03
One way flapper valves allow fuel to flow back into the main tanks but not in reverse.
00:14:11
The main fuel pump is located inside the jet engine casing, attached to a gearbox which
00:14:17
is powered by the jet engine.
00:14:21
Smaller collector tanks in each wing remain constantly full to provide uninterrupted fuel
00:14:26
supply to the engine.
00:14:28
To accomplish this, many supporting fuel pumps work to transfer fuel as necessary from the
00:14:34
center and wing tanks.
00:14:37
These pumps, called motive flow pumps, work by pressure alone without moving mechanical
00:14:42
parts for simplicity and reliability.
00:14:45
Fuel from the engine-mounted main pump sprays through a nozzle into a narrowing tube, creating
00:14:50
lower pressure in the chamber behind the nozzle which sucks up fuel into the stream.
00:14:59
Electrical boost pumps in each wing can act as backup if other pumps fail.
00:15:05
During normal operation, motive flow pumps transfer fuel from the center tank to main
00:15:10
wing tanks, to collector tanks, and then to the engine.
00:15:21
Air management
00:15:22
While in flight, pressurized air for crew and passenger spaces is collected from both
00:15:29
the low and high pressure compressors inside the engine through bleed air valves.
00:15:36
This bleed air is cooled with outside air through ram air ducts in the wing-to-body
00:15:42
fairing before proceeding through the system.
00:15:48
There's also a low pressure ground connection for hooking up to an external air conditioning
00:15:52
source while grounded.
00:16:06
There are equalization valves between pressurized compartments to maintain equilibrium, and
00:16:12
an outflow valve on the pressure bulkhead behind the forward cargo compartment.
00:16:16
Anti-ice and fog
00:16:20
Hot bleed air is also used in the anti-ice and fog system.
00:16:25
Perforated piccolo tubes in the wing slats use bleed air to melt ice.
00:16:32
The air exhausts out the back of the slat.
00:16:38
The front engine cowl also circulates hot bleed air, and has small exhaust slots at
00:16:43
the bottom.
00:16:46
Windshields and side windows in the cockpit have a heating film between layers of glass.
00:16:56
Electrical
00:16:58
There are two electrical equipment bays in the underside of the plane's body, the forward
00:17:04
equipment bay is just behind the flight deck, and the mid equipment bay is tucked behind
00:17:10
the wings.
00:17:13
These bays are filled with a dizzying array of electronics, computers, etc. to run the
00:17:19
many systems on this complex airplane.
00:17:24
Generators attached to each engine are the main source of electrical power.
00:17:29
The APU can provide backup power.
00:17:33
Three separate electrical power centers control distribution to critical systems like landing
00:17:38
gear, the high lift flight system, brakes, tire pressure monitors, and many more.
00:17:45
There are two primary flight control computers in the forward equipment bay, with a backup
00:17:52
in the mid equipment bay.
00:17:59
Hydraulics
00:18:01
There are three separate hydraulic systems.
00:18:04
Systems one and two are redundant in case one system fails.
00:18:08
The third system operates only in emergencies.
00:18:12
The base components for system one are nestled in the port side wing-to-body fairing.
00:18:18
System two mirrors this arrangement, but on the starboard side.
00:18:23
Hydraulic actuators, often fitted in tight, small spaces, run many critical flight control
00:18:29
surfaces.
00:18:30
For example, the spoilers, elevators, rudder, and so on.
00:18:37
There are often multiple actuators to operate a surface, connected to separate hydraulic
00:18:42
systems, again for redundancy.
00:18:45
Hydraulic system 1 controls the upper rudder actuator, left elevator outboard actuator,
00:18:51
left thrust reverser, left and right multifunction spoilers 1 and 3, the flap power drive unit,
00:18:58
left and right flap brake, left and right ground spoilers, and the landing gear.
00:19:05
Hydraulic system 2 powers the middle rudder actuator, the right elevator outboard actuator,
00:19:11
right thrust reverser, the right and left multifunction spoiler 4, the left aileron
00:19:17
outboard actuators, nosewheel steering, the slat power drive unit, and the left and right
00:19:24
slat brakes.
00:19:28
Emergency system 3 can power the lower rudder actuator, left and right elevator inboard
00:19:34
actuators, left and right multifunction spoiler number 2, left and right aileron inboard actuators,
00:19:41
left and right slat and flap brakes, and the ram air turbine stow actuator.
00:19:52
Water and Waste
00:19:55
This plane has three bathrooms.
00:19:58
One up front behind the flight deck, and two at the back.
00:20:05
There are also sinks at the forward and rear galley stations.
00:20:11
Pumps pull water from a 42 gallon (159 liter) tank anchored under the rear floor panels.
00:20:16
A heated blanket and heated water lines keep the water from freezing.
00:20:23
A water heater near each sink passes hot water through a water mixer to regulate faucet temperature.
00:20:32
Gray water from sinks is drained through heated grey water drain masts at the front and mid-rear
00:20:38
of the plane's underside.
00:20:41
Grey water drains in flight and evaporates in air.
00:20:48
Black water from on-board toilets is stored in a waste tank, and emptied after landing.
00:20:59
At altitudes below 16,000 feet, a vacuum generator creates suction to pull waste into the tank.
00:21:06
Above 16,000 feet, the vacuum generator is bypassed, and the pressure difference inside
00:21:11
and outside the plane creates the necessary suction forces.
00:21:20
Emergency systems
00:21:21
The forward and aft galley stations have first aid kits, flashlights, fire extinguishers,
00:21:27
crew life vests, megaphones, and portable oxygen cylinders that provide 15 minutes of
00:21:33
oxygen to crew members.
00:21:34
There are also oxygen cylinders in the bathrooms.
00:21:37
Oxygen generators are positioned above each row of seats.
00:21:40
If the cabin loses pressurization, masks deploy, and a chemical reaction generates about 13
00:21:47
minutes of oxygen.
00:21:49
An emergency locator transmitter automatically activates if a crash is detected.
00:21:55
This transmitter emits a signal that can be used to help locate the aircraft.
00:21:59
An aircraft identification module provides the location transmitter with aircraft specific
00:22:05
data.
00:22:08
Door mounted slides are packed into a bottom compartment in each passenger and service
00:22:13
door.
00:22:14
A lever in the door arms the slide so it will deploy when the door is opened, by attaching
00:22:21
itself to the door sill and inflating.
00:22:25
The overwing emergency exit doors are always armed, and an escape slide will deploy from
00:22:31
a special compartment near the rear of the wing when the door is opened.
00:22:37
In the event of full electrical power failure, a ram air turbine or RAT deploys automatically,
00:22:44
and works like a tiny windmill, using the plane's movement through the air to generate
00:22:49
emergency electrical power.
00:22:52
RAT power keeps emergency and landing gear systems active, and provides power to emergency
00:22:57
hydraulic system number three.
00:23:02
Temperature sensitive fire detection loops around each engine and the APU, with spherical
00:23:07
fire extinguishing bottles nearby.
00:23:11
The equipment bays have smoke detectors, and cargo compartments have smoke detectors and
00:23:16
fire extinguishing bottles.
00:23:17
Bathrooms have smoke detectors and trash bin fire extinguishers.
00:23:18
Recording
00:23:19
A flight data recorder monitors and records the last 50 hours of operational data, and
00:23:24
can hold 25 hours in its crash-survivable memory unit.
00:23:29
It has an underwater locator beacon that emits a signal for 90 days.
00:23:34
An aircraft health management system stores maintenance data, and monitors things like
00:23:39
gust, turbulence, and hard landing conditions.
00:23:43
Crew, passengers, and cargo
00:23:48
There are front and rear galley areas with folding crew seats.
00:23:53
The flight deck door is made of sturdy materials and has a bulletproof insert, with a bullet
00:23:59
resistant peep hole to the passenger cabin.
00:24:03
The door latch prevents opening when pressure is applied from the passenger side.
00:24:08
A keypad allows flight attendants to request entry into the flight deck.
00:24:13
There's an override code for emergency access.
00:24:17
Surveillance cameras monitor the area just outside the flight deck door.
00:24:23
Stay tuned to the animagraffs channel, as we'll be producing a companion video to this
00:24:28
one, covering the staggeringly detailed flight deck in full.
00:24:37
External lighting and antennas
00:24:40
Navigation lights for aircraft visibility are installed in pairs in case a bulb burns
00:24:45
out, with green lights on the right wingtip, red lights on the left, and white lights at
00:24:52
the tail.
00:24:54
Red flashing beacon lights and white strobe lights help aircraft avoid colliding with
00:24:58
one another.
00:25:00
There are flood lamps to illuminate the airplane logo and side lamps for wing inspections while
00:25:05
on the ground.
00:25:07
Lights on the left and right wing-to-body fairing and on the nose landing gear illuminate
00:25:12
the runway during takeoff and landing.
00:25:14
Taxi lights illuminate the area around the airplane while on the ground.
00:25:19
The Weather radar antenna performs multiple radar scans at different tilt angles.
00:25:25
Antennas line the fuselage for things like radio communication to ground stations, collision
00:25:31
avoidance and air traffic surveillance, GPS, a ku band antenna for internet, access and
00:25:39
more.

Description:

Take a thorough look inside a modern jet passenger aircraft. Electronics, hydraulics, flight control surfaces, fuel system, water and waste, lighting, and more! How a Jet Engine Works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L24Wf0VlTE0 CREDITS Jacob O'Neal - Modeling, animation, texturing, vfx, music, narrative script Wesley O'Neal - Research, technical script PATREON Help us keep making videos: https://www.patreon.com/animagraffs PRIVATE WORK Need 3D illustration and animation? Let's chat: https://animagraffs.com/contact/ LICENSE Animagraffs' work for your own purposes https://animagraffs.com/licensing/ WEBSITE See more explanations of how things work: https://animagraffs.com/ SOFTWARE USED We use Blender 3D to create these models. It's free and open source, and the community is amazing: https://www.blender.org/ Chapters 0:00 Intro 0:15 Airframe 03:43 Windows 04:17 Doors 05:30 Wings and flight control surfaces 06:30 Secondary flight control surfaces 08:10 Landing gear 10:16 Engines 11:04 Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) 12:14 Fuel 15:21 Air management 16:20 Anti-ice and fog 16:55 Electrical 17:58 Hydraulics 19:52 Water and waste 21:19 Emergency systems 23:46 Crew areas 24:36 External lighting and antennas

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