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Russian
00:00:12
many believe that it is the stars00:00:14
the most important object in astronomy is00:00:17
good arguments for this if we00:00:20
let's think about everything that we see we see00:00:23
somehow thanks to the light of the stars and00:00:26
generally speaking we see exactly as we do00:00:29
visible thanks to the light closest to00:00:31
we have stars, that is, the sun, if we00:00:33
we look around even in our room00:00:35
electric light shines as a rule00:00:38
originates from or is related to00:00:41
hydrocarbons which, of course, would not00:00:43
was without solar energy or directly00:00:46
solar energy if you have00:00:47
solar panels or with hydra00:00:50
energy flows into our water because00:00:52
that the sun warms the earth perhaps only00:00:54
nuclear power in a sense00:00:56
are in the country but00:00:58
let's wait and show that she too00:01:01
strangely related to the stars if00:01:05
we'll look at the night sky again00:01:07
all we see is either stars or00:01:10
an object that shines with reflected light00:01:11
stars, moon, planets and comets and this is reflected00:01:15
the light of the sun if we see an exoplanet00:01:18
for example, then again this is reflected00:01:20
the light of other stars or planets are warmed up00:01:25
the star's radiation therefore emits something like00:01:27
themselves but in fact without a star00:01:29
this powerful infrared example00:01:32
exoplanet radiation did not exist00:01:33
so the first important statement00:01:36
is that we see only because00:01:39
that in the universe there are stars stars themselves00:01:44
with you were always known to people well00:01:45
what it is00:01:47
people only understood properly00:01:48
nineteenth century, reliable and reliable00:01:51
when they were able to measure the distance to00:01:53
stars but of course what stars are00:01:55
many people understood distant suns and00:01:58
before, although this remained a guess and00:02:02
It is known, for example, that Brahe was quiet00:02:06
opponent of this idea because he is like00:02:10
once I couldn’t measure the distance to the stars00:02:13
and come to terms with the fact that it is so00:02:15
distant functions similar objects are not for him00:02:18
allowed some beliefs but one00:02:22
the thing about stars is not00:02:24
was quite generally accepted00:02:27
generally accepted is that stars are born00:02:30
and the stars die were perceived as00:02:32
Some objects are quite eternal00:02:34
distant let them look like the sun on00:02:37
objects that always shine are00:02:39
seemed logical somehow00:02:42
of course, but the stars of course00:02:44
are born change throughout their life00:02:48
life and then the life cycle00:02:49
they end up turning into something00:02:52
this is probably the second important fact of the star00:02:54
are born live and die and the life of stars00:02:58
this is basically a change in combustion sources00:03:03
change of energy sources all this00:03:05
thermonuclear reaction starts with00:03:08
the fact that hydrogen turns into helium then00:03:10
what's going into the sun now and generally speaking00:03:13
in most stars00:03:14
it's just that this is the longest stage00:03:16
takes up 90 percent of life time00:03:18
stars so if we choose at random00:03:21
nine out of ten will be some star00:03:24
burn hydrogen into helium in their00:03:26
the subsoil then runs out of hydrogen00:03:28
a star can tolerate the first00:03:30
change it will swell and turn into00:03:32
red giant then everything depends on00:03:36
the most important parameter of a star from its00:03:38
mass if the mass is large enough00:03:41
the core where it presses will become even more00:03:45
dense and hot and will go next00:03:47
reactions, helium will begin to turn into00:03:50
carbon and so the chain can go up to00:03:52
iron to iron and related elements00:03:56
because only this is energetic00:03:59
It’s beneficial to slow down atmos with such conditions00:04:00
reactions, energy is released if you00:04:03
go further then you need to spend00:04:05
energy00:04:06
that it’s impossible nature doesn’t act like that00:04:09
in stable mode it is necessary that00:04:12
something happened that was not stationary so that00:04:14
something exploded that explodes in00:04:16
star00:04:17
let's talk if we take a light star00:04:20
then she lives very long and very00:04:23
slowly transforms hydrogen into helium00:04:25
because the universe is only 1300:04:27
billions of years or so00:04:29
the first lightest stars should00:04:32
live to this day and they can00:04:34
it's very important to see this00:04:36
the task is to look for as primary as possible00:04:38
stars formed at the very, very00:04:40
the dawn of the universe, massive stars00:04:44
live less just because they shine brighter than they00:04:47
outlive their hydrogen supply faster00:04:49
although there is more of it, the luminosity is very00:04:51
increases sharply with increasing mass00:04:53
if the star has a solar mass00:04:57
then she lives for about 10 billion years00:05:01
the sun is in the middle of life00:05:03
way and at the end such a star is not00:05:05
the sun just can't explode00:05:08
there is no physical reason to explode00:05:10
for this the sun will turn red00:05:12
giant outer shell will be shed and00:05:14
will remain00:05:15
core white dwarf white dwarf is00:05:18
final stage of evolution least00:05:22
massive color let's say if the star times00:05:26
10 times heavier than the sun, it will turn into00:05:29
them a white dwarf at the end of her life00:05:32
the core will lose stability it will already be00:05:35
will begin to be composed mainly of iron00:05:38
collapse00:05:39
but this collapse can stop and00:05:42
then a very powerful release will occur00:05:45
energy, the star seems to fall on its own00:05:47
myself00:05:48
but carried the chick into a black hole and00:05:50
a supernova explosion will occur, this is very00:05:52
an important event is important for a number of reasons00:05:57
besides the fact that it is very important for the00:05:59
stars massive it allows00:06:02
form heavy elements elements00:06:05
can actually be heavier than iron00:06:07
only form during explosions00:06:09
supernovae and supernovae00:06:11
it's mostly explosions I'm leatherette color00:06:14
if a star is 1020 maybe 30 times00:06:18
the sun is heavier after the explosion00:06:19
a neutron star will remain a supernova00:06:21
very interesting object00:06:24
compact density of a neutron star00:06:27
like an atomic nucleus at the center00:06:29
of course even more and such an object00:06:31
has very interesting physical00:06:32
properties if the star was in the beginning00:06:35
even more massive then most likely she00:06:38
turns into a black hole00:06:39
that is, after all, collapse is not00:06:41
stops and everything collapses00:06:44
gravity overcomes all other forces00:06:46
image00:06:47
this is a black hole so different00:06:50
stars have very different fates00:06:52
there is a wonderful fact about the sky at night00:06:54
dark he is, if you think about it, non-trivial00:06:59
it was well realized in00:07:01
nineteenth century and was called a00:07:03
Albers paradox, although as expected00:07:05
Albers was not the first to convert00:07:08
Please note that the sky at night is dark and00:07:09
thought about it the problem is that00:07:12
for the sky to be dark it is necessary that00:07:15
the stars ended somewhere because00:07:17
if the infinite universe is filled00:07:20
stars then in such an eternal world we would00:07:24
their gaze would rest on everywhere00:07:27
the surface of the star and the sky would shine like00:07:29
the surface of the sun we see that it is not00:07:31
so the stars begin to end somewhere00:07:33
but the interesting answer is that00:07:35
they do not end in space and in00:07:37
time the universe has a finite age00:07:39
maybe our universe is infinite but00:07:42
light from distant stars is just before us00:07:44
can't get there so it turns out we have00:07:46
dark sky overhead and therefore00:07:49
the question arises what were the most00:07:52
the very first stars the thing is that the horde00:07:55
the universe was formed in her00:07:57
only the first two managed to form00:08:00
elements hydrogen and helium00:08:01
were still small add casting do-it era00:08:04
but these are small details accordingly00:08:07
the first stars could only consist of00:08:09
hydrogen and helium and the explosions of these first00:08:14
stars were just beginning to be born00:08:16
heavier elements then the chain00:08:19
continued and so astronomers go00:08:22
in two ways, firstly they try00:08:25
build more and more powerful tools00:08:28
apparently we will need space00:08:29
tools space telescope from00:08:32
next generation to really00:08:33
see the very first stars00:08:36
somewhere out there what they were like right after00:08:39
100-150 million years after birth00:08:42
universe but if in the early universe00:08:45
not only very heavy stars were born00:08:47
my little ones with a mass of say 2 tenths00:08:50
the mass of the sun is three tenths of the mass of the sun then00:08:53
they could have survived to this day even then00:08:55
for example somewhere in our galaxy00:08:57
spinning calling00:08:58
with an anomalous chemical composition00:09:00
only hydrogen and helium00:09:01
but they keep appearing every year00:09:04
news that even less was found00:09:07
metal star as they say00:09:08
astronomers approach countries very simply00:09:10
which taxes in this case are all00:09:12
elements heavier than gel they call00:09:13
metals, so here are some more stars for now00:09:15
haven't reached the initial lineup yet00:09:18
it’s just that we see far away00:09:20
naturally not a star, for example big00:09:22
gas clouds with very low00:09:24
content of heavy elements this is00:09:26
such an important task to get there after all00:09:29
to the first stars and the stars are the very00:09:32
the first objects in the universe are modern00:09:35
models tell us that stars are formed00:09:38
before galaxies, therefore the very first00:09:40
the light that arose in the universe is00:09:43
still the light of the stars00:09:45
except that the universe itself was shining00:09:47
because it was still hot for sure00:09:50
people perceive stars as something00:09:52
even the sun is far away00:09:55
a fairly distant object and, moreover,00:09:59
fortunately the object is calm enough she00:10:01
don't explode, don't go anywhere00:10:03
they shine very stably if only on00:10:06
there are some outbreaks that00:10:08
can not00:10:09
apparently harm the biological world00:10:12
earth but now humanity becomes00:10:14
more vulnerable due to their addiction00:10:17
from electronics there is an opinion that somewhere00:10:20
occur once every thousand years in the sun00:10:21
the flashes are powerful enough so that they00:10:26
could harm the modern earth00:10:29
electronics this is probably00:10:31
biggest problem00:10:32
not cosmic for our civilization00:10:35
Asteroid falls are not something straight00:10:36
will lead to the extinction of life on earth00:10:39
something that was simply knocked out for a short moment00:10:42
us electrical appliances all00:10:45
the power supply will stop00:10:48
could be a serious problem00:10:49
Well, even such things happen in the sun00:10:52
rarely00:10:53
the sun is a very calm star and therefore00:10:56
is also perceived as distant00:10:58
a harmless object is possible at most00:10:59
get burned anyway00:11:01
stars are very important for our life we are not00:11:04
if only they didn't see anything if there were stars00:11:07
we weren't really there00:11:08
there would be00:11:09
let's remember these same elements00:11:11
and so the stars are the most important thing00:11:15
fusion furnaces in the universe where00:11:18
light elements turn into heavy ones00:11:21
due to supernova explosions, synthesis can00:11:23
go beyond the gland00:11:25
Let's remember that when the universe appeared in00:11:28
there was only hydrogen and gel00:11:30
and you and I are not made of hydrogen at all00:11:32
and helium00:11:33
that is, in fact, everything we see00:11:35
around and we ourselves consist of atoms00:11:38
which stars were synthesized at the beginning00:11:41
there were only component parts conditionally00:11:43
saying protons and a few neutrons00:11:45
because from helium and precisely in stars00:11:49
or were formed during their explosions00:11:51
carbon-oxygen nitrogen from which we00:11:55
we are this way it won't be big00:11:59
it is an exaggeration to say that every atom in00:12:01
was once inside our body00:12:03
some star may appear repeatedly00:12:05
since the solar system is about 500:12:08
the universe is about 13 billion years old00:12:11
the galaxy had more accordingly00:12:14
enough time has passed00:12:16
several cycles to get thrown out00:12:18
the stars managed to mix the matter into00:12:20
interstellar medium clouds interstellar00:12:23
the environment began to condense and eventually00:12:26
the solar system was formed00:12:28
planets and inhabitants already consisting00:12:31
from heavier elements in this way00:12:34
maybe it really is the stars00:12:36
the most important objects in and countries that00:12:39
What awaits the star world in the future now?00:12:42
the process looks satisfied and stationary00:12:45
stars are continuously formed from00:12:47
interstellar medium at the end of its life00:12:49
they shed their outer layers or calmly00:12:53
like red giants00:12:54
or as a result of a supernova explosion00:12:56
a small white dwarf remnant remains00:12:59
neutron star or black hole but00:13:01
most of the substance comes back00:13:03
into the interstellar medium and can enter00:13:05
composition of the new product but if we00:13:08
let's think about the very distant future00:13:09
universe we are not talking about millions or00:13:12
billions x even tens or hundreds00:13:14
billions of years then of course there will be gas00:13:17
gradually become exhausted, that is, in00:13:20
what future of the universe are new stars about?00:13:22
will form very rarely now00:13:25
we already see this in elliptical00:13:27
galaxies00:13:28
there is very little gas and that's why all the stars00:13:30
already very old and in the future this awaits everything00:13:33
there will be no new generation of stars in the galaxy00:13:36
will form and then stars will00:13:38
live out00:13:40
massive stars don't live very long00:13:42
they will quickly explode and turn into00:13:45
neutron stars and black holes are few00:13:47
massive stars can exist00:13:49
tens of billions of years until they are all00:13:51
they'll burn it out00:13:52
and reach the red giant stage a00:13:54
then a white dwarf but in the end00:13:57
if the universe continues to expand forever00:14:00
then after hundreds of billions of years the universe00:14:03
left without stars will be enough00:14:06
empty, sightless00:14:07
there will be neutron white dwarfs in it00:14:09
stars and black holes neutron star in00:14:13
in the end this is the most interesting thing00:14:16
objects in the universe it's very easy00:14:18
prove we take any object for example in00:14:23
the core of a star in principle if we have00:14:26
very big big big00:14:28
technical capabilities00:14:30
you can transform any large object00:14:31
neutron star occurs in nature00:14:34
that's how it goes00:14:35
the core of a star is quite an interesting object00:14:38
on its own and we begin to squeeze it00:14:40
gravity presses its sources00:14:43
the energy inside has been exhausted, the core of the beginning00:14:45
collapse00:14:46
here it is shrinking and still shrinking00:14:49
Physics is becoming more and more interesting00:14:51
rule when your parameters reach00:14:54
extreme values appear00:14:55
some interesting new physics00:14:57
very dense matter behaves differently00:14:59
like not very fruit very strong00:15:01
magnetic fields change the properties of matter00:15:04
not like normal magnetic fields00:15:06
here we are squeezing, squeezing, squeezing00:15:08
becomes more and more interesting and00:15:09
more interesting if you are too strong00:15:11
squeeze it, you get a black hole, that is00:15:14
in general for the whole life of a black hole00:15:16
it's not so interesting because it's black00:15:18
holes00:15:19
one of the main parameters of Thomas can00:15:23
be still charged but in reality black00:15:25
Dr. almost always uncharged faces row00:15:27
small but there is still rotation there00:15:29
a couple of interesting effects will be added, but00:15:31
if you stopped everything on time00:15:33
a measure is needed00:15:34
you stopped in time you are from the core00:15:37
stars tens of thousands of kilometers in size00:15:40
created a ball measuring 10 kilometers00:15:42
radius of 10 kilometers00:15:44
you have a super-dense substance there00:15:46
there are no earthly laboratories of superpower00:15:48
magnetic fields that do not exist on Earth00:15:50
your laboratories are very strong00:15:52
gravity is on the surface and you see it00:15:54
that is, you can directly study the substance00:15:56
which is super strong00:15:58
gravitational field inside neutron00:16:01
the star is also terribly interesting00:16:02
except for the super dense substance there may be00:16:05
be superfluidity of protons and neutrons00:16:07
some exotic states00:16:09
scary interesting object00:16:11
them, which rarely happens in astronomy in00:16:14
early predicted said in the thirties00:16:16
years00:16:17
but despite the fact that you seem very interesting00:16:19
prediction did not rush to look for them00:16:21
because find a 10-kilometer sher and00:16:23
somewhere God knows troubles are very difficult and from00:16:26
wings accidentally opened at sixty00:16:28
in the seventh year no one properly00:16:31
I guessed that if they have super strong00:16:33
magnetic fields and they spin quickly00:16:35
they will broadcast radio periodically00:16:37
there were impulses, these radio impulses00:16:39
open in itself is very00:16:40
interesting story because it00:16:42
looks so artificial that00:16:44
the first idea was that they caught00:16:46
artificial signal 60s it was00:16:48
very fashionable theme of modern skepticism00:16:51
scientists regarding any green00:16:52
little men he is justified by the fact that people are old00:16:56
10-15 studied this very seriously00:16:59
they didn't find anything, so here we go00:17:01
skepticism is based on negative00:17:04
results of very deep searches like this00:17:06
this was one of those moments, it was a discovery00:17:08
there are even legends of pulsars here00:17:10
we now call them little green men00:17:12
green precisely because when there00:17:14
tape recorders were coming out there00:17:16
I was interested in green ink00:17:18
this mark was made green this is green00:17:20
This is where radio pulsars were apparently discovered00:17:23
for this they gave the Nobel Prize to the Crimea valley there00:17:25
man this is also a separate interesting00:17:26
history and then people began to study these00:17:30
the most neutron stars and at the beginning00:17:33
it seemed that the picture was more or less00:17:34
a simple supernova explosion occurs and00:17:37
really inside supernova remnants00:17:40
inside such a scattering nebula we00:17:43
finding neutron stars00:17:44
they have strong magnetic fields of a thousand00:17:47
billions of times more than on earth00:17:50
fast rotation00:17:51
somewhere they can be born with periods00:17:54
10 20 milliseconds is a lot00:17:56
rotation speed at the equator is00:17:58
approaching speed color noticeable00:18:01
fraction of the speed of light and here it is00:18:04
standard object but last years00:18:06
15-20 unusual young people began to open00:18:11
neutron stars, that is, discovered00:18:13
neutron stars with very large00:18:15
magnetic fields with fields a thousand times higher00:18:17
larger than conventional pulsar radios00:18:19
discovered young neutron stars with00:18:21
very small fields a thousand times00:18:23
less than the radio's pulse and opened those00:18:25
who raps very slowly at00:18:27
birth slow means instead of 1000:18:30
milliseconds let's say 1 seconds that is 100:18:33
a second is fast for us but it's 10000:18:35
times slower than others it turned out like this00:18:38
a whole big zoo of young neutrons00:18:41
are called very interesting properties and00:18:43
It’s completely unclear what they are00:18:45
different because everyone seems to have to00:18:46
to be alone but there is a certain process there00:18:48
the bucket collapsed and the stars formed00:18:50
neutronic and now I’m definitely relevant00:18:53
the task is to explain why00:18:55
neutron stars are born like this00:18:57
different and how they evolve because00:18:59
that maybe this is not entirely correct00:19:02
think that they are all born different00:19:03
because if on earth for example we00:19:05
we serve the tempo of the birth of boys there00:19:07
girls physicists and chemists fans00:19:09
Spartak fans cisco it turns out00:19:12
that this is more than the birth rate00:19:14
people a person can be born00:19:16
at the same time there as a boy physicist and00:19:18
Spartak fans00:19:20
for example, maybe a girl will be born there00:19:22
chemist, Nazi fan, then change00:19:24
Paul become a physicist and start to hurt00:19:27
Barcelona example, that is, only this will happen00:19:29
could be a very interesting evolution00:19:31
the same thing happens in neutron stars00:19:32
and all these interesting types they are now00:19:35
all these different00:19:39
neutron stars can be observed00:19:41
in different ways because they are very00:19:44
can release energy differently00:19:46
In general, in astronomy you are always very00:19:47
important because astronomers are the only00:19:50
natural science where we can't00:19:53
actively experiment with objects00:19:55
there biologists how to study frogs all00:19:57
know it's burning now found the tower is cutting00:19:59
them into small pieces and then the genome00:20:02
sequenced00:20:03
languages study particles disperse and00:20:05
they're pushing, we can't push00:20:07
neutron stars somehow poke around in00:20:08
we can only watch them drill00:20:10
therefore it is important what energy is released00:20:12
when were neutron stars discovered?00:20:14
it was large magnetic fields00:20:17
terribly interesting because they are00:20:19
release magnetic field energy here00:20:21
It is important to remember that the magnetic field00:20:23
electric current is generated by currents00:20:25
dust flows around accordingly if00:20:27
we have a strong bullet means we are strong00:20:29
the currents are a little clearer this way because00:20:31
how to isolate magnetic field energies00:20:33
I don’t really understand but everything is very good00:20:34
understand that if the wires are shorted there00:20:36
then there will be a short circuit, anything can happen00:20:38
burn out energy is released such min these00:20:40
neutron stars with large fields on00:20:42
they can pass such short00:20:44
we don’t really understand how to make closures yet00:20:47
and where they occur outside you or in00:20:49
the crust of a neutron star at the same time00:20:51
stands out absolutely colossal00:20:52
energy00:20:53
in one tenth of a second 10 is allocated00:20:57
46 r this let's figure this out briefly00:21:04
time it shines almost almost like00:21:06
the galaxy is not very big, that is00:21:08
system consisting of billions of tens00:21:11
billions of stars that's a lot00:21:13
terribly interesting and natural when you00:21:16
scary a lot scary interesting usually00:21:18
difficult to research because it arises00:21:19
very complex physics00:21:21
and now people are fighting and using00:21:23
different competing theories to00:21:25
describe these phenomena00:21:27
on the other side of the neutron star we00:21:28
we can observe simply because there are00:21:30
something falls every gram that falls on00:21:34
a neutron star gives 1020 energy00:21:37
a lot that is, if you take let's say00:21:40
Explode a hydrogen bomb, count it00:21:42
How many the energy has been released and you just take it00:21:44
throw a stone of the same mass00:21:47
stand out more on a neutron star00:21:49
energy in thermonuclear reactions00:21:51
stands out you need about one say00:21:53
percentage of mc squared when falling by00:21:56
neutron star 10 mc square is00:21:59
a lot it's very interesting therefore00:22:01
people try in different ways00:22:03
research00:22:04
neutron stars are radio telescopes00:22:07
so people studied this radio pulsars and00:22:09
some other manifestations of neutron00:22:12
stars is an X-ray telescope and00:22:14
because when there is a lot of energy00:22:17
the temperature is usually high00:22:20
hard radiation is emitted easily00:22:22
understand if you need to take away I don’t know what00:22:27
dollars yes you can take it alone00:22:29
pieces of paper or put 100 pieces of paper in00:22:31
pocket if you need to carry 10 million00:22:33
dollars she is against counting how many00:22:35
there will be 1 dollar bills it will be00:22:37
here are a few bags so you need00:22:39
you can even take large bills00:22:42
special thousand dollar bill and00:22:43
when the store doesn't accept00:22:45
so in nature everything works exactly like this00:22:46
same when in a small area00:22:47
space releases a lot of energy00:22:50
then they take away the fattest and quantum we00:22:52
X-ray any quanta and00:22:54
This happens often in neutron stars.00:22:55
they are small and compact when they are00:22:58
shine then energy rush x-ray00:23:01
or gamma radiation we are not in00:23:03
optical range and, for example, the most00:23:05
the famous pulsar in krabi generally speaking00:23:08
You can exaggerate it a little to see it very much00:23:10
powerful telescope on the crab00:23:12
nebula on this pulsar and notice00:23:16
pulsations in the optical range00:23:18
it will be really hard for the eye, but00:23:20
with the help of fairly simple sides00:23:21
it can be done and generally speaking people00:23:23
could have opened it before they found it00:23:25
pulsar radio if only properly00:23:26
figured out where to look and then00:23:30
they were ahead of radio astronomers in addition00:23:34
it is very interesting to study neutron00:23:37
stars because they are born in00:23:39
this interesting turbulent process of explosion00:23:41
supernova00:23:42
and we know very little about how supernovae00:23:44
they explode, we see hundreds of them a year but00:23:47
calculate a detailed model of explosions very00:23:49
it’s hard there again, it’s very mixed00:23:51
a lot of complex physics and mostly00:23:54
parts of the script use some00:23:56
simplifications and until recently00:23:58
northern ones did not explode at all00:24:00
computers, that is, had to be done manually00:24:02
writes off is added like this00:24:05
the piston once again encountered a feeling00:24:07
only recently have people finally succeeded00:24:10
advance they were able to take into account the effect and00:24:13
general theory of relativity more00:24:14
correctly it allowed to explode the star00:24:16
but there is a feeling that there is much more00:24:19
to come and now, first of all, thanks to00:24:23
the growth of computer power people00:24:26
are actively moving in this direction00:24:28
but then it must be compared with00:24:30
observations and neutron stars00:24:32
those born in this process bear upon themselves00:24:34
his fingerprint is like this00:24:38
nice example they can very quickly00:24:40
fly, imagine you are such a kernel00:24:43
with a diameter of 20 kilometers with a mass of times00:24:46
two more than the sun, look she can00:24:48
at a speed of 3000 kilometers per second00:24:50
although before that it was almost at rest was 1000:24:53
kilometers per second because if00:24:56
this powerful explosion and just a little bit00:24:57
the shadows are symmetrical then the recoil will force00:25:00
the resulting star moves quickly and00:25:03
this is also necessary00:25:04
it is necessary to reproduce the calculations00:25:06
birth of the subway on color explosions00:25:09
supernovas explained these high speeds and00:25:12
in general, I will color the whole distribution00:25:16
I am absolutely convinced that the area00:25:19
astrophysicist studying neutron stars00:25:21
it is not only now at the stage00:25:24
such growth but also over the next00:25:26
will remain very active for years00:25:29
an area that will give a lot00:25:30
interesting results not only00:25:32
astronomers not only astrophysicists but also00:25:35
actually a physicist00:25:36
will be important for fundamental science in00:25:38
in general00:25:41
pulsars are sources of pulsating00:25:44
radio emissions with periods of several00:25:46
milliseconds to several tens00:25:48
seconds00:25:49
which were opened 45 years ago to00:25:51
dikusar are00:25:53
they are neutron stars in their physics00:25:55
are one of the manifestations of them00:25:56
neutron stars and actually it is possible00:25:58
say that the study of neutron stars00:26:00
observer on the study began exactly00:26:01
with the discovery of radio pulsars sixty00:26:03
seventh year in valiant00:26:05
UK Observatory during00:26:07
research00:26:09
flickering in the atmosphere were discovered here00:26:12
these very fast pulsating sources00:26:13
In general, the task was to look for some00:26:16
new sources00:26:17
it was unexpected and not immediately those traces00:26:20
which were opened and understood in general with what00:26:22
they are dealing00:26:23
a typical example when they were opened00:26:25
these sources their period lies can be00:26:29
name then graduate student Jocelyn b l00:26:31
and the group's hand is there00:26:33
astrophysics Anthony Flew back when he was00:26:35
kiwi came what with these sources he00:26:38
At first I didn’t quite believe that at all00:26:40
indeed this is a cosmic object00:26:42
the origin of oil is a fact first of all00:26:44
secondly, when such sources00:26:45
it turned out several were assigned to them00:26:47
lgm designation little green men00:26:51
little green men that is00:26:53
very big temptation and because of the strict00:26:55
periodicity of radiation to talk about00:26:57
that this is generally grief sitting on the money of the reasonable00:26:59
origin of terrestrial signals00:27:00
civilizations but in reality passed00:27:02
a few months is fast enough people00:27:04
realized that there is, at least in theory00:27:07
object that can explain such00:27:09
stable periodicity is neutron00:27:11
stars rotating neutron stars00:27:13
very massive not very bosnia with mass00:27:16
about the sun but very dense very00:27:18
compact collectivist objects00:27:20
very fast rotating and with very00:27:22
great inertia, which is why they00:27:24
periods becomes very stable00:27:26
this is how they were opened00:27:28
radio pulsars today00:27:31
Almost two thousand pieces are known and it is possible00:27:34
to say that almost everything is very good00:27:36
many more the vast majority00:27:38
famous no bath stars is radio00:27:40
pulsars and studying physics there are no bathrooms00:27:42
stars, that is, the study of such dense00:27:44
substances that leave you to study00:27:47
behavior of substances with their strengths00:27:49
magnetic fields that accompany sex00:27:51
strong the kind of activity that is next to these00:27:53
compact objects it takes place00:27:56
associated specifically with the study of radio00:27:58
pulsar physics radio pulsars00:28:02
quite complex and00:28:04
some finished agreed00:28:08
consistent and generally accepted00:28:10
models of radio pulsars and not tons at all00:28:13
in general, there are no stars to this day00:28:15
less how they are designed we are enough00:28:16
okay we all understand we understand that00:28:18
they have very strong magnetic fields and00:28:20
which sometimes we can even measure00:28:22
directly simply along the lines of the cyclotron in00:28:25
radiation however there is a very simple00:28:27
way to measure it is not directly radio00:28:29
Is the pulse spinning like I'm already voices00:28:31
very small takes with big ones00:28:33
there are no velocities left to find the periods00:28:34
constant little by little rotational energy00:28:36
she 10 1 she leaves00:28:38
the particle goes into radiation by the way00:28:40
mechanism for converting radiation into radiation00:28:42
returns00:28:43
not completely clear yet, look00:28:45
nickname slow down it's clear that the view of this00:28:49
slowdown character it's in slowdown he00:28:51
says something and we understand about physics00:28:53
that it is most likely determined00:28:55
some kind of electra dynamics next to00:28:57
surface of a neutron star in00:29:00
magnetosphere monthly strong00:29:01
magnetic fields are correspondingly very00:29:03
strong electric fields very strong00:29:05
As a result, these currents flow also through00:29:07
surface of a neutron star and so on00:29:09
the way its brakes the slope acts then00:29:11
what is called panther motor force and00:29:12
braking the star can be formulated00:29:14
quite simple but at the same time00:29:18
reasonable tera reasonable idea of00:29:20
how radios should slow down00:29:23
pulsars from these ideas measuring00:29:26
only the period and rate of change00:29:28
you can immediately estimate the magnetic fields of these00:29:31
The sundress's radio remote turns out to be good00:29:32
agreement with what the theory predicts00:29:34
magnetic fields of the order of 10 12 gauss in this00:29:37
there is a little more there is a little00:29:39
slightly less00:29:40
the same measurements allows us00:29:42
talk about the age of the pulsar, that is, we00:29:44
we can say approximately when this00:29:46
the star was formed simply00:29:49
divide period derivative period00:29:51
admit neither to the characteristic time of it00:29:52
slowdown here is some estimate of age00:29:54
good or bad we really are00:29:56
we could be wrong by a million years but for00:29:58
astrophysics is not scary, it can00:30:00
still help a lot to solve some00:30:01
indirect tasks, for example, about where00:30:03
the pulsar flew out of the galaxy we know that00:30:05
pulsars are formed during outbursts00:30:07
supernovas are formed00:30:08
collapsing00:30:09
the core is a neutron star and at the same time00:30:12
a supernova explosion apparently did not00:30:14
quite symmetrical explosion not quite00:30:16
is symmetrical and the neutron results in emission00:30:18
at very high speed this is one of the00:30:19
the biggest and fastest00:30:21
objects in our galaxy average00:30:23
speed no bathrooms stars somewhere in the hundreds00:30:26
there 300 400 kilometers per second is00:30:27
I know a lot about the age of neutron00:30:30
stars you can basically continue it00:30:31
way back to see where she was born and00:30:33
see if there is a supernova remnant there00:30:35
or no pulse radio you are still useful for00:30:37
another field of astronomy for00:30:39
interstellar medium research00:30:41
the fact is that radio emissions00:30:43
propagates into the interstellar medium00:30:45
which has some final00:30:47
the density there is not a vacuum with different00:30:49
speed depending on different lengths00:30:50
waves with what frequency faster00:30:52
some slower as a result00:30:54
pulse radio pulse voiced radio00:30:56
it's not a pulsar, it's a chromatic moon00:30:58
and long short wavelengths and00:31:00
small large frequencies they reach00:31:02
observer with some delay00:31:03
by measuring this delay we can say00:31:06
what is the density of this interstellar medium00:31:08
through which that impulse passed it00:31:09
first and secondly we can evaluate00:31:11
the distance to the pulsar is generally estimated00:31:14
the distance to objects in the universe is00:31:17
your big task is if we find00:31:19
an object with some properties that00:31:21
allow for independent assessment00:31:23
for him the distance is already too much00:31:25
additional formations are already very00:31:26
Fine00:31:27
under the radio pulse is one of00:31:29
According to our estimates, there are only such objects00:31:32
based on the theory of neutron formation00:31:35
stars to understand what can happen in the galaxy00:31:37
there are probably about 10 8 10 700:31:43
exactly neutron stars as radio00:31:46
We know nothing about pulsars, only 200000:31:48
it's little we understand what we can find out00:31:50
more00:31:51
and partly for this purpose already now00:31:54
quite large telescopes are being built00:31:55
one of them is a periscope sharp creak00:31:58
kilometer telescope which will00:32:00
have an effective area of 1 square00:32:02
kilometer this is a lot of content there is no00:32:04
a one-piece telescope with which00:32:07
video we will increase the number of famous00:32:09
there are already up to 20,000 neutron stars00:32:12
quantities00:32:13
order of magnitude is a set of statistics on00:32:15
objects is a better understanding of them00:32:17
physical nature00:32:18
another direction that is now00:32:20
is quite promising it00:32:22
search for gravitational waves search very00:32:25
long and gravitational waves are very00:32:27
long wavelength of carbon dioxide radiation00:32:29
using pulsars if we place00:32:32
two galaxy pulsars through it00:32:34
gravitational waves will pass from these00:32:36
pulsars will begin to oscillate a little00:32:38
they will begin to fluctuate and their observable00:32:40
a period that we have known for very long00:32:42
high precision no gardens00:32:43
sources effective from the tenth second00:32:45
actions from 13 seconds their observable00:32:47
period it will also begin to fluctuate a little00:32:49
just the whole Doppler effect if it00:32:52
the oscillations of the two pulsars will be with00:32:54
correlated mta we can say that00:32:55
yes, we found some trace of the past00:32:58
through it a gravitational wave what is it00:33:00
for the gradation waves and yourself00:33:01
approximately we imagine now there is00:33:04
the sample of pulsars is already several dozen00:33:06
pieces in mostly milliseconds which00:33:09
monitored00:33:11
astronomers almost every day and00:33:13
looking for these possible fluctuations00:33:16
their flights have not yet been found but00:33:18
it is possible that gravitational waves00:33:20
elusive to this day gravitational00:33:22
waves will be discovered for the first time precisely at00:33:24
with the help of radio cult sarov and not with the help00:33:26
ground defects00:33:29
everyone loves something exotic when talking about00:33:33
anything00:33:34
I wonder what the most look like00:33:36
exotic even those who love cats and00:33:39
post their photos in various00:33:42
social networks don't care for them very much00:33:44
interesting these photos of cats00:33:46
terribly rare among neutron stars00:33:49
probably the rarest cats00:33:51
are magnetars the very idea of magnetars00:33:54
appeared as often happens after00:33:57
they simply didn’t know how they were discovered00:33:59
what history discovered00:34:02
inventing magnetars like this at the beginning00:34:05
90s appeared independently two00:34:08
work00:34:09
where neutron stars were needed00:34:12
very strong magnetic fields00:34:15
they were needed in one job for00:34:18
explanations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts00:34:21
this is a mystery that for almost00:34:26
astrophysics tormented for thirty years00:34:28
gamma-ray bursts have been discovered00:34:29
American reconnaissance satellites00:34:31
who were supposed to monitor nuclear00:34:34
tests primarily in Salsk00:34:36
union and China but began to see00:34:38
a gamma-ray burst that comes from somewhere00:34:39
from space and now in the late sixties00:34:42
the end of the 90s people didn’t even know what it was00:34:44
where does it happen00:34:45
it was terribly interesting it was invented00:34:47
many different hypotheses for00:34:49
it happens right in the solar system00:34:51
to distant bursts on cosmological00:34:55
distances what eventually turned out to be00:34:57
one of the correct ideas was this00:34:59
invented it by Vladimir saw is born00:35:01
a neutron star that has very00:35:04
large magnetic field approximately 10-1500:35:06
Gauss is a million billion times00:35:09
more than on the earth or the sun and at00:35:12
this is not the throne star very quickly00:35:14
rotates making a revolution in say one00:35:16
millisecond this is a terribly powerful source00:35:18
which gives off energy very quickly00:35:21
the main part does not give off energy00:35:22
rotation is such a super radio pulsar00:35:25
how does another work by thompson work and00:35:29
thought which was then continued in00:35:31
a series of articles developing this idea rather than00:35:35
really came up with our own00:35:36
magnetars which could explain00:35:38
different sources but the most important thing is00:35:41
so-called sources of soft00:35:43
repeating gamma-ray burst sources00:35:46
soft repeating gamma-ray bursts00:35:48
somehow not strange00:35:49
emit soft repeating00:35:51
gamma-ray bursts were discovered they were00:35:53
seventy-nine and in my opinion00:35:55
this is one of the most beautiful at least00:35:58
to the extent that the discovery has been made00:36:01
Soviet Russian astrophysics and already00:36:05
absolutely the most beautiful discovery00:36:07
done I am a Soviet astrophysicist and with00:36:09
using installations on satellites in00:36:13
March '79 the source flared up00:36:17
he is in the direction of the Large Magellanic00:36:19
cloud of a galaxy close to us00:36:21
dwarf it turned out he was really into00:36:24
there is00:36:25
and it was discovered that the source has00:36:27
strict period of a few seconds per00:36:30
in principle, this immediately indicates00:36:32
There are not many neutron stars in nature.00:36:34
objects that can very reliably00:36:36
wait a few seconds00:36:39
really now we know what it is00:36:42
neutron star single neutron00:36:44
a star that gives out like this00:36:47
gamma-ray bursts and at the same seventy00:36:50
in the ninth year new outbreaks were discovered00:36:52
from this object, that is, it became clear that00:36:54
it's not catastrophic00:36:55
phenomenon and it is always very difficult difficult00:36:59
release big energy into small ones00:37:02
volume and even more difficult made the colors not00:37:03
destroying the object in one of the interviews00:37:06
one of our actors00:37:08
said that during filming00:37:10
discussed need to do a trick and need00:37:13
stuntman actor city said that we00:37:15
we'll do everything ourselves as well as you can00:37:17
jump from the roof of a seven-story building00:37:19
I can rinse, but only once00:37:22
many explosive phenomena can be done00:37:24
supernova explosion for example but only one00:37:27
just come up with a model of an object that00:37:29
will periodically release energy00:37:32
more than the entire galaxy combined00:37:35
it turned out to be quite difficult that such00:37:39
objects are magnetar magnetar 90s00:37:44
years is a neutron star possessing00:37:47
a large magnetic field which means that00:37:50
V00:37:51
in the depths of neutron stars flow somewhere00:37:54
very strong currents that support00:37:56
this field for example they can flow in the crust00:37:58
neutron star which consists of00:38:01
more or less ordinary substance without00:38:03
super exotic and natural if you00:38:07
current flows and can release energy00:38:09
gradually simply heating the coil in00:38:12
teapot and can release energy quickly due to00:38:16
short circuit00:38:17
so if you are on a neutron star00:38:19
arrange a short circuit will occur00:38:20
very powerful flash and you will00:38:24
observe such a source of soft00:38:26
repeating gamma-ray burst and you can00:38:29
describe all this using magnetars00:38:32
then it turned out that there is00:38:34
a related class of neutron stars it00:38:37
was allocated in the mid-90s immediately00:38:39
several groups who studied this00:38:41
called X-ray pulsars00:38:43
it turned out that among the X-ray00:38:46
pulsars which we then all00:38:49
imagined as binary systems00:38:51
where is a regular neutron star00:38:53
star matter flows from an ordinary star00:38:55
onto a neutron, falling onto its surface00:38:59
or when twisted into a disk it warms up to00:39:01
very high temperatures00:39:04
neutron star have magnetic00:39:06
the field channel transfers matter to the polar00:39:09
caps are approximately like the magnetosphere on earth00:39:11
channels charged particles into00:39:13
the polar regions are where it happens00:39:15
aurora in the north and south00:39:18
respectively neutron star00:39:19
spinning we periodically see that one00:39:21
X-ray pulsar hat then another00:39:24
and thus this arises00:39:26
a wonderful phenomenon but the work showed00:39:28
that there is a strange group of x-rays00:39:31
pulsars that are different from all00:39:32
the rest and looking ahead a little00:39:35
we can say that they turned out to be00:39:38
Magnet frame turned out to be single00:39:40
neutron stars no spillover00:39:42
substances or as they say accretion there00:39:44
no, just the neutron star itself has00:39:47
very hot polar ice caps left00:39:51
explain why the strong ones are here too00:39:54
magnetic fields will help this is the same00:39:57
release of current energy which00:39:59
is not due to a short00:40:01
short circuits slowly like in a teapot and00:40:03
surface of a neutron star00:40:05
It's really possible to heat unevenly.00:40:07
for example, heat the poles more strongly then00:40:11
we will also see a pulsar00:40:13
why do they talk about strong magnetic fields00:40:16
but strictly speaking even weak magnetic00:40:19
fields can lead to the fact that some00:40:21
parts of the surface of a neutron star00:40:23
will be hotter and shorter00:40:25
the closure can, in principle, be arranged without00:40:28
very strong magnetic fields00:40:30
but of course if the fields are large it means currents00:40:33
the flow is larger and objects are simply more noticeable00:40:37
this is the first reason the second reason00:40:41
really related to measurements00:40:42
magnetic fields unfortunately measure00:40:45
direct magnetic fields so distant00:40:46
objects are quite difficult and their mass00:40:50
basically measures indirectly the stronger00:40:52
the magnetic field the faster the neutron00:40:55
the star slows down its rotation with its00:40:57
magnetic field slows down and the reason for this00:41:01
deceleration of neutron stars is possible00:41:03
measuring fields for radio pulsars is00:41:05
has been tested well enough if00:41:08
this is applicable for soft sources00:41:10
repeating gamma-ray bursts or00:41:12
these same anomalous x-rays00:41:14
pulsars it turns out that they have fields00:41:16
hundreds of times more than conventional radios00:41:18
pulsars were thus formed00:41:21
This is the first concept of magnetars00:41:23
these are neutron stars with large00:41:25
magnetic fields they are quite rare but00:41:29
the thing is that they just don't last very long00:41:30
they live very quickly and slow down00:41:32
lose their energy cease to be00:41:35
clearly visible objects and believed that00:41:38
a few percent can be up to ten00:41:40
percent of all neutron stars in00:41:42
youth can be like this00:41:44
magnetar already at the moment when00:41:46
the first magnetar appeared on the I-concept00:41:48
the question arose where these strong ones come from00:41:50
magnetic fields because if after all00:41:53
the norm is radio kulsary you need00:41:55
come up with a mechanism to strengthen the fields further00:41:57
stronger such a mechanism has already been proposed00:42:01
in the first works00:42:02
Thompson and Donk on their co-authors he00:42:05
clearly connected with the dynamics and mechanism00:42:08
ideas look like this is what we all imagine00:42:10
imagine magnetic fields like this00:42:11
lines of force, respectively, any such00:42:13
cord00:42:14
it can be twisted and folded and becomes00:42:16
twice as much rope in this00:42:19
in the same place with the magnetic field it00:42:21
will become twice as strong if you00:42:22
do this thing when neutron00:42:24
a star is just born she is the first00:42:27
can rotate very quickly secondly00:42:29
it is still liquid in the impossible convection and00:42:32
then convection rotation in prato00:42:36
neutron star can lead to00:42:38
that magnetic fields will increase00:42:40
dynamo mechanism is a very good idea00:42:42
but she faces a big problem00:42:45
it is difficult to explain why neutron00:42:47
stars rotate quickly at first necessary00:42:50
rotation ten times faster than00:42:52
ordinary radio pulsars, what can00:42:54
force00:42:55
newborn neutron star quickly00:42:58
rotate and and rotation is of course associated with00:43:00
the way the star rotated and there is a way00:43:04
promote further00:43:06
an ordinary star, this is possible if it00:43:09
are included in the dual system00:43:11
interaction with a neighbor star can00:43:13
lead to the star being the progenitor00:43:17
the magnetar will rotate at several00:43:19
times faster than she should and maybe00:43:22
a rapidly rotating neutron00:43:24
a star that can strengthen its00:43:27
magnetic field and turns into a magnetar00:43:30
unfortunately it’s not clear how it works00:43:32
this mechanism or not but at least00:43:34
there is a good logical chain00:43:37
which leads to the formation00:43:39
neutron stars with very strong00:43:42
magnetic fields of approximately just 1000:43:44
percentage of cases the first magnetars were00:43:48
associated with sources of soft00:43:49
repeating gamma-ray bursts or with00:43:51
anomalous X-ray pulsar00:43:53
it turned out that these are two completely00:43:55
separate families standing apart from00:43:58
all other neutron stars00:43:59
but the longer we watch the more we00:44:03
we see connections between different neutron00:44:05
stars in the first place, virtually everything00:44:08
sources of soft repetitive00:44:09
gamma-ray bursts between bursts00:44:12
look like abnormal x-rays00:44:13
pulsars secondly when we observed00:44:18
abnormal x-ray pulsarmen00:44:19
long enough to see that they00:44:21
flare up00:44:22
how the sources are softly repetitive00:44:24
gamma-ray burst00:44:25
there were amazing events waiting for people00:44:28
further from the classics00:44:31
magnetars have never been seen00:44:33
radio emissions both from radio pulsars and00:44:35
some people spent years of their lives for00:44:37
in order to explain it and explained it00:44:39
then they discovered radio emissions from them00:44:42
there is a magnetar becoming a radio pulsar00:44:45
Just recently I was able to see the opposite00:44:49
transition as a radio pulsar turned into00:44:52
source of mildly repetitive00:44:53
gamma-ray bursts means it was needed00:44:56
come up with some kind of evolutionary00:44:59
a mechanism that could transform00:45:02
objects of one type into others most00:45:06
promising ideas are connected for an hour00:45:09
magnetic field attenuation00:45:11
which is quite natural for a neutron star00:45:13
there is no battery if Tokyo is in it00:45:16
flow means they fade over time and00:45:18
this may lead to a change in status00:45:21
neutron star it can flare00:45:23
more often or less often, for example, an object may00:45:25
to be born as a source of soft00:45:27
repetitive00:45:28
house splashes then turn into00:45:31
anomalous type object00:45:33
X-ray pulsar and then when00:45:35
the magnetic field decays even more strongly00:45:38
turns into just such heat00:45:41
neutron star that we see in00:45:44
our surroundings and so far there are 7 known00:45:47
pieces this group of stars is called00:45:49
The magnificent seven appeared attempts00:45:51
describe different types of neutron stars00:45:54
together within the framework of a single mechanism00:45:56
We made the first such good attempt00:45:59
with colleagues from Spain and Germany00:46:03
managed to describe together within the framework00:46:06
a single evolutionary scenario for a magnetar00:46:09
classic00:46:11
The Magnificent Seven and others like them00:46:13
objects and radio pulsar over time00:46:16
it turned out that there is even more00:46:17
amazing transformation and it allowed00:46:21
make connections with other types of young people00:46:25
neutron stars in supernova remnants00:46:28
observe central dot00:46:30
acts we are sure that these are neutron00:46:32
we see stars simply because they are00:46:34
they can be very hot00:46:37
short periods compared to magneto00:46:40
frame is not 5 10 seconds but tenths00:46:43
seconds and just recently appeared very00:46:46
beautiful ideas when we first00:46:49
magnetar neutron star is born with00:46:52
large magnetic field00:46:54
but after the supernova explosion part00:46:56
substance falls back it falls00:46:58
so much that this substance seems to00:47:00
fills up shields the magnetic field and in00:47:03
for several thousand years we may not00:47:05
know that00:47:07
we observe magnetar external magnetic00:47:10
the field will be very weak, less than that00:47:13
radio pulsar star will be very bad00:47:15
slows down but it will be hotter than00:47:19
supposed to be because it's hidden inside00:47:21
magnetar which is located, as it were, in00:47:23
cocoon and detailed studies of such00:47:26
objects show that it is very00:47:28
good idea it really can00:47:30
be some of the x-ray00:47:32
sources in supernova remnants00:47:34
are so overwhelmed00:47:36
frame magnets you will need00:47:38
several thousand years to straighten out00:47:41
wings and turn into such a beautiful00:47:44
butterfly00:47:48
neutron stars are very interesting00:47:51
objects and many believe that the most00:47:54
interesting thing they have is their meter00:47:58
sometimes they ask why it is needed at all00:48:01
new countries to study some distant ones00:48:03
objects and there it’s like00:48:05
national economic significance main00:48:07
the answer is probably that00:48:10
astronomical objects give us00:48:12
unique chance to explore00:48:14
substance in extreme conditions00:48:16
which are not available on earth and this00:48:19
always important because if we build00:48:21
some big theory00:48:23
a clear economic solution00:48:26
for example electrodynamics00:48:27
we want to build a theory that00:48:30
would work in all ranges00:48:32
if we want to study there are very strong00:48:35
Are currents very strong magnetic fields00:48:37
need to check00:48:38
theory predictions and the only00:48:40
object for this can be done neutron00:48:42
stars we want to have a good theory00:48:44
gravity, for example, so that on a satellite00:48:46
solar system flew as it should00:48:48
again we need to check in general00:48:51
this theory of gravity00:48:53
look for some extreme objects00:48:54
it will also be a neutron star or00:48:56
black holes and the same thing is true for00:48:59
nuclear physics we want to know how00:49:03
interact with each other00:49:04
protons and neutrons are some other00:49:07
particles how they transform into each other00:49:09
under what conditions including how it behaves00:49:11
substance itself at very high00:49:13
highest density on earth00:49:15
density00:49:16
this is the density of the atomic nucleus we all00:49:19
remember that atoms00:49:20
it's so ephemeral and00:49:22
education because the atom itself is big00:49:24
but large due to the fact that the electron has00:49:26
you are spinning around the core, the whole mass is sitting00:49:29
make a little tremble and00:49:31
become even stronger friends in terrestrial conditions00:49:33
very difficult because we are facing00:49:36
with the strong nuclear force and this00:49:39
very powerful and interaction with it is very00:49:42
fighting hard is the only way to00:49:44
earth00:49:45
somehow compress the core to overclock it00:49:48
for example two cores on an accelerator and00:49:50
push these nuclei00:49:52
but at the same time you will get hot ones00:49:54
matter, your nuclei are flying with enormous00:49:56
energy and at the moment of collision it00:49:58
stands out turns to this cloud00:49:59
hot plasma and this is for some00:50:02
applications are good but for studying00:50:04
how does cold dense matter behave?00:50:06
too bad you don't get it and that's the only thing00:50:09
a place where you can study indirectly00:50:12
substance at high density then nitro00:50:14
neutron estimation means show that00:50:17
at the center of a neutron star the density is00:50:19
maybe ten times more than00:50:20
atomic nucleus and there can occur00:50:23
all sorts of very interesting transformations well00:50:26
first of all with us00:50:27
matter consists of protons and neutrons00:50:29
and protons and neutrons are approximately equal00:50:32
but if we start to compress it all then00:50:36
there are more neutrons in us00:50:39
some models in the central parts00:50:41
neutron stars00:50:42
neutrons are really nine times00:50:44
more than protons, that’s why00:50:46
this is the name of neutron stars00:50:49
all sorts of other tricky things can happen00:50:51
transformation can be profitable for poppy00:50:54
there will be a transformation of protons and00:50:56
there are neutrons and other particles00:50:58
accordingly the model where they arise00:50:59
such hypera baths and stars are stars00:51:01
where in the central parts they arise00:51:05
condensate and other pion particles00:51:07
for example, there are even more exotic ones00:51:10
models are quark or strange models00:51:12
stars we remember that proton and neutron00:51:15
consist of quarks with 3 such small ones00:51:18
particles and they have interesting00:51:20
feature we can't get00:51:23
separate quark here and how do you move00:51:26
start studying00:51:27
if we try to rip quark out00:51:29
for example a proton or from some other00:51:31
particles then we spend so much00:51:33
energy that pulling out the quark is energy00:51:36
enough to give birth to another Clark00:51:38
will turn out to be particles consisting of two00:51:40
steam and if you have a compact meter00:51:44
stars because of your high gravity00:51:48
such a high density will be created such00:51:50
conditions that quarks will become free in00:51:53
areas and the substance will already consist00:51:55
there are protons and neutrons and leagues00:51:57
platform all of some particles, namely from00:51:59
free quarks is a quark and plasma in00:52:01
in some ways it's terribly interesting00:52:03
if this is possible and the only place00:52:07
where is it really possible enough00:52:08
reliable study is not the same neutron00:52:10
stars00:52:11
the problem is that of course neutron00:52:13
stars a far b if this is their depths then00:52:16
we need to observe some surfaces00:52:19
processes outside a neutron star00:52:22
understand how it works inside, well here it is00:52:24
this is typical here00:52:26
astronomical problem experiment00:52:27
impossible you can only watch and people00:52:30
trying to figure out how you can deal with her, for example00:52:32
can be observed00:52:34
cooling neutron stars neutron00:52:36
stars are born hot with a temperature00:52:38
surface, say several million00:52:40
degrees if some have already passed there00:52:42
the first minutes of days maybe she's a little00:52:44
cooled down millions of degrees and we see this00:52:47
we see a hot surface like this00:52:48
we are neutron stars even now00:52:51
we are observing a completely unique thing00:52:54
we see how the neutron star cools down00:52:55
several years of observations in one of the00:52:57
neutron stars fitna like temperature00:52:59
fell and this gives us information about00:53:02
what's going on inside because00:53:03
neutron star cooling down00:53:04
from within, strangely enough, we usually00:53:07
accustomed to the fact that bodies cool outside and00:53:09
if there is a hot object there00:53:11
it's colder outside than in the center00:53:13
For neutron stars the situation is a little bit different00:53:15
more cunning they are still in the center00:53:17
hot but the energies are carried away00:53:21
not by photons, for example, from the surface, but00:53:24
netrinos are introduced directly from the meter00:53:26
neutron star transparent to netrino00:53:28
and therefore cooling comes from the meter and heat00:53:31
flows in and out and goes down00:53:34
introduction 3 on therefore watching00:53:36
we get the surface temperature00:53:37
indirect information that00:53:39
going to the center and really00:53:41
This is not how quark stars should cool down00:53:43
like stars consisting of protons and00:53:45
neutrons and so on00:53:47
another very interesting way to find out00:53:48
what is in the depths of a neutron star00:53:50
let's imagine what we have00:53:52
neutron star and we begin00:53:54
slowly throw the substance at her00:53:56
mass and and grows and in the end it00:53:59
cowgirl in black hole00:54:00
this is a terrible fundamental question00:54:02
because really what do we learn00:54:04
we find out the mass at which the star00:54:07
the limiting mass will collapse, that is, we00:54:08
find out how long a substance can00:54:11
withstands bullying until00:54:13
that's what she'll say throughout the post00:54:14
collapses into a black hole, you are everything to me00:54:16
tired we find out at what central00:54:19
density this collapse occurs00:54:21
therefore it is very important to find more and more00:54:23
heavier neutron stars and00:54:26
raise, as it were, this border zero at the end00:54:29
finally find her00:54:30
say that we see neutron00:54:31
stars for example with a mass of 2.2 mass00:54:34
further away from the sun we see black holes with00:54:36
the mass of the door is 5 masses of the sun00:54:38
this means this one will be clamped very tightly00:54:40
the transition limit is also a lot for us00:54:42
will talk about how each other interacts with00:54:45
other particles at high density00:54:46
when finally the pressure is no longer enough00:54:50
to keep the star from00:54:52
collapse00:54:53
and finally in the coming years when00:54:57
advanced installations will work00:55:01
to observe gravitational waves then00:55:02
again00:55:03
watching the merger of neutron stars we00:55:06
we can also find out what is happening in their00:55:08
the depths because if we are here00:55:10
you have to push it yourself00:55:13
there we will have a natural experiment00:55:15
by the collision of 2 neutron stars and00:55:18
precisely by the gravitational wave signal00:55:21
we will be able to establish to some extent00:55:25
exactly how their matter is structured00:55:28
inside00:55:29
to a first approximation the star is very00:55:31
simple object and the star has one00:55:34
the most important parameter is its mass from00:55:37
mass depends on how long the star will live00:55:40
what it will turn into as well as transformation00:55:42
will experience along the way what it will be like00:55:44
luminosity at different stages of evolution and00:55:47
if there is just one star then it has a mass00:55:51
maybe in the course of his life only00:55:52
lose from the star give stellar wind00:55:55
Sometimes00:55:56
stronger sometimes weaker and mass00:55:58
decreases, but all these mass losses are00:56:01
already predetermined by what the mass was00:56:04
at the beginning it would therefore be extremely00:56:06
I'm interested in figuring out how to change it00:56:08
mass of the star00:56:09
during her life there is only one good00:56:13
the way to do this is to plant it nearby00:56:16
the second star and plant it like this00:56:18
close to some00:56:20
stages of its evolution, matter could00:56:23
flow from one star to another00:56:25
this is exactly what happens in binary systems00:56:27
so life00:56:29
stars in a binary system at once00:56:31
become much more interesting00:56:34
ask what we have with the triple system00:56:36
us system of four stars 5 so00:56:39
then they become unstable00:56:42
if you are close enough to each other00:56:44
plant three stars then interaction00:56:46
will lead to the fact that00:56:48
either one star will be thrown out or 200:56:50
some will merge or a tight one will form00:56:53
pairs of two stars and the third will be00:56:55
spin far that is one way or another00:56:57
the only good sustainable00:56:59
the element is a double star00:57:01
therefore discuss triples or systems00:57:05
higher magnification is not a little bit00:57:07
makes sense even though we see them and exist00:57:10
for example a system consisting of six00:57:12
stars but they're all couples00:57:14
rotating around each other like00:57:16
hierarchical systems say so00:57:19
binary systems were first encountered by humans00:57:23
with some paradox and understanding00:57:25
that you need to take into account metabolism00:57:28
between the stars already in the 20th century there is00:57:31
famous star her visible unarmed00:57:34
eye this star algol when it was possible to measure00:57:39
star parameters00:57:41
forming this system and coal turned out to be00:57:44
double star then we saw an amazing fact one star00:57:48
heavier the other lighter we know that00:57:51
heavy stars evolve faster00:57:54
that is, a heavy star should look like00:57:56
older they were always formed of course00:57:59
simultaneously in the binary system and00:58:00
further00:58:01
it is logical to assume that initially00:58:03
a more massive star evolves00:58:05
fast and there it was the other way around00:58:07
light star was more pro00:58:09
evolved is very strange and00:58:12
I had to realize that the stars could00:58:15
very significant exchange of mass00:58:18
that is, the star who is now00:58:21
is easier in the beginning it was00:58:24
heavier evolved faster00:58:26
at a certain stage of its evolution as00:58:29
and every decent star is entitled to it00:58:31
swollen and part of the substance is not easy00:58:34
flew away and flowed onto the neighbor neighbor00:58:38
the star itself has increased its mass00:58:40
decreased became easier in the system00:58:42
but more about evolved it was00:58:46
only the first such paradox associated with00:58:49
before the eye of matter in binary systems 200:58:53
which is also easy to explain look00:58:56
as follows not too heavy00:58:59
stars turn at the end of their lives00:59:01
into white dwarfs00:59:02
hydrogen turns into helium if the mass00:59:05
there are not enough stars to light in00:59:07
following reaction, a gel is formed00:59:09
white dwarf00:59:10
if there is enough mass, carbon is formed00:59:14
nitrogen oxygen is formed price white00:59:17
dwarf if the reaction goes further00:59:19
formed on her mind from the new white00:59:21
dwarf everything seems logical and we00:59:23
really see gel whites00:59:25
dwarfs but they must be formed from00:59:28
the lightest stars and these stars live00:59:31
longer than the universe lives, that is, there is00:59:34
paradox we see white dwarfs00:59:36
consisting of a gel and they cannot be formed00:59:39
they should have just didn't have time00:59:41
would have to wait another 1000:59:43
billions of years where do they come from they too00:59:46
are formed in binary systems00:59:47
second star star neighbor rips off00:59:50
the outer layers of the star remain gelled00:59:54
core00:59:55
that is, just like this artificial00:59:56
peeling allows you to make gel whites00:59:58
dwarfs from single stars they are not yet01:00:01
would have time to form so that01:00:03
really01:00:04
evolution in doubles is very interesting01:00:07
this substance flow allows01:00:10
you create very interesting objects01:00:12
there is such a term nova useful01:00:16
remind you that we can just talk about01:00:18
that for example01:00:19
a new star was formed in the sense01:00:21
that there is another young one and there is just01:00:24
a separate term can be learned01:00:26
new star01:00:27
naturally he appeared a long time ago01:00:29
naturally because it suddenly flared up01:00:32
It was logical to hire a star to name her01:00:35
new it turned out that these stars are not new01:00:37
very old, these are double systems from01:00:40
white dwarf and ordinary star matter01:00:43
flows from an ordinary star to a white dwarf01:00:45
slowly accumulates on him01:00:47
surface and when the density and01:00:50
temperature reaches critical01:00:52
values there is an explosion outer layers01:00:54
on white dwarfs explode sharply01:00:57
luminosity increases and we see01:01:00
the appearance of a bright object we call it01:01:02
no new star, it’s not new and01:01:05
some of them flash several times01:01:07
once if there were no double systems then not01:01:10
there would be such objects besides new stars01:01:12
a supernova usually eats everything at once01:01:16
remember that the stars are heavy at the end01:01:18
own life01:01:19
explode because they collapse01:01:21
kernel but this is only one of the types beyond01:01:24
but there is another very important type namely01:01:28
he helped discover in cosmology01:01:29
accelerated expansion of the universe and such01:01:32
supernovae are again associated with whites01:01:34
dwarfs in binary systems01:01:35
the fact is that the white dwarf has01:01:38
the maximum mass is not very large01:01:41
approximately four-tenths of the mass01:01:44
sun01:01:45
if the mass of the white dwarf exceeds this01:01:49
limit then it will lose stability and how01:01:52
we now know it will explode as soon as possible01:01:55
increase the mass of the white dwarf01:01:57
naturally in the binary system the substance01:01:59
flows the same as in the system with new ones01:02:01
stars and little by little a mass of white01:02:04
dwarf can increase01:02:06
eventually it will grow to the limit and01:02:08
will explode and it won't be small anymore01:02:11
cotton is like new stars and very01:02:14
a powerful explosion that01:02:15
the sight of us billions of light years away and01:02:17
so we can see things like this01:02:19
supernovae in very distant galaxies01:02:21
measure the distance to them and thereby01:02:23
use dual systems already for01:02:26
needs of cosmology, what if it’s not folk01:02:28
the economy is at least for cosmological01:02:31
needs and receiving Nobel Prizes01:02:32
double can be accommodated but sometimes01:02:35
duality is also important for ordinary01:02:39
supernovae but not for joint explosions but01:02:41
for what we will see after everything01:02:43
You must have seen some very beautiful pictures01:02:45
image of supernova '87 which01:02:49
method in the large Magellanic cloud01:02:50
what beautiful rings there are several of them01:02:53
they overlap each other in projection01:02:55
friend, how does such a strange thing arise?01:02:57
the star system is generally said to be round01:02:59
it shouldn't generate very complex01:03:01
objects around themselves must have some kind of01:03:04
spherical symmetry to give birth01:03:07
these are some interesting rings01:03:08
again it was necessary to assume that01:03:11
the exploding star was in double01:03:13
system, each of the stars at different times01:03:18
emitted different stellar winds they01:03:21
bumped into each other and01:03:23
the interaction of these winds led01:03:25
then the appearance is so strange01:03:27
structures that are simply supernova01:03:29
highlighted01:03:30
besides supernova remnants interesting01:03:32
structures around doubles also arise in01:03:36
planetary nebulae planetary01:03:38
nebula is what remains of01:03:40
shell of the red giant which it01:03:43
it resets and little by little it01:03:44
dissipates planetary they were called01:03:46
just because several centuries ago01:03:49
for this purpose in a telescope at such objects01:03:51
people have seen a foggy disk that looks like a disk01:03:53
planets are therefore called planetary but01:03:56
there are very beautiful planetary01:03:58
nebula and a rather complex shape and01:04:01
what do experts think for the occurrence01:04:05
many of these unusual shapes again01:04:08
you need to assume that there is sitting inside or01:04:11
sat and dual system exactly availability01:04:14
two stars revolving around a common01:04:16
center of mass held01:04:17
the appearance of such a beautiful unusual01:04:19
structure that a single star01:04:21
unable to give birth to how much01:04:24
tests can be dual systems01:04:26
some kind of bottom done some01:04:28
upper upper limit on system size01:04:32
simply due to the fact that there are others01:04:33
they are stars by their influence of tides01:04:37
influence the binary system can it01:04:39
break therefore very wide double01:04:41
the systems will simply be unstable01:04:43
some kind of flying star01:04:45
will carry 1 double star or01:04:48
they'll just collapse the system01:04:49
Any interesting thing is possible here01:04:52
process of interaction between two binary01:04:54
may lead to an exchange01:04:56
stars and interaction dynamics01:04:59
a few stars is generally enough01:05:01
is rich and gives rise to very interesting01:05:03
objects, what do we have?01:05:06
lower limit for double size01:05:09
systems naturally when01:05:11
the double one just formed01:05:12
naturally the lower limit is simple01:05:15
double the radius of stars they should not01:05:18
merge during the evolution of the star01:05:22
can expand and again it is important01:05:24
so that she doesn't end up inside another01:05:26
because then they will merge and double01:05:29
the system will not survive, a single one will be formed01:05:30
object on the other hand in the process of its01:05:33
evolution of stars can be very cool01:05:35
come together if one of the stars01:05:37
expanded and formed a large01:05:39
shell around01:05:40
systems are stars inside this shell01:05:43
will get very close and this01:05:46
allows you to form01:05:47
very tight systems the tightest on01:05:49
today the system consists of01:05:52
two white dwarfs they rotate01:05:54
around each other in just five01:05:56
minutes naturally the system had to be very01:05:58
move together a lot because at first01:06:00
such a compact dual system01:06:01
it was impossible to create01:06:03
one normal star reception analysis you01:06:05
would be different but in the course of evolution two01:06:08
white dwarfs were able to do very well01:06:10
come together at a certain stage stars01:06:13
are already coming together because of the radiation01:06:15
gravitational waves gravitational waves01:06:17
carry away angular momentum the system becomes01:06:19
more compact01:06:21
thanks to them the whites can blend together01:06:24
dwarfs neutron stars and black hole01:06:27
Another very interesting type of objects01:06:29
related to dual systems this is so01:06:32
called hypervelocity stars stars01:06:37
move with big ones by our standards01:06:39
speeds01:06:40
this is 10 20 kilometers per second01:06:44
in the galaxy in the disk the stars move each other01:06:47
relative to each other just about01:06:49
such a typical speed except for disk01:06:51
galaxies from other components01:06:53
for example galactic halo01:06:55
if the stars in the disk rotate in such a way01:06:58
flat orbits, then the naked stars can01:07:00
spin in any orbits speed01:07:02
rotation around the center of the galaxy at01:07:04
solar orbit is more than two hundred01:07:06
kilometers per second so the stars are naked01:07:09
may whistle and blow through the disk01:07:11
at approximately the same speed we see01:07:13
there are such objects around but these are all objects01:07:16
equally connected with our galaxy a01:07:20
recently already in the 2000s they became01:07:23
open so-called hyperspeed01:07:25
stars their speed is 500 600 700 80001:07:30
kilometers per second of enormous speed01:07:32
which make a star are not related to01:07:35
our galaxy, that is, it flies away01:07:36
may fly towards another galaxy01:07:39
might just stay so lonely01:07:41
hang out in the intergalactic01:07:44
space over time already01:07:46
turning into a white dwarf01:07:47
a neutron star or a black hole of course01:07:50
they are formed in a rare case01:07:52
the objects were predicted wrong too01:07:54
long ago in the 80s01:07:58
the source of such stars is01:08:01
the central black hole of our galaxy01:08:04
if dual system01:08:06
it is the double that flies very close to01:08:09
black hole then a black hole can01:08:12
ruin this double with your big01:08:14
torrential impact one star01:08:17
will become a satellite of a black hole01:08:19
and the second one will become very large01:08:21
speed and01:08:22
it is from the center of the galaxy that they should fly01:08:26
hypervelocity stars and in most cases01:08:29
cases this is observed01:08:31
there are probably some other mechanisms01:08:33
not all hypervelocity stars but theirs01:08:35
it is known that several dozen are already flying01:08:37
straight from the center of the galaxy01:08:38
but this is certainly the main mechanism and it01:08:41
also requires that at the beginning we have01:08:43
double system separate star you don't01:08:46
accelerate a black hole to such large01:08:48
speeds01:08:49
it turned out that in systems of double stars01:08:52
may exist01:08:53
planets and they have recently begun to be discovered01:08:57
When was the Kepler satellite launched?01:09:00
he began to make significant contributions to01:09:04
discovery of planets in double star systems01:09:08
there are 2 possible situations when the planetary01:09:10
the orbit will be stable, the planet can01:09:13
rotate or very close to one of01:09:15
stars and the second star is not much01:09:16
disturbs the orbit of the planet it is not so01:09:19
I wonder if there could be a planet01:09:21
rotating around the entire double at once01:09:23
the first such planet was discovered01:09:26
thanks to the Kepler satellite and naturally01:09:28
They named the planet Tatooine because it was01:09:31
such a planet exists in the known01:09:34
film in general planets in binary systems01:09:38
stars are very popular in scientific01:09:39
science fiction well over the last few years01:09:42
they have ceased to be science fiction and now01:09:46
we know different planets in doubles01:09:48
systems01:09:51
lyceum doubles is a system where although01:09:54
would one of the objects be very01:09:57
compact and therefore for describing such01:10:01
systems need the theory of relativity01:10:03
that's why they are usually called dig and whiskey01:10:06
these are objects with either meter-long stars or01:10:09
with black holes the most important thing is why01:10:11
Astronomers needed binary systems01:10:13
this is a measurement maz because if we01:10:16
we are observing a single star for sure01:10:19
it is impossible to measure its mass, we need01:10:21
so that something spins around it 6 there is01:10:24
dual systems and there we can measure01:10:26
masses of stars and then when we see01:10:29
single star we can say she01:10:32
looks like one of those stars in binaries01:10:35
for which we measured the mass therefore we01:10:37
we think that the mass is a single star01:10:39
this logic works roughly like this though01:10:42
reality is of course a little richer and01:10:44
it’s more difficult if we have a double01:10:46
star double stars are formed by01:10:50
very simple reason squeezing PBX clouds01:10:52
gas and dust it always rotates01:10:54
the harder you press the faster it goes01:10:58
rotates and finally centrifugal force01:11:00
can stop the jette will become01:11:03
impossible01:11:04
form a single object so that it01:11:06
can be avoided01:11:08
contracting object divided into 2 parts01:11:10
then both parts will rotate each other01:11:13
around each other but each of them can01:11:15
collapse further and in01:11:18
will eventually give birth to a star if this01:11:20
one of the pieces will be missing again01:11:21
can split into two and form01:11:24
hierarchical system consisting for example01:11:26
from a double single star or from two01:11:28
pairs and in some cases even three01:11:30
sail verst so let’s imagine what we have01:11:32
a double system was formed and let for01:11:36
certainty we have both stars01:11:38
quite massive then01:11:40
over time one of them will finish01:11:43
will explode its evolution and give01:11:45
Neutron star 2 will also end its life01:11:48
evolution will give a neutron star like this01:11:50
So we will have a system of two01:11:52
neutrons of stars and at some stage01:11:55
evolution from a neutron star and an ordinary one01:11:57
star before it has yet turned into01:11:59
relativistic object is very01:12:01
interesting system01:12:02
exactly at01:12:03
we can measure the masses of compact01:12:06
objects the mass of neutron stars is01:12:09
very important if we want to understand how they01:12:11
arranged inside01:12:12
but it's more interesting if we go to01:12:16
black holes01:12:17
for the first time about black holes as potential01:12:21
observed objects began to speak01:12:23
probably in the 70s they really started01:12:26
then they began to open systems from01:12:28
relativistic object and normal01:12:32
stars substance that flows into01:12:34
relativistic object in this case01:12:36
a lot of energy is released01:12:37
since the substance, say, falls into01:12:40
a black hole by definition with speed01:12:42
light and approaching has a very large01:12:44
speed per neutron star matter01:12:47
the energy drops a little less, but no matter01:12:50
less stopping on the surface01:12:52
neutron star matter has a large01:12:54
energy, all this energy is released and01:12:56
a very bright source is formed01:12:58
if the source emits a lot of energy with01:13:01
a small area01:13:03
photons that carry away energy will01:13:06
have great energy01:13:08
in reality it will turn out to be x-ray01:13:10
photons arose in the late 60s01:13:14
X-ray astronomy and the beginning01:13:17
the early seventies will open all sorts of01:13:19
interesting objects and it turned out that we01:13:22
we see double systems where matter flows01:13:24
with an ordinary star over a compact object and01:13:26
we can measure the mass of a compact01:13:28
object and it turned out to be big, for example01:13:31
if we have a compact object with01:13:33
mass 3 4 5 10 solar masses then we are not01:13:37
we can make it from ordinary matter01:13:40
we have to say what should be there01:13:43
be a black hole01:13:44
because if we take the neutron01:13:47
star and start slowly increasing01:13:49
and the mass will be some upper limit we01:13:52
we don't know it for sure01:13:53
but it’s somewhere between two and three solar masses and01:13:55
when the star reaches this limit01:13:57
we will fall into a black hole like this01:13:59
Thus compact objects cannot01:14:01
have a very large mass and at the same time not01:14:04
turning into black holes is not01:14:06
refers to ordinary stars that01:14:08
can have a mass of 100 and 120 solar01:14:10
masses they have a source of energy inside01:14:12
and the pressure of the substance will come01:14:15
looking forward to collapsing into a black hole01:14:17
namely binary systems01:14:19
further unique opportunity to study01:14:21
Of course, we don’t see black holes ourselves01:14:25
hole we see the substance that flows01:14:27
a black hole is formed by ordinary matter01:14:30
disk around the black hole and we see01:14:35
radiation coming from internal01:14:38
parts of this disk that are spaced from01:14:40
the horizons of the black hole are only three01:14:43
may be slightly larger than its radius and01:14:46
this is the only good way so far01:14:49
learn something about these amazing01:14:51
objects and the most important argument in01:14:55
the benefits of the existence of black holes are related01:14:58
after all, there are new ones with dual systems01:15:02
stars01:15:03
matter flows from an ordinary star to a white one01:15:05
the dwarf accumulates and an explosion occurs01:15:08
a similar thing can be done with01:15:10
neutron star binary system01:15:12
neutron star plus ordinary matter01:15:14
flows onto a neutron star accumulates01:15:17
on the surface and at some point01:15:19
there is an explosion we see such objects they are called leopard01:15:22
shooting ranges and can be proven quite reliably01:15:26
that this is really a thermonuclear explosion01:15:27
on a surface01:15:28
neutron star systems have extremely01:15:31
similar to systems with a bar side but there01:15:34
no outbreaks occur01:15:35
the only way to explain these01:15:38
objects without flashes is to assume that01:15:41
compact object that is included in these01:15:44
dual systems simply do not have01:15:45
surface, that is, in other words, what is there01:15:47
black hole sits01:15:49
if we try to come up with some01:15:51
I did everything as an alternative to black holes01:15:54
after all, a real object from the surface01:15:56
outbreaks will certainly occur and01:15:58
the existence of such binary systems with01:16:00
flow of matter onto without flashes01:16:03
is one of the most reliable01:16:04
arguments for the existence of blacks01:16:07
holes we think that in the coming years and01:16:09
direct proof of existence01:16:11
black holes will again be obtained01:16:13
thanks to dual systems if we have01:16:16
the system at the beginning included 2 massive01:16:18
stars each of which exploded to do01:16:21
black hole, then such a system can01:16:23
about evolved until the moment of merger01:16:27
sometimes this will cause01:16:29
gravitational wave signal and01:16:32
current generation detectors will be able to01:16:37
register and therefore01:16:39
the public expects what in 2015 201601:16:44
finally they will be direct01:16:45
gravitational waves have been detected and01:16:48
at the same time the existence of01:16:50
black hole binary systems can be01:16:53
quite diverse and one of01:16:56
types of x-ray sources associated01:16:58
with dual systems01:16:59
so unusual that I had to01:17:01
invent a new type of black hole01:17:03
X-ray sources emit when01:17:06
matter from one star flows to01:17:08
compact object and selection occurs01:17:10
energy but in a real situation there is01:17:14
some limit of luminosity all is well01:17:17
remember that light can exert pressure01:17:20
it was discovered at the very beginning of the 20th century01:17:24
and is a well understood phenomenon01:17:27
satellites are blown away a little by radiation01:17:30
the sun if the radiation has a greater effect01:17:32
of course it will be more noticeable and we can01:17:35
imagine such a picture01:17:36
the surface of a neutron star, for example01:17:39
from above we throw the substance the more01:17:42
substances fall the more is released01:17:43
energy and the more01:17:46
radiation will crush the attacking flow01:17:49
substances will eventually establish some01:17:52
balance you will throw01:17:55
even more matter but the luminosity will be01:17:57
increase so much that part of the substance01:17:59
will simply deflate, that is, it will arise01:18:01
some limiting luminosity for01:18:03
neutron stars is the luminosity01:18:05
turns out to be approximately 100,000 luminosity01:18:08
sun if we have a black hole01:18:11
which was formed from an ordinary star then01:18:14
the limit may increase slightly once every01:18:16
ten in rare cases tens of times then01:18:20
it's still very difficult to create01:18:22
X-ray source with luminosity01:18:25
several million times the luminosity of the sun01:18:27
we see them and the simplest possibility01:18:31
which was immediately offered01:18:33
astrophysicists assume that there is01:18:36
there is a black hole but with a mass not 501:18:40
emily 10 solar masses what are we01:18:42
expected from standard stellar evolution01:18:45
from a black hole with masses of hundreds or01:18:47
thousands of masses of the sun that would be all at once01:18:50
would explain easily would explain many01:18:52
properties of these interesting sources01:18:54
which due to their great luminosity or01:18:57
powers are called ultra powerful01:18:59
sources, the only problem is that01:19:01
it is not clear how to make such black holes and01:19:03
this is still a very subject01:19:05
active discussion or really01:19:08
is there some way to create black ones01:19:11
holes in intermediate masses intermediate01:19:14
between stellar black holes and beyond01:19:16
massive black holes that01:19:17
are located in the centers of galaxies or01:19:20
after all, ultra powerful sources are possible01:19:22
explain in an even more trivial way01:19:25
saying that radiation is emitted01:19:27
asymmetrical but directed like01:19:30
spotlight and then if the spotlight01:19:32
looks straight at us we see very much01:19:34
bright source we think he has01:19:36
enormous luminosity suggesting that he01:19:38
shines in all directions but it's on01:19:40
in fact, just come to us to appear01:19:44
some interesting types of objects01:19:46
the star needs to be very fast01:19:48
rotated perhaps there are two main ones01:19:52
class of objects that think01:19:56
are formed from very quickly rotating i01:19:58
ter stars first of all this is such a type01:20:00
neutron stars which are called01:20:02
magnetars they are characterized by very01:20:05
powerful magnetic field to create01:20:09
such a magnetic field to create currents01:20:11
who support it need some01:20:13
mechanism we can generate01:20:17
electric currents to the dynamo mechanism in01:20:20
dynamo something has to spin the core01:20:23
star that will turn into a neutron01:20:27
the star must rotate very quickly01:20:29
there is a problem here: massive stars01:20:32
have a very powerful stellar wind and01:20:35
the power of the stellar wind leads to01:20:37
what a star slows down its rotation and so we01:20:40
would expect that most of the massive01:20:42
stars at the end of their lives rotate very01:20:45
slowly naturally they are slow01:20:47
the nuclei must also rotate and therefore will01:20:50
neutron stars form with no01:20:51
spinning too fast01:20:53
not too big by neutron star standards01:20:55
it could be a turnover in a few01:20:58
thousandths of a second and we want it01:21:02
made a revolution in one thousandth of a second01:21:04
that's when we can make a big one01:21:06
magnetic field where you can unwind01:21:08
star again only in double01:21:11
system if a star enters double then01:21:14
several possibilities arise at once01:21:16
for the star to start rotating01:21:19
faster therefore one of the ways01:21:22
the formation of magnetars is again01:21:24
evolution in doubles is exactly the same01:21:27
standard model fast rotation01:21:30
collapsing star core01:21:32
necessary for appearance may be01:21:36
the most powerful explosions currently occurring01:21:38
in the universe for the appearance of cosmic01:21:41
gamma-ray burst there, matter falls into01:21:44
a black hole but to give birth to a powerful01:21:48
the source is needed so that the substance quickly01:21:50
revolved around a black hole01:21:51
again, fast rotation is necessary01:21:53
stars before the explosion and again we are not01:21:57
we know how to achieve this if the star is not01:22:00
is in a binary system like this01:22:02
how binary systems can give rise to01:22:05
be the most interesting objects in01:22:09
the universe's most powerful explosions01:22:12
amazing types of neutron stars and01:22:14
may be related to unusual01:22:16
type of black holes01:22:20
black holes as an idea were invented01:22:23
Laplace did this quite a long time ago01:22:26
Mitchell several hundred years ago they01:22:29
realized that if we take ordinary01:22:32
Newton's laws and let's look at the second one01:22:35
escape velocity from what speed01:22:37
we need to tell you something at one point01:22:40
to a ball to a ball to a pebble so that it flies away01:22:41
for example the earth we take this formula and01:22:44
see what we can or keep the radius01:22:48
ball increase mass for example and then01:22:50
the speed will increase or vice versa01:22:51
keeping the mass compress this ball tap01:22:54
from which everything flies away and will also be01:22:57
increases speed and in the end we01:22:59
let's reach the speed of light, that is, they01:23:00
they said such a simple thing that according to01:23:02
this formula can make such an object01:23:04
or so heavy01:23:06
or so compact small that01:23:09
the speed of escape from it will be equal to01:23:11
speed of light01:23:12
such a renaissance and and black hole in01:23:15
modern understanding arose already in01:23:17
within the framework of general relativity there01:23:19
the picture is a little different01:23:21
and in the future we will need what01:23:23
theory of relativity01:23:25
is a geometric theory of gravity in01:23:29
this theory, massive bodies distort01:23:32
the space around you is usually01:23:34
illustrates in this simplest way imagine01:23:37
you imagine such a rubber plane01:23:39
put different objects, the heavier ones01:23:41
the more the object bends the plane and01:23:43
respectively, winter is such a hole and objects01:23:46
they will be attracted there just here you are01:23:48
do not leave other balls in the hole01:23:49
such a good image rolls down on01:23:51
this is really what the model looks like and we01:23:54
We think that this is how it all works01:23:56
can you put such a heavy object or01:23:59
so small that he is in the place where01:24:01
lies so hard to sell01:24:03
this is the plane that you will have01:24:05
such a region of space that01:24:07
would have a facial hook out of her outside nothing01:24:09
won't come out here there is a black one01:24:11
there is a hole in general relativity01:24:13
going into small details that is01:24:15
really such a region of space01:24:17
it has no surface01:24:20
you can't knock, eat this one01:24:22
the horizon and everything that got inside is already01:24:25
inside will remain forever like a hole01:24:27
it's built inside, it's big and complicated01:24:29
the question can be closed there01:24:32
orbits are quite interesting that is01:24:33
cut into the object the very center will fall but01:24:36
if you don't add any tricks01:24:39
everything really has to fall into01:24:40
the very center and there we don’t know what01:24:42
happens because formally many01:24:45
parameters reach infinite values01:24:47
which means that just our physical01:24:49
the laws stop working there01:24:52
and here the problem arises if at all01:24:54
black holes because on one side01:24:59
general relativity being01:25:01
good standard theory of gravity01:25:03
it is obviously not complete, that is, all people01:25:05
it's well understood she's good at01:25:08
certain areas are serious mania01:25:10
there are no competitors but to develop the theory01:25:13
gravity needs it, and apparently we do01:25:16
need a theory where does this general theory go?01:25:18
relativity will be included as part of this01:25:19
first second black holes are very difficult01:25:22
open she hole on black actually01:25:24
that you can see the only one there01:25:27
the method that immediately comes to mind is01:25:29
hawking radiation black holes they01:25:31
should slowly evaporate but this01:25:35
the process is very slow usually like this01:25:38
hawking evaporation radiation process01:25:41
black holes are illustrated this way in01:25:43
pairs of particles are constantly born in a vacuum01:25:47
it doesn't contradict anything you seem to01:25:49
borrow energy for a short time01:25:51
pairs of particles are born and then they01:25:52
annihilate well, imagine such a floor01:25:55
criminal situation there you work in01:25:57
bank or your friend works in a bank01:25:59
retelling at home but just returned it tomorrow01:26:01
nothing happened, no one knows01:26:03
I took it for a short time and will return it now01:26:05
imagine that there is a black girl next to you01:26:06
hole that is, for example, something happened01:26:08
crisis they took the money back nothing01:26:10
you can’t, that is, you have until what time left01:26:13
that means the bank has evaporated a little01:26:16
to an outside observer they look like01:26:19
when the bank evaporates if there is01:26:20
black holes have arisen since there is only one01:26:22
friend fell hard and flew away01:26:24
the only source of energy for01:26:27
what to get this particle is mass01:26:28
black hole01:26:29
thus for an external observer01:26:31
the mass begins to decrease01:26:33
but here if we return to the real ones01:26:37
the problem is that black holes are formed01:26:39
two main ways, the first is the most01:26:42
famous living large massive star01:26:45
she burns hydrogen into helium into helium01:26:47
carbon and nitrogen oxygen finally reaches01:26:50
further to the iron group elements01:26:52
combustion cannot occur and the core01:26:54
collapse if it's gobbled up by nothing01:26:57
stop up called a black hole typical mass01:26:59
there is ten times more such an object01:27:01
solar is a massive black hole01:27:04
evaporates very slowly around01:27:05
There's always some kind of debris flying around01:27:07
cosmic microwave background radiation and it all hits01:27:10
into a black hole in this its mass is still in01:27:13
on average, evaporation is increasing, there is little01:27:15
supermassive black hole at the centers01:27:16
galaxies01:27:17
There are two main such scenarios01:27:20
formations we don’t yet know which one01:27:22
is it true that there are large clouds of gas immediately with01:27:25
there was only a hole, then they grew01:27:27
the first stars gave such big posts01:27:30
200 ma sun black hole and them too01:27:32
then they grew01:27:34
but it is essential that these two evaporate01:27:36
slowly see it actually01:27:38
it is therefore impossible to see dry at all01:27:40
a black hole is hard and there is such a simple01:27:42
practical rejected no drink01:27:44
Nobel Prize awarded for the discovery01:27:45
there are no black holes like this01:27:48
final confirmation everything is ready01:27:50
I bet you 1000 to 1 that they01:27:52
exist but with complete fidelity not because01:27:54
that all the time we see something around us01:27:57
we see black hole candidates because01:28:00
we see the behavior of the substance around them01:28:02
for example the most famous01:28:04
cited article ever written01:28:06
in this country no matter what it's called01:28:08
this article by shakur june is dedicated to him01:28:10
just the flow of matter around black01:28:12
holes everyone needs this it's scary01:28:15
it has been in demand for a long time01:28:17
cited article in astrophysics in general in01:28:19
in the world, so there is no complete fidelity and maybe01:28:22
be in just a few years01:28:26
the key point will be detection01:28:28
gravitational waves01:28:30
we remember that we have a theory of gravity01:28:32
geometric is this one here01:28:33
rubber plane now imagine01:28:35
what the hell are you pointing your finger at this01:28:39
you poke a plane and a row runs along it01:28:41
in a sense it is01:28:43
gravitational waves but the club he01:28:45
comes from outside01:28:47
let's turn over and put ours01:28:50
great aspirations and they and we are already ours01:28:54
not gods means we must have something01:28:56
on this plane, here I am01:28:58
I'm waving my arms01:28:59
gravitational waves because hands01:29:01
Mosin they somehow distort space01:29:02
I move them around me and01:29:05
there's a row running through space but it's very01:29:08
weak effect strong effect achieved01:29:10
if you have massive objects and01:29:12
are quite compact and because you01:29:14
you need more than just a heavy object01:29:16
and you really need it in this place01:29:18
this is the surface01:29:20
space-time how to distort and01:29:23
black hole is an ideal object but itself01:29:25
black hole again it's enough01:29:29
the symmetrical one will not emit today01:29:31
you need some kind of family fortunately in01:29:34
Such processes occur in nature01:29:36
for example there were 2 massive stars and both01:29:39
alternately exploded both from above and gave01:29:41
two black holes and they spin each other01:29:43
around a friend now imagine you01:29:46
two balls roll on this plane and01:29:48
they will definitely make ripples and so01:29:50
this is a very good process because01:29:52
look here we take any item01:29:54
we throw him a black hole he crosses01:29:58
horizon at the speed of light in some01:30:00
sense by definition means he has01:30:02
in general about the colossal energy in this01:30:04
imagine such an extreme moment01:30:06
case we take one black hole and throw it01:30:08
to another black road nothing more01:30:09
it seems impossible to imagine01:30:11
a lot of energy is released and it seems01:30:13
stands out only in the form of which is all01:30:16
this enormous energy is released in the form01:30:19
gravitational waves if you have one01:30:21
the system merges with two black holes then01:30:24
turns out very powerful01:30:25
gravitational wave signal here it is01:30:27
since they want to catch it and probably in the near future01:30:29
time is the most realistic01:30:31
a good way to open a black hole then01:30:33
there are people01:30:34
one discovery will kill two birds with one stone01:30:36
firstly it will be directly doc01:30:38
for the existence of gravitational waves01:30:40
now we have very good ones01:30:42
indirect confirmation01:30:43
people observed the binary system but not from01:30:46
two black holes and two neutron holes01:30:47
stars01:30:48
one of them emits like a pulsar therefore01:30:51
it's like a very accurate clock sending us01:30:54
regular signals and we see that this01:30:56
system01:30:57
getting closer and the only reasonable one01:31:00
the mechanism that explains it all01:31:02
just gravitational waves01:31:04
but for this load during the honey extractor01:31:06
if people do see a signal from01:31:08
mergers of black holes then firstly directly01:31:12
we will see the signal we will prove that01:31:14
gravitational waves what geometric01:31:17
theory of gravity is very good01:31:19
will be very important for fundamental01:31:20
physics and at the same time we will open black01:31:23
holes because it will be real01:31:24
interaction of two horizons two holes01:31:27
will merge to form a single yugre zun will01:31:30
tremble for a while from this too01:31:32
it is possible to register a signal and therefore01:31:35
registration related task01:31:38
gravitational waves and they are still very01:31:39
promising just like people want it01:31:42
do when gravitational wave01:31:44
passes somewhere here she is an object01:31:47
squeezes stretches people tried01:31:50
just install blanks01:31:52
metal look how they will be01:31:54
shrinking stretching is not very good01:31:56
sensitive detectors so now01:31:58
others are made you have mirrors hanging on01:32:02
distance a kilometer several kilometers01:32:05
maybe when gravity passes01:32:07
the wave doesn't shift a little01:32:08
relative to each other and this can be noticed01:32:10
a laser beam runs between them and01:32:12
the interference pattern changes here01:32:15
there is hope that everyone on the 100th anniversary01:32:18
such a new concept of black holes in01:32:20
within the framework of general relativity then01:32:21
there is somewhere in the sixteenth year01:32:23
after all, there will be mergers of black holes01:32:26
discovered will be directly proven01:32:28
the existence of gravitational waves will01:32:30
black holes reliably discovered01:32:35
there are two components01:32:38
experimental is theoretical01:32:40
where does the component come from?01:32:42
question about black holes but imagine01:32:44
Everyone knows that if you throw a stone01:32:47
then he flies in a parabola, which means I have01:32:50
throw yourself from the ground that you01:32:52
increase the initial image speed01:32:55
the speed of the parabola stone lengthens01:32:57
the question gets longer at some point01:32:59
a situation will happen that you will quit01:33:02
stone with such speed that it just01:33:03
will fly around the earth01:33:05
it will fall freely but at the same time01:33:08
the fall won't happen like that01:33:10
will circle around the earth01:33:11
if, of course, he rubs something in the atmosphere01:33:14
the air obviously loses speed and01:33:16
will fall but if you throw it enough01:33:19
high beyond the atmosphere then there01:33:21
training air no speed with01:33:23
who needs to throw him so that he's here01:33:24
so it's called flying around the earth01:33:26
first escape velocity with such01:33:28
the speed at which satellites fly around the earth and01:33:30
so on second escape velocity01:33:32
this is the speed at which you do it01:33:34
if you throw a stone it will be like earth01:33:36
will fly away to infinity01:33:38
definitely escape velocity first01:33:41
the second escape velocity depends on01:33:42
the size of the body from which you need01:33:44
Laplace wanted to fly away this mass01:33:46
such a question what should be01:33:48
body size and mass so that the second01:33:51
escape velocity was equal to the speed01:33:53
light, well, there is a connecting formula01:33:56
the radius of this body and the mass at which01:33:59
the second escape velocity exceeds01:34:03
the speed of light and it turns out that for example01:34:06
for the earth if kept unchanged01:34:08
mass of the earth and compression to several01:34:11
millimeters then just trying01:34:12
escape velocity will reach the speed01:34:14
the light of thousands of something will compress the earth to01:34:18
several millimeters in size then it01:34:20
will become such objects and objects from01:34:23
whose light01:34:24
can't fly out it's like before for the first time01:34:28
The question of black holes arose back in01:34:31
times when people didn't know anything about01:34:33
general theory of relativity after01:34:36
discoveries of general relativity in01:34:38
at the beginning of the 20th century a solution was found01:34:41
equations of general relativity01:34:43
Schwarzschild cough and ours found a solution01:34:46
which described exactly how it leads01:34:50
yourself gravitational field in the presence01:34:53
massive objects that have01:34:58
the symmetry of the ball is an essential component01:35:00
this decision was that it01:35:03
if its size is smaller than that01:35:06
exactly the size that was found01:35:09
Laplace mta with him just light in01:35:11
basically he couldn't fly away01:35:12
the strange object from the solution was called01:35:15
Vasilyevskaya black hole was not clear01:35:19
there is a lot about him but little by little people01:35:21
understood the properties of these objects01:35:24
and so on, somewhere in the late 60s01:35:26
years, well, it’s mainly accrued from open01:35:28
Rose and Hawking were developed differently01:35:32
mathematical methods using01:35:34
whose geometry was studied01:35:35
space-time01:35:36
in the presence of black holes01:35:39
the observation was made that black01:35:41
the hole behaves as if simply01:35:42
a heated body, well, that is, what can he do?01:35:45
attribute entropy but it was not clear01:35:47
where does the black hole get its temperature from?01:35:49
thoughts intropia seems to have a temperature01:35:52
no, so in the mid-70s01:35:56
twentieth century Hawking did this01:35:59
observation that if you look at quantum01:36:02
fields against the background of Schwarzschild geometry then01:36:04
it turns out that the black hole emits01:36:08
formulated as if01:36:09
contradictory statement with one01:36:11
hand I said black holes are nothing01:36:12
can’t fly out, but now I’m saying01:36:16
that she radiates no contradiction in01:36:18
there's nothing that can fly out from under01:36:21
the black hole horizon, however, it turns out01:36:23
that this is the process of formation of a black hole01:36:25
so-called collapse01:36:26
it happens that things change dramatically01:36:30
properties of so-called zero modes01:36:33
quantum fields against the background of a black hole and01:36:35
it begins to generate radiation which01:36:37
is actually born immediately after01:36:39
black horizon outside the horizon of what01:36:42
the world and she is clearly losing energy01:36:44
should in theory actually decrease01:36:46
the effect is very weak and it has not been confirmed01:36:49
experimentally it is predicted01:36:50
theoretically but due to its weakness01:36:52
the fact that we don't have in the neighborhood01:36:55
there are no black holes on earth so he doesn't01:36:59
confirmed experimentally by no one01:37:01
way but for example the existence of blacks01:37:04
holes more and more physicists believe01:37:06
because there are objects that01:37:08
observed and the properties of which we otherwise01:37:10
we can’t describe other than what they are01:37:13
behave like black holes of order 5001:37:16
such kind of objects found in01:37:20
our galaxy01:37:21
another element that now exists01:37:24
belief tire and confirmed by observation01:37:28
their data that in the nuclei of almost all01:37:31
galaxies are giant black01:37:33
holes are a slightly different kind of object01:37:35
sense, also black drop, only its mass01:37:37
millions of suns01:37:38
and I told you about 50 celestial objects01:37:41
which have a mass of several masses01:37:47
sun unfortunately the hawking effect01:37:49
so weak that even for them01:37:52
We won't be able to do this kind of object01:37:56
see but he is very important for this01:37:59
the effect of his understanding for understanding01:38:02
quantum gravity this will be01:38:05
understanding this effect will be the first01:38:07
step in understanding the properties of quantum01:38:09
gravity is unclear about black holes01:38:14
the next one is on a microscopic level01:38:17
particles are born in the black field01:38:22
holes and in general since the x effect is not01:38:24
confirmed experimentally01:38:26
although there are fewer and fewer people01:38:28
doubts it but there is a question01:38:31
about whether it really exists01:38:34
Is this effect a fact number question?01:38:36
number 1 question number two if he01:38:39
exists as it happens01:38:40
response this is how reduction occurs01:38:42
the mass of the black hole at the birth of this01:38:44
radiation and01:38:45
what is the result of this radiation01:38:48
vodka I completely studied the black hole01:38:50
all my energy all my mass I don't01:38:52
I answer in this case mass and energy01:38:54
like a force01:38:55
special theory of relativity here01:38:57
if it happened what remains01:39:00
the result of this01:39:02
radiation, that is, it is completely evaporates what happens at the end01:39:05
evaporation stage and01:39:07
and if it does not completely evaporate then01:39:09
what remains if this01:39:12
What Russian doesn't like driving fast?01:39:14
actually looking at Vettel earlier on01:39:17
Schumacher can be asked which German is not01:39:19
likes to drive fast, which Spaniard doesn't01:39:22
likes to drive fast and so on01:39:23
they love high speeds, oddly enough, and01:39:26
neutron stars and black holes can01:39:29
have very high speeds01:39:31
record-breaking by galactic standards01:39:34
let's remember in general with what01:39:36
speeds objects move in the galaxy01:39:39
typical speed for stars is somewhere01:39:42
10 20-30 kilometers per second is01:39:46
speeds of stars relative to each other01:39:48
they can still rotate around the center01:39:51
galaxies with more or less01:39:52
speed from the sun rotates around01:39:54
the center of the galaxy at a speed greater than01:39:56
two hundred kilometers per second but important01:39:59
namely the speed of the sun relative01:40:00
nearby stars or if you like01:40:02
Regarding gases, we live in their environment01:40:04
so do neutron stars and black holes01:40:08
speeds are much higher why is there01:40:11
several ways to make an object01:40:14
the first one accelerated in space01:40:17
simple is interaction with some01:40:19
other objects then the object can01:40:22
gain speed01:40:23
it gets its energy from somewhere, for example01:40:27
Among the stars there is a newly discovered class01:40:30
objects hypervelocity stars01:40:32
their speeds are gigantic, it could be01:40:34
thousands of kilometers per second they are at01:40:36
interacted with something bigger and01:40:38
heavy big heavy in the galaxy01:40:41
present in quantity 1 piece01:40:43
it's a supermassive black hole at the center01:40:45
Our galaxy has a mass of approximately 401:40:48
million solar masses if a pair of stars01:40:50
will fly very close to this black hole01:40:53
if one of the stars breaks up01:40:56
gain greater speed and fly away01:40:57
it doesn't matter at all, it's just an ordinary star01:40:59
neutron star black hole or white01:41:01
dwarf01:41:02
but they are all on large01:41:04
distances therefore there we see only01:41:06
regular stars neutron stars black01:41:10
holes, in principle, can also be Cyprus01:41:12
fast but it's very exotic01:41:14
the mechanism around us doesn't work01:41:16
around us if we look at the ordinary01:41:19
stars are an interesting class of objects01:41:21
which are called runaway stars as01:41:23
you can guess they01:41:24
has speeds higher than their neighbors01:41:27
more is 70 kilometers per second01:41:30
sometimes 100 kilometers per second like them01:41:34
acquired such speeds, there are again01:41:36
two ways, the first is about01:41:38
interacts with someone and gets01:41:40
additional energy in the second way01:41:43
associated with dual systems if we have01:41:47
two stars spinning around each other01:41:49
one of the stars explodes, that is, abruptly01:41:52
the substance becomes lighter and flies away from01:41:55
system then the second star becomes01:41:57
gravitational not related to it but01:41:59
there was some kind of orbital speed and01:42:01
in fact all this orbital speed01:42:03
the star will remain a little bit slower01:42:06
while it flies away from its own01:42:08
the lightest neighbors but not much therefore01:42:11
there was a hundred kilometers per second connection01:42:14
a broken star can fly away01:42:16
speed of 70 kilometers per second01:42:17
for example, naturally neutron stars and01:42:21
black holes can also acquire01:42:24
the speed in such a process is01:42:26
called the sling effect01:42:28
because it looks like stone01:42:31
flies out of the sling and spins then you01:42:32
abandoned01:42:33
because I was spinning here, we hold on to the strength01:42:36
gravity star or black hole a01:42:38
then he flew away because gravity01:42:41
decreased sharply so you can overclock01:42:43
objects up to high speeds and by the way01:42:46
neutron stars and black holes can01:42:48
have high speeds because they01:42:50
may turn out to be very tight systems01:42:53
politician it's quite easy if you have01:42:55
there are two big ordinary stars then you don't01:43:00
can you place them too close?01:43:01
they just have a large radius01:43:03
maybe several million01:43:05
kilometers and if they evolve and01:43:07
are expanding, it will be even more, but01:43:09
if you have already turned one of them01:43:12
neutron star and black or black01:43:14
hole, then such an object may turn out to be01:43:18
closer to its neighbor due to overflow01:43:22
substances in the system system will be01:43:24
has evolved will become closer01:43:25
the stars will revolve around each other01:43:27
faster and during the second explosion01:43:31
supernova during the explosion of 2 stars01:43:34
a compact object may turn out to be01:43:36
flying away at very high speed01:43:37
In principle, this is how you can get speeds and01:43:39
thousand kilometers per second situation01:43:42
quite rarely because the system must01:43:43
be very tight on such a principle01:43:46
maybe and finally there are ways01:43:50
accelerate unique to neutron01:43:53
stars and black holes it is important to say here01:43:56
where did this problem come from?01:43:58
we can measure speed and compact01:44:01
objects we see, for example some01:44:03
radio pulsar we observe it several times01:44:05
years, we accurately measure the coordinates, see each other and01:44:07
we see that he just moves on it yes01:44:10
if we know the distance01:44:12
then therefore we can offset the distance01:44:15
determine how fast he is flying01:44:16
so in the 90s of the last century01:44:20
it turned out that01:44:22
the typical speed of neutron stars is01:44:24
about 300 kilometers per second, that is01:44:26
on average 10 times more than stars from01:44:30
whom they were born01:44:31
however, since this is a typical phenomenon01:44:34
it is impossible to explain all these speeds01:44:36
the collapse of my binary systems, if only because01:44:39
that some fraction of neutron stars01:44:41
is born from single stars or stars in01:44:44
very wide01:44:45
in dual systems the speeds are small01:44:47
so there must be some special01:44:49
acceleration mechanism that only works01:44:52
for neutron stars or black holes01:44:55
the mechanism was invented long before these01:44:59
the very 90s because already in the 70s01:45:03
years, that is, in fact, as soon as they were01:45:05
people started to open pulsar radio01:45:08
measure speeds and then they measured01:45:11
speed of about 100 kilometers per01:45:13
second less than 300 but still noticeable01:45:16
more than ordinary stars, so they became01:45:18
discuss different methods of acquisition01:45:20
high speed neutron stars01:45:23
a neutron star is born as a result01:45:25
of a supernova explosion, it releases01:45:28
huge amount of energy in fractions01:45:32
seconds so much energy is displayed01:45:34
how much does the sun emit during its entire01:45:36
life01:45:38
accordingly, if you have a large01:45:40
budget even if you are a small piece01:45:43
what to spend it on, for example, everyone01:45:46
large American space missions01:45:48
somewhere around one percent of the budget goes to01:45:51
popularization and therefore it turns out very01:45:54
a lot if the mission costs a billion01:45:55
One percent of dollars is still 1001:45:58
million 10 million dollars for01:45:59
popularization from each mission is01:46:02
quite a good popularization of science01:46:04
so like this in a supernova explosion if01:46:07
you have a lot of energy and you01:46:09
you can at least highlight it asymmetrically01:46:12
one percent to the right is more than to the left01:46:15
then the object that is formed will experience01:46:18
asymmetric impact and01:46:20
accordingly according to the conservation law01:46:22
the impulse will fly in one direction or another01:46:24
depending on how your symmetry was arranged01:46:26
so the idea was high quality and quick01:46:30
quite understandable energy a lot01:46:32
arrange some kind of symmetry01:46:35
and get a fast moving object01:46:37
this way you can accelerate up to thousands of kilometers01:46:40
per second the question is how to create asymmetry here01:46:44
still no answer, still arguing01:46:47
continue partly because we don't01:46:49
observational data is partially sufficient01:46:51
because the physics of a supernova explosion01:46:53
very complex basic mechanisms01:46:56
generation this one 7 3201:46:59
firstly there could just be an explosion01:47:01
quite asymmetrical and you01:47:04
such a situation arises you have01:47:05
compact object and here is some01:47:07
area with increased density01:47:10
attracts a neutron star and01:47:13
will accelerate it, that is, simply not01:47:15
symmetrically dropped the substance and you01:47:18
conditions arise for acceleration of the second01:47:20
the idea is connected with what the main energy is01:47:23
in a supernova explosion01:47:25
carries away neutrinos, there are different reactions and01:47:30
substance for netrino may be01:47:32
transparent it is these particles that are carried away01:47:36
most of the energy is invisible light01:47:39
mechanical movement is exactly nejtrino01:47:41
so the task is to01:47:42
make the neutrino flow asymmetric and01:47:45
here again there are several ideas in01:47:48
first you can make a distribution01:47:50
density is not01:47:51
people for us and somewhere there will be for netrino01:47:53
transparent and somewhere less transparent01:47:55
accordingly, where it is transparent01:47:57
neutrinos fly more for you, as it were01:48:00
such a jet stream will arise01:48:02
the engine means it will be in the other direction01:48:04
move neutron star another idea01:48:06
associated with strong magnetic fields01:48:08
netrinos sense a magnetic field and if01:48:12
magnetic field in a young neutron01:48:15
a star that is just forming there01:48:17
everything is seething it will be a little asymmetrical then again01:48:20
you have this jet engine01:48:22
will not work symmetrically in one01:48:24
the air will blow more in the other direction01:48:27
smaller and a neutron star can01:48:29
overclock a similar thing can work01:48:32
with black holes if they are not formed01:48:35
immediately if the substance does not immediately fall off the axis01:48:37
went under the horizon and appeared in the beginning01:48:40
young neutron star type object01:48:43
about that neutron star sometimes01:48:45
they call it and only then it slams into01:48:47
black hole then as long as you have this01:48:50
an object from which they can fly01:48:52
nejtrino just jets can fly out01:48:55
substances, some violent processes take place01:48:57
then this object can have time to accelerate01:49:00
and then a black hole forms and it01:49:02
will simply remember this speed and with this01:49:06
speed and will move for black01:49:08
There may be a few speed holes01:49:10
less simply because they are themselves01:49:11
heavier if typical weight01:49:14
a neutron star is one and a half mass01:49:16
the sun then the typical mass of a black hole is01:49:18
6 times the mass of the sun01:49:20
this means the speeds will be four times lower01:49:23
we can say that this is approximately01:49:25
observed neutron stars we know01:49:27
a lot of01:49:28
these radio pulsars are mainly for them01:49:30
speed is measured quite well01:49:32
we know few black holes, there are only three01:49:35
single black hole candidate01:49:37
open to microlensing their speed01:49:40
we know it turns out roughly similar to01:49:42
100 kilometers per second but not accurate01:49:44
very large and there are double systems with01:49:47
black holes we see that everything is there01:49:50
double flies at atypical speed01:49:53
for these systems, that is, something01:49:55
still overclocked01:49:56
this is associated with this additional01:49:58
speed as they say with a geek who01:50:02
get black holes in such systems and01:50:06
you can also estimate the speed01:50:08
actually on average less than01:50:10
neutron stars01:50:11
so it seems like the hypothesis works01:50:14
finally there is another case of black holes01:50:17
very exotic acceleration mechanism01:50:20
massive stars love to form01:50:23
in pairs, respectively, there are such pairs01:50:25
where both stars are very massive01:50:27
after the explosions they give rise to black odes01:50:31
holes and in quite rare cases the system01:50:33
does not disintegrate, that is, the system has survived01:50:37
survived the first supernova explosion 2 and y01:50:39
a double black hole has formed01:50:41
over time such a system will be01:50:44
become more and more compact01:50:46
black holes moving in orbit01:50:48
emit gravitational waves and so01:50:52
how angular momentum is carried away01:50:54
energy and holes are getting closer01:50:56
closer to each other until finally01:50:58
will merge the one that is now on01:51:02
upgrade stages detector like and verka01:51:05
should just catch01:51:06
gravitational wave signal from these01:51:09
most mergers are an amazing thing that01:51:12
generally speaking, we understood it in the sixties01:51:14
is that gravitational waves in01:51:16
such a system01:51:17
seem to be emitted asymmetrically01:51:20
everything seemed to be symmetrical, everyone was spinning01:51:22
circle but not quite a spiral01:51:24
collapsing therefore the radiation will01:51:28
go asymmetrically especially on the last01:51:29
stages where01:51:31
the holes actually fall on top of each other and01:51:34
gravitational waves carry away not only01:51:36
angular momentum but also just carried away01:51:38
pulse so it turns out to be an amazing thing01:51:40
imagine what's in front of our eyes01:51:43
there are a couple of black holes they are all spinning01:51:47
happens with us and then they merge and01:51:50
the resulting black hole flies somewhere01:51:52
By the way, it’s quite difficult to predict where01:51:55
it depends on very small details01:51:57
initial conditions but there is an amazing01:52:01
the fact of the center of mass stood before us later01:52:03
flew off somewhere this effect is called01:52:04
gravitational wave a rocket and01:52:06
The beauty of the effect is that it does not depend01:52:09
from the mass of black holes01:52:11
depend only on the mass ratio01:52:14
means that if it merges two01:52:17
black holes with masses 10 solar masses01:52:19
or 10 billion solar masses each01:52:21
can acquire the same speed01:52:23
speed is very difficult to calculate01:52:26
because the last stage is very01:52:29
strong gravity and we are bad at01:52:32
consider such situations but qualitatively01:52:35
that's hundreds of kilometers per second01:52:37
the maximum speed may even be01:52:39
more why hundreds of kilometers per second01:52:42
this is very interesting what to compare it with01:52:45
this is the speed that allows an object01:52:48
fly away from the galaxy here to leave01:52:52
the earth needs to become a satellite first01:52:54
escape velocity on earth 701:52:56
kilometers per second with a tail to01:52:59
to completely fly away from the ground you need to leave before 1101:53:02
kilometers per second is speed01:53:04
which allows you to fly away and sunny01:53:06
systems and But there is a speed that allows01:53:08
fly away from the galaxy depends on which one01:53:11
what place are you flying to but even to01:53:14
central regions thousands of kilometers in01:53:16
a second is enough for you to fly away and01:53:19
stop being grievous and associated with01:53:21
our galaxy to fly away to01:53:23
intergalactic space and black01:53:25
holes can acquire such speed then01:53:27
there is, for example, if two merge01:53:29
there is a small galaxy01:53:31
the likelihood that after01:53:33
supermassive black holes at the centers01:53:35
the resulting large black one will merge01:53:38
hole from a newly formed galaxy01:53:41
will fly away because it will gain a lot01:53:43
more speed this way01:53:45
neutron stars and black holes do not exist01:53:47
only in our galaxy01:53:48
but also fill the intergalactic01:53:50
space because there is so much01:53:53
ways to speed them up01:53:55
speeds in particular to speeds01:53:57
which allow them to leave the boundaries01:54:00
their military galaxies01:54:03
there are many neutron stars and black holes01:54:05
how much news than we compare01:54:08
talking about our galaxy galaxy01:54:10
so big01:54:12
so there are about 400 billion stars in it01:54:15
that is, it needs to be compared with this number and01:54:17
we can estimate how many neutron01:54:20
stars and black holes are our galaxies01:54:22
more precisely, how much was formed01:54:24
neutron star and black holes01:54:26
arise after supernova explosions01:54:30
We roughly know the pace flashed in our01:54:33
in the galaxy it happens about once every thirty years01:54:35
three pieces for a hundred years, if you want how much01:54:39
our galaxy is about 10 years old01:54:40
billions can you give a more precise number01:54:43
it will be a little bigger but we are all in01:54:45
round numbers divide one by the other01:54:48
we find that during the lifetime of the galaxy in01:54:50
it should have formed 30001:54:53
millions of neutron stars and black holes01:54:56
if the tempo hasn't changed01:54:58
most likely at the beginning when the galaxy01:55:00
I was young, I was just forming there01:55:02
was a little taller01:55:03
that's not a bad estimate, it's a billion01:55:06
neutron stars and drafts we can even01:55:08
estimate how many neutron stars and01:55:11
how many black holes are there individually?01:55:13
proportion neutron stars like us01:55:16
we think they are formed from lighter stars01:55:19
say from 10 solar masses to 30 or 4001:55:22
approximately black holes from heavier ones01:55:24
there are always fewer large objects than01:55:27
small therefore neutron stars01:55:29
more more maybe 10 times maybe01:55:32
be 3-4 times, that is, it turns out that01:55:35
we're under a billion neutron stars01:55:37
galaxies and more than 100 million black01:55:40
holes one wonders why we don’t have them01:55:43
we see because this thing is quite01:55:47
difficult things are about to happen on earth 6 billion01:55:49
man and are our social friends01:55:52
there may be several hundred networks01:55:55
someone has a few thousand that much01:55:56
neutron stars black dermis we know but01:55:59
the reason is a little different from the usual01:56:02
in social networks01:56:03
more like regular social twitter01:56:06
network this means we include our own01:56:07
close friends and one can assume01:56:09
that we know most of the neutron01:56:11
stars or black holes of the sun01:56:12
the neighborhood is not like that we know the bright ones01:56:15
here on twitter and people01:56:16
love to read fry's twitter01:56:19
someone else very famous is coming01:56:22
some stars bright objects here with01:56:24
neutron stars black holes01:56:25
the situation is similar in general01:56:27
astronomical situation of the star there01:56:29
stars here we see bright objects like us01:56:33
we see neutron stars for example in01:56:37
the first we can see are young01:56:38
neutron stars because they are still01:56:40
very active they show themselves in blood01:56:42
pulsars and some other magnetars01:56:44
interesting objects black holes are not01:56:47
manifest themselves not like seeing the old one01:56:50
neutron star or black hole01:56:52
quite difficult but there is one good one01:56:54
way01:56:55
neutron stars and black holes are01:56:57
namely compact objects, that is, they took01:57:00
a large mass and stuffed into a small one01:57:02
volume in terms of gravity01:57:05
potential is a very deep hole if01:57:08
you throw an object at a neutron star01:57:10
or a black hole then he reaches01:57:12
surface or horizon in case01:57:14
black hole with enormous speed01:57:16
near light speed case black01:57:18
mountain this speed of light most likely if01:57:23
We have a lot of substances flowing01:57:25
then the substance will interact itself01:57:28
with us, for example, we started a flow01:57:30
gas in space, we mainly have gas01:57:32
there is still some friction and01:57:35
these streams of gases begin to rub01:57:37
talking about each other, the PCs warm up to great01:57:39
high temperatures are millions of degrees01:57:41
that's why we see bright x-rays01:57:43
sources01:57:44
if there is something to leak, what is it in space?01:57:47
can sing to neutron stars and blacks01:57:50
holes let's think about ordinary stars again01:57:53
most stars are especially massive01:57:56
are born in pairs, that's pretty clear01:57:58
we just had clouds of gas and dust01:58:00
from which stars are then formed01:58:03
the cloud shrinks a little at first01:58:06
spinning shrinking spinning everything01:58:08
faster faster and finally centrifugal01:58:11
force can stop the compression01:58:14
shrinks further than the cloud because it is very01:58:15
spins quickly01:58:16
nature came up with the idea that the cloud is divided01:58:19
into two pieces and now each piece is on its own01:58:22
spin slowly but they spin quickly01:58:24
around each other and accordingly with us01:58:26
the two pieces can continue to shrink01:58:28
is formed01:58:29
double star if one or both stars01:58:33
were massive then in the end it turns out01:58:35
neutron star or black hole in01:58:37
dual system has a neighbor star01:58:40
it means there is a lot of substance nearby01:58:42
where is the leak coming from and the noticeable part01:58:45
neutron stars and black holes which we01:58:47
we see these objects in binary systems but01:58:50
there are still only a few of them01:58:53
several reasons, firstly not all01:58:56
objects are formed in binary systems and01:58:58
Secondly, there are several ways01:58:59
double system destroy double01:59:02
the system is stable because two objects01:59:04
we are attracted to each other01:59:06
such a situation they are attracted to each other01:59:09
friend there is like a rope01:59:10
gravity which where they spin01:59:12
spinning means trying to fly away like01:59:15
We usually remember Tom Sawyer twisting01:59:17
rats on a string if a string01:59:20
break the rex like that and naturally it will fly away01:59:23
in fact, if there was a rat01:59:25
mass like that they would have scattered into01:59:27
different sides how to break01:59:29
the gravity rope needs to be sharp01:59:31
reduce the mass of one of the stars01:59:34
such a good way to reduce weight01:59:35
stars are a supernova explosion remember01:59:38
that our massive stars are exploding01:59:40
which were 10 20 30 times heavier01:59:42
the sun remains, for example, neutron01:59:45
the star has the same mass as the sun01:59:47
maybe one and a half, that is, most01:59:50
flew away and that means there is now a second star01:59:52
attracts not 30 in the sun only01:59:54
one sun gravitational mass01:59:56
the rope broke and the system fell apart01:59:58
thus most of the neutron02:00:02
stars and black holes it turns out02:00:03
single objects and then02:00:06
nothing to leak, an important task arises as02:00:09
how to see old neutron stars02:00:12
young we know radio pulsar magnetars02:00:14
how to see old neutron star02:00:16
if they are single or single black02:00:18
holes on one side seems like a challenge02:00:22
impossible at all but detailed02:00:26
examination will show us that the task02:00:27
just very heavy and partially to the end02:00:30
still unresolved space itself02:00:33
It's not empty; there is gas and dust in space02:00:36
eventually stars are formed and02:00:38
compression02:00:39
clouds of interstellar gas and dust and02:00:41
by the way, if you02:00:42
build a starship to fly between02:00:45
stars then this environment02:00:48
which fills the space between02:00:49
will be a big problem for you with one02:00:52
on the other hand, there are some projects that are very02:00:54
if you love science fiction, you can right here02:00:57
hydrogen that flies between stars02:00:58
use as fuel with another02:01:00
imagine you are flying from02:01:02
near light speed otherwise02:01:03
traveling between the stars is not interesting02:01:05
fly and even if there is very little environment there, but with02:01:10
from your point of view every hydrogen atom02:01:12
in the interstellar medium flies into your forehead02:01:14
head on to your ship at a speed close to02:01:16
to the speed of light there arises a lot02:01:18
everything will be bad from the banal02:01:20
warm up until it occurs02:01:22
radioactivity so technically it's02:01:24
such a serious problem this way02:01:26
substances in space are still some kind02:01:28
there are also single neutrons02:01:31
stars and black holes can start02:01:34
pull pull it on yourself02:01:35
astrophysics stuff it's called02:01:37
accretion of matter is stretched02:01:40
be gravitationally attracted in a given02:01:42
case to a compact object and then we have02:01:46
a situation arises approximately like double02:01:48
systems only substances less each02:01:51
gram that fell on a neutron star02:01:53
for example, it releases 10 into 20 and RKK energy02:01:56
that's a lot02:01:57
this is ten percent of mc square then02:02:00
there is a large share of what stands out02:02:02
for example in a thermonuclear explosion so02:02:05
accretion is a scary effective way02:02:07
if you find at least 100 billion grams02:02:11
per year you can get enough02:02:14
a noticeable object, however, they have not yet02:02:17
open this is such an important task task02:02:21
important both in general and for those nearby02:02:24
future next serious Russian02:02:26
space project is satellite spectrum02:02:29
x-ray gamma he will do a review02:02:32
the entire sky including X-ray02:02:34
rays and there is hope that he can start02:02:38
open single deniers02:02:40
neutron stars with black holes02:02:43
a little more complicated and they still don’t have02:02:44
surface and therefore a very bright object02:02:47
it won't work no impact surface but02:02:50
substance falling on a black friend02:02:53
spin into a disk and you can hope02:02:55
you need to see this disk for this too02:02:58
review the sky but most likely not in02:03:00
X-rays and infrared and02:03:03
maybe some of the future projects02:03:05
will help you discover02:03:06
single neutron stars and black02:03:10
holes in this way watching and Greece on02:03:12
these compact objects nevertheless we02:03:14
we can talk about what actually02:03:18
elusively solitary black holes02:03:20
discovered there is another very interesting one02:03:23
a way to open an object even if it is02:03:26
we are not visible at all, any object has02:03:29
at least one property that is neither02:03:31
nowhere to go02:03:32
this is the mass you can make an object out of02:03:35
anything especially if the black hole is on02:03:37
has a remarkable feature02:03:38
so that you don’t throw it there, everything turns out02:03:41
you can do pretty much the same thing02:03:43
black hole made of dark matter from02:03:47
absolutely some amazing particles02:03:49
and she will still have some mass02:03:53
so it’s a massive object anyway02:03:55
distort the space around them and so02:03:59
this effect is a distortion effect02:04:00
space can be found why02:04:03
the first idea is clear if we could02:04:06
fly back and forth then we would just02:04:08
we felt like we were being pulled somewhere02:04:10
it seems like you can't see anything there, a black hole02:04:12
neutron is really almost invisible02:04:15
a star is an object 10 kilometers in size02:04:17
ten kilometers is a small asteroid02:04:20
see at cosmic distances02:04:23
old single neutron star02:04:24
quite non-trivially she can very02:04:27
little and chance, but we are flying to the ship and02:04:29
we begin to be attracted to why because02:04:31
that space has become distorted and we seem to02:04:33
Let's roll into this hole02:04:35
we roll to me only we roll all that02:04:39
spreads through this space02:04:41
including the light, it’s wonderful02:04:44
gravitational lensing effect02:04:46
was predicted02:04:48
actually immediately after creating abs02:04:50
the theory of relativity, more precisely02:04:53
what effect can be02:04:54
people knew food but the general theory02:04:56
relativity gave good numerical02:04:58
predictions and during solar02:05:01
eclipse was able to test this effect02:05:04
we need to measure02:05:06
position of stars in the sky when light02:05:09
comes freely to us and when on the way02:05:11
there is some massive object standing here02:05:13
regularly02:05:14
we can see how the stars turn out02:05:18
next to the sun's disk02:05:19
Naturally, it’s hard to see stars during the day02:05:22
but if we have a sunny02:05:24
eclipse then we can watch02:05:26
stars close to the solar disk people02:05:28
from observations and predictions02:05:30
did a great job that is02:05:32
general theory prediction02:05:33
relativity coincided with the data02:05:35
observations then people thought about it02:05:38
that this effect can be observed if02:05:41
between us and some distant source02:05:44
most likely flying by a star, for example02:05:47
another star and people made ratings02:05:50
it turned out that the events are extremely rare02:05:52
that is, you need to monitor it throughout the year02:05:54
millions of stars to see at least02:05:57
one such lensing event like us02:05:59
we can see the effects will be 2 102:06:02
husband named the apparent position of the star02:06:04
the sky will shift a little02:06:07
the second effect is easier to observe star02:06:10
that we observe will become brighter because02:06:13
what does a gravitational lens work like?02:06:15
converging lens02:06:16
the light comes and now it is collected by the lens and02:06:19
came to us through a telescope, for example, that is02:06:22
we measure the brightness of a star, it increased when02:06:25
a lens flies between us and the star02:06:28
then fell back when the lens flew away02:06:31
so you can watch millions02:06:34
stars task was technically impossible02:06:36
almost a hundred years, but then CCDs appeared02:06:39
CCD matrices are characterized by02:06:43
megapixels, that is, millions02:06:45
elements that receive the image02:06:48
means if you have the field filled in and02:06:51
you can see the stars in one picture02:06:53
watch the shine of millions of stars at once02:06:55
terribly convenient and as soon as it became02:06:58
technically possible people started looking02:07:00
gravitational lensing effect02:07:02
and he was immediately discovered to be lensed02:07:05
allows you to determine the mass of an object02:07:07
which acts as a lens and it turned out02:07:11
that in some cases the mass of an object02:07:14
large say 10 solar masses 67 solar02:07:18
if it was a star that star with02:07:21
mass 8 10 ma the sun is very bright and02:07:23
clearly visible and observations showed that02:07:26
the object is completely dark and the only one02:07:29
dark object that can have such02:07:31
mass and fly somewhere nearby in our02:07:33
the galaxy that we know is black02:07:36
hole so there are several very02:07:39
good candidates for single black02:07:41
holes that were opened with02:07:43
microlensing has one drawback02:07:46
lensing occurred black hole02:07:48
flew between us somehow distant02:07:50
stars and flew away we can't02:07:52
observe not before lensing not after02:07:55
lensing we see only the effect itself02:07:57
so confirm what the event is02:08:00
black dramas are responsible for02:08:02
unfortunately we can't02:08:03
so on the one hand we know that02:08:06
there are good candidates for black holes with02:08:08
on the other hand, reliable candidates for02:08:10
single black holes or old ones02:08:12
neutron stars not yet from this02:08:14
remains a task for the future02:08:16
in all natural sciences partly02:08:20
unnatural and unnatural02:08:22
sciences have a craving for a unified picture not02:08:25
only to systematization but also to attempt02:08:27
describe everything from a single position02:08:29
by uniform laws it is so natural02:08:33
the path of development of any science02:08:35
the most famous is of course the creation02:08:37
great unification theories in physics02:08:40
once you thought that electricity and02:08:42
magnetism is different things then everything02:08:44
put it into electromagnetism later02:08:46
united the electromagnetic weak02:08:48
strong interactions were then added02:08:51
nuclear interactions are the dream02:08:54
is to add gravity02:08:56
create a truly unified theory02:08:58
if there is evolution in the system then it is02:09:01
opens up additional routes to02:09:03
unification here in our lives bunnies in02:09:05
squirrels don't transform but we know that02:09:07
his bunnies and squirrels have one thing in common02:09:10
ancestor so in a sense biology too02:09:13
strives to explain everything from a single point of view02:09:16
positions evolution allows it great02:09:18
to do so is really an urge02:09:21
explain a wide variety of objects02:09:24
within the framework of some single picture02:09:26
exists everywhere and astrophysics02:09:28
there are no neutron stars here02:09:30
except02:09:31
but as they say, to unite02:09:34
need to resolutely disassociate ourselves from02:09:36
delimiting him neutron stars all02:09:38
it was good in the beginning radios were opened02:09:40
Pulsars are young neutron stars02:09:43
which spin quite quickly for them02:09:45
there is a magnetic field because of this02:09:47
arises as they tell me thermal02:09:49
radiation02:09:50
this is primarily radio emissions but02:09:53
there are pulsars that we see02:09:55
pulsating in all visible ranges02:09:57
in infrared and ultraviolet02:09:59
X-ray to the gamut then steel02:10:01
discover young neutron stars02:10:03
other types, for example magnetars, one of02:10:06
the most beautiful02:10:07
astronomical discoveries ever02:10:09
made in our country on March 5, 7902:10:13
as part of the experiment, a cone on devices02:10:15
minyar was registered very02:10:17
powerful02:10:18
gamma flash after flash shine not02:10:22
dropped to 0 and such pulsations appeared with02:10:25
a period of a few seconds and quite02:10:27
fast and realized that it was a neutron star they found02:10:30
where is she located02:10:32
showed that this young object appeared02:10:35
a new type of activity of young neutrons02:10:37
stars further this zoo was replenished and ended02:10:41
There were probably seven of them in the 90s02:10:45
different classes of young neutron stars02:10:48
who showed themselves as astra02:10:50
physical object of very different types and02:10:52
it seemed that they were doomed to be born radio02:10:56
pulsar central magnetar02:10:58
compact object in a supernova remnant02:11:01
or anything else02:11:02
but then new observations appeared02:11:06
it turned out that the object was not doomed at all02:11:09
exhibit one type of activity and02:11:12
there bunnies can turn into squirrels02:11:15
for example, once upon a time there was a radio pulsar observed02:11:18
it was like a pulsar radio and suddenly it started02:11:19
emit flares like a magnetar object from02:11:24
one class moved to another and began to open02:11:27
transient magnetars are not transient02:11:29
means showing vigorous activity02:11:32
for some time it is possible02:11:34
flaring and calm02:11:36
at other times that02:11:38
By the way, they occupy the main period02:11:41
observations means if we see it in02:11:44
active phase02:11:45
then the calm fasion manifests itself as02:11:47
an object of a completely different type, but we are sure02:11:51
that these are all young neutron stars02:11:53
little by little such data became more and more02:11:55
more and more arose more and more02:11:58
connections between different types of neutron02:12:00
stars and there was a strong urge associated with02:12:04
real observational data02:12:06
anyway, how to explain this and it arose02:12:09
grand unification concept for02:12:11
neutron color which would allow02:12:14
explain all this variety of types02:12:17
some unified physics the main question02:12:21
which here arises as structured and02:12:25
evolutionary connections between objects02:12:27
different types if there is a single path02:12:30
for example an object can be born as02:12:32
the magnetar will then manifest itself as02:12:34
cooling neutron star then how02:12:36
radio pulsar or02:12:38
a variety of options are possible and what02:12:41
parameters are responsible for this if we02:12:43
we talk about evolution then we talk about02:12:45
evolution of some parameters02:12:47
properties02:12:48
neutron star from this point of view02:12:50
astrophysical point of view object02:12:52
pretty simple there's not much02:12:54
parameters that describe all of it02:12:56
let's see the main manifestations02:12:59
what could a neutron have?02:13:01
stars first mass mass y02:13:04
neutron stars does not change much if02:13:06
we are talking about single stars, you can with02:13:09
it is highly accurate to assume that she02:13:10
constantly and no evolution here02:13:12
you just can’t arrange it like that in the second place02:13:16
speed speed which is neutron02:13:19
the star moves relative to its02:13:20
neighbors environment around first we know02:13:23
that objects of different types can have02:13:25
very different speeds secondly02:13:27
you can't slow down a neutron star quickly02:13:29
I can't speed it up either02:13:31
some kind of evolution next important02:13:33
the parameter is the period of rotation from it02:13:36
it really depends a lot we02:13:38
we know that it evolves02:13:39
but in single objects it evolves02:13:42
they rotate almost in one direction02:13:44
slower and slower and slower02:13:45
there is no special spin02:13:48
general mechanism so arrange again02:13:52
some kind of evolution by changing the period02:13:54
it turns out there is a temperature with02:13:59
the temperature is a little tricky of course02:14:01
there is a general trend02:14:02
the object must cool down but the neutrons02:14:05
stars may have internal sources02:14:07
warmth that allows her02:14:10
or stay hot for a long time or even02:14:12
warm up over time but not here02:14:16
it looks like there was some temperature02:14:18
the first reason is more of an indicator of how02:14:20
clock at the station the train comes not because02:14:23
that at 11 o'clock you can remove the clock02:14:25
stop translate but the clock is for you02:14:28
show when the train arrives and then02:14:31
the neutron star still has one important02:14:34
parameter is magnetic field02:14:38
neutron stars have large02:14:40
magnetic fields are large02:14:43
really big02:14:44
Here in the sun the magnetic field is approximately02:14:46
the same as on the surface of the earth02:14:49
stars whose surfaces are magnetic02:14:51
fields are hundreds of times larger than in the sun02:14:55
here on the surface of neutron stars fields02:14:57
more than in the sun or on earth02:14:59
a thousand billion times sometimes millions02:15:03
billions of times, that is, much more and02:15:05
there are several reasons for this, the first one is very02:15:09
a simple neutron star is formed when02:15:11
compression of the core of an ordinary star and magnetic02:15:14
the field comes and intensifies if we02:15:18
let's draw magnetic lines of force like this02:15:21
at school everyone drew ley lines02:15:22
magnets made such a butterfly02:15:24
imagine you drew this02:15:26
then the drawing began to compress the number02:15:28
the power lines remain the same but02:15:31
the ball they pass through02:15:32
the line density is becoming less and less02:15:34
increasing this corresponds to an increase02:15:37
magnetic field but apparently02:15:40
this is not enough for education either02:15:42
magnetic fields02:15:44
most deputy personal neutron stars02:15:46
such as magnetars you need some kind02:15:48
special mechanism to enhance magnetic02:15:50
we don’t know yet how it works, but02:15:52
apparently he is a certain02:15:55
the task is to determine it so magnetic02:15:58
the field is already a good parameter although for02:16:01
for a long time it seemed that he02:16:03
evolution should be simple too02:16:06
simple02:16:07
evolution is the simplest, it is constant02:16:09
the parameter does not change at all02:16:11
complex evolution is a decrease02:16:14
attenuation that is, we are used to seeing it02:16:16
times amenable if there are no02:16:18
external energy sources or something02:16:22
what else leads the system to more02:16:25
an ordered state is needed here02:16:28
remember where they come from02:16:29
magnetic fields a neutron star is not02:16:33
a magnet in the usual sense, that is, something like this02:16:35
piece of iron blue on one side red on02:16:37
another neutron stars have magnetic fields02:16:40
generated by currents02:16:42
that is, speaking of magnetic fields we must02:16:44
imagine what's inside somewhere02:16:46
neutron star02:16:48
very powerful currents flow02:16:50
generate this very magnetic field and02:16:52
here there is already room for02:16:55
fantasies of theorists because02:16:57
refuses the currents can be made stronger and02:17:01
weaker you can come up with processes that will02:17:04
these currents change although the general direction02:17:06
of course it doesn't matter to a decrease in value02:17:09
currents but they can evolve except02:17:12
In addition, the magnetic field can02:17:15
shield if we surround the neutron02:17:18
star with some kind of conductive screen02:17:21
we may not see the material from the outside02:17:26
magnetic field to see it weakened and02:17:29
this too, strangely enough, can work in02:17:32
astrophysics and thus now02:17:35
the picture of the great began to take shape02:17:38
associations of neutron stars where everyone02:17:40
the main ideas are tied to evolution02:17:44
magnetic field02:17:45
it turned out that it was really very02:17:46
good parameter magnetic fields very02:17:49
different objects of different types of magnetars02:17:52
larger pulsars have fewer02:17:54
central compact objects in02:17:56
there are even smaller supernova remnants except02:17:59
Moreover, the magnetic field can have both02:18:02
they say different topologies, greatly simplifying02:18:05
different shapes02:18:06
maybe a very simple field like this02:18:08
this butterfly is near a magnet or maybe02:18:10
for example small field loops close02:18:12
surface it turns out that we are far away02:18:15
we see the field not very strong close up02:18:16
the surface is very strong or field02:18:19
maybe something twisted02:18:20
twisted this will lead to02:18:22
process of additional allocation02:18:23
energy and thus became possible02:18:27
explain where transients come from02:18:29
magnetars they have an evolving magnetic02:18:32
field sometimes one of the components of the field02:18:34
intensifies and then suddenly02:18:36
energy begins to be actively released02:18:39
roughly speaking it starts to happen02:18:40
short circuits in a neutron star and02:18:43
the flash releases a large amount02:18:45
energy has passed this release of energy02:18:48
the field again became smaller on average and02:18:50
the object can be seen for example as02:18:52
pulse radio02:18:53
just recently another one became popular02:18:56
evolutionary mechanism that allows02:18:59
add the last main link between02:19:03
different types of neutron stars02:19:05
this mechanism allows you to increase02:19:08
visible02:19:09
magnetic field the idea is this02:19:12
how a neutron star is born02:19:15
massive star exploded02:19:17
supernova outer layers flew away core02:19:20
collapsed to form a neutron star02:19:22
everything is fine but not all layers are shed on02:19:28
can fly to infinity02:19:30
gravity is still strong enough02:19:32
and some of the substance may fall back02:19:34
falling stuff is very good02:19:36
conductive substance and such a thing is possible02:19:39
situation when02:19:41
matter falls onto a neutron star02:19:43
big enough to press the magnetic02:19:46
field to the surface and it turns out02:19:48
funny object inside you can have02:19:51
neutron star with a very large field02:19:53
or you can say very large02:19:55
currents flowing in it, but outside it all02:19:59
covered with a thick layer of conductive02:20:02
matter and the observer at infinity02:20:04
that is, you and I see an object with a very02:20:06
small field star very bad02:20:09
no frantic activity slows down02:20:12
observed we seem to see just like that02:20:14
this 10-kilometer ball which02:20:15
glows according to its02:20:18
temperature somewhere a million degrees and that's it02:20:21
to us it seems like a completely calm object02:20:23
but there can be anything we include02:20:26
magnetar 1s are very actively studying them02:20:30
now the objects are just02:20:31
a candidate in such a crowded02:20:33
magnetars discovered this people are quite02:20:36
in an interesting way02:20:37
this object is observed in X-ray02:20:40
range and it pulsates02:20:43
but this does not mean that the object is compressed02:20:45
or simply expands to it02:20:48
the surface has a hotter area02:20:50
cooler neutron star02:20:51
spinning and that's why sometimes we see02:20:53
less hot surface needed02:20:56
so the pulsations are very strong and when02:20:59
people tried to simulate it02:21:01
it turned out that in order to create such02:21:04
non-uniform temperature on the surface02:21:06
you need a very strong magnetic field and we02:21:09
we see by the slowdown so that02:21:11
this seems to be his only fame02:21:13
a reasonable explanation is that the external02:21:16
field which is responsible for deceleration02:21:18
a neutron star has a small02:21:19
magnitude and large currents flow inside02:21:22
a large field is supported02:21:24
closed from us by these attackers02:21:26
material, but this is not forever, but from a point02:21:29
view of the life of a neutron color at all02:21:31
a short period of time in a few02:21:34
tens of thousands of years the field is still02:21:36
will get out and thus now02:21:39
and came up with a mechanism and found02:21:41
observational evidence in favor02:21:43
that it can be realized02:21:45
which allows you to transform the most02:21:48
quiet neutron stars at their most02:21:50
stormy, that is, for several thousand years02:21:54
lock up a neutron star make it02:21:56
calm in such a straitjacket02:21:59
and then she will still sneak out02:22:01
no magnetic field of a neutron star02:22:04
will make its way out and out of this shell02:22:07
magnetar will hatch if it02:22:10
is actually being implemented02:22:11
then we actually have it in our hands02:22:15
evolutionary scenarios that connect02:22:18
together with at least everything known on02:22:20
today's class and neutron02:22:22
stars from the other side of observation02:22:24
allowed over the past 20 years02:22:28
expand the neutron star zoo02:22:31
so it's quite possible in a few02:22:35
tens of years or in a few years02:22:37
some new amazing ones will appear02:22:39
objects that will not fit into02:22:41
this picture and the process of the great02:22:44
unification will need to continue02:22:45
keep looking for some new ones02:22:47
evolutionary connections02:22:49
all happy families are happy equally02:22:52
all unhappy family is unhappy02:22:54
in my own way I always dreamed of starting lectures02:22:56
So let's leave the unhappy families to the lion02:22:59
Nikolaevich let's look at the happy one02:23:02
does the phrase look like some kind of law?02:23:08
he really has such a degree of generality02:23:09
strictly speaking you need to check02:23:11
that really all happy families02:23:13
during war and during peace and family02:23:16
Cossacks and 7 and Philip core i7 and02:23:18
Australian 7 and Swedish Si are happy02:23:20
it really is the same02:23:22
check02:23:23
if we want to move from literature to02:23:25
science in this case to sociology02:23:27
indeed all science works02:23:28
approximately the same, that is, we want to write02:23:31
some law of astrophysics02:23:34
it will be a physical law but further02:23:37
you need to check it in different situations02:23:41
because although there is a great temptation02:23:43
say that the book of nature is written in02:23:46
the language of mathematics is actually of course02:23:49
not everything is so simple in fact we are her02:23:51
we write, we look at nature and write02:23:54
some book in the language of mathematics if we02:23:57
Have you already written a piece and have you02:24:00
some great physicists wrote in02:24:02
19th century before us then the continuation may02:24:05
I have to be alternative like this02:24:07
happened when the last harry was leaving02:24:09
Potter I was too lazy to buy it02:24:11
because it was very heavy and I02:24:13
searched on the Internet and other things started on02:24:15
I liked the alternative sequel02:24:17
me more than the original and then in02:24:18
science really does happen02:24:20
some kind of law, for example laws02:24:22
electrodynamics seem to be fine02:24:23
known they began to be taught at school02:24:25
finished studying at the institute then02:24:27
forgot but if we move to the limits02:24:31
very strongly in the fields then arise here02:24:34
alternative histories we start from02:24:38
known laws with standard fields02:24:41
and we extrapolate the waters of the strong and this02:24:44
can be done one way or another02:24:46
all theorists are like different writers02:24:49
there are different views on how she is02:24:50
arranged02:24:51
therefore, after all, in the natural sciences02:24:54
we need to check for this02:24:56
indeed, if we want to study these02:24:58
happy families we need to travel around02:24:59
around the world and collect data they02:25:01
look the same they are happy to02:25:04
unfortunately the experiment is always limited02:25:08
there are always some limit values02:25:10
parameters that can be experimentally02:25:12
get well from the most banal02:25:15
for example if you study gravity you02:25:18
you can study gravity on a scale02:25:21
this earth scale room run02:25:23
launch satellites into earth orbit02:25:26
satellites into orbit in the solar system02:25:28
but study the laws of gravity in large02:25:32
scales you can't with02:25:33
laboratory instruments you need02:25:35
refer to the natural process in02:25:37
nature is the most commonplace of laboratories02:25:39
it's just over sometimes we don't have enough02:25:42
some capacities some possibilities02:25:44
create extreme parameters in02:25:46
laboratory and therefore again02:25:48
turn to natural processes more often02:25:50
all this is a process of astrophysics and02:25:52
It was not for nothing that Academician Zeldovich called02:25:54
the universe is an accelerator for the poor here02:25:57
people spent 10 years building and building and finally02:25:59
built some big one02:26:01
the accelerator is tired of accelerating particles02:26:03
up to high energies02:26:05
but particles fly from space with02:26:07
they fly with billions of times more energy02:26:10
they arrive every day02:26:12
In principle, you can take them for free too02:26:13
and study and neutron stars is like02:26:18
since such unique natural02:26:20
laboratories where there are many parameters02:26:23
a variety of parameters have been brought to02:26:26
limits are really possible for02:26:28
within the limits existing in nature there are02:26:30
such a funny pseudo theorem02:26:32
that neutron stars are super objects02:26:35
can be proven very simply in neutron02:26:37
stars we have super strong02:26:38
gravitational fields are super strong02:26:40
electromagnetic fields of superconductivity02:26:42
fluidity thus the theorem is proven02:26:44
neutron stars are really super02:26:46
object and therefore physicists really02:26:49
loves very much and shares the most valuable things in02:26:51
they have the Nobel Prizes02:26:54
truly physicists to astrophysicists02:26:58
sometimes they look sideways and low their heads02:27:01
tilting, that is, braids, in other words, why02:27:04
because in astrophysics it really is02:27:07
the experiment is out of our control02:27:08
we have surveillance02:27:10
this is very different from straight02:27:12
experiment and when we cannot directly02:27:14
to manipulate the objects being studied is02:27:16
of course worse it is less reliable02:27:18
result but sometimes the situation is like this02:27:20
with nowhere else to go and02:27:23
neutron stars are just perfect02:27:25
Here's an example for exoplanets02:27:27
most likely never a Nobel Prize02:27:29
they won't let you at least eat something like this02:27:30
the general consensus is that this is very important02:27:32
remarkable astrophysical discovery02:27:34
has nothing to do with physics02:27:36
the discovery of the neutron was immediately clear02:27:39
which is terribly interesting for physics therefore02:27:41
and for the discovery of neutron stars for radio02:27:44
pulsars due to the discovery of the first dual radios02:27:48
pulsars first pairs neutron star02:27:50
neutron stars were issued02:27:53
corresponding to the Nobel Prize and02:27:55
at the end we will try to imagine what02:27:57
more awards can be issued, so what?02:28:00
interesting things can be learned by looking at02:28:03
neutron stars02:28:04
Well, first of all, what was it really for?02:28:06
2nd Nobel Prize awarded is strong02:28:09
gravitational fields02:28:11
in principle the strongest gravitational02:28:13
fields exist in the vicinity of black02:28:15
holes and but there is great difficulty in02:28:17
black hole has no surface so02:28:20
right on the horizon, basically nothing02:28:22
they don’t glow especially and don’t last long02:28:24
we are seeing a large number02:28:27
candidates are a black hole but how do we get them02:28:29
we see for the most part we see02:28:30
substance that revolves around black02:28:32
holes but general relativity02:28:34
there is a very interesting feature if in02:28:38
ordinary theory of gravity into Newtonian02:28:40
gravity we will take some ball02:28:42
and we will place it in different orbits02:28:44
around the gravitating center and we will do02:28:46
these orbits are getting closer closer closer ever02:28:48
these will be circular orbits if02:28:50
the central object is massive. For example02:28:52
then at any distance from it you can02:28:55
circular orbit to spin the ball in total02:28:57
theory of relativity everything is wrong02:28:59
ultimate stable circular orbit02:29:02
if we place an object closer it02:29:04
pretty quickly into his father's spiral and02:29:06
falls on a black hole so even if02:29:09
we have a powerful beautiful accretion02:29:11
disk around my black hole we see it02:29:14
it doesn't end with02:29:15
black holes on the horizon and then maybe02:29:18
be three times further depends on02:29:20
how a black hole spins02:29:21
which direction does the disk spin therefore02:29:24
study what is happening very strongly02:29:26
gravitational fields in black holes02:29:28
often difficult and she is a neutron star02:29:31
itself may be less than this last one02:29:33
stable orbits it has a solid02:29:35
surface and we can do everything there perfectly02:29:37
study another very important for physicists02:29:40
the thing is related to the high density inside02:29:43
neutron star there with matter02:29:45
all sorts of interesting things start to happen02:29:47
things like substance despite02:29:50
high temperature temperature in the depths02:29:52
neutron star can be up to02:29:54
billions of degrees but even with02:29:57
temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees02:29:58
the substance may end up in a superfluid02:30:00
condition02:30:01
at the same time if we have protons02:30:03
turned out to be a superfluid state02:30:05
means superconductivity we can02:30:08
observe all sorts of interesting effects02:30:10
for example, a superfluid liquid spins02:30:13
not like regular liquid if you02:30:15
take a glass of superfluid liquid02:30:17
and start turning 100k then the liquid is like02:30:19
whole will not rotate liquid02:30:21
a whirlwind will arise, this is by the way in02:30:23
studied in laboratories, you can see02:30:25
wonderful videos really02:30:27
these vortices and a neutron star arise02:30:29
you work in a sense like this02:30:31
glass has a large neutron star02:30:34
it does not have a superfluid crust yet02:30:37
some charged layers that are connected02:30:39
with the cortex, for example, the same protons but02:30:42
there may be superfluid neutrons and then02:30:45
the star rotates as a whole and the neutron02:30:48
supercurrent liquid neutron02:30:50
the liquid inside is spinning completely02:30:51
in another way it forms within itself02:30:53
vortices and they can spin in different ways02:30:56
star and neutron liquid star02:31:00
slows down because it's magnetic02:31:03
pulsar radio ball and02:31:06
due to the existence of external magnetic02:31:08
fields will be those things that will be02:31:10
slow down the rotation of a neutron star02:31:12
star decelerated superfluid liquid02:31:14
doesn't know anything about it yet, she's spinning02:31:16
fast but you can’t accumulate this difference02:31:19
at the rate of rotation endlessly at the end02:31:22
the ends of the system vortex and rearrange02:31:23
rotation speeds are equalized and that02:31:27
will happen the star was already spinning slowly02:31:29
the liquid was still spinning quickly if they02:31:32
align their properties means02:31:34
the fluid transfers its rotation to the star02:31:36
we will see like a neutron star02:31:38
suddenly the pad was spinning such events02:31:40
observed are called glitchy and this is according to02:31:43
apparently a unique opportunity02:31:44
study the behavior of death heap in liquid02:31:47
on such a large scale we have of course02:31:50
there is no possibility to create a 10-kilometer02:31:52
glass on the ground and do it there02:31:54
superfluid neutrons are another problem in02:31:58
in a good way the problem is like English02:32:00
term problem problem other interesting02:32:03
the problem is due to the fact that the high02:32:06
density lead to transformation02:32:08
elementary particles of the coffin it is possible02:32:11
formulate what it consists of02:32:13
neutron star but naively possible02:32:15
say from the neutrons you passed into02:32:17
I don’t drag the canteen, it says cutlets02:32:19
from beef it would be naive to think about it02:32:21
consists of a newspaper, not everything is so simple02:32:23
just like on the neutron02:32:25
the star really has models where02:32:29
80 percent neutron star02:32:31
it really consists of neutrons02:32:34
These are the oldest conservative model02:32:36
but maybe neutrons neutrons02:32:37
stars 10-20 percent02:32:39
maybe 30 everything else is some02:32:42
other particles are similar to those in a cutlet02:32:44
this happens because when compressed02:32:48
matter and in a neutron star matter02:32:50
just compressed by the gravity of the star02:32:52
the star gives itself02:32:53
and in the center of density can exceed02:32:56
the density of the atomic nucleus is ten times well02:32:59
conservatively several times a day02:33:01
laboratory we can't get close to02:33:03
in such a situation, the best we can02:33:05
make in the laboratory how to unwind02:33:07
core02:33:08
on the accelerator hit its wall and02:33:11
target and for a short time we have02:33:14
a hot, very dense medium will arise, but02:33:18
make a cold very dense environment yes02:33:20
in addition it is stable so that it can be02:33:22
it was impossible to study the laboratories02:33:24
neutron stars it exists in02:33:26
result in the depths of neutron means02:33:28
there may be quite exotic02:33:30
forms and substances of the greatest exotic02:33:32
probably the hypothesis about quarks02:33:35
matter everyone knows that protons and02:33:38
neutrons are not whole particles02:33:41
they are composed of quarks each02:33:43
out of three02:33:44
and pull the quark out of the neutron or02:33:46
proton pro02:33:47
it's not possible sometimes it illustrates02:33:49
so to pull out quark you need02:33:51
spend so much energy that on another02:33:54
at the end a new quark will appear, that is, you02:33:56
pull out a couple02:33:57
a new quark will be born due to that energy02:33:59
which you put into autos nodding and02:34:01
therefore, in a normal situation there are free02:34:03
there are no quarks but you can go02:34:07
completely against but also start proton02:34:09
and squeeze the neutron and then quarks02:34:13
who were locked in individual02:34:14
farms of neutrons and protons at02:34:17
high pressure02:34:18
suddenly they become free02:34:21
quartz collective farm, this is quartz02:34:24
substance this is a very interesting hypothesis02:34:25
apparently the only place in02:34:28
nature where such an interesting thing can02:34:30
exist this is exactly the depths of neutron stars02:34:33
The next point of interest for physicists is02:34:35
due to the fact that neutron stars02:34:37
very strong magnetic fields are strong02:34:41
millions billions times more than02:34:44
on earth or in the sun is it real02:34:47
very high values again in02:34:48
We can’t get this in laboratories.02:34:50
and our usual electrodynamics can02:34:54
they can behave very interestingly there02:34:57
All sorts of interesting things happen02:34:59
which at low magnetic fields02:35:01
low is some thousands of billions02:35:04
times more than on earth or in the sun02:35:08
in such fields these processes do not occur, but in02:35:10
neutron stars they can go it02:35:12
you can really watch people02:35:13
trying to move in this direction02:35:16
so neutron stars are02:35:18
truly unique physical02:35:20
laboratories and astronomical observations02:35:22
in this sense, they complement laboratory02:35:25
experiments, that is, for example, if you02:35:27
want to study nuclear physics you need02:35:30
build not only accelerators02:35:31
or reactor you need to build and02:35:33
satellites to observe neutrons02:35:35
stars for example, watch how they02:35:37
are cooling down02:35:38
they cool down quite interestingly02:35:40
neutron star02:35:42
a newborn is a very hot object and02:35:45
the first approximately 100,000 years of its life02:35:48
the neutron star cools down mostly02:35:51
from the surface like everyone else does02:35:53
normal body a from the center due to emission02:35:56
nejtrino is happening very interesting02:35:58
process02:35:59
heat flows into the center of the star but also in some02:36:01
sense the neutrino disappears we observe02:36:04
we practically cannot directly02:36:06
now embedded are escaping from the neutron02:36:09
stars carrying away all this energy and02:36:10
The surface of a neutron star is cooling02:36:12
it is not the process itself that can be observed02:36:15
cooling down02:36:16
but we can see a neutron star02:36:17
of different ages measure their temperature02:36:20
surface and thus02:36:22
complements our knowledge of nuclear physics02:36:24
since the process and neutron02:36:26
radiation, then the processes are already associated with02:36:29
nuclear physics and thus02:36:32
astronomical observations02:36:34
complement laboratory experiments in02:36:37
At the beginning we promised to dream up some02:36:39
there may still be Nobel Prizes02:36:41
awarded for non-neutron research02:36:43
stars but probably the first and most reliable02:36:47
this is the gravitational wave bonus02:36:50
gravitational waves have been predicted02:36:53
general theory of relativity indirectly we02:36:55
we know that they exist but they are very important02:36:58
catch directly and the best way is02:37:01
make it watch one of the most02:37:04
grandiose processes in the nature of merger02:37:06
two neutron stars system of two02:37:08
the usual maxims of the stars each exploded02:37:10
made it through the neutron star system survived02:37:12
and at the end of their lives neutron stars02:37:15
will merge little by little, getting closer to each other02:37:18
due to radiation from gravitational pools but02:37:20
last fall process02:37:22
literally a neutron star on02:37:24
neutron star accompanied02:37:25
release of enormous energy and in the form02:37:28
gravitational waves and in the form02:37:29
electromagnetic waves are scary02:37:32
interesting to watch it is very important for02:37:34
several special ones were built for this purpose02:37:36
gravitational in small antenne to02:37:38
imagine how much it is02:37:39
essentially you can say something like this02:37:42
when the Americans planned to build02:37:46
these antennas02:37:47
was simultaneously planned02:37:49
superconducting super collider02:37:51
United States goal was to open02:37:53
Higgs bosons then arose02:37:55
the need to reduce scientific02:37:57
budgets and it was necessary to close some02:37:59
a major project and so in fact02:38:02
Americans chose gravity wave02:38:04
instead of the Higgs boson, probably in the background02:38:08
the enormous popularity of the Higgs boson02:38:09
should show that there are things02:38:12
at least according to some people02:38:14
much more important than this very base02:38:16
perhaps another Nobel Prize02:38:18
will there be someday02:38:19
awarded for studying matter in the subsurface02:38:22
neutron stars are really one02:38:25
one of the biggest questions in nuclear physics02:38:27
What are the neutrons in the middle made of?02:38:29
stars can answer this question02:38:32
in such an interesting way let's imagine02:38:34
we take some piece of substance and02:38:37
we begin to squeeze how we can do this02:38:38
do say we can take neutron02:38:40
a star and quietly throw it at it02:38:41
matter she will become everything02:38:43
more massive will be stronger on itself02:38:45
press, tighten and density centers02:38:47
will grow02:38:48
we can't do this forever02:38:49
at some point the density will reach02:38:53
the critical substance will cease02:38:55
resist and our neutron star02:38:57
will collapse into a black hole02:38:59
if we find out when this happens then02:39:02
there we will find out what the mostDescription:
Все о физике компактных объектов за 3 часа Нейтронные звезды и черные дыры являются финальными стадиями эволюции массивных звезд. Эти компактные объекты не только обладают интереснейшими астрофизическими проявлениями, но и представляют огромный интерес для фундаментальной физики. Недаром за исследования нейтронных звезд было вручено уже две с половиной нобелевских премии (за открытие радиопульсаров, за обнаружение двойного пульсара и проверку ОТО, а также сюда можно отнести как минимум половину премии за развитие рентгеновской астрономии). В курсе рассматриваются различные источники, связанные с нейтронными звездами и черными дырами, эволюция нейтронных звезд, а также перспективы исследований в этой области. Содержание видео: 0:10 Жизнь звезды 14:07 Эволюция нейтронных звезд 25:40 Радиопульсары 33:27 Магнитары 47:46 Недра нейтронных звезд 55:29 Свойства двойных звезд 1:09:50 Релятивистские двойные звезды 1:22:18 Гравитационные волны 1:32:30 Черные дыры 1:39:12 Скорости компактных объектов 1:54:04 Одиночные компактные объекты 2:08:23 Великое объединение нейтронных звезд 2:22:49 Компактные объекты и фундаментальная физика Это видео собрано из материалов курса астрофизика Сергея Попова «Нейтронные звезды и черные дыры». Расшифровки и дополнительные материалы читайте здесь: https://postnauka.org/courses/17745 Сергей Попов — доктор физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник ГАИШ МГУ Поддержать ПостНауку — https://postnauka.org/donate/ Больше лекций, интервью и статей о фундаментальной науке и ученых, которые ее создают, смотрите на сайте https://postnauka.org/ ПостНаука — все, что вы хотели знать о науке, но не знали, у кого спросить. Следите за нами в социальных сетях: VK: https://vk.com/postnauka FB: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Twitter: https://twitter.com/postnauka Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/postnauka Telegram: https://t.me/postnauka
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