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Video tags
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Russian
00:00:01
it was the largest construction00:00:03
project on the planet00:00:06
crossing windswept arid00:00:08
deserts00:00:09
steep mountain ranges and deep river00:00:11
valleys all the way to the sea the00:00:16
Great Wall of China stretched with thousands of00:00:21
fortified passages and 10,000 watchtowers00:00:24
it crossed Asia this military miracle00:00:29
protected the Chinese for two00:00:31
thousand years and survived the rise and fall of the00:00:34
empire the construction of the wall was an00:00:39
achievement of historical importance but00:00:41
was achieved at the cost of enormous suffering hundreds of00:00:44
thousands of people died during the00:00:46
construction of the wall and and the towers stand on the00:00:48
broken backs of peasants and slaves it is00:00:52
one of the greatest monuments of00:00:54
humanity but is the wall a00:00:57
legacy of genius or a testimony00:01:00
tragedies00:01:08
man-made wonders of china the00:01:12
great walls00:01:14
[music]00:01:16
beijing 2005 thanks to a satellite in the00:01:21
skies over china it became possible00:01:23
to create the first complete picture of one00:01:25
of the greatest ancient wonders of the world00:01:27
the great wall of china is actually a00:01:30
series of walls built by various00:01:33
dynasties over 16 centuries00:01:35
it was the most ambitious construction00:01:37
project in history, not a single monument on00:01:40
earth amazes the imagination so much and does not00:01:43
give rise to so many myths; statistical00:01:48
data on the great wall seem more like an00:01:50
exaggeration than facts; for example,00:01:54
the material of the00:01:55
great wall is enough for it to00:01:58
circle the planet; it is00:02:00
usually believed that the length of the wall00:02:02
is 67 thousand kilometers; this is00:02:06
approximately the distance from Miami to the00:02:08
North Pole so how could the wall go00:02:11
around the planet? You should remember that00:02:14
the Chinese built many great walls, if00:02:16
you take into account all the walls, their total00:02:18
length will be more than 50 thousand00:02:21
kilometers, that’s 35 thousand miles, the00:02:26
circumference of the earth at the equator is about 40,00000:02:29
kilometers, it turns out that this is not a myth00:02:32
if you take all the walls, then there will be plenty of material; it is00:02:38
also believed that the Great Wall can be00:02:41
seen with the naked eye from the00:02:43
surface of the moon; however, from such a00:02:45
distance from the earth, no00:02:47
human creations are visible, even in low00:02:50
Earth orbit, astronauts can hardly00:02:52
distinguish the walls; China first sent a00:02:55
man into space in 2003 year in00:02:58
China, the astronaut was asked the00:03:00
same question, I thought he would answer with00:03:03
national pride, yes, I saw how00:03:05
the great wall crosses my homeland,00:03:07
but to my surprise he answered in00:03:09
the negative; interestingly, the American00:03:12
astronaut of Apollo 17 joined the00:03:14
discussion and said that while returning to00:03:16
earth, he looked out of the descent00:03:18
apparatus and saw the Great00:03:20
Wall of China and added that you just need to have00:03:24
good eyesight and know where to look from the00:03:30
people on earth, the geographer00:03:32
William Lens saw the Chinese Wall00:03:35
more than almost anyone else, he00:03:37
walked along it from one end of China to the00:03:39
other, in his opinion, the epithet great is not00:03:42
reflects its greatness completely, I think the00:03:46
Great Wall is the most famous00:03:48
structure on earth and people dream of00:03:51
walking along it for half an hour or an hour, and those with a00:03:56
developed imagination understand that in a00:03:59
straight line the wall stretches 2 thousand00:04:01
kilometers to the west and 3000 to the east,00:04:04
and if you take into account all the turns then its exact00:04:08
length is00:04:09
unknown, this is what makes the Great00:04:12
Wall of China really great00:04:15
for me it is the most famous structure in the00:04:17
world but what is known is simply00:04:20
incredible the story began more than two00:04:22
thousand years ago when one man without00:04:24
any help created the Chinese nation00:04:27
Qin Shi Huang00:04:29
is known as the first Chinese emperor00:04:31
he took the throne when the warring00:04:33
countries fought each other for more than 250 years,00:04:36
defeating the last enemy, he00:04:40
founded the first Chinese state, that's00:04:43
why the English name of China00:04:45
comes from his name,00:04:47
but in order to save China, Qin Shi Huang00:04:52
had to cope with another00:04:54
formidable enemy with warriors on horseback00:04:57
who ravaged the lands on the northern00:04:59
border, this enemy could attack anywhere and then00:05:03
disappear into the deserts and mountains on the00:05:06
lever they attacked and took away not only00:05:08
goods but also turned villagers00:05:10
into slaves they destroyed00:05:12
and killed the first Chinese emperor00:05:17
chose a stunningly simple and surprisingly00:05:19
bold decision he will stop the horsemen by00:05:22
building a huge wall in their path his00:05:28
strategic decision will create one of the00:05:30
wonders of the world00:05:32
but the construction of the wall brought00:05:35
misfortune to the people rather than ensure their00:05:37
safety00:05:38
[music] the00:05:43
new Chinese empire was constantly00:05:46
under attack on the northern00:05:48
border and the first Chinese emperor00:05:52
Qin Shi Huang decided to stop them00:05:55
to build a giant00:05:58
he entrusted the wall with a seemingly impossible task and a00:06:01
task for a man as ruthless00:06:03
as himself, General Montaigne,00:06:08
the task was incredible to strengthen the entire00:06:11
northern border at breakneck00:06:13
speed, the00:06:14
construction method had to be00:06:16
simple and cheap, fortunately the Chinese00:06:23
already had an effective technology for00:06:25
building walls after more than 200000:06:33
For years, the peasants still use00:06:35
exactly the same technology, they00:06:37
compact the earth in a frame until00:06:39
it becomes hard as stone,00:06:44
however, as a quick look at00:06:47
the video shows,00:06:48
it is backbreaking labor and painfully00:06:50
slow, even when the whole village00:06:52
works together,00:06:53
in 45 minutes the wall only grows by00:07:04
Emperor Qin Shi Huang had 5 centimeters and there was00:07:09
only one way out; they needed so00:07:13
many workers so that they could00:07:15
build a wall across all of China;00:07:19
no one in the world had ever seen so many00:07:21
workers; however, labor was not a00:07:26
problem for such a powerful and00:07:28
ruthless ruler;00:07:30
his soldiers collected hundreds of thousands the peasants00:07:34
drove them north and forced them to work00:07:38
until they died; the Chinese still00:07:43
remember their suffering, immortalized by the00:07:45
ancient legend m.n. the00:07:47
emperor's family and soldiers tore her husband00:07:51
from her hands and drove her to work on the00:07:53
wall00:07:58
[music]00:08:06
frozen and hungry she searched for him in the00:08:09
wide expanses of China00:08:11
[music]00:08:27
finally she reached the great wall00:08:30
[music]00:08:43
she found her husband but it was too00:08:46
late he was already dead out of exhaustion00:08:49
[music]00:08:51
according to legend, out of grief, Meng00:08:54
screamed terribly, this scream was so00:09:00
strong that it destroyed several00:09:02
kilometers of the wall,00:09:08
Meng also faced a tragic end,00:09:10
protesting against the cruelty of the emperor,00:09:12
she threw herself into the sea and drowned after00:09:18
more than two thousand years of suffering of this00:09:21
young woman and thousands like her00:09:23
still alive in the souls of the Chinese00:09:25
near the beginning of the great wall on the00:09:28
seashore there is a temple as a tribute of respect00:09:30
and memory it symbolizes the terrible00:09:33
scene of the most ambitious construction00:09:35
project in history many human00:09:39
lives probably about a million workers00:09:44
could have died during the long00:09:46
construction of the great wall00:09:50
throughout centuries, the Chinese believed that00:09:53
it contained the bones of thousands of dead00:09:54
workers, however, not all experts agree00:09:58
with this, I think that this is a myth, the ancient00:10:02
Chinese had many ways to get rid00:10:04
of unnecessary bones, process them, threw them00:10:07
in a well, buried headless corpses00:10:09
in cemeteries near the00:10:10
construction site, however, the structures of the wall are00:10:14
here so dense that in my opinion00:10:15
the bodies would be here only with them in00:10:23
Gansu the wall crosses several very00:10:25
remote areas so far inside the wall we have00:10:28
only found pieces of pottery and00:10:30
animal bones so far we have not found00:10:33
human bones but I am sure that00:10:36
someday we will find them now00:10:42
the experts will try to do something that has never been00:10:43
done before00:10:45
they will check the legend in the section of the wall of the00:10:49
Qin emperor in search of human00:10:51
remains they will use00:10:53
technology that penetrates the earth00:10:59
they examine the ancient rammed00:11:02
earth magnetometer am measuring its00:11:04
density the computer converts this00:11:09
data into images of the wall similar to00:11:11
x-rays different density00:11:14
is indicated by different colors solid00:11:17
objects are quite easy to detect but00:11:20
there is one problem the compacted earth is00:11:22
almost as dense as bones00:11:25
if there is a body in this wall how to00:11:29
detect it as far as I know there is00:11:32
no reliable way to detect00:11:34
individual bones but we will be able to see a00:11:36
large number of bones and00:11:40
a lot flew off; the magnetic pattern will be very00:11:42
different, but an individual body will be00:11:46
very difficult to detect in this place;00:11:48
the magnetometer did not show the presence of00:11:50
human remains; however, it is too00:11:53
early to bury this convincing legend; there are00:11:54
still thousands of kilometers of skins left for00:11:57
research and the mystery remains; the00:12:02
huge wall of the first emperor has become a00:12:05
heavy burden for his people and she was00:12:09
unable to protect him from their enemies, the00:12:13
hardest thing was to find a sufficient00:12:16
number of motivated workers,00:12:20
local residents were usually involved, there were00:12:22
also many convict00:12:25
wage laborers and other barbarians, however,00:12:29
labor in construction was often00:12:31
in short supply and the food supply was poor,00:12:34
accordingly morale was00:12:36
unstable,00:12:37
many fled from the shadows, a00:12:39
huge gap remained,00:12:40
nomads penetrated through these gaps00:12:43
despite the huge human casualties,00:12:45
China did not become safer when the first00:12:49
unexpected emperor died in 200 1000:12:51
BC,00:12:52
his subjects decided that they had had enough of the00:12:54
Qin dynasty, you can00:12:57
imagine the hidden discontent with the00:12:59
entire empire for the construction of the wall and the00:13:01
people sent for this work, as a00:13:04
result, a whole series of rebellions arose,00:13:07
some of which were led by00:13:09
nobles and other peasants, they all gathered in00:13:12
the capital and killed the second emperor of the00:13:13
Qin dynasty, and so the end of00:13:16
the dynasty was put with General Montaigne,00:13:21
another story happened,00:13:22
he took his own life declaring that he deserved00:13:25
death since his back was a00:13:26
crime against the nature of the00:13:32
Qin dynasty lasted less than 2000:13:35
years, but also the engineering legacy of the shot for00:13:38
more than two thousand years, the00:13:41
value wall was left by an even more00:13:44
ambitious dynasty that would build the wall to the00:13:46
very end of the world and turn it into a00:13:48
weapon of the empire the Gobi desert on western00:13:56
china was one of the00:13:58
most difficult places to imagine for the00:14:00
largest00:14:02
construction project in00:14:03
human history even with modern00:14:07
technology it would be difficult to build a00:14:09
great wall in this harsh climate two00:14:12
thousand years ago it seemed impossible00:14:16
but the fate of china was at stake00:14:21
in in ancient times, squads of cruel warriors00:14:24
rode through these deserts attacking00:14:26
northern China00:14:28
the name of their tribe inspired fear00:14:31
throughout Europe and Asia the Huns00:14:36
when they got to the legendary00:14:38
great wall it turned out to be practically00:14:40
unprotected and they simply bypassed it at00:14:46
this time China was ruled by the new Han dynasties The00:14:51
Han dynasty emperors00:14:53
were still not reliably protected to00:14:55
answer the call of nemesis from the north00:14:57
especially in such remote harsh00:14:59
places as the Gobi desert so they00:15:02
took a00:15:03
diplomatic approach they used a00:15:06
combination of marriage alliances and non-trade00:15:08
relations and other soft measures to00:15:10
reduce the threat by simply bribing the Huns00:15:12
and paying off This did not allow them to00:15:16
gain time to gather their forces. In00:15:19
140 BC, a decisive00:15:22
moment came for China. The new emperor, Han00:15:26
Wud, ascended the throne.00:15:28
He intended to fight the Huns00:15:31
and defeat them. He relied on the00:15:35
art of war. He trained00:15:37
cavalry commanders who could resist.00:15:39
style of fighting of the nomads and could00:15:40
go to fight in the steppe in preparation for an00:15:45
attack on the Huns the Han people also00:15:48
strengthened the defenses00:15:50
he ordered his engineers from building00:15:53
the wall of the first emperor again00:15:55
compacting the earth turning it into a00:15:57
solid mass, however the Gobi desert00:16:00
required a completely different approach in00:16:04
some places there was no land only it00:16:13
was impossible to turn such material into a strong wall with sand and gravel; it would crumble00:16:16
and collapse under pressure, and bringing it00:16:20
on the ground from the distant eastern regions of00:16:22
the empire 2000 years ago did not seem00:16:25
possible. Han engineer people needed to00:16:29
find another solution;00:16:31
their answer was incredibly simple00:16:35
where it was impossible they had to build, they were digging,00:16:39
they were digging ditches 1 kilometer after kilometer,00:16:42
blocking a huge path, well, in order to00:16:47
protect the border, the Chinese needed to00:16:50
determine the location of the enemy,00:16:53
they needed an early00:16:55
warning system, a chain of signal towers in the00:16:58
Gobi Desert,00:16:59
but how could they build a 10 meter00:17:02
tower from crumbling sand and gravel?00:17:05
were able to do something much more00:17:08
powerful,00:17:14
engineers x people discovered that if they00:17:17
reinforced their towers of sand and gravel with00:17:18
layers of reeds,00:17:20
then these structures in ester use the same00:17:27
technology00:17:29
to this day, but instead of reeds,00:17:32
engineers strengthen concrete buildings with00:17:34
metal rods, which are00:17:36
called simple reed reinforcement sections00:17:41
played another equally important00:17:44
role in the early warning system at the00:17:46
great wall, the sentries used it00:17:48
for signal fires that were lit when the00:17:50
Huns approached, the winds of the desert00:17:55
preserved petrified bundles of reeds00:17:57
stacked around the old watchtowers00:17:59
to this day,00:18:05
smoke signals on the towers of the great wall00:18:07
and transmitted information much faster00:18:09
than messengers on horses the00:18:10
tallest straight brownies would be00:18:13
formed by burning wolf00:18:16
dung00:18:19
different colors and amounts of smoke communicated00:18:22
whether the danger came from a small00:18:24
or large group of invaders00:18:29
over time the engineers of the00:18:31
Han emperor improved00:18:33
construction technology using layers of reeds00:18:35
laying a wall all the way out into the desert00:18:37
Gobi00:18:45
desert winds destroyed these once00:18:47
gigantic walls, only a third of their00:18:50
original size remained, but even after00:18:52
20 centuries they look impressive00:18:59
repelling the enemy Han Ude forced the Huns00:19:02
to leave northern China and thereby00:19:04
changed the course of world history for the first time,00:19:06
trade caravans could safely00:19:08
travel along the legendary great the00:19:11
Silk Road between Asia and the West all the way to00:19:15
Rome00:19:17
[music]00:19:20
however the Huns remained a constant00:19:23
threat00:19:24
the emperor knew that he needed to protect00:19:27
vital oases on the great00:19:29
Silk Road00:19:32
this meant that he needed to build fortresses00:19:35
in the distant Yu Ming Gua which was the00:19:38
new western gate of China An ancient00:19:40
Chinese engineer needed to build a00:19:42
fortress protected from attack.00:19:45
The only available building00:19:47
material was soft clay blown by the00:19:50
winds from Mongolia. Similar difficulties00:19:53
forced the engineers to00:19:55
perfect the system of compacting the earth from00:19:59
wind-blown dust. They built a00:20:01
fortress. The walls were 5 times taller than a00:20:03
man. The00:20:05
walls were enough. powerful so that00:20:08
after 2000 years they still protect00:20:11
the road, have to constantly fight the heat with the00:20:13
desert winds and with the passage of time,00:20:20
today only the central fortification has survived00:20:27
at the time of its construction, the last00:20:30
outpost of the empire was an example of00:20:32
advanced technology00:20:40
on the first line of defense, the Chinese00:20:42
developed a cunning alarm system, a00:20:45
ditch filled with fine sand from the outside00:20:48
sides of the walls, anyone who spied near the00:20:52
fortress at night left traces there for the00:20:59
Chinese,00:21:00
her mengual was even the last frontier00:21:02
of their civilization, beyond its walls00:21:07
lay the domains of nomadic warriors00:21:11
[music]00:21:16
anyone sentenced to exile left the00:21:19
safety of the fortress with a heavy heart,00:21:21
knowing that he was doomed to death or00:21:23
life enslaved by the barbarians, the00:21:30
Han Emperor audi built almost a thousand00:21:32
kilometers of wall to protect the00:21:35
Silk Road00:21:36
his troops fought the Huns for 30 years00:21:39
depleting00:21:40
their strength after more than 1000 years a much00:21:46
deadlier enemy concentrated his00:21:48
troops in the great wall this wall was00:21:52
strikingly different from the00:21:54
early eastern walls the wall became a masterpiece of00:21:57
military engineering for which they00:21:59
had to pay dearly00:22:05
[music]00:22:07
two thousand years ago, Chinese engineers of the00:22:10
Han Dynasty achieved the impossible, they00:22:13
built the wall in one of the most severe00:22:15
empty spaces on earth, repelling the Huns,00:22:23
in a few centuries China will have to00:22:25
face an even more serious00:22:27
danger by the Mongols00:22:33
in the thirteenth century, Genghis Khan and his00:22:36
formidable army began their conquest from00:22:38
central Asia, creating an empire that00:22:40
stretched all the way to Europe00:22:44
[music]00:22:45
the Mongols invaded China and spent a00:22:48
hundred years there until the new00:22:51
Ming dynasty expelled them from the country00:22:54
[music]00:23:00
1368 representatives of the Ming dynasty00:23:03
wanted to be sure that China would00:23:05
never again fall under the onslaught of mangoes and00:23:07
they began to build the great00:23:10
wall and the Ming dynasty which turned out to be the00:23:13
most thoughtful tank the largest and00:23:15
most powerful border defense system in the00:23:19
history of China the Chinese were ready to go to00:23:21
any distance to use any00:23:23
the number of workers00:23:25
so that no one would encroach on their civilization anymore,00:23:29
well, like the earlier00:23:33
dynasties of emperors, the Ming dynasty did not00:23:36
have enough warriors to destroy the00:23:37
hordes of barbarians, they could only try00:23:40
not to let the Mongols get very close,00:23:42
such a prospect was discouraging, and00:23:45
it seemed that the new capital of the empire, Beijing,00:23:48
was well protected by a chain mountains between00:23:51
the city and the northern steppes00:23:53
however these mountains cut several00:23:56
gorges for the Mongol horsemen these00:23:59
were the roads leading to the heart of the capital of the00:24:02
Ming empire in order to protect his city and00:24:06
empire the Ming emperor needed to00:24:09
fortify each of these passes00:24:12
unlike earlier dynasties they did not00:24:14
entrust the execution of this important00:24:16
task to the enslaved peasants,00:24:18
instead they called in the best engineers and00:24:21
soldiers were led by the outstanding General00:24:25
Tsitsegon00:24:27
instance Gypsy, the commander of this military00:24:30
zone north of the ancient capital of Beijing00:24:32
was an outstanding figure from the Ming Dynasty,00:24:36
he spent a long time in these places and00:24:40
saw what was spent on the construction of the great wall00:24:42
a lot of strength, however, he understood00:24:48
that this did not guarantee reliable military00:24:51
protection, so he proposed placing00:24:54
more soldiers to guard the wall;00:24:57
this required more premises;00:25:00
he proposed building closed towers and00:25:03
rooms; he also proposed building walls00:25:05
entirely from bricks,00:25:07
since using bricks and builders00:25:09
could take into account everything design00:25:11
features that will make the defense00:25:13
even more effective without a doubt Qiqi00:25:18
iguana during the Ming dynasty was the most00:25:21
outstanding builders of the great wall00:25:23
the most difficult task faced by the00:25:25
gypsies in Guba and cool00:25:28
defense five hundred years ago Gu Beiku was00:25:31
the weakest point in the defense of Beijing00:25:33
this pass provided the invaders a00:25:36
direct route into the heart of the capital00:25:38
it was an easy path for invading00:25:41
horsemen and the worst nightmare for the00:25:43
defenders00:25:50
[music]00:25:51
then Father Tiguan set about00:25:54
turning this easy road for00:25:55
attack into a deadly defense zone,00:25:59
first he built a chain of signal towers00:26:02
on the mountain peaks north of the wall00:26:05
then his engineers extended the great00:26:08
wall across the river valley to00:26:09
delay any cavalry attack the00:26:12
massive gates allowed water to pass through but00:26:15
stopped the invaders anyone who00:26:19
tried to cross the line of defense00:26:21
was trapped in the valley where00:26:23
the defenders could kill him according to various00:26:27
calculations the walls increased the00:26:30
effectiveness of one soldier from 5 to 1300:26:33
times and if they are protected correctly they are00:26:37
very effective as part of the overall00:26:41
defense system the military principle of00:26:43
China's defense system was very old to occupy00:26:47
high areas this meant that you need to00:26:51
build the largest walls in places where it00:26:53
was very difficult to build at all00:26:55
mountain ranges such as Sima Toi sharp00:26:59
like a knife cliffs guessing00:27:00
game at the pass where you could00:27:02
hardly walk in these places it was00:27:04
almost impossible to build00:27:06
however they did it and left no00:27:08
records of how to build a00:27:12
Ming dynasty brick like this one weighs00:27:16
about 13 kilograms 2527 it took00:27:20
a lot of effort to lift the stone into00:27:22
place construction00:27:24
before I have not tried to carry one of the00:27:27
bricks up I think there is only one00:27:30
way to find out if it was easy or difficult00:27:32
let's go there are no records00:27:38
detailing the basics of wall construction00:27:40
how they delivered the material did00:27:43
they use animals or a lever system it seems00:27:47
the only explanation for this at the00:27:49
time they thought that in the future,00:27:51
no one will be interested in how it was built, not00:27:54
what is mundane like a wall, a wall on00:27:57
the verge of00:27:58
not a circus, yes, you have consultations, well,00:28:04
finally, one brick for more than 5 minutes, it00:28:11
seems surprising to me that we00:28:14
don’t know how many bricks are in the wall of the00:28:17
Ming Dynasty,00:28:19
but all the bricks were raised blows on00:28:22
each of them are fingerprints and under00:28:24
the builders this construction required the00:28:27
most intense work in the entire00:28:28
history of mankind, it was time for the00:28:32
next brick00:28:34
however the mountain passes were not the00:28:37
only gap in the defense of China on00:28:41
the coast east of Beijing there is a00:28:43
flat strip of land more than 900:28:46
kilometers wide it an ideal location for00:28:48
horsemen this was another possible00:28:52
entry point for the invaders and00:28:55
another major problem for General00:28:57
Qizegon and here his defenses had to00:29:01
start below the coastline otherwise00:29:03
the invaders would simply bypass them he00:29:05
proposed pushing the wall 18 meters into the sea00:29:08
at Shanghai Guan the00:29:13
massive structure stands on a00:29:15
natural reef00:29:17
and huge stone slabs like other00:29:21
key places along the new wall00:29:23
cd guan shanghai guan was part of a system00:29:28
in the east the great wall ended with00:29:31
a complex of five fortresses a00:29:34
series of walls gate fortifications created an00:29:37
insurmountable barrier at the entrance to china00:29:39
called the first passage under heaven by00:29:47
dynasty engineers The Ming00:29:49
used standard-00:29:51
sized bricks and lime mortar.00:29:53
The color of the lime mortar gave birth to a00:29:56
particularly terrible legend. It00:29:59
has long been believed that the mortar between the00:30:01
bricks of the Ming dynasty wall was made from00:30:04
human bones,00:30:05
hence the white color is actually00:30:09
given by quicklime; in00:30:14
fact, there was another00:30:16
unusual component in the mortar but definitely not00:30:19
human bones for the Chinese, the00:30:22
secret ingredient was quite00:30:24
familiar to the emperor's engineers and00:30:32
discovered that the high00:30:33
starch content in rice helped the lime00:30:36
mortar to firmly connect the bricks.00:30:40
After several centuries, you can still see00:30:43
how strong this incredible00:30:46
connection was in places where wind and rain00:30:48
destroyed the lime wall the mortar00:30:50
survived the bricks the strong walls of the mines00:30:55
provided security to cities00:30:57
like Shanghai Guan for00:31:00
several generations,00:31:02
however, the generation of gypsies knew that in00:31:05
defense they should not rely only on00:31:07
bricks and mortar, the00:31:09
people who guarded the00:31:11
walls and the weapons they carried were also important, the00:31:14
combinations of strong fortifications introduced by them00:31:17
well-trained00:31:19
soldiers powerful weapons always gave an00:31:21
advantage to a well-trained00:31:23
defender of the Chinese; they also had00:31:25
repeating crossbows with many00:31:27
arrows so that they could fire00:31:29
several shots a minute from such00:31:31
weapons; there were also larger versions with a00:31:34
range of more than 1000 meters that00:31:36
could shoot down six people and their horses at once.00:31:38
fuji makes arrows,00:31:44
several generations in his family are00:31:47
engaged in this craft, he still00:31:49
makes arrows, like those who00:31:51
defended the great wall from the Mongols,00:31:53
nomads to a degree could not00:31:55
make complex trigger00:31:57
mechanisms,00:31:58
so the Chinese had an advantage in00:32:00
anke weapons, the crossbow was an analogue of the00:32:05
modern Kalashnikov assault rifle, he00:32:07
killed at close range00:32:08
it could be quickly reloaded the00:32:11
semi-automatic version could00:32:13
fire 10 shots in 20 seconds00:32:25
usually to defend a city or wall00:32:27
it took 23 million arrows at a00:32:29
time you can imagine how much power was needed00:32:32
in relation to weapons the nomads00:32:35
always lost they00:32:38
relied primarily on arrows and relatively00:32:40
light Okita crossbows I had a whole00:32:43
arsenal of weapons and when they invented pores00:32:45
they could also produce explosives00:32:51
having the advantage of height and good00:32:53
visibility00:32:54
Chinese shooters rarely missed00:33:00
General Tsitsegon provided for all00:33:02
unforeseen contingencies his people00:33:04
occupied all the heights he tied them00:33:08
together so that the troops were in one the towers could00:33:10
protect their comrades in another if00:33:14
the attackers reached the wall and the defenders could00:33:17
fight them all the way he00:33:20
designed this network of defense for the sole00:33:22
purpose of00:33:23
pushing the attackers into a fire-free00:33:25
zone where his men could kill the enemy the00:33:29
wall was built and placed in it troops00:33:33
decades of peace and then finally the moment of00:33:37
truth00:33:41
invaders what a shock awaits them the great00:33:46
wall nothing like this they could not even00:33:48
imagine this place of murder00:33:52
here was absolute hell00:34:03
fun quit all the walls a hail of00:34:05
arrows and cannon fire fell in the valley even00:34:12
more surprises mines iron spikes00:34:15
crippling horses00:34:26
with such invulnerable defenses and00:34:28
superior technology, the00:34:30
Ming dynasty emperor was confident that their capital00:34:32
would be safe and they switched00:34:36
to another problem on the00:34:38
far western border of China where the00:34:42
great wall ended in one of the00:34:44
most uninhabited deserts in the world where00:34:46
caravans traveled through the legendary00:34:48
silk experience of00:34:51
tariffs from traders00:34:53
replenished the imperial treasury, but they themselves00:34:56
were easy prey for the swinging00:34:58
robbers, and this meant the need to00:35:03
build new and massive00:35:05
fortifications between the mountains of the desert00:35:07
together called the forge to catch00:35:13
the south and should not have been00:35:16
very reliable; perhaps in this00:35:18
isolated place the besieged00:35:20
garrison would need to hold out for00:35:22
several weeks before help arrived,00:35:24
somehow an engineer had to00:35:27
come up with an image of an empire from crumbling00:35:29
pebbles and sand,00:35:32
they proposed an original solution: a00:35:38
fortress inside a fortress, double protection00:35:43
for the defenders and a double problem for the00:35:45
invaders, the location for the south did not00:35:49
guarantee that anyone who entered00:35:51
the fortress was always in sight and vulnerable from00:35:55
their fortifications, the bastions, the sentries could00:35:57
easily shoot down any target, anyone who00:36:04
entered came and faced a00:36:06
terrible labyrinth of gates, passages, towers00:36:09
and walls, a Chinese puzzle created to00:36:12
confuse the attackers, the00:36:19
emperor of the Ming dynasty called this00:36:22
place the strongest fortress under00:36:24
heaven,00:36:25
not a single enemy had ever captured00:36:28
no one even tried it, the price would be00:36:31
too high even modern tourists00:36:36
can hit the target while in the00:36:37
fortifications and professional soldiers00:36:39
could hold off any attacker00:36:42
however her guan needed more00:36:45
than a reasonable design to strengthen it00:36:49
earlier dynasties built massive00:36:52
walls in this desert00:36:53
using what nature gave the earth00:36:55
sand gravel reed however by the00:36:59
fifteenth century Ming and his enemies00:37:01
fought using much more00:37:03
complex weapons including the world's very first00:37:06
artillery so he took the guan00:37:13
had to be built from a much00:37:15
stronger material than pebbles and00:37:17
clay and again the builders of the fortress found00:37:21
brilliant simple solution00:37:24
they still used local00:37:26
clay and pebbles to build the walls but00:37:28
placed them between several rows of00:37:30
tightly stacked bricks00:37:32
well baked in the desert sun and00:37:35
they did not forget to make slots for arrows to00:37:38
repel attacks the00:37:43
thick outer layer taken from the guan00:37:45
turned it into an armored fortress and00:37:47
gave rise to another legend, the story of the00:37:49
last brick,00:37:52
they say that the architect in charge of the project00:37:55
accurately calculated the number of00:37:57
bricks needed and not,00:38:00
however, the stewards warned him00:38:04
that if he was mistaken, then of course he00:38:07
would pay for it with his head. The construction of the00:38:11
fortress was completed and only one00:38:15
brick remained; it was placed on a ledge above In one00:38:19
of the arched passages,00:38:20
the architect was asked this was the last00:38:23
brick of the great wall, why wasn’t it00:38:25
used,00:38:26
he explained that the brick was put there by a00:38:30
supernatural being, people00:38:33
heard this, no one dared to move00:38:35
it because they thought that the fortress would be00:38:37
captured, the brick lies in that place to00:38:40
this day, I Yu Guan was an architectural00:38:43
achievement, but the fortress still00:38:46
stood alone on the western border, far00:38:49
from the rest of the garrisons until the commander00:38:51
gave a signal for help, the00:38:53
attackers could still capture the00:38:54
fortress and become a threat to all of00:38:57
western China, the00:38:58
Chinese army used the desert winds,00:39:03
military planners improved the00:39:05
imperial smoke00:39:07
signal system Commander Dayu Guan could00:39:11
send a message to Beijing almost two00:39:13
thousand kilometers in just one day00:39:18
finally feel safe behind00:39:20
its massive walls the emperors of the00:39:22
Ming dynasty held China for almost 30000:39:24
years in the early 17th century the great wall was00:39:28
stronger than ever00:39:31
however the dynasty that so many00:39:34
invested in the wall was on the verge of00:39:36
destruction in the Ming empire, unrest began and the00:39:40
walls of the empire would not be able to protect it from00:39:43
internal problems by the beginning of the 17th century00:39:50
the great wall of China became one of the00:39:52
most formidable defense systems in the world00:39:56
[music] the00:39:58
Ming emperors of the 3rd century strengthened the northern00:40:01
border, fighting back to the Mongols, they00:40:04
lined the eastern walls with bricks so that00:40:07
they could withstand cannon strikes and00:40:09
throwing machines, and also invented00:40:12
excellent technology for making00:40:13
weapons; the great wall was supposed to forever00:40:19
support the power of the Ming dynasty; however,00:40:22
their fortifications were strong00:40:24
only as long as the inhabitants of the country remained faithful;00:40:26
one of the main problems of the walls is00:40:29
due to the fact that they are often overcome00:40:31
during coups, the nomads00:40:34
offered large rewards to anyone who00:40:37
crossed into their camp and promised to spare00:40:39
the lives of those who surrendered Shanghai eyes the yellow sea00:40:44
this wide coastal plain00:40:47
was always an easy road with their wealth for the00:40:48
robbers, but the Chinese stopped them00:40:52
by building an insurmountable barrier00:40:58
in the Ming empire trouble was brewing for the peasants00:41:03
burdened to the limit with extortions for the00:41:05
construction of the great wall,00:41:07
they rose in rebellion and the northern direct00:41:10
Amanzhol began attacks along the00:41:12
coastal strip00:41:17
when the Manju reached Shanghai Guan, a00:41:20
powerful defense stopped their advance00:41:23
inside, the Chinese watched and waited,00:41:30
then the commander of the garrison made a00:41:32
decision that changed the course of00:41:34
Chinese history, he opened the gates and teamed up with00:41:39
Manju to suppress a peasant uprising,00:41:43
the most sophisticated fortifications in the world were00:41:46
abandoned over time, they were almost forgotten00:41:50
and the brutal history of the wall was intertwined with00:41:54
legend, however, the Chinese know that00:42:00
many of the darkest stories of the00:42:02
plant are the bitter truth; countless of00:42:06
their ancestors paid for the wall with their00:42:08
sweat and blood now they have come to00:42:13
see the great wall as a00:42:15
symbol of the nation and are trying to preserve it00:42:19
where the wall crosses an important00:42:22
road junction to preserve is often not00:42:24
possible it will00:42:25
take many years to00:42:27
restore even the most accessible00:42:29
places some of the grueling work00:42:34
can be done by machines but the sheer scale of the00:42:36
project is simply stunning in shanghai00:42:43
guan four varrots the only gate00:42:46
is in good condition then the eastern first00:42:49
passage under heaven00:42:50
we are now restoring the western gate with a00:42:53
team of 50 people it will take00:42:56
seven months00:42:58
restoration work in this00:43:00
area of only one and a half square00:43:02
kilometers will cost more than a00:43:07
quarter of a billion dollars it will take00:43:11
even more time to repair00:43:13
walls made of rammed earth because there are no00:43:15
less labor-intensive methods, the00:43:17
only method is the00:43:19
same one that was used thousands of years00:43:21
ago00:43:26
[music]00:43:30
I00:43:32
[music]00:43:37
to build such a wall you cannot00:43:40
use a machine, the earth is dry and00:43:45
cannot be pressed by machines, so we00:43:47
use the method that has come down to us from00:43:50
the ancestors of course the material is inexpensive00:43:54
just dirt but this work is expensive00:43:57
since all the earth needs to be carried on the00:44:00
backs of people scientists are planning to00:44:05
map walls all over China however in00:44:08
many places it is difficult to even just find00:44:10
the truth so they are using satellites and00:44:16
remote sensing planes00:44:17
to find sections of the wall that have disappeared over00:44:20
time in a laboratory in Beijing,00:44:25
experts are reconstructing the Shanghai Guan in00:44:28
digital format the day will come when it will be possible to00:44:32
travel the entire00:44:34
great wall in cyberspace00:44:39
any other structures on the planet00:44:42
dwarf the protective00:44:44
walls that still stretch00:44:46
across northern China they stretch across00:44:50
all types of terrain to the sea through00:44:54
jagged mountain peaks and00:44:56
unforgiving desert over the centuries the00:45:00
builders of the wall have faced00:45:02
endless problems and found00:45:04
ingenious ways to solve them the great00:45:07
wall is an amazing structure and a00:45:10
testament to human achievements of00:45:12
organization and the ability to unite00:45:15
people for their own will or against00:45:17
it it surpasses any similar00:45:20
achievement in the West, including00:45:22
the ability of the Egyptians to create the great00:45:24
pyramids,00:45:25
it was extremely important to strengthen the wall because00:45:28
this conflict did not last 10 and it was not that00:45:30
long a brutal00:45:32
clash of cultures also candy, over two00:45:39
millennia of fighting with enemies, the Chinese00:45:41
perfected the art of war and the00:45:43
science of defense00:45:48
they developed a technology that00:45:50
is used in construction to this00:45:52
day,00:45:53
however, the Chinese peasants paid for00:45:56
all this a great price of suffering and torment.00:46:01
The great wall symbolizes not00:46:04
military power00:46:05
or engineering talent, but rather the desire of China00:46:08
to survive at any cost00:46:13
[music]00:46:26
[music]00:46:33
[music]Description:
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