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Курс "Мореходная астрономия"

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Мореходная астрономия

Солнце

Земля

Эклиптика

Astronomy (Field Of Study)

Sun (Celestial Object With Coordinate System)

00:00:01

Lesson 6: visible motion of the sun,

00:00:05

in addition to rotating around its axis, the earth,

00:00:08

like all planets, revolves in an

00:00:10

elliptical orbit around the sun,

00:00:11

close to a circle, and in nautical

00:00:14

astronomy it is taken to be a circle at an

00:00:17

average distance of one

00:00:18

astronomical unit of

00:00:20

149 and 6 million kilometers, the

00:00:22

orbital speed is uneven but for

00:00:25

our purposes the average

00:00:27

orbital speed is assumed to be uniformly 29 and 7

00:00:30

6 hundred kilometers seconds,

00:00:33

which is considerable; the earth happens near the

00:00:35

equinox points; the planet rotates in the same

00:00:38

direction as the daily rotation,

00:00:40

that is, from west to east

00:00:42

counterclockwise, so the movement of the

00:00:45

celestial sphere in real life occurs

00:00:47

clockwise

00:00:49

[music ] the

00:00:54

earth's axis Fedor is favorably inclined to the

00:00:56

orbital plane at an angle of 66 half

00:00:59

degrees and maintains this angle during the

00:01:02

rotation process, that is, the north pole will

00:01:05

always be directed to the polar star,

00:01:07

by the way, not the brightest star of

00:01:09

Ursa Minor, this is just luck for the field of the

00:01:12

river, any other could have been in its place

00:01:14

star

00:01:15

ecliptic calls the large circle of the

00:01:17

celestial sphere along which the

00:01:20

visible annual movement of the sun occurs; in fact,

00:01:22

this is the orbit of the earth and on the celestial sphere

00:01:25

represents its projection; simply to

00:01:27

solve our astronomical problems, it is

00:01:29

easier to imagine this movement through the

00:01:31

annual movement of the sun; the ecliptic is

00:01:34

applied to the sphere according to the coordinates of the sun, the

00:01:36

stellar addition of declination as it

00:01:39

is done on a star globe or map, the

00:01:41

easiest way is to apply a clip to the current at the angle of

00:01:44

inclination e equal to 23 degrees 27 minutes,

00:01:48

then simply 23 and a half degrees,

00:01:51

as I do this, this angle is nothing more than the

00:01:54

maximum declination of the sun,

00:01:56

so the observers formed at a point on

00:01:59

the meridian will be points

00:02:01

solstice of

00:02:02

Cancer and Capricorn and the points of intersection of the clip

00:02:05

tekke with the celestial equator are the points of the

00:02:09

spring or March equinox. full of

00:02:12

autumn or September. Libra, I

00:02:15

rotate the celestial sphere to a latitude of 45

00:02:18

degrees, but this is a temperate zone and I will

00:02:21

show the movement of the sun in the temperate

00:02:23

zone, I begin the annual daily

00:02:26

movements of the sun from the point of Aries, this is

00:02:29

approximately March 21, 24, why I

00:02:32

will tell you approximately later, the daily parallel, the sun,

00:02:35

under the influence of its annual movement, is

00:02:37

continuously shifting per declination step

00:02:40

so that the overall movement on the sphere

00:02:42

occurs in a spiral, that is, the spiral is the

00:02:45

result of the summation of the daily and

00:02:47

annual dash the sun started in March in

00:02:50

the spring, our latitude is 40 50 declination from the

00:02:54

same name northern and it is growing,

00:02:57

bringing us closer to summer, the sun has just

00:03:00

moved from the southern to the northern hemisphere and

00:03:02

will quickly increase its northern declination

00:03:04

by a declination step of approximately 15 minutes a day

00:03:08

and will increase until it

00:03:10

reaches its maximum value of

00:03:12

23 and a half degrees nord. I want to note

00:03:15

that this step of change in delta declination

00:03:18

at the Aries-Libra equinox is greatest at

00:03:21

about 15 minutes a day and at

00:03:24

the solstice where the sun slows down

00:03:26

its movement along the ecliptic to a minimum of

00:03:29

about one tenth of a minute per day and

00:03:31

the sun at this time does not change its

00:03:33

midday altitude, that is, as if standing

00:03:36

from here, these points are called solstice

00:03:39

and so the sun has reached the summer

00:03:41

solstice point point ra where the luminary has

00:03:44

the greatest northern declination of the sun

00:03:46

for about four days it stands

00:03:49

making its daily fork along the

00:03:51

kurako path without changes, almost without changes in

00:03:54

mastering after the sleep state, the

00:03:57

declination should be reduced, first in small

00:03:59

steps, then increasing the step in reduction

00:04:02

to 15 minutes per day and the long summer

00:04:05

day begins to decrease until

00:04:08

day and night will not be equal, this will

00:04:10

continue until the sun

00:04:13

reaches the point of the scales of the autumn or

00:04:16

September equinox and on the entire

00:04:19

globe except the poles, day is

00:04:21

approximately equal to night hence

00:04:23

the name here daily parallels the

00:04:25

luminary coincides with the celestial equator

00:04:27

solar declination is again equal to zero upon

00:04:30

passage Libra the sun crosses the

00:04:32

southern hemisphere, that is, it changes its

00:04:34

declination in the southern and northern hemispheres,

00:04:36

the day continues to kill and in the southern

00:04:39

bloat it arrives, this will continue

00:04:41

until the sun

00:04:44

reaches its greatest southern

00:04:47

declination on about December 22nd 23 and a half zey points of

00:04:49

Capricorn winter solstice points

00:04:52

the sun again over the course of four days,

00:04:54

its daily movements will rotate

00:04:56

along the extreme southern parallel, which on the

00:04:58

celestial sphere is called the southern

00:05:01

tropic or tropic of Capricorn, tropics

00:05:03

capricorn in the northern hemisphere, winter and the

00:05:06

shortest day in the southern hemisphere, on the contrary, at the

00:05:09

height of summer and the longest day, the

00:05:11

algorithm for the movement of the sun is preserved, that

00:05:13

is, the declination remains approximately

00:05:15

unchanged and at its greatest for about 4 days it

00:05:18

will then begin to decrease and

00:05:21

after about 3 months 21 March 24 the luminary

00:05:25

will again come to the point of the spring March

00:05:27

equinox again day is equal to night

00:05:29

Spain 0 the sun moves to the northern

00:05:33

hemisphere where spring begins the table in the upper

00:05:36

left represents the main points of the

00:05:38

ecliptic seasons from the point of view of

00:05:41

astronomy, it changes with the passage of

00:05:43

each point, for example, quite in the northern

00:05:45

hemisphere it begins when the

00:05:47

sun passes the point of Aries and ends on

00:05:50

July 22 at the point of the summer solstice,

00:05:53

summer begins, and so on in the southern

00:05:56

hemisphere, it’s the other way around latitude 45 north,

00:05:59

which 45 is located approximately in the middle of the

00:06:02

temperate zone, which is demarcated by the

00:06:04

tropics and the polar circles, that is,

00:06:07

lies between latitudes 23 and a half

00:06:09

degrees and 66 half degrees,

00:06:12

respectively,

00:06:13

the sun always rises and sets throughout the year

00:06:15

and the length of the day

00:06:17

varies widely

00:06:19

in this zone the sun never passes

00:06:21

through the winter and the meridional altitudes

00:06:23

change within one year by 26

00:06:27

degrees maximum belt of spheres

00:06:29

located 8 degrees on either

00:06:32

side of the ecliptic is called the belt

00:06:35

or circle of the zodiac it passes through

00:06:37

twelve constellations this is Aries Taurus Gemini

00:06:39

Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio

00:06:43

Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces each of this

00:06:46

constellation the sun passes about a month and

00:06:49

hence the indications of the location of the sun

00:06:51

behind, for example, the sun in Capricorn,

00:06:54

for example, the declination of the sun is such that

00:06:56

the sun passes the arc of the ecliptic on

00:07:00

which this zodiacal

00:07:02

constellation is projected from December 22 to January 20, the

00:07:06

zodiac month begins in the

00:07:08

twenties and ends in the twenties,

00:07:11

in contrast to the calendar

00:07:13

month, let's look at how

00:07:15

joint daily allowances occur annual movement of the

00:07:17

sun when the latitude of a place changes, I

00:07:20

place the observer on the equator where

00:07:23

all the parallels of the sun are divided in half,

00:07:25

so the day is always close and equal to the night the

00:07:28

days of the equinoxes when the declination is

00:07:31

zero the sun moves along the equator which

00:07:34

coincides here with the first vertical

00:07:35

noon the sun passes through and not until

00:07:38

noon the sun moves according to the rest of part

00:07:41

1 Vertyakova in the afternoon according to the messenger, that

00:07:45

is, noon the azimuth on the veins changes

00:07:47

180 degrees downward from the state when the

00:07:51

declination will be maximum 23 and a

00:07:53

half degrees mink the illusion the extreme

00:07:56

parallels are the tropics and about

00:07:58

four days, as I already said, the sun

00:08:00

will be at its zenith this happens once per year for

00:08:04

each tropico the length of the day

00:08:06

during the year varies little the sun can

00:08:08

cross 1 vertical when the declination is

00:08:11

less than latitude and does not cross it in the

00:08:13

tropics change and azimuth occurs

00:08:17

very unevenly large near the

00:08:19

culmination and little about 1 vertical

00:08:22

I move observers to the north pole of the

00:08:24

extreme parallel at which it is possible

00:08:27

the sun not setting or not rising

00:08:29

is caused by the polar circles in the northern

00:08:32

it is 66 degrees 33 minutes north in the south it is

00:08:36

66 degrees 33 minutes it therefore 2

00:08:40

cold zones extend from the polar

00:08:42

circles two poles the polar zone in

00:08:45

this example behind the northern polar

00:08:47

it will be observed a non-setting sun

00:08:49

and conditions when the declination is greater than or

00:08:52

equal to the difference 90 minus the latitude and and the

00:08:56

declination is northern of the same name, that is,

00:08:59

nor giving will be polar day and polar

00:09:01

night begins when the declination

00:09:03

changes sign to minus will be southern

00:09:06

opposite inch at the poles

00:09:08

polar day and night and lasts

00:09:10

almost half a year at the north pole

00:09:12

polar day from March 21 to September 23

00:09:16

the sun in its daily fugue rotates

00:09:19

low above the horizon almost without warming up the

00:09:22

permafrost polar polar night

00:09:25

from September 23 to March 21 the sun

00:09:29

does not rise at all at the south pole everything

00:09:31

happens exactly the opposite I

00:09:34

mean the date is the polar circles as well the

00:09:36

tropics are marked on all globes and maps;

00:09:39

the division of the earth into climatic zones

00:09:41

is associated with the amount of heat received

00:09:44

from the sun; in general, this is the result of the tilt of the

00:09:47

earth's axis; uneven heating with the

00:09:50

temperate zone, we are already familiar with the

00:09:52

astronomical point of view, the earth

00:09:54

is divided into 5 climatic zones; the

00:09:57

hot or tropical zone includes

00:09:59

regions in which the sun can pass

00:10:01

through the zenith, provided that it passes through the

00:10:04

zenith when the declination is equal to the latitude,

00:10:06

therefore the boundaries of the belt will be

00:10:09

parallels 23 and a half north or angry,

00:10:12

that is, the Tropic of Cancer or Capricorn, the

00:10:14

cold or polar belt, the Arctic

00:10:18

Antarctic include areas in which

00:10:20

the bottom is possible without setting or converging

00:10:25

[ music]

00:10:37

period of the sun's movement along the ecliptic,

00:10:39

as for the annual movement of the sun, that

00:10:42

is, movement along the ecliptic, the sun

00:10:44

moves every day a little less than a degree

00:10:47

to the east counterclockwise, so

00:10:50

if on a given day the sun started at the

00:10:52

same longitude, then after one revolution of the sphere

00:10:54

relative to the star, that is, sidereal

00:10:56

day the sun will travel along the ecliptic in

00:10:59

its annual movement about one

00:11:01

degree, or more precisely three minutes 56 seconds, this is

00:11:04

exactly how much it takes for the sun to

00:11:06

reach its longitude in its daily movement,

00:11:09

that is, a solar day for three

00:11:11

minutes 57 seconds, about 4 minutes, and this is

00:11:15

one degree long-lasting stars

00:11:18

are called a tropical year the period of

00:11:20

time between two successive

00:11:22

passages of the center of the sun through a point

00:11:24

on an average tropical year is

00:11:27

365 and two tenths of a day 365 days 5 hours

00:11:32

48 minutes 46 seconds since we live by the

00:11:36

sun, you have a solar calendar, then

00:11:38

this period is the basis of the

00:11:40

calendar year of

00:11:42

365 days for this to align the 6-

00:11:45

hour shift in the calendar, a leap

00:11:48

year is every fourth goal

00:11:50

which is equal to 366 days, one

00:11:53

additional day is added in February, therefore the

00:11:55

dates and times of the equinoxes and

00:11:58

solstices

00:11:59

vary from year to year and are close approximately

00:12:02

every eight years, we summarize

00:12:04

the information on the sun with the ecliptic, the

00:12:07

earth’s orbit, aka visible annual movement of the

00:12:09

sun, a large circle on the celestial sphere with an

00:12:12

inclination of 23 and a half degrees to the

00:12:14

plane of the equator, along it is applied to

00:12:17

the sphere and this circle is constantly applied to the

00:12:20

stellar globe due to the tilt of the

00:12:23

earth's axis, we have a constantly changing

00:12:25

declination of the sun throughout the year,

00:12:27

accordingly changing the

00:12:29

length of the day, uneven

00:12:32

heating the planet is determined by

00:12:34

climate zones, seasons and their

00:12:37

changes, climate zones, polar

00:12:40

tropical circles, plotted on all

00:12:42

maps and globes, climate directly depends

00:12:45

on the heat received, that is, the height of the

00:12:47

star to the horizon, the

00:12:49

most important points, that is, the position of the sun, the

00:12:52

equinox.

00:12:54

exactly 20 March 24th. temple 20 December 24

00:13:00

they lie in antiphase at an angle of 180

00:13:03

degrees each other solstice points

00:13:06

Cancer 20 December 24 and Capricorn I 20

00:13:11

June 24 also in antiphase to each other and

00:13:14

at an angle of 90 degrees to the solstice the

00:13:18

height of the sun above the horizon and the length of

00:13:21

the day depends on latitude and location

00:13:22

observer I in the year, while approximately

00:13:26

March 21 and September 23 throughout the world, day

00:13:29

and night are equal to 12 hours; the tropical year

00:13:32

the sequential passage of the point he and

00:13:35

the sun is equal to 365 days 5 hours 48

00:13:38

minutes 46 seconds; this period is the

00:13:41

basis of the calendar year 6-hour

00:13:44

offset in equalize and every fourth

00:13:47

leap year has 366 days

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