background top icon
background center wave icon
background filled rhombus icon
background two lines icon
background stroke rhombus icon

Download "Андрей Журавлёв| Палеонтология КОВИДной эпохи. Итоги 2020 года."

input logo icon
Video tags
|

Video tags

Итоги года
Архэ
Андрей Журавлев
Динозавры
Палеонтология
история жизни на Земле
Эволюция
Биология
Наука
Научные итоги
новости науки
ПИН
Subtitles
|

Subtitles

subtitles menu arrow
  • ruRussian
Download
00:00:14
well let's all do it then
00:00:17
good evening today we want to be closer
00:00:22
we went down to paleontology as much as possible
00:00:24
as low as possible in Moscow and
00:00:26
We are reporting from an 18th century basement
00:00:29
then comes paleontology itself
00:00:32
starts even deeper
00:00:33
but also my report, or even I’ll start with this
00:00:37
prehistoric news
00:00:39
namely, that our deputies
00:00:42
thought and thought and took the initiative
00:00:45
how can we regulate it now?
00:00:49
scientific educational activities
00:00:51
well there are several about this
00:00:54
petitions on the Internet and I recommend them to everyone
00:00:56
sign these petitions any why me
00:01:01
I'll be a little later, but now
00:01:05
Let's actually move on to paleontology
00:01:07
people always complain about me that I somehow
00:01:09
I don't forget about dinosaurs at all
00:01:12
talk about three in an hour
00:01:14
of my report, so today I'm breaking
00:01:17
ordinary traditions begin
00:01:19
dinosaurs is a reconstruction
00:01:22
gorgeous field animalist and I'm Michal
00:01:26
Michael Rathman which shows
00:01:29
families
00:01:31
deepak dismantling such combed lizards
00:01:35
who lived at the end of the Cretaceous period in
00:01:37
Montana and they became famous for the fact that
00:01:40
these lizards
00:01:41
were among the best paleontological
00:01:46
discoveries according to many
00:01:48
media including magazine
00:01:51
national geographic
00:01:52
I'm hosting the American version of it
00:01:57
they became famous and sent with the fact that
00:01:59
there was a piece of the skull of Hippocrates Saurus in
00:02:03
It seems to have preserved the fabric beautifully
00:02:06
in this cartilage tissue it seems
00:02:07
the cells have been preserved, but in the cells it seems
00:02:10
preserved DNA not paid for this I have yet
00:02:13
I will add an ellipsis to this question we
00:02:16
we'll be back but for now let's go anyway
00:02:20
ascending and let's start with idea of ​​course
00:02:23
Kara period and let's start, of course, with
00:02:26
Andrey Yurich Ivantsova
00:02:28
which showed us that in general then if
00:02:32
life in general hasn’t become any different
00:02:35
thanks to his efforts, life in ideo
00:02:37
cars.com period definitely became different
00:02:39
because Andrey Yuryevich manages
00:02:42
find it so perfect every time
00:02:45
unusual samples that are completely
00:02:47
give us new knowledge about this life
00:02:50
presented here in particular
00:02:52
depicts Dickinson's tailed legs and
00:02:55
spin sony is such a status organism and
00:02:58
savage who lived practically
00:03:00
all over the world we have not only on white
00:03:04
sea ​​but also in the Urals legs they described it
00:03:06
of course from Australia famous hills and
00:03:08
deacons
00:03:09
what's so interesting about these sony dicks, what do you see?
00:03:12
they have these little tails at the end
00:03:14
every beast
00:03:16
in fact, of course it's not
00:03:18
ponytails are some kind of growth disorder
00:03:22
Andrey Yurich believes that this is so for them
00:03:25
bacteria annoyed that they call
00:03:28
caused them lifetime disorders
00:03:30
growth formed similar tails but
00:03:32
this is not the only version
00:03:34
maybe from some genetic
00:03:35
changes that cause what
00:03:38
called in big biology kirata
00:03:41
some kind of logical structures
00:03:44
deformities
00:03:46
but they are really due more often
00:03:48
There are only genetics and some
00:03:50
Dickens didn't have a ponytail, some had one
00:03:53
even two why is this important is it important that we haven't before
00:03:57
knew where Dickens actually had his ass
00:04:00
where forward but thanks to these
00:04:02
structures now understand what they have
00:04:06
after all, it was here, that’s where that tail is
00:04:08
and the growth zone is the emergence of new ones
00:04:11
segments or as they are Andrey Yurich
00:04:14
names isomers under because from not
00:04:16
quite here are the segments
00:04:18
comparable to other normal
00:04:20
jointed animals not on the right and on the left
00:04:23
she was sitting a little symmetrically
00:04:25
here and really this is two tails
00:04:28
Dickinson shows that these
00:04:30
they are isomers
00:04:32
fell separately with the right and left
00:04:34
sides probably alternately and nickname
00:04:39
butterfield
00:04:40
from Cambridge University took up
00:04:42
friend and
00:04:43
also such a status animals dio casco
00:04:47
period of wounds to gay
00:04:49
which is also quite widespread around the world
00:04:51
was widespread but also like this
00:04:53
three-dimensional idea Kara classic and him
00:04:58
decided in one fell swoop all problems with ranks and
00:05:02
solve 1 how is she even from in three dimensions
00:05:05
state was buried being
00:05:08
soft-bodied organism without skeeter breath
00:05:10
skeletal structures, how she ate and
00:05:13
how did she even live and he assumed that
00:05:15
then all this bloating that we are here
00:05:18
we see they imagined it like this
00:05:20
cylindrical channels where it circulated
00:05:22
some kind of liquid that actually
00:05:24
tolerated nutrient solutions
00:05:26
entering through cracks or through pores from
00:05:30
outside but here is one
00:05:32
the problem arises no cracks not while we are in
00:05:35
day in rank and we don’t see here in Dickin Sony
00:05:39
like Andrey Yurich who showed Ivantsov
00:05:44
there really are gaps like this
00:05:46
similar structures on the ventral side
00:05:49
of these isomers and in them it seems even
00:05:53
traces are visible
00:05:55
eyelashes, that was his job
00:05:57
the year before or last year I
00:05:59
they also told it for Dickens
00:06:02
no possible for ranks and still at the level
00:06:05
guesswork remains, we need to look for cracks otherwise
00:06:08
it's really not clear
00:06:10
animal ate no buried as
00:06:13
but if there were really holes here they are
00:06:15
then filled after the death of the clay or
00:06:17
left like sand they remain like that
00:06:19
3D casts, well, not just these ones
00:06:24
huge soft bodies and multicellular
00:06:28
probably animals glorified the savage
00:06:31
period there are many other organisms in
00:06:34
particularly in the south of China in the Aza Gorge
00:06:39
was found not so long ago by Shiban Tanskaya
00:06:42
byod where
00:06:44
organism and is quite present
00:06:46
mixed composition there are ranks and
00:06:49
similar to Dickens not similar and very
00:06:52
there’s a lot more like this, well, I won’t say
00:06:55
what is this fauna
00:06:56
we don't know what this is all about
00:06:59
these are strange growths
00:07:02
I will explain by the surface of the sediment
00:07:05
do not spread in sediment
00:07:07
each of them has a chamber
00:07:10
the structure is about the same as here Katya is from
00:07:12
another location and grew
00:07:16
actually ad infinitum two or
00:07:18
three only 4 elise so on covered
00:07:21
the entire entire surface here for idea
00:07:23
Kara period presence of such
00:07:25
organisms are very characteristic then they
00:07:28
how do you think Kara biots and think
00:07:30
completely on the border somewhere of the idea of ​​Kara
00:07:34
Cambrian period
00:07:36
Apparently something is happening either in the composition
00:07:39
ocean or with food but also the fact that the ocean
00:07:44
basically it was different
00:07:45
because we are becoming more and more convinced
00:07:49
The group is working on this carefully
00:07:52
team of paleontologists
00:07:55
biochemists from the University of Edinburgh
00:07:59
or and the University of Leeds joint
00:08:03
efforts here want to indicate that times
00:08:06
Leta Steven is now at university
00:08:09
Cape Town is presented as so modern
00:08:12
science works graduated phd
00:08:15
look for a job wherever you want around the world
00:08:18
at least in Russia, well, especially and of course the article
00:08:23
actually me
00:08:24
I stood from the graduate students you see
00:08:27
some graduated from very different
00:08:29
prestigious universities ask
00:08:31
can I come to work with you?
00:08:33
I say of course you can, but I won’t go any further
00:08:37
go deeper into the why
00:08:40
they still don't go
00:08:44
what did this group of specialists do?
00:08:48
here at least two people wrote an article on
00:08:51
there is actually a lot of work behind this
00:08:53
from several scientific teams
00:08:55
recent years by isotope by element
00:08:59
it's all geological
00:09:02
chronicle and then carefully in different pairs
00:09:07
isotopes of elements and
00:09:09
different ratios in general states
00:09:12
these elements into what we call
00:09:14
valency is determined under what conditions
00:09:16
were in like in this particular pool
00:09:19
what conditions were there in general in the ocean and
00:09:22
figuring out the ocean in general in ideo
00:09:25
cars.com period in the Cambridge period
00:09:28
at least until the end
00:09:30
of the Ordovician period it was larger
00:09:32
degree it is oxygen-free except for the most
00:09:34
upper layers where all life is basically and
00:09:38
was concentrated and moreover with
00:09:41
the onset of large tides or
00:09:44
some other disturbances in the ocean all
00:09:46
this oxygen-free one is thicker
00:09:48
actually consists of several more
00:09:51
two different layers are shown here
00:09:53
actually
00:09:54
oxygen-free is also called iron
00:09:57
is there a recording on the ocean and this little yellow one?
00:09:59
hydrogen sulfide ocean when all this
00:10:01
took place in shallow water, it’s clear that everything
00:10:05
died out and such extinctions in ideo helmets
00:10:09
in the Cambridge period there was a huge
00:10:11
practically did not occur
00:10:13
constantly, and the main conclusion, of course, is that
00:10:17
but he still became more or less
00:10:20
oceanic water has become thicker than the ocean
00:10:23
saturated with oxygen not before the end
00:10:25
the very end of the Ordovician and most likely
00:10:28
in general, even somewhere in the Viennese period
00:10:31
here it really is
00:10:34
the reconstruction is so model-like, but what if
00:10:38
look at these details for specific
00:10:41
isotope and so on, then we see that in
00:10:44
in general, this existence is significant
00:10:46
oxygen-free degrees thicker than kiana
00:10:48
continues for quite a long time and
00:10:51
Cambridge ocean as I already said
00:10:53
all this continues and that's why we see
00:10:55
like this
00:10:56
Amy's are weird and mine are colored
00:10:59
for some reason the stripes disappeared but it doesn’t matter
00:11:03
In general, there are three groups represented here
00:11:06
skeletal Cambrian organisms
00:11:09
sponges called archiving atom
00:11:12
This
00:11:13
shellfish that are called businessmen
00:11:15
and the lady and
00:11:16
this is some kind of tentacle you and the organisms
00:11:19
which are called he a lie to me
00:11:21
they all died out long ago, someone right in
00:11:23
Cambridge period and forever and
00:11:25
passed away and here are these columns
00:11:28
show what we actually made
00:11:32
based on measurements of a huge number
00:11:34
skeletons of different species of these organisms
00:11:37
how are they specific types what size
00:11:40
were in which specific ones earlier
00:11:43
Cambrian well
00:11:46
teeth of the era and it turns out that they are like this
00:11:49
periodically grew in size
00:11:52
then they decreased in size then again
00:11:54
then grew almost again
00:11:56
the disappearance is connected with this
00:11:59
I say unfortunately disappeared here
00:12:01
some colored stripes what when
00:12:03
there was a lot of oxygen in the ocean
00:12:05
relatively more anyway
00:12:08
organisms could
00:12:09
grow larger because the main
00:12:12
problems building a skeleton for which
00:12:15
you need a kilo of collagen base for
00:12:17
the collagen base needs oxygen and so
00:12:20
then you can grow in size like
00:12:21
only oxygen became available again
00:12:23
less and not decreased, here is this
00:12:25
concept in paleontology, the Lilliputian effect
00:12:29
when naturally
00:12:31
All organisms decrease in size and
00:12:36
the year before last not in 2020 2019 gent
00:12:40
Atkinson from the University of Leeds too
00:12:46
also brought up the concept of burden effect in books
00:12:50
well, so that the other character is John
00:12:52
It's a shame Jonathan Swift wasn't there when
00:12:55
organism and unexpectedly also simultaneously
00:12:58
for some strange reason not always
00:13:00
known to us increase in size and
00:13:03
alone for now
00:13:04
body and experience the Lilliputian effect
00:13:08
It’s clear that plus are still dying out
00:13:11
that the space is cleared and you can
00:13:14
grow up and others
00:13:16
the body experiences the effect of bro bedding
00:13:20
no gov I'm a little better than Jed
00:13:25
Watkins but I don't have to do 40 times in one
00:13:27
report pronounce this word what is more
00:13:31
I won’t and pay attention who
00:13:33
we are experiencing the effect of Bruce's batik grandfathers
00:13:36
this is a speculative
00:13:38
flint sponges this is what was speckled to
00:13:40
sponge that lived before the extinction began
00:13:47
early Cambrian large somewhere
00:13:50
millimeter size we won't now
00:13:52
discuss what size she was
00:13:55
sponge and this is what we see here
00:13:56
some kind of strange log
00:13:59
sawn lengthwise and still from the shrouds and with
00:14:02
two sides and this is also sintered too
00:14:05
flint sponges too, but only this one
00:14:08
will repeat the millimeter value again and
00:14:11
all sponges with flint and gags had
00:14:14
sintered this size before
00:14:16
you orchis became extinct and here we have
00:14:19
sponges appear that have the size of speckles
00:14:22
not even 10 times more than the author 100 times
00:14:26
more that this is 30
00:14:28
centimeters long
00:14:30
[music]
00:14:33
this is speckled
00:14:35
By the way, this sponge lived in Siberia
00:14:37
called linnika from the Lena River and so
00:14:42
sponges and let's say brachiopods they are you
00:14:45
experience the effect of burden books then
00:14:49
when everyone else experiences the effect
00:14:51
midgets and tied up it's like a yagur again
00:14:53
same with oxygen shares because
00:14:55
some people need a lot of oxygen
00:14:57
construction from the temples of skeletons, what if
00:14:59
you have a spilled flint skeleton or
00:15:01
phosphate and Wangi oxygen
00:15:04
In general, you don’t need much to live like
00:15:06
brachiopods washed with sponges then he can
00:15:08
on the contrary, take advantage of the situation and
00:15:11
grow a lot in size here are the businessmen
00:15:14
something was wrong and the shellfish were building
00:15:17
vodka skeletons limestone therefore
00:15:19
usually flashed a lot
00:15:20
usually such shells are somewhere well
00:15:24
maximum three millimeters in diameter than
00:15:26
I'm particularly interested in these businessmen
00:15:28
hungry clams called
00:15:30
veil of hyenas so that the formation tenders
00:15:36
which is approximately 500 10 million years old then
00:15:39
there are no more Cambrian fluff in the state
00:15:41
Pennsylvania found a huge amount
00:15:44
shells of these mollusks and found out that
00:15:47
they were some very wanderers, well
00:15:49
earlier
00:15:50
coming from this shell but a snail
00:15:53
and on the street, but there’s a little asymmetry there
00:15:56
they are still incomplete
00:15:58
we can assume that this one is
00:15:59
180 degree flip of everything inside
00:16:03
sleep inside again teddy bear
00:16:05
she has already started what any normal
00:16:08
under the fire and she’s a snail, well, not yet
00:16:11
finished to the end here are these finds
00:16:14
so amazed everyone that the author Roger
00:16:19
Thomas from Franklin and Marshals Colleges
00:16:24
Pennsylvania he couldn't do this
00:16:27
work for about 5 years
00:16:29
publish it is actually very
00:16:31
such a scientist is shy them too time
00:16:34
responsive when I read in the abstract
00:16:37
for the first time I asked about these finds from
00:16:40
he immediately sent him pictures
00:16:42
he is like many scientists of the old school
00:16:45
doesn't seem to like me very much connected with
00:16:47
via the Internet he sends everything by mail, but
00:16:51
no less than I respond to a request
00:16:52
I’ve been reading to students for three years now
00:16:55
these Cambrian ones looked real
00:16:57
molluscs that had a shell
00:17:00
absolutely gas ladder 1 but at the same time had
00:17:03
two more tufts of powerful bristles, like what?
00:17:06
be a polychaete and
00:17:07
or again Cambrian brachiopods in
00:17:09
modern brachiopods are still
00:17:11
not so bristling and that’s a plus
00:17:16
that the bristles are still very complex
00:17:19
organized not just some thorns
00:17:21
which stick out there like limestone and
00:17:23
how besides him to the glass during life they
00:17:25
were probably hit by you
00:17:28
Of course it is very poorly preserved
00:17:30
but we see that it is organic and we see
00:17:33
that they are penetrated by capillary channels
00:17:35
just like bristles
00:17:37
It is no coincidence that polychaete worms
00:17:39
this is what brachiopods are called and this
00:17:42
really confirms what's what
00:17:44
has been writing for a long time already molecular there is
00:17:47
taxonomy that mollusks have a long shield but
00:17:52
generally annelids and brachiopods
00:17:54
these are related creatures and in
00:17:58
Cambridge period we still see a number
00:18:00
transitional forms between them although here
00:18:02
modern mollusks are some semblance of those
00:18:06
bristles are preserved only in those without
00:18:08
armored mollusks and octopuses on
00:18:12
memory at the larval stage is only but
00:18:15
By the way, they are formed absolutely
00:18:17
equally specially studied on
00:18:21
modern brachiopods ah ringed
00:18:23
worms and mollusks they are formed under
00:18:25
action of the same expressions
00:18:28
the same genes in the same
00:18:30
organs and in a very similar way from the same and
00:18:33
the same species
00:18:34
chitin for the first time in the Cambridge period we
00:18:40
We celebrate the arrival of parasites as
00:18:42
determine that the body has been infected
00:18:44
a parasite because he suffers
00:18:50
there is a lot but at the same time what is called
00:18:53
He doesn’t eat horse food and is thinner and that’s for
00:18:58
in order to check that these are
00:19:00
strange tubes belong
00:19:02
really a parasite clap or rather a clip
00:19:04
then a parasite that does not live in
00:19:06
the insides as if in the mouth
00:19:09
master's hole but still his
00:19:12
they constantly rob him and don’t give him
00:19:15
eat normally these specialists from
00:19:19
Nanjing University guessed it
00:19:22
very check and let's check
00:19:24
dimension it turned out that these
00:19:26
unfortunate brachiopods on which
00:19:28
settled colleagues mites parasites they
00:19:30
they really give the perfect size
00:19:33
another cluster
00:19:35
dimensional smaller than those that
00:19:38
lived normally or with little
00:19:40
number of parasites means that these
00:19:42
straws
00:19:43
after all, they were the oldest real ones
00:19:46
which can be proven to be parasites
00:19:48
Of course, as always, there is a lot in timbre
00:19:51
they find all sorts of cassin ultrasound and such a special one
00:19:54
group of organisms of which they are
00:19:57
undoubted ancestors for they x for
00:20:01
there are a lot of tardigrades, anatomical
00:20:05
matching some rabid
00:20:07
experts believe that they are an ancestor
00:20:10
the ancestors of all chili never became
00:20:12
many but completely rabid specialists
00:20:14
I think that they are still
00:20:16
at the same time there were ancestors at the same time
00:20:19
pulid and other non-annelid worms
00:20:22
there is such a group of molting worms here
00:20:24
they apparently originated from xia nu zi and
00:20:28
which began to dig into the ground
00:20:30
like this form and little by little
00:20:32
lose legs
00:20:34
we can talk about this for a long time, the main thing is
00:20:37
that this group de Seine was creepy
00:20:39
varied licking terribly interesting
00:20:42
looked
00:20:43
some of them looked like this
00:20:45
It’s unusual that they were even written in the first place
00:20:47
described as such spiky algae but
00:20:49
it seemed like it was xin ultrasound and
00:20:52
and of course without real Cambrian
00:20:56
arthropods are indispensable to this group
00:20:59
called bega khiir and literally big
00:21:02
hands and because their first limbs
00:21:07
they were grasping and like these
00:21:12
limbs they are in general very similar
00:21:15
on modern chelicerates or
00:21:17
arachnids which are also anterior
00:21:20
limbs chelicerae and from which all this
00:21:23
not the same grasping but although
00:21:25
modern ones, of course, can be
00:21:26
differently adapted and indeed
00:21:29
in the Cambridge period we have, as it were,
00:21:30
arthropods diverge very quickly into
00:21:33
devi groups, some have the front pair
00:21:35
her limbs are grasping like those
00:21:37
of these forms and in others it is transformed into
00:21:40
antennas are those that went for more peaceful
00:21:43
by surviving led to the formation
00:21:46
crayfish and subsequently insects and those
00:21:50
who were originally predators
00:21:53
the appearance of all
00:21:55
different ones and of course they all had
00:21:58
compound eyes like modern ones
00:22:01
various and chelicerates, although far from
00:22:04
of all moderns the end of course and many
00:22:08
crustaceans again including insects and
00:22:10
In particular, this group has little bullfighting
00:22:13
she had very large eyes but the size
00:22:17
eyes eyes 1 comes to three
00:22:19
centimeters are truly gigantic for
00:22:22
even for modern any organisms
00:22:25
No one has larger compound eyes right now
00:22:28
Even the biggest eyes don't have dragonflies
00:22:30
but moreover, there was somewhere under them
00:22:34
24000 mah these individual eyes
00:22:37
which made up that eye
00:22:39
and found out that different ones have little harissa
00:22:42
these eyes were designed differently
00:22:44
that they were actually sitting alone
00:22:47
you have such bulges on the sides of your head and
00:22:51
watched it because there's a record here
00:22:53
skeletal from above looked down and
00:22:56
the main zone where the packing is denser
00:23:00
peepholes almaty dave she is focused on
00:23:03
center about or vice versa she milk rice and
00:23:06
whose eyes are stalked
00:23:07
and the most densely packed eyes a
00:23:11
this means the zone of sharpest vision
00:23:13
were concentrated at the top this means
00:23:16
that they were floating somewhere below
00:23:19
stealth we oceanic attacked
00:23:22
those who swam above
00:23:24
in this unexpected way I came out of the shadows
00:23:27
attacked and ate
00:23:29
their limbs were grasping
00:23:30
in general there were the largest predators and
00:23:33
in general they think that we don’t have enough loans
00:23:35
because they have these joints
00:23:37
prenatal limbs were ancestors
00:23:41
all arthropods are descendants of Cassina uzi
00:23:44
and the ancestors of arthropods, well, maybe
00:23:49
let's say the angle with time of the eyes
00:23:53
remained and everything else went their way
00:23:55
the metamorphosis changed and the most
00:23:58
various other arthropods
00:24:00
in particular, such as oil and
00:24:03
carcinoid and
00:24:04
already a very unusual group extinct in
00:24:07
Paleozoic if you look at it from below
00:24:09
looks a bit like a centipede but
00:24:11
It used to be believed that despite the fact that
00:24:13
maybe we know a lot of animals
00:24:17
of which there are actually many legs
00:24:20
among arthropods there are such very
00:24:23
powerful mandibles but what was unclear
00:24:26
what's on her head
00:24:27
even these are so spherical
00:24:30
the outgrowths were called spheroids and because
00:24:33
it was not clear what it was but in the end
00:24:35
ends up in a famous location
00:24:38
rainy in Scottish where it comes from
00:24:40
friction of many other ancient plants and
00:24:43
many other ancient arthropods
00:24:46
animals were also found in those carcinoid eco
00:24:48
actually found it a long time ago
00:24:51
modern equipment simply allowed
00:24:53
look into his head and see
00:24:55
what's inside turned out to be so everything
00:24:58
arranged exactly the same as
00:25:01
almost any normal centipede
00:25:03
with these mandibles and all sorts of other things
00:25:06
specific sensitive bristles
00:25:11
everything else and these spheroids
00:25:13
Mi5's compound eyes seemed again
00:25:16
become the same as the ancient centipedes
00:25:19
and moreover, in the body this is because
00:25:22
if you are a creature with legs and legs
00:25:25
you have to move it for each pair of legs
00:25:29
must have their own bundles of muscles on them
00:25:31
something needs to be hung up there are outgrowths
00:25:34
cuticles
00:25:35
internal is for rigid fastening
00:25:37
muscles to attach them to something, here they are
00:25:40
are called ascents
00:25:41
therefore they are also designated by the letters aa
00:25:46
served to secure these
00:25:49
muscle bundles also pointwise again
00:25:51
like centipedes but this is just it
00:25:53
may not necessarily indicate
00:25:56
solution and those picture of the species and the authors
00:25:58
this article
00:25:59
Gregory and Jack are considered by his colleagues
00:26:02
what are these cards but they really were
00:26:04
the ancestors of centipedes they appeared somewhere
00:26:09
budget of the Cambrian Horde period
00:26:12
centipedes are starting to appear real
00:26:15
all la risk period so from the point
00:26:17
in terms of historical sequence
00:26:19
everything is true here but in reality this
00:26:22
underground they could arise
00:26:24
convergent because if
00:26:26
there really is such a leg system
00:26:28
and the animals come out for a walk on land
00:26:31
these carcinoids went out for a walk
00:26:33
on land you really need a suspension
00:26:37
these legs need fastenings and she
00:26:40
convergent can develop
00:26:42
regardless
00:26:43
very different organisms simply have different
00:26:47
the mechanism is difficult to come up with nature
00:26:49
nature often likes to repeat, well, these
00:26:53
Finds from Hereford Shire
00:26:56
england southwest they are not new well here they are
00:27:05
the authors of these finds
00:27:09
decided to sum up 30 years of study
00:27:13
Hereford Shires put it all together and
00:27:16
The initiators of this study were two
00:27:18
Derek North and Brix
00:27:21
one of them continues to work in
00:27:24
Oxford University another started
00:27:26
when your career at university
00:27:28
Bristol now moved to Yale
00:27:30
clarification now a long time ago well they
00:27:33
noticed that in this
00:27:35
hereford wider among volcano comrade here
00:27:37
such concretions but in specific
00:27:39
we can always usually suspect something
00:27:42
interesting things lie to be split and
00:27:44
some phosphate competition in
00:27:46
deposits on and I already had his face
00:27:48
a beautiful mother-of-pearl falls out of there
00:27:51
will deceive but these specific color i
00:27:53
color these are some nondescript remains
00:27:55
these two comrades guessed that these
00:27:59
congresses don't need to be injected
00:28:01
cut into thin thin sections and here with
00:28:04
each such nodule needs to be obtained
00:28:05
about three hundred sections well before
00:28:09
you could cut it and then try it from
00:28:12
leave it all recovered with
00:28:14
computed tomography computer
00:28:16
programs allow all this very quickly
00:28:19
and in three-dimensional reconstruction represent
00:28:23
that's why we see them already ready
00:28:25
animals that were at this congress
00:28:28
Hidden rendered that Hereford shirt
00:28:30
early sailor approximately 430 million years old
00:28:33
stores amazing treasures of all kinds
00:28:36
ancient and a lot of transitional ones
00:28:40
organisms not just ancient but
00:28:41
transitional but here I am again last year
00:28:43
I showed it here, it’s wonderful
00:28:46
official is worth the doc transitory
00:28:48
organism between sea urchins and
00:28:50
sea ​​cucumber me
00:28:53
here we see ancient ostracods
00:28:56
all legs
00:28:58
and this is an ancient mustache with many cancers
00:29:00
still unlike modern barnacles
00:29:02
crayfish antennas did not atrophy when
00:29:04
life and he still
00:29:07
even resembled ostracods more than
00:29:11
modern descendants but also
00:29:13
absolutely wonderful organism
00:29:15
what we see here is pintos tomid i
00:29:18
there is such a group of parasites
00:29:20
exclusively parasites in Russian
00:29:22
called 5 mouths of Kim and modern
00:29:27
Petersburg residents live exclusively in
00:29:30
respiratory tract but almost excluded in
00:29:32
respiratory tract of snakes, lizards and carnivores
00:29:36
mammals that basic environment
00:29:39
habitat due to risk period
00:29:41
they were outside clinging to the fire code
00:29:44
which are actually based on the data
00:29:46
molecular biology their coming
00:29:48
relatives and suck them all out and
00:29:51
pay attention to how much it looks like
00:29:53
so if anyone remembers the first films from
00:30:02
endlessly changing tsekhanovich series
00:30:06
stranger
00:30:07
this thing jumps out and grabs onto
00:30:11
the face continues to suck and penetrate
00:30:15
the body is these ancient drink and narrow
00:30:17
they looked very similar
00:30:23
but let's move on as for what else
00:30:28
ancient arthropod scorpions and
00:30:30
Cancer Scorpios who are literally
00:30:33
confused their habitat because
00:30:36
that these are Silurian again
00:30:38
early risks and
00:30:40
scorpions lived in the sea although this
00:30:42
absolutely worth it
00:30:44
scorpios and these coal crayfish
00:30:48
scorpions lived on land but at least
00:30:50
spent a long time there
00:30:53
let's start with scorpions what they didn't have
00:30:57
yes, but basically the appearance is a scorpio
00:31:00
Scorpios are the only thing he has
00:31:02
any organs that
00:31:04
associated with mechanoreception or
00:31:07
chemoreceptors are those that everyone has
00:31:09
modern scorpions living on
00:31:12
there is no way to feed the land without this and
00:31:15
It’s even difficult to move here in the sea
00:31:17
Skype sea scorpion from there was no need
00:31:19
Moreover, they still don’t have any bread
00:31:21
completely formed digestive system
00:31:24
the tube that is located at the ska
00:31:26
Scorpio of the outside is formed
00:31:30
due to the legs but they also had one like this
00:31:32
again, atavism, although very developed
00:31:36
in fact they were round
00:31:38
huge compound eyes like the same ones
00:31:40
on little credit and in those cards but also by giving and
00:31:42
in general among many ancients
00:31:44
arthropods and what else is interesting about them
00:31:48
because they have preserved it perfectly
00:31:50
circulatory system you can have it
00:31:52
compare with the circulatory system
00:31:54
we see the modern scorpion like this with
00:31:59
Perry presses the pericardium and this container
00:32:03
where is the same long heart
00:32:06
scorpio move away from him, or rather to
00:32:10
it fits the sinuses of the tubes which
00:32:14
carried liquid saturated with oxygen from
00:32:18
gill to the heart
00:32:21
just like it happens in
00:32:23
only they have modern scorpions
00:32:25
the tan is gone, they have standing lungs
00:32:29
but in fact the scorpio was formed
00:32:33
and apparently even acquired their famous
00:32:36
poisonous thorn and still being sea
00:32:38
animals and they very gradually
00:32:41
getting used to life on land
00:32:44
finally, in general, not by land
00:32:46
became somewhere at the end
00:32:47
Carboniferous Permian period but
00:32:50
those compound eyes are big
00:32:52
completely lost altogether outside
00:32:54
only the Mesozoic era
00:32:56
but this is an interesting find too
00:33:00
one more question without even solving it soon
00:33:05
asks how many times chelicerates
00:33:07
probably came out onto land more
00:33:10
one because Scorpios are most likely
00:33:12
gave rise to
00:33:13
to a larger group of arachnids but not
00:33:16
rule out that forms such as mites or
00:33:19
the haymakers are two different groups just in case
00:33:23
chance I’ll say they came ashore
00:33:25
regardless of them because in the area
00:33:28
again at the beginning of the Devonian period they
00:33:30
already quite similar to modern ones
00:33:33
existed
00:33:34
but in general there were no Scorpio cancers
00:33:36
always sea animals but in
00:33:39
Carboniferous period steel
00:33:41
actually freshwater in their seas
00:33:43
there was a lot left and they began to walk around
00:33:46
drier actually in general turn
00:33:49
here is the jabber device which
00:33:52
there is some kind of marine chelicerates
00:33:55
like a breathing apparatus with which
00:33:58
you can exist on land you can be different
00:34:00
How do horseshoe crabs cope with this?
00:34:03
quite successfully they just use
00:34:06
part of its legs in part of the gills
00:34:09
covers that cover delicate gills
00:34:11
leaving there
00:34:12
some water supply that does not give
00:34:15
the gills stick together because they are like that
00:34:17
thin thin leaves that
00:34:18
dry of course stick together and the animal
00:34:21
will die from suffocation here are horseshoe crabs
00:34:26
covered with these gill covers
00:34:28
come ashore, at least to
00:34:31
mating is much safer
00:34:34
on the beach on the sand than somewhere in
00:34:37
sea ​​to do this where there are a lot of predators
00:34:41
you're busy and don't notice what's nearby
00:34:44
someone is swimming or a stream
00:34:47
Scorpio cancer sneaks up and of course
00:34:50
also experienced pressure from predators
00:34:53
no longer all of them reached length two
00:34:55
and a half meter these were isolated
00:34:59
types and to protect yourself
00:35:04
they adapted their children
00:35:07
grow in ephemeral drying out
00:35:11
reservoirs like small lakes
00:35:15
went out and laid eggs there and
00:35:18
arrange such if but this is actually
00:35:21
actually the guys from this particular job are
00:35:23
known from other works from remains
00:35:26
these unfortunate cancer scorpios
00:35:28
which when there's a big big puddle
00:35:30
not all dried up and stayed there yes
00:35:35
some more details of the structure but
00:35:38
turned out that it was possible differently, these could have been
00:35:41
keep the gills from drying out enough
00:35:44
lay them hard such a rod
00:35:46
Komi which are called trabeculae here
00:35:49
and they too will stop sticking together
00:35:51
and you can calm down for a while
00:35:52
walk on dry land, at least
00:35:55
moving yours
00:35:57
and fertilized eggs in these
00:36:01
reservoir you can hunt on the way to
00:36:04
there was someone to go for a walk, somewhere to go for a walk
00:36:09
already in the middle of the Devonian period we
00:36:12
grew on land not just whole trees
00:36:15
forests of giant trees and here in front
00:36:18
you have a map of a whole forest that
00:36:21
presented exclusively
00:36:23
root systems but it’s quite possible
00:36:25
imagine where these are and whose roots are
00:36:27
blue circles are something like that
00:36:30
more or less fern-like but
00:36:33
these are the strong branched systems
00:36:35
which reached 5-7 meters in diameter
00:36:38
5-7 meters belonged
00:36:42
probably the archives of experience with rice are like this
00:36:45
huge trees 30 meters high but
00:36:49
I like this reconstruction and
00:36:52
and other options but really how are they
00:36:54
their leaves look like
00:36:55
absolutely any ferns
00:36:58
we'll tell you by the look of our video, but theirs
00:37:02
there were already real seeds and development
00:37:05
Of course, such a powerful root system is not
00:37:07
might not lead to a more powerful you
00:37:10
weathering of soil
00:37:13
what a large group also does
00:37:16
specialists especially in this press
00:37:19
but Susan sings from afar and the guy from
00:37:24
copping the University of Copenhagen but
00:37:27
they find out the circumstances of the influence
00:37:32
grow vegetation on climate two
00:37:34
saved I'm flying
00:37:35
there are models when we can check how
00:37:39
different elements by different plants
00:37:44
removed from rocks and further
00:37:48
accordingly they are transferred to the sea and
00:37:50
you can create models accordingly and
00:37:53
see how it matches the curves
00:37:55
built for the climate
00:37:57
match very well but that's what I'm getting at
00:37:59
I'll be back now and you can watch
00:38:02
this on specifically on different islands
00:38:03
indonesia why indonesia because
00:38:06
there is a volcanic area there
00:38:08
and there are islands that recently
00:38:11
formed after an explosion what type of lk
00:38:13
Anna there is no vegetation yet
00:38:15
and on such bald islands
00:38:19
weathering practically does not occur
00:38:22
elements are not removed from rocks or into the sea
00:38:27
can't stand eating something so philistine
00:38:29
the opinion is that when the turf is formed
00:38:32
or what is called soil
00:38:33
weathering like this layer of turf
00:38:36
the soil seems to protect the rocks from
00:38:38
it does not prevent weathering, this one
00:38:41
turf and soil are the result of weathering
00:38:45
the more we see the soil layer, the
00:38:47
more powerful is happening here in this place
00:38:49
weathering and of course with the appearance of everything
00:38:53
more powerful root systems with the emergence
00:38:55
increasingly powerful combination of symbiosis
00:39:00
plants root system and
00:39:03
mushrooms
00:39:04
also called mycorrhiza weathering
00:39:06
grew stronger and stronger from
00:39:09
every new group appears
00:39:11
plants on land at first just
00:39:13
vascular plants then trees type
00:39:16
archeopteryx of which is not accidental
00:39:18
seeds and I couldn't live in more
00:39:20
dry areas, that is, move away
00:39:23
far from moist lowlands and with
00:39:27
the emergence of even more sophisticated growth
00:39:30
plants in the Carboniferous period from
00:39:32
a huge amount of plant tissue
00:39:35
which all require mineral replenishment
00:39:38
we have intensified accordingly
00:39:41
weathering took away from us and everything was on
00:39:43
food for plants more and more
00:39:45
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and into this
00:39:48
time we are experiencing a decline
00:39:49
temperatures are very sharp and global
00:39:52
cold snaps are not the same cold snaps that
00:39:56
associated with epochs of eccentricity
00:39:59
planetary and those
00:40:00
global cooling which are not
00:40:02
analog when really we have
00:40:05
here is a very long one for tens of hundreds
00:40:09
million years lifetime
00:40:11
ice caps
00:40:13
well, the last ones are with them now
00:40:16
Apparently it fits after all again
00:40:19
associated with major changes in cycles
00:40:22
carbon
00:40:23
but this is not already the case with this particular author
00:40:27
has a relationship but also under the shadow of this
00:40:29
Of course our forests are still powerful
00:40:32
restructuring of all vertebrates
00:40:35
organisms and again all these
00:40:37
perestroika is happening in many, many ways
00:40:40
hyenas are not a single line, but
00:40:42
every animal how quickly they try to
00:40:45
on your own to come ashore or at least
00:40:47
at least walk along the bottom of a reservoir, but there is such a thing
00:40:53
again, the common idea is that
00:40:55
that ancestors should be expressionless
00:40:58
and combine seemingly incompatible features
00:41:00
all descendants but in a simplified form all
00:41:03
off and on
00:41:05
presentation with a light hand
00:41:07
American famous paleontologist
00:41:09
Edward Kap who is just
00:41:13
suggested that the ancestors must be very
00:41:16
simple and then everything gets more complicated
00:41:18
it's getting complicated she's completely untrue
00:41:20
because any organism lives in any
00:41:23
specific environment environment all the time
00:41:26
changes and if you yourself are not familiar with this environment
00:41:29
change, you'll choose another one
00:41:32
famous American paleontologist
00:41:34
lei van valin formed so different
00:41:38
the law which is called in Russian
00:41:40
Law of the Black Queen from Lewis's book
00:41:48
carroll alice through the looking glass so we can
00:41:52
to stay in place you need to run
00:41:55
to move the place you have to run more
00:41:59
faster that is, if you don't change
00:42:01
you are constantly evolving
00:42:03
specialize in specific conditions
00:42:05
you choose each other and there is no other
00:42:10
an animal of some general appearance
00:42:13
in principle it cannot be and these horses
00:42:15
they were ancient quadrupeds
00:42:19
amazingly mosaic creatures
00:42:21
again last year I told
00:42:23
about the findings of our Syktyvkar scientists
00:42:25
who actually found such a fish
00:42:28
figurative creature absolutely so very
00:42:31
well, how advanced
00:42:38
there is an expression called sling
00:42:41
biological science crocodile skull
00:42:44
similar can be said, but here it’s the other way around
00:42:46
we see in general that the animal is quite itself
00:42:49
such fish like
00:42:50
although the skull also has eyes again
00:42:54
There are already amphibians at the top
00:42:56
but pay attention that here is a limb
00:42:58
this is a completely normal shoulder girdle
00:43:01
fully formed to
00:43:04
use it for walking but also itself
00:43:06
limb with all bones in playdo
00:43:09
there are phalanges, well, further from these phalanges
00:43:11
bypassing numerous rays depart
00:43:14
fins this combination was better 1
00:43:18
plavni
00:43:19
and the limbs are also amazing
00:43:21
creation, well, actually these are the fish
00:43:23
which is called elpida banners up
00:43:25
known for a long time and only recently
00:43:29
managed to find her with all her limbs
00:43:31
it turned out that this creature is also like that
00:43:34
very mosaic
00:43:35
and transitional and then we have
00:43:38
as usual the company Triassic disaster
00:43:41
where would we be without her, especially since there’s work
00:43:44
all sorts of things about this about this
00:43:49
disasters are coming out more and more they are all
00:43:51
more detailed
00:43:52
here's a group of specialists from Kiel
00:43:56
actually from all over the world as right
00:43:58
experts drew attention to the sharp
00:44:01
increase in ocean acidity at the turn of the century
00:44:05
Permian Triassic and according to these parameters it is possible
00:44:08
calculate how much it took
00:44:10
carbon dioxide per unit
00:44:13
time for such an increase
00:44:17
cause ocean acidity and how much
00:44:20
it should have stood out too
00:44:21
count but where did he release carbon dioxide to everyone?
00:44:24
gas mat is mostly known, of course
00:44:26
these are the Siberian trails that actually
00:44:28
in fact occupy not only the central
00:44:30
Siberia to the Tunguska region here are some
00:44:33
comrades here in the hall today
00:44:35
present who personally worked there
00:44:37
with great pleasure there is a lot of things there
00:44:40
actually put it together on its own
00:44:44
it was probably a volcanic province
00:44:47
even more because it is very similar
00:44:50
there is evidence of volcanism in the southern
00:44:52
Siberia and Western Siberia up to
00:44:55
of the Ural ridge itself
00:44:57
it was really gigantic
00:44:59
volcanic region and others
00:45:04
experts noticed that
00:45:07
everything was really on fire
00:45:10
because this is the end of a stressful period
00:45:14
we see very little from the belly to
00:45:16
black but the wheels always catch fire
00:45:18
there is enough oxygen in the atmosphere
00:45:22
You don’t have to bring it yourself to do this.
00:45:24
it will happen, but it will happen a lot
00:45:29
pollen
00:45:30
normal then we have a border company
00:45:33
Triassic solid coals and then further
00:45:36
knife army is already starting to form
00:45:38
completely new vegetation we
00:45:40
we will see that here even in
00:45:43
there was a finger here basically a dispute oh
00:45:45
that is, she is a little more like that
00:45:47
archaic is back and some
00:45:50
specialists in general are so general
00:45:53
global representations
00:45:55
changes were not satisfied with this and
00:45:59
Lina Elkin
00:46:02
yogi kins there tom from arizona
00:46:06
University near the Christmas tree doesn’t seem to evoke
00:46:11
the idea that those who are not her ancestors
00:46:13
weren't from somewhere around here and really
00:46:16
she even writes letters saying hello
00:46:19
in Russian, after all, the language of our ancestors is not yet
00:46:23
I completely forgot, I’ll just use them
00:46:25
samples directly from the Tunguska
00:46:28
pool where all this happened and found
00:46:31
there is this soot in huge quantities
00:46:33
you see black layers like this
00:46:36
black black
00:46:37
this is really soot from burning from
00:46:40
explosions of forest volcanoes and finally
00:46:45
one group of specialists corner with
00:46:48
Stephen GSB
00:46:49
from Geological Survey of Canada
00:46:53
analyzed the distribution of mercury mercury
00:46:57
carried out during volcanic explosions
00:46:59
constantly during any volcanic
00:47:01
eruptions but especially many and and
00:47:03
accumulate when we have these
00:47:05
volcanic eruptions are huge
00:47:09
cannonades
00:47:10
and on a vast territory and again the stomach
00:47:12
on the Permian-Triassic boundary there are such
00:47:15
layers where which are overgeneralized
00:47:18
mercury and mercury, as you know, is poison
00:47:21
which is very difficult to neutralize
00:47:24
that our ocean was oxidized, the forests were burning and
00:47:29
everyone was still being poisoned with mercury but it was
00:47:32
from which it is actually quite possible to die out
00:47:35
Not all
00:47:36
took advantage of this opportunity
00:47:37
some
00:47:40
you lived in the so-called rifugio because
00:47:43
what was apparently wrong closer to the poles
00:47:47
hot youth some animals like
00:47:50
list of conversations that belong
00:47:52
suitable for home there you can say
00:47:54
our generally close relatives if only
00:47:57
once among reptiles take well, really from
00:47:59
they only had a couple of teeth
00:48:02
fangs why they are called dice price
00:48:04
done to me
00:48:05
they survived in such religions but survive
00:48:11
it was certainly difficult because although
00:48:13
the time was relatively warm but that's all
00:48:17
equal to the Arctic polar night no one
00:48:20
changed some frosty climate too
00:48:24
how to survive but you can freeze for a while
00:48:29
become numb, well sometimes it's called hibernation
00:48:33
or hibernation but this is not entirely true
00:48:35
In general, there are three degrees, it’s possible
00:48:37
become numb when there are metabolic processes
00:48:41
substances slow down a little but
00:48:43
don't change fundamentally, you can fall
00:48:45
hibernation
00:48:46
you will recognize the words of the den you know there
00:48:49
skoriq berg associated with bears
00:48:52
hibernation also root berk also apparently
00:48:55
actually related to bears
00:48:57
of course not, well at least that's how it is
00:49:00
easier to remember because bears
00:49:02
who hibernate we have ours
00:49:04
bars or in ancient caves they exchange
00:49:08
substances it changes a lot
00:49:11
indeed the nitrogen breakdown cycle
00:49:15
changes completely in order to
00:49:18
to avoid poisoning your own urine
00:49:21
acid and since the bear does not
00:49:24
defecates like a house all all those
00:49:26
several months old cat who is sleeping
00:49:28
some cave bears are generally
00:49:30
Apparently we slept for six months, so here we are
00:49:34
Another third way is that
00:49:39
occurs in some amphibians
00:49:41
who just freeze out and have ice
00:49:42
in general, all sorts of life processes for this
00:49:45
time stops
00:49:50
so that the cells are not torn apart by the crystals
00:49:53
ice there they are filled with special
00:49:55
liquids that are similar in consistency and
00:49:58
with a rate also similar to glycerin
00:50:03
sheet times vr and they were content
00:50:06
the usual one with the usual numbness like
00:50:10
it was established by teeth
00:50:12
bonds would be possible to turn teeth into healthy fangs
00:50:14
saw and count how long they lived
00:50:18
and how they generally lived in animals
00:50:21
who are forced to experience stress
00:50:25
numbness or hibernation is always stress for us
00:50:28
they have these special stress lines
00:50:30
in the teeth which is formed and that's if
00:50:33
compare teeth from a population
00:50:34
Antarctic talk sheet and their
00:50:39
relatives of the same species
00:50:41
from South Africa which was still in
00:50:45
warmer climates, it turns out that
00:50:48
really down to these stress lines
00:50:51
the Antarctic Christ has a much greater enemy
00:50:53
they experienced more stress and more often
00:50:57
and long-lasting, that is, they
00:51:00
really hibernated and so
00:51:02
way they survived and lived well and blue until
00:51:07
of our times there in all cases
00:51:09
lived quite a long life
00:51:11
compared to many other animals
00:51:13
who have not yet reached this milestone and between
00:51:16
by the way, these are the rifugio which
00:51:19
existed in Antarctica and apparently here
00:51:22
in the Urals
00:51:23
also wanted this still needs to be studied
00:51:28
gave others the opportunity to survive
00:51:30
animals and plants anyway
00:51:32
here are all sorts of ancient plants like this
00:51:35
they have a Permian appearance for a long time
00:51:37
existed in southern Antarctica
00:51:39
Australia in the Triassic but also by the same teeth
00:51:43
can even imagine how they lived
00:51:46
mammals were like Morgana
00:51:57
as it would be simpler to say, well, let them be
00:52:00
Morgana Code they really want
00:52:03
a whole order of ancient mammals in one
00:52:09
it is represented by species or even genus and
00:52:12
always in general everyone was interested in
00:52:14
when did mammals become truly
00:52:17
warm-blooded when they have a metabolism
00:52:19
metabolism became the same as that of
00:52:21
modern for feeders but possible
00:52:24
check this in different ways
00:52:25
find hair remains in
00:52:28
capora letah if the animal itself
00:52:31
licked
00:52:32
like many mammals do
00:52:34
the hairs eventually fall into
00:52:37
spilled there remain there are such finds
00:52:39
How thick was the hairline?
00:52:42
how much he really saved the body
00:52:45
departure unknown there are others
00:52:47
there are even indirect signs
00:52:50
calculate the size of red blood cells by diameter
00:52:54
vascular channels in bones too
00:52:58
assume that the red blood cells were
00:53:00
cute little marks hence these
00:53:02
animals were closer to warm-blooded well
00:53:06
again there are a lot of different
00:53:08
exceptions and all this is quite complicated and
00:53:11
here are the teeth again, such a system that
00:53:15
preserves very well and does not yield si
00:53:18
to deceive, especially since modern
00:53:20
tomographs allow this tooth in all
00:53:24
turn the planes and make sure the sewing
00:53:29
the rising line that we see from
00:53:31
really the line is rising because
00:53:33
that they continue along the entire tooth
00:53:35
in this case it is cement which
00:53:37
formed let as a tooth erupts and
00:53:41
but we know that the tooth is phosphate
00:53:44
phosphates from the mineral he is homeless then grow and
00:53:47
posthumously these are the lines
00:53:51
growth more precisely layers growth
00:53:53
which exists around the entire tooth
00:53:56
they say that this is not
00:53:58
mineral formation is exactly that
00:54:00
lifetime formations which
00:54:03
formed in an animal that
00:54:06
and lived a very long time for a mammal
00:54:09
because the animal is the size of a mouse
00:54:12
if she is a mammal but lives somewhere in
00:54:14
within three and a half years, well, there is
00:54:17
there are a couple of exceptions which, well
00:54:20
opel are more likely related to this
00:54:22
secondary reduction in size heat
00:54:25
bodies of typical lemurs Kratse Busa
00:54:27
which are very small, but they live anyway
00:54:30
less long enough normal world
00:54:34
feeding don't live long the small ones here
00:54:37
really live fast
00:54:39
with all the ensuing consequences and
00:54:42
reptiles live the same size
00:54:45
not for several years, but there, well, 5-6 seven
00:54:48
years, even ten years is not the limit for many
00:54:51
and these ones here
00:54:53
Morgana con cada food they lived
00:54:57
really just like reptiles
00:54:59
many, many years, some even up to 14
00:55:02
lived for years and this means that they
00:55:05
according to its metabolic rate there is
00:55:08
such a concept
00:55:11
resting metabolic rate
00:55:14
which in reptiles sharply
00:55:17
differ in the active state
00:55:19
according to the state of rest and appearance
00:55:21
the feeders are almost identical here
00:55:23
it was all the same for them
00:55:26
reptiles that is in this regard
00:55:28
We haven’t been yet, we are looking closer to reptiles
00:55:31
in the Neva period than to the present
00:55:34
mammals and here is a real mother
00:55:37
lization begins much later
00:55:40
somewhere at the end of the Jurassic period, quite
00:55:43
the appearance of marsupials and later others
00:55:47
mammals not only black feeders and dinosaurs
00:55:52
alive vertebrate paleontology
00:55:54
many other groups of interesting animals in
00:55:57
In particular, she drip for VR and they lived
00:56:00
very briefly only until late
00:56:02
the Triassic era was enough
00:56:05
varied and very unusual because
00:56:09
these animals are like lizards like this
00:56:11
type and size of a medium lizard
00:56:16
some a.g.
00:56:17
we had huge huge curved
00:56:20
claws, well, so far these claws in general
00:56:24
thought it was [ __ ] or there were some poison dart frogs
00:56:27
quite successfully and either vice versa
00:56:29
animals that are such as a cat anteater or
00:56:33
who tore up the anthills and
00:56:35
termite mounds are not a problem, that's what we're talking about
00:56:38
goes about 3 and you translate and anthills and
00:56:40
termite mounds appeared only somewhere in
00:56:42
second half of the Cretaceous and blowing
00:56:45
not entirely accurate, but meticulous scientists
00:56:50
led by Cas Ne Jenkins from
00:56:54
Arizona University again decided
00:56:59
check the claws you claws are curved
00:57:02
curved not pay attention
00:57:04
not so dense and wide
00:57:07
this is true for those animals that climb
00:57:10
trees or tearing apart an anthill they
00:57:12
a little different they are more curved
00:57:14
saber-shaped and thinner, so when
00:57:18
These claws were measured using several parameters
00:57:20
thought you'd find out, hit it right away
00:57:23
mainly fall by their morphology
00:57:27
to animals are bad and not at all Kadiri
00:57:33
there is one for hair
00:57:35
one kind of influenza Nazarov which
00:57:38
and there and there it seems to be sitting maybe
00:57:41
really crawled out of the hole right there
00:57:43
climbed a tree in fear
00:57:45
and white light can really be
00:57:48
was a completely arboreal animal
00:57:50
to a greater extent, all these drips are for quarrels
00:57:52
were new animals
00:57:56
Well, what are they again, what’s interesting is that
00:58:00
this is apparently quite ancient
00:58:02
group dee dee about strong animals come on
00:58:05
All modern reptiles belong there
00:58:07
and birds to boot, that's why they
00:58:12
it was precisely his normal life that suddenly
00:58:14
developed at the end of the Triassic period
00:58:17
what this is connected with remains to be studied
00:58:20
of course there is also a lot of stuff in the sea
00:58:23
large vertebrates occurred
00:58:26
in particular, they even found a large
00:58:31
a 5 meter ichthyosaur that ate
00:58:34
another large sea lizard chamber
00:58:38
the saurus ichthyosaur is 5 meters long and it ate 4
00:58:43
meter-long tale it's very ate
00:58:45
first carefully bit the head off of her
00:58:48
there was nothing left but it was necessary somehow
00:58:50
still not swallowed alive to make a victim
00:58:56
I didn’t suffer too much, I just had to take a bite
00:58:58
the head then the whole body
00:59:00
muffled and the whole of these four meters
00:59:03
the body is about a meter and a half, but still
00:59:07
then carefully bite off the tail again
00:59:11
and remained lying next to everyone where everyone
00:59:14
I buried this together and buried all this
00:59:19
a tragedy at sea, but for whom is it a tragedy?
00:59:21
for someone the last meal so their
00:59:25
you for ichthyosaurs but it’s tough
00:59:27
it was clear they were still predators
00:59:34
Let's return to land again and we are already close
00:59:37
came to the dinosaurs because this
00:59:40
here is a group called Arni Tagir
00:59:43
and it's like all the dinosaurs
00:59:45
together with the pterosaur you combined
00:59:48
that's what they're called, and it's clear that
00:59:50
then all this goes to the birds, the price of the island
00:59:54
Madagascar which was then on average
00:59:57
the Triassic era is far from being an island
00:59:59
materiel of the same pangea
01:00:02
a giant gret in its center was
01:00:05
found something so small
01:00:07
a miniature creature that received
01:00:11
name on mixture ma-ma-ma dg
01:00:19
Madagascan
01:00:22
language and Greek conga on the background of the conga
01:00:26
this is a beetle on a Malagasy background eater
01:00:32
and Kelly this Malagasy again
01:00:35
little little bug eater then
01:00:38
you can really see that he is small
01:00:40
it's very good that the bug eater is
01:00:43
more likely
01:00:45
judging by his teeth it was so
01:00:49
he had these very, very long ones
01:00:52
thigh bones and thin ones, that is, with
01:00:54
the creature really ran on the back
01:00:56
legs or jumping, that's for sure
01:00:59
impossible the legs were shortened by themselves
01:01:02
Kolganov, in general, he’s nothing special
01:01:05
can’t imagine, okay, found the notes
01:01:07
such a small creature but he allowed
01:01:09
tie together this whole staircase
01:01:12
ancient diopside
01:01:14
their archosaurs including pterosaurs and
01:01:18
dinosaurs and showed that the other one
01:01:21
same small but a little bigger
01:01:22
a creature that is well known
01:01:25
long ago sclera moss is called from Scotland
01:01:29
what a strange flying machine it was
01:01:32
really unlike anything else
01:01:35
Apparently he was the ancestor of pterosaurs, well
01:01:37
at least he was close to his ancestors
01:01:39
pterosaurs and indeed this
01:01:41
rock crushing
01:01:43
diopside she allowed her time
01:01:47
pterosaurs fly up and then grow up
01:01:51
again to gigantic proportions, right?
01:01:54
not only boats have grown and even such
01:01:57
large animals cup tyrannosaurs and 1 again
01:02:00
such people are considered sensations
01:02:03
sensational finds, well, the hole is of course so
01:02:06
didn't tell the world community
01:02:10
relationships and reverence for dinosaurs
01:02:13
discovery of jaws
01:02:16
Tyrannosaurus rex babies are actually these
01:02:19
jaws jaws other small ones there
01:02:22
tyrannosaurus no, actually here it is
01:02:25
we see them not to scale, but if in
01:02:28
draw these on a scale
01:02:29
black lines or
01:02:31
line view
01:02:32
and these are the same jaws
01:02:34
tyrannosaurus leads that were found by
01:02:36
compared with other infants and
01:02:38
tyrannosaurs with our jaws but here I am
01:02:42
actually wrote about a tyrannosaurus
01:02:44
It’s clear that you’ll brew sloe sooner
01:02:47
just not a tyrannosaurus close collar
01:02:50
Daspletosaurus
01:02:52
or Albertosaurus there are different ones
01:02:54
options found another claw from
01:02:56
to exist a little bigger means
01:03:00
you can roughly imagine what
01:03:02
the size was a baby she erased for
01:03:05
the veteran will weld about 70 centimeters
01:03:07
but still quite an impressive carcass
01:03:10
why are tyrannosaurs different than tyrannosaurs
01:03:14
there were brutal creatures, you see
01:03:17
his chin protuberance
01:03:18
as powerful as all brutal ones
01:03:22
men although not all tyrannosaurs of course
01:03:24
were men but nevertheless here
01:03:26
therefore the chin protrusion was
01:03:29
shot tyrannosaurus linda installed
01:03:30
exactly what else he has is interesting what he has
01:03:34
his first teeth have already erupted
01:03:37
just in case, I'll remind you that they don't have
01:03:41
there were baby teeth, they had teeth all the time
01:03:43
changed several times during the process
01:03:46
life, but at the same time you haven’t had time to talk about
01:03:51
cut first
01:03:52
maybe the teeth have already begun to cut the second one
01:03:55
line of teeth that replace them
01:03:57
there really came out of an egg
01:04:00
such a toothy, clawed creature since
01:04:03
three-day stubble, but that's already
01:04:06
leave the artists
01:04:12
well, then it all grew and there
01:04:15
Oscar is a very good specialist
01:04:19
dinosaurs and in particular
01:04:20
Tyrannosaurus from Carthage College
01:04:24
in Wisconsin recently
01:04:28
I've already collected all the data on the Tyrannosaurus
01:04:31
tyrannosaurus rex specifically available
01:04:33
in view and shooting them into a single one
01:04:36
a ruler, well, according to where more or less
01:04:39
at least well preserved
01:04:41
skulls
01:04:42
somewhere he studied 44 skulls, of which 31
01:04:47
got here on this plate several times
01:04:49
in general, steel is not the same to the same degree
01:04:52
safety seemed according to which it is possible
01:04:55
something to judge and then in general
01:04:57
imagined how tyrannosaurs generally grew
01:05:00
very interesting they grew over time
01:05:03
pay attention to their teeth
01:05:04
it became smaller, well, all the teeth with
01:05:08
time becomes less but they have
01:05:09
just a hare reduction of some teeth for
01:05:13
account to increase the growth of other teeth
01:05:15
happened
01:05:16
Unfortunately we don't have this
01:05:19
this is observed in our lives
01:05:22
what else is very important like this this one
01:05:25
the inflection point is approximately 13 to 16 and 17 years old
01:05:31
growing up time is actually like
01:05:33
human but they lived in general like people
01:05:35
somewhere around the 30s it started
01:05:39
old age, although we have it in my opinion
01:05:41
legislative order from now a little
01:05:43
Isn't the beginning of youth established?
01:05:46
it's easy to vote yes come on
01:05:48
next year we will vote to
01:05:50
youth lasted up to 65 years but who
01:05:53
interferes raised their hands everyone but really
01:05:57
in real nature, of course, this is unfortunately not
01:05:59
this is how a tyrannosaurus grows up
01:06:03
the nose was of course accompanied by the appearance
01:06:06
sexual characteristics and moaning accompanied
01:06:10
still very significant changes in
01:06:13
the structure of the skull which is even Asgard
01:06:16
called metamorphosis because the skull is from
01:06:19
such a flatter crocodile
01:06:21
like established himself high here with
01:06:24
really dinosaur tyrannosaurus
01:06:26
like all this happened on
01:06:28
over the course of just a few years
01:06:31
These are the changes and it is clear that
01:06:34
greatly changed the articulation of bones and
01:06:37
the skull became more durable, that's it
01:06:41
again, it was repeatedly considered that everything was his
01:06:44
resistance to bending, etc., and from seams
01:06:47
on the skull on the skull if before that they
01:06:49
there were but approximately
01:06:50
of course uneven flat ones for example above
01:06:53
generally slightly curved like this
01:06:55
when pressed, you can somehow shift
01:06:57
and then they didn’t turn into this
01:06:59
the structure is very strong
01:07:01
structure that can be broken but for
01:07:04
this is necessary when it is of course huge
01:07:07
efforts to see but to the husband to the skull
01:07:11
this Tyrannosaurus aparici
01:07:13
during his life he sat down at the cash register and mowed down some
01:07:16
titanium for titanosaurs
01:07:19
70 tons and then the skull will break and
01:07:24
of course it increased sharply because
01:07:27
the skull became stronger sharply
01:07:29
the bite force increased and so
01:07:31
four year old tyrannosaurus rex bite force
01:07:34
was 2600
01:07:36
4100 newtons, well, according to various calculations, but
01:07:39
adult tyrannosaurus set rose
01:07:41
an order of magnitude here is 10 times 3557 thousand
01:07:47
Newtons, well, let’s even take this one
01:07:49
the bottom figure, well, among modern ones
01:07:52
Animals only bite
01:07:54
alligator alligator scythe touches on
01:07:57
the thesis is much stronger than, say, a lion, well
01:08:02
not on the other, a little bit of articulation
01:08:04
which this mechanic allows
01:08:07
mechanism to collapse instantly with
01:08:10
Tyrannosaurus rexes are so strong too
01:08:12
collapse instantly and with this
01:08:14
force a snack, let's tell God what to be
01:08:18
hadrosaurs or cerato dog nothing to him
01:08:20
worth it in one bite
01:08:22
As for other differences, is it possible?
01:08:25
tell a girl from a boy well
01:08:27
It's almost impossible to win an Oscar no matter how
01:08:29
I tried but no skeletal ones
01:08:32
he did not find any differences in both
01:08:35
and known to some
01:08:38
cases what he did with girls
01:08:41
how noticeable is this because the tyrannosaurus and
01:08:44
laid eggs and came out of limestone
01:08:47
skyra shell for eggs
01:08:50
was a lime shell
01:08:52
we need a supply of this very lime
01:08:54
somewhere to keep from kept not in tubular
01:08:57
bones like modern birds
01:09:00
this medal fabric was called and in
01:09:02
in some cases from the middle of my fabric
01:09:04
it remains clear that it is only needed
01:09:06
males and eggs do not go to females
01:09:08
they put it off, they don’t want to, they don’t want to
01:09:11
make you write whatever you can
01:09:14
parent one parent 20
01:09:16
there are parents 1 and parent 2 1 gender and they
01:09:20
either both can lay eggs or both
01:09:23
there's no third option here, so
01:09:28
it turned out that except for this one
01:09:30
slow bones it forms in
01:09:33
certain periods of life no
01:09:35
other differences between females and males
01:09:38
tyrannosaurs did not exist well
01:09:41
this is actually a huge article
01:09:43
somewhere more than 100 pages and there is no Oscar
01:09:47
he was lazy, he plotted all the known data
01:09:50
Tyrannosaurs from Cape Cape
01:09:51
I just brought it to my curve
01:09:54
one of them is just
01:09:58
increased resistance to torsion
01:10:01
this cranium which is like his
01:10:03
increases tens of times with a tyrannosaurus
01:10:06
really was the largest and most powerful
01:10:09
predator at least on land
01:10:11
throughout the history of the earth, but even if you don’t take
01:10:15
only tyrannosaurus all tyrannosaurus and in
01:10:17
in general there have not evolved at all into
01:10:20
the side of increasing brains is not with him
01:10:22
they just grew in size like this
01:10:25
the carcass is stupid and big, aren't they smart?
01:10:29
over time, well, in any case, they were able to
01:10:33
solve fairly complex operations
01:10:36
searching and catching prey it is clear what they have
01:10:41
there was a keen perception of smells, which was very
01:10:44
large olfactory bulbs but also
01:10:46
some other structural features
01:10:49
brain
01:10:50
say elongated curved channel
01:10:53
cochlea indicates sensitivity to
01:10:55
low-frequency sound and this is most likely
01:10:58
again for genuine
01:11:00
aimed at finding a potential victim
01:11:02
not only partners
01:11:04
Well, well-developed semicircular canals and
01:11:07
maze they allowed while running
01:11:10
track the movement of the same prey
01:11:13
who is running somewhere ahead
01:11:14
trying to escape without losing her star
01:11:18
this does not lose in maneuverability what you have
01:11:20
they had remarkable maneuverability
01:11:22
such a magician with such a mass of bodies I am in
01:11:24
last year I say, well, of course
01:11:27
case they could eat any
01:11:31
all sorts of carrion, well, who can refuse
01:11:34
free meat and he can already tell
01:11:38
with spices and flavor
01:11:39
and eventually from a group of comrades from
01:11:46
different American universities decided
01:11:48
check
01:11:49
Morrison Formation where dinosaurs drip
01:11:52
from the time of the bone wars
01:11:55
American celebrities on the subject
01:11:59
how many damaged bones are there in them?
01:12:02
are contained, well, in one sample where
01:12:04
they collected almost two and a half thousand
01:12:08
bones showed that a significant part
01:12:11
almost 700 of them are damaged
01:12:14
and such good damage from not
01:12:17
some mechanical fractures of this
01:12:20
that the bones were actively starving or
01:12:24
scratched, well, it’s clear that when it finds
01:12:27
Apatosaurus bones of scapulae
01:12:29
some other spine bones for
01:12:32
in order to get there you need to do this
01:12:34
Boeing already had it and this is clearly not alive
01:12:37
the dinosaur was bitten, but even more so if it
01:12:41
allosaurus which is mostly visible here
01:12:45
there was a press
01:12:47
ghost there was a feast of Allah
01:12:49
taking away although the authors do not exclude that
01:12:51
larger ones also took part in this
01:12:53
there are really predators in this
01:12:57
the time was more accurate like this
01:12:59
in the late narrow era in the west
01:13:03
modern states lived like that, they want them
01:13:07
generally only a few teeth are known, but
01:13:12
nevertheless, here are the corpses of the Allosaurus
01:13:15
Allosaurus as well
01:13:16
gnaw the more Apatosaurus
01:13:20
but some still scratched these
01:13:24
they are in very interesting places
01:13:26
left here, for example, the phalanx of a finger
01:13:28
it would seem if there was a dead one lying there
01:13:31
Allosaurus, why bother with it?
01:13:33
you can try to tear your finger off
01:13:35
grab some piece and place it
01:13:40
it's possible that this has already happened
01:13:43
finger grabbed during a fight
01:13:45
well, or maybe dinosaur pizza for someone else
01:13:49
spine too
01:13:50
in a fight though that's where it goes of course
01:13:52
get to the scruff of the neck it's a pager more
01:13:54
it’s convenient when there’s a corpse in front of you, but that’s all
01:13:58
all this from Boeing certainly shows that
01:14:01
yes they really could eat
01:14:03
killing carrion but we don't know when
01:14:06
this prey was killed, that is
01:14:09
she was lying around then we smelled for a long time while she
01:14:12
they didn’t smell it, they didn’t come, or they killed it now
01:14:16
here on the spot they ate it like this
01:14:19
everything happens often anyway
01:14:21
large predators
01:14:24
vertebrates from 30 kilograms and above they
01:14:28
all feed by active foraging
01:14:31
live prey to feed the attackers
01:14:33
an animal with an active metabolism is not
01:14:36
able because it's all enough
01:14:39
random finds
01:14:40
if you focus only on them then not
01:14:42
to survive you have to live by eating fresh meat
01:14:46
6
01:14:47
more about dinosaurs, well, the three-headed eagle
01:14:53
the headings here are not accidental and the title
01:14:55
because this is Aksakov and such
01:14:58
Turkic word which means
01:15:00
deity of the Central Asian pantheon
01:15:04
of the form of a three-headed eagle
01:15:07
the three-headed eagle is clearly much more convenient
01:15:10
than two-headed because two-headed
01:15:12
orla van but there will always be some
01:15:15
difference of opinion and never to
01:15:19
the consensus cannot come the night in half
01:15:21
take off your clothes, here's how to do it for the amendment
01:15:23
the constitution has no pulse, you won’t vote already
01:15:25
there will always be one head after another
01:15:27
against, but out of four the leader is always
01:15:29
You can solve everything, any question, two heads
01:15:31
for 1 against well or vice versa well in the end
01:15:34
in the end there are three will outweigh the third head
01:15:37
empty I don’t agree, you can take a bite
01:15:39
but let's not go back to the dinosaurs
01:15:45
by chance it's called chapter 3 because
01:15:47
what three skeletons found together out
01:15:49
the second specific name is varsan
01:15:52
this is already a Mongolian word and it means
01:15:55
stolen because these
01:15:57
magnificently preserved 3 skeletons
01:16:00
They were already caught at customs when they tried
01:16:02
take it abroad with dinosaurs
01:16:05
remnants happen all the time
01:16:07
they are stolen from everywhere and taken out wherever
01:16:10
then this is legal production, say in America
01:16:13
somewhere like in Mongolia in China they can charge for this
01:16:15
jail him very hard if they catch him and
01:16:18
they’ll do the right thing, but these are risks
01:16:23
summer is very full such an oviraptor and
01:16:26
getting dirty in itself is interesting but they
01:16:28
still in such an unusual position no way
01:16:31
everyone will be huddled together and api
01:16:35
lay down alive in this state because
01:16:38
what when dinosaurs or something else
01:16:41
the creature usually dies
01:16:43
accepts also called described
01:16:45
conical pose let's say head
01:16:48
thrown back
01:16:49
the spine seems to be arched in your head
01:16:52
pulled up, then it’s clear that she
01:16:54
died some unnatural death
01:16:57
Faith died for a long time and suffered, but here
01:17:01
these poor dinosaurs
01:17:03
I fell asleep when they were together
01:17:06
we really sat and warmed ourselves somewhere
01:17:08
or in a nest or in a hole and this
01:17:10
really one of the first
01:17:12
really finds that show
01:17:14
that at least oviraptor is what a thief is
01:17:16
really lived
01:17:18
large families and in general could
01:17:21
or Greece or guard the eggs reported
01:17:24
something like that, but he's also very
01:17:25
interesting because this
01:17:27
peculiar there were 2 full limbs
01:17:30
that he demolished more powerful cases about bye
01:17:33
it’s not clear that there are so many other things
01:17:37
two other dinosaurs, well again
01:17:41
we leave it to the conscience of the artists
01:17:43
plumage coloring book as they remain
01:17:46
with only some skeletal remains
01:17:48
which are drawn here and what
01:17:50
the real skeletons are shown in white
01:17:53
gray is what it's all about
01:17:56
reconstructed but nevertheless even
01:17:58
these leftovers are quite a lot for
01:18:01
preserved by a dinosaur a ginnel bellator
01:18:07
comes from New Mexico so
01:18:11
denel
01:18:12
taken from the Navajo language it is
01:18:15
their name is basically bellator
01:18:17
it is clear that the wrestler is practically a word in
01:18:22
bellator hour became known to everyone
01:18:25
thanks and onboard duel
01:18:27
popular but he is interesting only to those
01:18:32
please he will start brewing with one of these thugs
01:18:35
I was constantly running around with something like this
01:18:37
raised up
01:18:38
claws on the hind limbs, well, judging by
01:18:42
how these were arranged
01:18:45
limbs, that is, bones, these claws
01:18:47
apparently they didn’t lower him at all
01:18:49
why this was necessary five is not clear
01:18:51
Here
01:18:52
mighty nature is full of wonders, there is no other way
01:18:54
you say
01:18:55
here is another lizard that comes from
01:18:57
Argentina
01:18:58
no less interesting about these in general
01:19:01
later drama about harming the chalk they
01:19:03
in general they are not even typical for America
01:19:07
for the north so what a find
01:19:08
really rare enough for
01:19:12
they're not particularly South American either
01:19:14
also quite rare
01:19:16
meet some Nikita about him
01:19:18
this beast has more front ones
01:19:24
the limbs were actually wings
01:19:27
because they add up exactly like this
01:19:29
also how to add spr and colleagues
01:19:31
some pigeons but at the same time the back
01:19:34
limbs were committed to such a run
01:19:36
different type like those of running drummers
01:19:39
nonsense, or maybe among the running birds, well, where
01:19:42
the animals are still closer to the saurus, although not
01:19:48
full of preserved but very interesting
01:19:50
and faith raptor then accordingly
01:19:53
the name is already partly Greek but raptor
01:19:57
then again, grab or in Greek
01:19:59
and Vera in Spanish is motley and Liri Boy, well
01:20:04
because about tuna there is such a combination
01:20:07
no matter what the incompatible signs are, so what?
01:20:10
concerns large dinosaurs again
01:20:12
returned from the boat to brew ladies
01:20:14
constantly describe more and more new ones here with
01:20:18
a very scary name either on Tetris or
01:20:21
there is one who takes you to the next world
01:20:24
dinosaurs it is clear that he was large
01:20:27
predator tyrannosaurus ridom left from
01:20:30
it's not too little, it's enough
01:20:31
large fragments of the jaw and even teeth
01:20:35
some other parts of the skull which
01:20:38
lets lets reconstruct it
01:20:40
at least the head is enough
01:20:44
to say in detail that diversity
01:20:47
tyrannosaurus it late cretaceous
01:20:49
it was really very high and
01:20:51
the variety was high and these
01:20:55
horned lizards, well, there are horned lizards in the hall
01:20:57
to say such carcasses are actually every
01:21:00
a carcass the size of one and a half elephants
01:21:03
at least how many of them there should be
01:21:07
a lot but nevertheless described 60 s
01:21:10
too many of these types
01:21:14
animals and for the last of them for
01:21:16
over the past 10 years, 25 species have been described
01:21:20
there are two described every year
01:21:22
half of these horned large lizards but
01:21:26
2 lizards describe the entire half
01:21:29
puts his other half for next year
01:21:31
apparently this is what happens
01:21:32
Why are these particular animals interesting?
01:21:35
because they are one of the latest but
01:21:37
it's basically all these horned and
01:21:44
collar box is all for the second
01:21:48
half of the Cretaceous period this group
01:21:53
having is called haz-mat illuminated because
01:21:56
that they have this kind of recess in
01:21:59
collar on top and here are 2 2 new haz-mat
01:22:03
and they seem to be brewed just right
01:22:05
represent such an intermediate
01:22:08
transitional pigs one of them again in
01:22:11
the honor of the Navajo was given to the Navajo Cerato Dog
01:22:13
generic name and the second Greek
01:22:15
the name of the term colossus which means that
01:22:18
overgrowth of this one, just this one
01:22:23
deflection of the collar well in parallel with that
01:22:25
what was overgrown ted about the flexible ones we are
01:22:27
best seen at the pint cerato
01:22:30
there are two whole types of dogs depicted here
01:22:32
next comes ankhi cerato psa next everything
01:22:35
this of course ends with a triceratops
01:22:37
you can say this and conical kind
01:22:42
which is overgrown not only by this
01:22:43
completely upper in the opening but also here
01:22:48
these windows are parietal, but I have no other opinion
01:22:52
you name it because these are the bones on
01:22:54
in fact, you are growing parietal bones
01:22:57
skulls
01:22:58
why were these holes needed?
01:23:00
maybe to make it easier
01:23:02
it was just the weight of the collar during life
01:23:06
the skin is tightened to
01:23:07
look back
01:23:09
the rear view was good but alas the eyes
01:23:13
their eyes weren't designed that way
01:23:14
look back
01:23:16
but in fact, some have saurus
01:23:18
sat under the eye so that the brew could
01:23:21
see what's going on behind but not in that
01:23:25
state when the head is in front
01:23:27
on an outstretched neck, if you lower it
01:23:29
head down, you can't look
01:23:31
someone creeps up to sleep
01:23:34
long missus there at the back of the tail
01:23:37
why they have all this overgrown but it’s understandable
01:23:40
if you live surrounded by people like this
01:23:42
predators is understandable in the end
01:23:45
that the collar will not be hacked such and
01:23:49
get to the neck
01:23:50
there is a solid bone there already
01:23:52
it is more difficult to break through and reverse
01:23:55
attention show you are all variety
01:23:57
predators of large and large horned pangolins
01:24:00
Saratov residents it is concentrated in such
01:24:04
generally a small continent which
01:24:06
called larami and represented
01:24:09
the western part is in modern
01:24:11
North America approximately he stretched
01:24:14
from New Mexico here in the south
01:24:16
and further to Alberta and Canada and further
01:24:21
this beech will actually give all the way to Alaska
01:24:24
separate continent separated by large
01:24:27
sea ​​strait from the rest of America
01:24:29
that's where all this diversity is extinguished
01:24:31
big predation blatta what
01:24:34
Triceratops and tyrannosaurs met
01:24:37
this undoubtedly suggests
01:24:41
a find but a find again alas
01:24:44
made by non-professionals
01:24:46
dug by not a professional
01:24:48
unprofessional because of this to us
01:24:50
I lost at least 50 percent of my
01:24:53
scientific value with no more, well, found
01:24:57
these animals back in 2006 and this
01:25:00
year again
01:25:01
news spread about dueling dinosaurs
01:25:05
literally translate dinosaur fight
01:25:07
all newspapers because the museum bought them
01:25:11
North Carolina
01:25:12
sponsors' money the amount is called different
01:25:16
from five and a half d d 9 million
01:25:19
dollars in America it’s just that all the land is there
01:25:23
is private you can come to the farmer
01:25:26
and agree that for a certain amount
01:25:28
him per year or credits from sales you
01:25:31
you can dig into its lands as much as you want
01:25:33
will come out than black diggers and often and and
01:25:38
uses as in this case but
01:25:40
because they are not professionals, understandably
01:25:42
that when all this dug up is carried out
01:25:44
presentation and already 50 percent of all
01:25:47
scientific information is lost and although this
01:25:49
really very complete skeleton
01:25:51
young
01:25:52
Tyrannosaurus even has all of its abdominal ribs
01:25:57
preserved in life they rarely
01:26:00
persists even when we are at a turning point
01:26:02
condition and apparently a very good skeleton
01:26:06
triceratops but like in what real
01:26:09
the relationship was not with each other
01:26:11
towards a friend this is already
01:26:13
impossible to reconstruct and Dan
01:26:15
formation, unfortunately, was lost
01:26:20
would certainly not be so interesting about it
01:26:24
talk about everything needed intervened yet
01:26:28
one interesting point actually
01:26:31
because you are now the owners of the company days I
01:26:35
I even remembered the name of one of the housewives, Marie
01:26:38
yang of isobutane is consonant with the name of the famous
01:26:41
English paleontologist Mary Ehning
01:26:43
that's why it's remembered when this number
01:26:48
appeared how much the museum buys for
01:26:50
dinosaurs old owner appeared here
01:26:53
farm and it turned out that he had a piece of paper
01:26:57
according to which
01:26:59
minerals that are found here on
01:27:02
territories these companies are still in the world
01:27:04
remains his property but it is a museum
01:27:08
demanded for himself because but actually
01:27:10
in fact, strictly speaking, anyone will be accommodated
01:27:13
minerals are really nowhere to be found here
01:27:15
there's no getting around it, well, American Laeras
01:27:18
on that one there are American Loires
01:27:21
the museum has very good flyers or
01:27:24
again, private individuals who are already for
01:27:26
font museum and they proved that in strength
01:27:29
and these are not minerals
01:27:30
these are completely different things and a museum
01:27:34
I really stuck to my thoughts
01:27:35
the litigation is not over yet but Lauren and even
01:27:38
Lasers are especially not American
01:27:40
live next find but we saw
01:27:44
already there are Mongolian stolen ones
01:27:49
American dinosaurs are unclear by whom and
01:27:52
like a dinosaur mined here's another egg
01:27:54
the saurus and which turned out to be as much in the end
01:27:57
to the museum Slovaks but where from titanium for in
01:28:00
rows of Patagonian where the museum is weaklings
01:28:04
they write well and we have good sleep
01:28:07
specialists like Martin Kondrat
01:28:09
who noticed that there was an egg on
01:28:11
the house is bad but there is clearly something there
01:28:13
and as a result, tomography revealed that
01:28:16
there is really practically
01:28:17
full embryo of titanium behind the ranks with very
01:28:20
well-preserved skull and on this
01:28:23
the skull is his goal or even such
01:28:25
details like egg tooth and such
01:28:29
a growth on the nose that everyone has
01:28:31
modern
01:28:32
birds, otherwise you won’t get out of the egg
01:28:34
so that you don't push him over something and
01:28:36
then it disappears and even among dinosaurs
01:28:40
such as titanosaurs yes this is for wrap odes
01:28:43
There were also very large growths, well
01:28:47
and plus another bump on the nose
01:28:49
which is not in the plan is completely unclear
01:28:51
why but that's when the find is really
01:28:54
made by specialists and they have access
01:28:57
you can access it from the very moment of its discovery
01:29:01
make it much more interesting of course
01:29:03
work like this with this armored mummy
01:29:07
dinosaur Borya Lepel the one that was found
01:29:10
in oil food sandstones in the province
01:29:15
Alberta and that's really general
01:29:17
mummy, there are a lot of different things preserved there
01:29:20
soft tissue details under to at least
01:29:22
least their keratin has been restored
01:29:24
the coloring of this wonderful armored
01:29:28
dinosaur now we got to it
01:29:30
petrified stomach from button to
01:29:32
intestines you or whatever it is called in
01:29:35
paleontology injected then we have everything
01:29:37
does it end in a stone what is visible there
01:29:41
you can see there in the first tour, here they are
01:29:43
These little dark rings lie
01:29:46
pebbles for you that help
01:29:48
digest vegetation grind
01:29:50
and many such clusters
01:29:53
plant tissues already digested and
01:29:57
when you looked at what they were made of
01:29:58
it turned out that they consist of practically
01:30:02
90 percent only from leaves and from these
01:30:04
leaves 85 percent herbaceous
01:30:07
ferns
01:30:08
Well, it’s clear that if an animal is even
01:30:11
large whines about 5 meters long but in
01:30:14
short then she will eat
01:30:15
herbaceous vegetation
01:30:17
what is very interesting is that ferns
01:30:19
let's say they are vegetables although in vegetables
01:30:22
protein content is significantly higher than in
01:30:25
ferns conspiracy
01:30:26
outwardly I want it, but I didn’t want it, I had my own diet
01:30:32
Well, besides, the animal didn’t just eat
01:30:36
ferns but sometimes consumed soot
01:30:39
hall
01:30:40
for better visible digestion
01:30:42
it happened, or maybe it just happened
01:30:44
came across sit down and charred remains
01:30:46
because she grazed on all sorts of things
01:30:48
such burnt areas where first
01:30:51
The queue is certainly starting to grow
01:30:52
herbaceous ferns in many even
01:30:56
modern forests you and another find
01:30:59
It’s no coincidence that the name is here again
01:31:02
eternal dream because this is it
01:31:03
chan deeds in Chinese and that’s just it
01:31:08
means the eternal sleeper has fallen asleep
01:31:10
the animal didn't wake up anymore why did he
01:31:14
I fell asleep too, we can only guess because
01:31:16
which again
01:31:17
well this time it's not stolen
01:31:20
honestly found by a Chinese peasant
01:31:22
on its territory honestly transferred well
01:31:24
or sold for a small amount
01:31:26
scientists but unfortunately the peasant wanted
01:31:30
do the best so it is partially
01:31:33
his whole skull parried him from pride
01:31:36
this is the icon with a needle and plus some teeth
01:31:38
I immediately saw how interesting they were
01:31:40
the teeth are very similar to the ancient ones
01:31:44
lizards like byte radonta for the enemy
01:31:46
Triassic and we already have this
01:31:49
Cretaceous Cretaceous period punished score
01:31:51
just a peasant tried all these
01:31:54
I picked my teeth so they stick out better
01:31:59
yet again
01:32:00
the pose is really of a beast that sleeps
01:32:04
I found him somewhere in my hideout
01:32:07
death most likely covered him with ashes
01:32:10
it is more likely that he was poisoned by some
01:32:13
gas such as carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide
01:32:16
which is also released by the eruption
01:32:18
volcanoes this whole province of Liaoning is
01:32:21
also the largest modern
01:32:25
in the Cretaceous period the same as ours
01:32:27
Kamchatka Kuril ridge and what's there
01:32:29
occurs when an eruption begins
01:32:31
Many people know volcanoes, everything around them dies
01:32:34
beast
01:32:35
Honestly, I’ll probably do the same too
01:32:39
died, so he remained in this position
01:32:41
there will also be a very complete skeleton
01:32:44
be studied and
01:32:45
what else is interesting about it, the whole host is here
01:32:48
preserved entirely and pay attention
01:32:50
oven how are you hooked type call here
01:32:52
a solid structure that can be bent
01:32:54
impossible, that is, the tail was always there
01:32:56
straight and probably served as a balancer
01:33:00
one of the few finds that
01:33:02
confirming yes indeed these are
01:33:04
dinosaurs ran on their hind legs and tail
01:33:07
worked as a balancer plus more
01:33:09
petrified tendons during life
01:33:12
petrified and of course all dinosaurs
01:33:16
lags in a wave and how to distinguish
01:33:18
Dinosaurs still have to establish their gender
01:33:21
maybe with a comb we can say
01:33:24
modern guinea fowls have them well
01:33:26
differ and but pay attention here
01:33:29
here about down are not exactly the same guinea fowl
01:33:32
showing which they studied they studied
01:33:35
common subspecies African c sorted
01:33:39
here are South African subspecies they are both 100
01:33:41
places the scallop is actually a horn
01:33:45
half-bent cargo Toyota natural in
01:33:48
wild guinea fowl filmed
01:33:50
I personally was lucky, but it turned out that
01:33:59
there are a lot of problems because except
01:34:02
keratin scallop
01:34:05
there is a bone comb a bone comb
01:34:08
keratin and bone are preserved
01:34:11
the comb has nothing to do with size
01:34:13
Kira keratin, that is, the base can
01:34:16
be small and have a keratin comb
01:34:18
huge and vice versa but still
01:34:21
if it was not possible to distinguish
01:34:23
Paul then managed to catch another
01:34:26
a pattern here in birds is modern
01:34:29
combed be it guinea fowl or
01:34:30
some cassowaries are giant birds with
01:34:33
such powerful helmets
01:34:35
they have bony ridge formation
01:34:38
this bone is new
01:34:40
and accordingly keratin occurs before
01:34:42
quite late stages of growing up and
01:34:44
Dinosaurs have all this
01:34:46
happened very early there literally
01:34:49
in a couple of years let it be torn out
01:34:52
fuchsia from egg and maybe even earlier
01:34:55
in general as a rule
01:34:57
Well, at least birds have time to appear
01:35:00
this ridge
01:35:01
coincides with the time of puberty
01:35:03
maturation and there is a possibility that
01:35:06
dinosaurs matured earlier than
01:35:10
birds are more advanced than theirs
01:35:13
posterity again studying skulls
01:35:16
dinosaurs can tell a lot about them
01:35:19
life and their metabolism and
01:35:24
Ruggero Porter and Lawrence Wittner 2
01:35:28
specialists from aha me
01:35:30
which even one of them comes from her
01:35:33
behind does not work at some university
01:35:36
which is related to paleontology
01:35:38
works as a specialist in telephone pathology
01:35:43
medical college studied skulls
01:35:46
various dinosaurs, well, something
01:35:48
something on the casts on the tomograph on the tomograph
01:35:50
they are unlikely to have a complete collection there
01:35:53
full-scale skulls and installed very
01:35:56
interesting pattern because
01:35:58
of course all these turtles have prints
01:36:00
and a hole from blood vessels if
01:36:04
compare from small dinosaurs but even
01:36:06
Here's how to move a meter
01:36:10
pachycephalosaur they have this system
01:36:13
veins and arteries
01:36:15
but for example the same as modern ones
01:36:17
why lizards or small crocodiles?
01:36:20
we need this system at all
01:36:22
this is to prevent your brain from getting fried
01:36:24
I'm not exaggerating really that much
01:36:27
the brain is an organ that needs to be kept
01:36:30
at a certain temperature it is not by chance
01:36:32
when increasing
01:36:33
our temperature is above 40 degrees at
01:36:36
for several hours even more so
01:36:39
days the whole brain will cook, it will die in any
01:36:42
vertebrates then
01:36:44
we happen therefore exists
01:36:45
many different protective systems and most
01:36:49
a common one is the system
01:36:51
arteries that are cooled this way
01:36:54
way and don’t give it, and because blood
01:36:58
from these cranial arteries carry
01:37:00
they don’t give directly to the brain
01:37:02
accordingly the brain overheats but
01:37:05
small dinosaurs, it’s clear that we have it
01:37:08
large carnivores had enough
01:37:10
dinosaurs
01:37:11
it turned out that the system is also like this
01:37:13
simple, well, I won’t torture the hall
01:37:16
why is this really a turtle?
01:37:20
big therefore
01:37:21
and the brains are relatively small therefore
01:37:23
such a simple system is not enough
01:37:26
be sure to develop something very
01:37:29
complicated, but all kinds of codes have
01:37:35
which although
01:37:36
the brains seem to be small and the skull too, but
01:37:40
the skull is also relatively small
01:37:42
had to create a very sophisticated
01:37:45
branched system of which we
01:37:48
no analogues in any other vertebrates
01:37:50
we don’t have it and why this is necessary is clear
01:37:53
when the body has a gigantic temperature and
01:37:56
constantly digest plant foods
01:37:58
the temperature rises all the time and
01:38:00
They don’t have any problems with heating either.
01:38:03
the body is even so natural without any
01:38:06
additional institutions of them all the time
01:38:08
there is a problem with cooling the body with
01:38:11
cooling the head is why it is needed
01:38:13
long
01:38:14
long tail long neck where is it all
01:38:16
it's cooling and you need it like this and also
01:38:18
sophisticated vascular system on the skull
01:38:21
somewhere, accordingly, everything too
01:38:23
cools down and very interesting
01:38:26
Finds about my watch
01:38:29
no so watch for yourself
01:38:32
what's next quickly left already
01:38:41
We got a little way, well, in general it seemed that
01:38:45
such huge animals as dinosaurs all
01:38:48
must lay eggs in shells here
01:38:50
it turned out that this is not so many
01:38:52
dinosaurs laid soft eggs in
01:38:55
leathery shell like say snakes in that
01:38:57
including Protoceratops and which we are well
01:39:00
we know from finds from Mongolia from
01:39:02
Kemerovo region, they had eggs
01:39:05
me gente and one more to
01:39:08
a soft but large egg was found in
01:39:12
antarctica on seymour island where very
01:39:15
many people are digging right now, it is assumed that
01:39:18
the mass of this egg was six and a half
01:39:20
kilograms are like nothing else
01:39:22
so the author writes maybe an egg
01:39:25
mosasaurus but also very huge
01:39:28
predatory lizards monitor lizards but also
01:39:33
We're almost done with the dinosaur theme
01:39:36
this is such tragicomic news
01:39:40
finds dinosaur calibers which is also a
01:39:43
everything glittered very quickly news
01:39:45
the channels have already found very small
01:39:47
turtle in amber
01:39:50
Burmese Minsk Sber Miti
01:39:54
teeth and assumed that accordingly
01:39:57
based on the size of the skull what was it
01:39:59
flying dinosaur the size of a hummingbird
01:40:02
but at the same time the authors wrote honestly
01:40:04
a civilian has no eye sclera
01:40:07
dinosaur you and they are lizards of rank and well done
01:40:12
that at least it was noted but it didn’t go through and
01:40:17
several months as authors consent
01:40:21
magazine may be the other way around
01:40:23
journal recommendations for your article this and that
01:40:26
what is called and the magazine language was confiscated
01:40:29
carried out such a retraction mission
01:40:34
why because it turned out
01:40:36
and not only thanks to new finds where
01:40:38
which we see is not a dinosaur
01:40:41
poopsie
01:40:42
and it’s not even a bird, it’s a lizard, well
01:40:46
in fact, in general, based on the structure of the skull
01:40:49
which a
01:40:50
perfectly preserved, you could talk about it
01:40:52
and not having guessed before
01:40:54
almost the entire lizard but even now
01:40:57
there was a rather funny situation in
01:41:01
paleontology because there is a name
01:41:05
which meets all requirements
01:41:07
names and it seems to exist
01:41:10
but there seems to be no article, how is this now?
01:41:13
there will now be debates about and of course
01:41:18
Spinosaurus, where would they find it without it now?
01:41:21
finally the tail of the spinosaurus was carried out by all sorts of
01:41:24
model calculations even built a model
01:41:28
showed that the bridge is the tail
01:41:30
actually used for swimming
01:41:32
then a huge lizard who lived in
01:41:35
giant river system in the north
01:41:39
modern Africa, that is, where we have
01:41:41
now sugar there forgive me they said in
01:41:45
time
01:41:47
Spinosaurs Late Cretaceous
01:41:49
there was a powerful river and
01:41:51
lake system inhabited
01:41:54
all sorts of fish, including these
01:41:57
saw by shaped sharks
01:41:58
other coelacanth sharks my who are in
01:42:02
at that time there were also huge freshwater
01:42:04
variety of crocodiles with dinosaur
01:42:07
being water boxes there was something to eat
01:42:09
but they have different characteristics
01:42:11
also fishy at that time and now there was
01:42:15
a small little bone was found
01:42:18
again from Morocco, it’s all in disguise
01:42:20
systems but nevertheless according to this
01:42:22
small small to the remains of the jaw
01:42:24
it was established that this pterosaur
01:42:26
apparently tried like someone here
01:42:28
modern and without the type of our loaf
01:42:31
living in summer at least in the delta
01:42:34
Volga of some other southern regions
01:42:36
Russia, well, as a separate new type of it
01:42:41
drew a ticket did not fly unknown
01:42:43
since there are no other parts of the skeleton
01:42:45
here's the [ __ ] with this way dunking yours
01:42:48
flat toothless beak
01:42:49
will and get everything out of there
01:42:51
you'll catch these shellfish worms and so on
01:42:53
further and another lizard from hell is something from the frames
01:42:57
Farin have, judging by his teeth, eaten all sorts of
01:43:02
molluscs head many which
01:43:04
swam at the surface of the sea because
01:43:06
his tooth is stuck in ethics style
01:43:10
although organic is quite dense
01:43:12
this mollusk actually looks like
01:43:15
species looks like squid it's actually
01:43:18
not belemnites not squid but this is a vampire in
01:43:21
those who live in our depths now
01:43:23
there were oceans in the Mesozoic seas
01:43:26
a huge amount and in shallow waters but
01:43:32
the last dinosaur for today
01:43:34
as experts suggest
01:43:37
also studied from Morocco, find
01:43:39
he actually sailed to Africa across the sea
01:43:42
because there's no other way to get there
01:43:44
there were no hadrosaurs
01:43:46
could have appeared from somewhere in Europe only
01:43:49
swim across the seas well cover takes with everything
01:43:52
modern reconstructions of the world on this
01:43:55
point out, well, not only dinosaurs lived
01:43:58
Cretaceous period and generally in the Mesozoic
01:44:02
in particular there were a lot of insects and
01:44:05
The Mesozoic is characterized by the flourishing of all kinds
01:44:08
mesh wings and found again in China
01:44:13
sich is a wing very similar to
01:44:15
modern gold peephole which we
01:44:17
migrated under lichens
01:44:19
what they are not found in one
01:44:21
localities with lichens experience
01:44:22
blood experience lichens and thickness here
01:44:26
all sorts of this colored drawing and
01:44:28
character branching color pattern on
01:44:30
in the wings of these golden eyes the little eye is exactly like this
01:44:33
the same as the branching and dimension of these
01:44:37
lichens well
01:44:38
where the stick insects lived next door
01:44:41
migrated vice versa under the leaves
01:44:42
ferns pretend to be something else
01:44:47
always pretended
01:44:51
in useful again returning to and
01:44:55
amber Myan would give us
01:44:58
infinite number
01:45:00
very diverse representatives
01:45:03
very diverse types and even genders
01:45:07
one can only be surprised in particular
01:45:10
found
01:45:12
male and female ostracods are
01:45:16
bivalve crustaceans but they lived somewhere in
01:45:18
hollow on a tree background quite possibly or
01:45:22
somewhere under a tree it's hard to say nuff in
01:45:24
amber
01:45:25
ended up in hermit and were preserved there
01:45:29
entirely without all genitals and
01:45:31
even
01:45:32
sperm to which astra has the code
01:45:37
they're just gigantic, they're even bigger than
01:45:39
first fool the whole millimeter
01:45:41
and his sperm is larger than
01:45:44
human and ten times more
01:45:48
they were preserved due to the fact that when
01:45:51
male under the influence of this
01:45:54
special zenkin hansen kirov organ
01:45:57
which looks like a pistol
01:46:00
for liquid nails squeezes it into
01:46:02
the female has it all wrapped up in the female
01:46:04
special drums and this
01:46:06
occurs simultaneously with two sperm
01:46:08
these are the reels where they are saved
01:46:11
quite difficult and of course
01:46:14
relationship is high one might say
01:46:16
thanks to them we now know how
01:46:18
ancient control codes multiplied
01:46:20
125 years per hundred million years at least
01:46:23
at least in the same manga an ancient one was found
01:46:25
a real flower that looks very similar
01:46:28
on modern colored laurels, well, like
01:46:32
leaders who live there in the same
01:46:35
areas
01:46:37
East Asia still everything everything
01:46:40
entirely on the skin and this is already but this
01:46:43
will remind you of the mid-Cretaceous period
01:46:45
there are already about 10 flowers and they are all
01:46:48
very different but also there again in those
01:46:50
amber ah again the mesh wing and on
01:46:54
this time man mammoth AIDS is so very
01:46:58
peculiar everything that has wings and with
01:47:01
grasping forelimbs like
01:47:03
at
01:47:04
Komolov stink exists now this one
01:47:06
Montespan
01:47:07
filmed by our scientist from Volgograd
01:47:10
Stanislav Shinkarenko in the south of Russia here
01:47:14
in the Cretaceous they were much
01:47:16
more diverse, again judging by their
01:47:18
grab limbs other than modern ones
01:47:21
6 why did you steal and there alive in amber
01:47:24
oh man we are found
01:47:25
insects that have not lost their
01:47:28
lifetime colors which is very interesting
01:47:31
but these colors are not actually pigments
01:47:34
not explained by colors but by structural
01:47:36
colors that result
01:47:38
diffraction of a white beam that is reflected
01:47:42
from numerous chitinous likes
01:47:45
the skeleton decomposes to transform such
01:47:47
rainbow structure well when I am a person
01:47:51
so it shines beautifully to catch the animal
01:47:54
Of course it’s much more difficult, you’re here too
01:47:57
saber wall
01:47:59
they also still exist and are nearby
01:48:01
ant here's an ant
01:48:02
chitinous skeleton ordinary nondescript
01:48:05
UAZ Iblis Tyanki brilliant
01:48:06
and it's actually very interesting
01:48:09
because there is no chitin here, that is
01:48:13
chitinous structure preserved hitting
01:48:16
replaced completely and remember I started
01:48:18
Today's performance by Pauline Tallois
01:48:21
paleontology with dinosaurs
01:48:25
It seems that even the cells in them have been preserved
01:48:28
even DNA is about the same age
01:48:31
here we see well preserved
01:48:34
insects hit us which basically
01:48:38
polysaccharide is supposedly more stable than
01:48:41
even collagen proteins, but extremely
01:48:44
measure of comparative degree of stability
01:48:46
and where we know for sure what should
01:48:49
be chitin but it’s not there
01:48:51
he's been gone for a long time now, he's bringing it to
01:48:53
thoughts that
01:48:55
and collagen there in those dinosaurs
01:48:57
in fact, no, and it’s no coincidence that this one
01:48:59
the article even though it is quoted
01:49:01
numerous media
01:49:04
it is printed in such a very
01:49:07
I won’t say low-grade at all, but the third
01:49:10
discharge to us a paid magazine by the way when
01:49:13
authors pay for their article
01:49:15
but let him review it but that's all
01:49:17
show a certain level
01:49:19
which all the real ones treated him
01:49:22
paleontological and general biological
01:49:24
magazines didn’t accept it, that is, they didn’t
01:49:27
considered the authors' evidence to be true in
01:49:30
last resort or at least for that
01:49:32
what makes sense to publish decent
01:49:34
magazine, although as you can see there are others
01:49:37
cases with the same dinosaur hummingbird well
01:49:40
ok let's skip these salamanders from Pavel
01:49:44
miss from St. Petersburg
01:49:47
university continues to amaze us
01:49:49
all sorts of
01:49:50
Siberian ancient Solomon Dame
01:49:52
male and not only he rewrote
01:49:55
recently also Central Asian
01:49:59
salamanders show what we have in Siberia
01:50:02
there was 10 such a hotbed for men
01:50:04
variety of ancient salamander
01:50:06
indeed the most ancient
01:50:08
at least it was at least here
01:50:11
three different salamanders are already known in Siberia
01:50:14
from the same miss finding so well
01:50:17
ok so skipping huge mbits
01:50:20
mammal from Madagascar Cretaceous
01:50:23
when he already became
01:50:24
island and the animals began to increase in size
01:50:27
sizes we miss these friendly mice
01:50:30
It's no coincidence that this name is because
01:50:31
this is fillet comic greek name
01:50:33
that’s exactly how it’s translated again
01:50:35
a whole cluster of entire colonies was found
01:50:38
there are a lot of these ancient alphabet books cheats for
01:50:40
mammals of different ages which
01:50:42
apparently lived in one such burrow
01:50:44
colonies here are the first manifestation of
01:50:47
social group existence
01:50:49
among mammals
01:50:51
by real finds ok in the end
01:50:56
all sorts of generalizations are also not so important
01:50:59
concerning dinosaurs and birds but this one
01:51:04
the bird is still a pity for me to miss it
01:51:08
although she is quite a late Torrio
01:51:10
price but only 50 million years
01:51:13
but she lived in the arctic and there was one of
01:51:15
the largest flying birds and pay
01:51:17
attention what's on
01:51:19
terribly toothy what does it really have to do with it
01:51:21
not real teeth there was such a group saw
01:51:25
carnitine from birds with teeth
01:51:28
re-formed from bones
01:51:33
rays of faith of the upper jaw and lower
01:51:36
jaws
01:51:37
such bone spikes have grown but quite
01:51:41
with a power of 72 of course very large
01:51:44
flying predator feeding
01:51:46
fish or something else, but also large ones
01:51:48
animals
01:51:49
you just can't pass by this one
01:51:51
turtles whose shell length is as
01:51:54
and it has been preserved almost entirely
01:51:56
almost two and a half meters but this
01:51:58
largest fossil ever found
01:52:01
especially modern turtles
01:52:03
belonged to the tank neck group
01:52:06
I can say with confidence that this is very
01:52:09
large predator freshwater but also mid
01:52:13
gallons also cannot be missed, although
01:52:16
in general, articles are more of such degrees
01:52:18
calculated than based on some new
01:52:20
finds and those and other authors obse you
01:52:23
there are modern herring sharks
01:52:26
such a squad
01:52:28
there are also rokovo herrings from the family
01:52:31
squad which place belongs to
01:52:33
by the way, a white shark and just in case
01:52:35
let me remind you
01:52:37
that's all here and now 15 species all wrong
01:52:41
unfortunately on the verge of extinction
01:52:43
well, you can still count their teeth
01:52:46
compare sizes and based on this
01:52:48
these calculations of teeth parameters
01:52:51
relative and other parts of the body were
01:52:56
Calculations have been made after all
01:52:58
the size could be megalodon alone in the group
01:53:01
which was considered teeth turned out but
01:53:04
Of course the teeth size turned out to be 14
01:53:06
meters from the group that paid attention
01:53:09
for others the size of fins is 16
01:53:13
meters, well, in general, they are nobody on their own
01:53:16
point of view does not insist that we are right
01:53:19
others no all conjectural
01:53:21
but also what was offered was also interesting
01:53:27
hypothesis than the actual challenge here
01:53:29
we would like such gigantism of a mega lot
01:53:32
but many herring sharks are actually
01:53:35
case of viviparous about this meaning of them
01:53:38
the embryo begins to develop in the womb
01:53:41
at the same time, he still actively feeds there with
01:53:44
begins to burst eggs that are not
01:53:47
developed then they move on to what
01:53:49
called intrauterine cannibalism
01:53:51
those you have grown larger by eating those
01:53:53
who grew up smaller, well, that’s okay, but
01:53:57
you are from there from the shark itself
01:53:59
3 meters in size an embryo falls out
01:54:03
size one and a half, that is, no longer a fetus
01:54:05
newborn baby shark size one and a half
01:54:06
meters so that this
01:54:09
dimension should be reduced, need to be increased
01:54:12
sizes to increase
01:54:13
dimensions need to be actually changed to
01:54:16
warm-blooded, that's all viviparous colas
01:54:19
at least in this environment you are a group
01:54:21
they are but not quite endoderms, that’s what
01:54:25
what is called mesoderm and why
01:54:27
isotherms and the project are almost closer to
01:54:29
gmat ​​pastry chef us that is temperature
01:54:31
their body temperature is constantly higher
01:54:34
environment, which allowed
01:54:37
megalodon be large active
01:54:39
a predator because if he was
01:54:41
cold-blooded predator rim in such
01:54:44
size just didn’t feed, but
01:54:47
being
01:54:48
a warm-blooded predator he could do it to himself
01:54:51
allow, well, also such calculations
01:54:54
moments for all saber-toothed people who
01:54:57
showed that they were not terribly diverse
01:54:59
ate a very varied diet or
01:55:02
very diverse sport
01:55:09
but the forms of life do not stop
01:55:13
I'll be a mummie now
01:55:15
then as for what it means again here
01:55:18
us in Yakutia
01:55:19
over the past twenty years found 20
01:55:23
amazing new mummies
01:55:26
they were rescued in 1920 found found
01:55:29
perhaps the most shelf in a rhinoceros mummy
01:55:32
hairy and found a mummy for the first time
01:55:35
cave bear, well, there is also
01:55:38
study his age of course
01:55:39
quite respectable could well be
01:55:43
they are a brown cave bear on the Klondike
01:55:47
on the famous famous jack
01:55:49
Mummy of a young wolf found in London
01:55:52
a really worthwhile wolf is all that
01:55:54
they've found us so far in Siberia
01:55:57
mummies my young dogs and studying
01:56:02
accordingly, not only the mummy of the larger
01:56:05
degrees as the bone remains
01:56:06
hairy rhinoceroses whose active
01:56:09
of course ours took part
01:56:11
specialists from many centers actually
01:56:14
here and Novosibirsk Irkutsk Yakutsk
01:56:16
and of course the Ice Age Museum
01:56:20
Moscow Irina Vladimir matter fishing in
01:56:22
in particular one of our best
01:56:24
specialists
01:56:25
paleontologists on Priest price fauna
01:56:28
they found that in general it seems that
01:56:33
extinction of at least the hairy ones
01:56:34
rhinoceroses were not associated with the arrival in
01:56:37
Siberia man because after
01:56:40
people appeared there in different ways
01:56:43
genetic diversity of these rhinoceroses
01:56:45
they still felt very good
01:56:47
Here are the subsequent ones, brand climate
01:56:50
warming changes are abrupt and very bad
01:56:53
affected their population and again
01:56:57
studying not only the mummy of all kinds of bones
01:56:59
the remains of the dogs that were taken into the oven
01:57:02
active participation of our specialists
01:57:05
the above, by the way, are not of the past
01:57:09
the find from the year before last is a mummy
01:57:13
a wolf and an adult from everything again
01:57:15
and right there from Yakutia for which it was made
01:57:17
tomography is even narrower
01:57:19
and very interesting conclusions about
01:57:22
the origin of dogs and their migrations like this
01:57:24
since migration of people was not always accompanied
01:57:27
migrations of their best friend
01:57:32
where did this resettlement take place?
01:57:34
simultaneously somewhere but somehow happened
01:57:37
completely mosaic but especially in Europe
01:57:39
where there are a lot of different groups of people
01:57:41
moved we mix everything and not all of them
01:57:44
apparently moved with their dogs
01:57:46
although someone started a long time ago and there was
01:57:49
without dog lovers
01:57:50
leg with a cat person amen and at the same time
01:57:52
there were already cats with violence
01:57:55
but as for the origin of different
01:57:59
groups of dogs then she is very good in general
01:58:01
even modern breeds become attached
01:58:03
dogs become very attached to several
01:58:05
center and in particular these famous
01:58:09
New Guinea singing dog has one
01:58:12
dogs that did not become feral also over time, like
01:58:14
Australian one year all there
01:58:16
right introduced brought by man
01:58:21
ancient times now from the wild and now
01:58:24
also chooses therefore even such types
01:58:27
how the wild dogs ding guests ended up under
01:58:29
extinction threat
01:58:31
so they ended up in respectively
01:58:34
close relatives from the same line a
01:58:36
American dogs apparently happening
01:58:38
really from West Siberian from you
01:58:42
definitely Siberian and even to some extent
01:58:44
from the Altai with this league they came, well
01:58:48
further this is superimposed of course
01:58:50
all sorts of European lines like them from
01:58:53
European seafarers imported in general
01:58:55
very interesting articles that you can
01:58:59
if you especially love dogs
01:59:01
learn a lot of interesting things for 7
01:59:03
information but also to the wall although this is already
01:59:07
refers in general to a gently sloping canter
01:59:09
to a greater extent but nevertheless
01:59:11
because the huts to the mammoth are new
01:59:14
the recently discovered one is simply gigantic
01:59:16
construction
01:59:18
which could be dated from the remains
01:59:22
coal and it was usually believed that they burned
01:59:25
there are bones in these hearths and here they burned
01:59:28
bridge real firewood where did they get it
01:59:30
though it’s not entirely clear, but there are leftovers
01:59:34
this sins of wood are not just coal
01:59:37
a total of 51 jaws were used for construction
01:59:40
mammoth 61 skulls and a huge number
01:59:44
other bones, that is, one more
01:59:47
interesting point that on the territory
01:59:49
build it yourself and code for it except
01:59:51
Almost no foci were found
01:59:53
other artifacts what they did in it
01:59:56
it's unclear what it was intended for
01:59:59
maybe of course some kind of cult
02:00:00
there was a building but maybe they were there
02:00:03
we checked in, the bill felt wrong and
02:00:05
quickly quickly ran away from there and
02:00:07
real baby
02:00:08
and at the end it means like this again
02:00:12
summary article where
02:00:14
a cycle was imposed on all choices
02:00:17
Olga Carbon's cycle changes are some
02:00:20
others also growth diversity growth
02:00:24
animal sizes throughout
02:00:27
last 500 50 million years and
02:00:30
it turned out that we have a carbon cycle
02:00:34
stabilizes as
02:00:36
diversity expands and stabilization
02:00:38
cycle
02:00:39
carbon this just means
02:00:40
normalization of the actual climate and many
02:00:43
what else if we really want
02:00:45
stability we need to expand
02:00:47
variety is there, we'll slam it there and
02:00:50
you don’t really care where and when and here I am
02:00:55
again I approach that predator why
02:00:57
started and so our initiatives
02:00:59
prehistoric stupid documents
02:01:04
which they release deputies what
02:01:08
concerns the attempt to resolve this
02:01:12
what am I doing now, that is, dedicate
02:01:14
sky activity here is huge
02:01:17
list of the initiative group but I have no one
02:01:19
from this initiative group
02:01:21
never at any educational events
02:01:23
lectures did not see how they know how and
02:01:25
I have no idea what we are doing but
02:01:28
they think they know it better
02:01:30
all therefore 15 urgently regulate and
02:01:32
write a document that if
02:01:34
read it carefully as it is written
02:01:37
absolutely not in Russian souls
02:01:39
prepositions are not there, commas are not there
02:01:41
it's worth it guys if you're already studying
02:01:44
regulation of cultural and educational
02:01:46
activities for you first in Russian
02:01:48
write learned to cook you can
02:01:50
attract according to your
02:01:52
document for doing it wrong
02:01:56
represent historical and
02:01:57
national and cultural traditions
02:01:59
peoples, then the language is our tradition
02:02:02
one of the most important elements of our
02:02:05
traditions if you write illiterately you
02:02:08
I’m not breaking these traditions anymore
02:02:10
I'm talking about these concepts that are still
02:02:12
they are trying to legislate here
02:02:14
because there are you ask three scientists
02:02:17
who do all these things
02:02:18
traditions
02:02:19
then you will not get three different opinions you
02:02:22
help thirty-three different opinions and how
02:02:24
this is all to be legislated, well
02:02:26
it’s clear why we should use it, I won’t say I won’t
02:02:28
the problem is because with our lasers
02:02:31
which are even cleaner than American ones
02:02:33
judge any person you dislike for
02:02:35
based on such a document, if
02:02:38
guys like you no matter how you
02:02:41
related to their cultural traditions
02:02:43
no matter how you come running, it’s clear that you
02:02:46
Comrade Klimov and others like you will remain
02:02:49
him. sir
02:02:50
Klimov and others go unpunished with him
02:02:53
always as well as here is comrade
02:02:55
Kalashnikov who is the first deputy chairman
02:02:58
State Duma Committee on Economic
02:02:59
politics but I have not read this document
02:03:03
let's not be surprised now why we have
02:03:05
the economy in this state is the same
02:03:07
man has no time to look after him
02:03:09
economics engineer started studying
02:03:11
science but in reality he is a doctor
02:03:14
sciences and candidate of sciences of others and
02:03:16
why doesn't he do this?
02:03:18
Kalashnikov's comrades were outraged that
02:03:20
some foreign logs from the system
02:03:24
web of science and scopus
02:03:25
has the right to index articles that
02:03:29
they are printed there, including by ours
02:03:31
to the specialist, I’m here too, print here
02:03:34
for some reason they don’t change such millstones
02:03:36
It bothers me that I write articles often
02:03:38
rejects much more often than accepts
02:03:40
Kalashnikov's comrades were very offended by this
02:03:43
very much moreover, he also writes that
02:03:51
the publication offers the terms and conditions we jump
02:03:54
high-rated scientific publications
02:03:56
offer quickly quickly
02:03:58
publish the article on condition
02:04:01
negative content of incriminating
02:04:03
actions power but do not know to me with
02:04:05
such proposals were not addressed here
02:04:07
there is a comrade Kalashnikov
02:04:09
made such proposals
02:04:10
I probably deserved it somehow, especially since I
02:04:13
I can imagine how the system works
02:04:16
I don’t believe it one bit, comrade.
02:04:18
Kalashnikov that he was dealing with some
02:04:22
really high rated magazines
02:04:24
they don't do it because they don't
02:04:26
print articles canvases they print
02:04:28
articles are free and they don't print
02:04:30
articles in an accelerated version KIO whatever
02:04:32
they were not written about Moore there
02:04:34
lie there and let it all happen to you
02:04:37
passed repeatedly and sometimes at 5
02:04:42
experts and 7 and this is not again not again
02:04:45
not something like that
02:04:47
neglect of, say, Russian science
02:04:49
this is normal practice because I
02:04:51
I also speak to these experts for those
02:04:53
the same magazines and are also rampant in
02:04:57
attitude towards other authors as a rule
02:05:01
I get Krishna Russian authors
02:05:03
you understand, well, here you go
02:05:05
topics and the authors write poorly or
02:05:08
don't argue their points well enough
02:05:10
conclusions
02:05:12
the article will be rejected because
02:05:15
she wrote about something that exposes
02:05:19
someone there will then accept her and then not
02:05:21
so Mr. Kalashnikov but get busy
02:05:25
economics please
02:05:27
you can't otherwise she just comes in
02:05:31
decline on losing a great specialist
02:05:33
in your face with science we somehow ourselves
02:05:37
we'll figure it out and if you do
02:05:40
how so how do you how we get science
02:05:43
this is the level we have by the way
02:05:46
it already happened when science again
02:05:48
Russian Soviet occupied developed
02:05:53
isolated we had such comrades
02:05:55
like People's Academician Lysenko
02:05:57
comrades like Lepeshinskaya thanks
02:05:59
which we have completely lost genetics and
02:06:02
we can't restore it so
02:06:04
We are inferior in agriculture too
02:06:06
highly dependent on others
02:06:08
lost cybernetics therefore in everything
02:06:10
concerns
02:06:13
you yourself understand the foundations of this whole life
02:06:16
our entire network without which
02:06:19
no one lives now, no one lives alone
02:06:23
taken state and we again
02:06:25
dependent in this respect on all others and
02:06:27
torso and we won’t even come back to this
02:06:30
comment on this nonsense that
02:06:32
our comrades on writing although they
02:06:35
academics but it was possible
02:06:37
publish only in the magazine when you are not
02:06:40
just an academician but you are still the head
02:06:41
editorial board of this journal and in the executive
02:06:44
ok that's all because none
02:06:46
foreign magazine is really not
02:06:49
just foreign
02:06:51
incorrect weapons international
02:06:53
magazine but such nonsense will not be accepted, excuse me
02:06:55
me the article must be evidence-based
02:06:58
when we saw and we think that we
02:07:01
saw correctly and we will not be anything
02:07:04
we won't prove it because we
02:07:07
academicians and so on from many academies
02:07:09
this is purely our Soviet Russian
02:07:14
a find nowhere else like this in nature
02:07:17
exists you want this hacky
02:07:19
science you will get it if you will
02:07:22
try to regulate as much as you want
02:07:24
Russian science was prestigious to have it
02:07:27
respected so then we need to coexist normally
02:07:30
with international magazine to me foreign
02:07:33
international magazine and because
02:07:34
you gentlemen deputy are speaking with
02:07:37
of course from m and I also speak with
02:07:39
initiative
02:07:40
How do you like the proposal because here it is again
02:07:43
Comrade Kalashnikov believes that with the help
02:07:46
reading these articles that we publish in
02:07:50
international journals can be maintained
02:07:52
scouts intelligence activities
02:07:54
against our state means reading
02:07:57
you can keep a foreign journal
02:07:59
activities against their states and now
02:08:01
let every deputy start the morning with
02:08:03
in order to read at least 100 articles
02:08:06
in foreign magazines and will make
02:08:08
any conclusions about how it exists
02:08:10
foreign states and how they are
02:08:12
stronger you can have it and at the same time let
02:08:15
benefit from articles, at least twenty of ours
02:08:18
read to
02:08:19
what if there really is something like that
02:08:21
contained but if they don’t find anything then
02:08:24
maybe they'll at least wisen up
02:08:26
which is also important for deputies, but how
02:08:28
wrote Ilf and Petrov
02:08:30
their venerable age no longer allows
02:08:33
this is to hope, but still I won’t finish
02:08:37
it's necessary for the sake of a comical note, she's good
02:08:40
scientific joyful note that we have
02:08:42
More and more books are appearing
02:08:44
domestic authors and
02:08:46
and good translated books
02:08:47
paleontology, I certainly can’t help but
02:08:50
praise Anton Melikhov for what he
02:08:52
published two books this year and both
02:08:55
wonderful and that's what concerns
02:08:58
inventor guys Azarov here is Anton
02:09:00
he found himself really very
02:09:02
writes great about the personalities of paleontology
02:09:05
and this is generally one of the best books on
02:09:13
written educational
02:09:17
paleontologies of which for all time
02:09:19
existence of Russian paleontology
02:09:21
was published
02:09:22
but his 2nd book is also very interesting
02:09:25
they found a common language with the wonderful
02:09:28
illustrator or tomorrow Italy
02:09:33
Switzerland and
02:09:34
drew and wrote a book about
02:09:37
paleontologists and against the discovery that
02:09:40
didn't make it known either
02:09:42
a pleasure to read and look at well
02:09:44
simple, but I won’t say it anymore though
02:09:46
there are a lot of books I say came out on
02:09:49
in this Russian language about Tanya there is so
02:09:51
look for something to read
02:09:53
and this year it’s really not our film and
02:09:55
still I can’t help but stop
02:09:57
the first feature film came out
02:09:58
truly a film in paleontologists
02:10:02
alive we are there mary aning famous
02:10:05
English paleontologist of the early 19th century
02:10:08
whom all the luminaries of that time knew
02:10:11
paleontological science and was considered
02:10:16
It's an honor to know her from mor
02:10:21
Joseon and in particular here on
02:10:23
in the picture there are just two houses sitting
02:10:25
on the right performed by Kate Winslet
02:10:27
It's Mary Aning on the left I can't
02:10:30
pronounce the actress's name but that's how it is
02:10:33
once
02:10:34
Joseon Mosquito radar's wife is depicted as me
02:10:38
I haven’t seen it myself unfortunately until now but
02:10:41
I'll definitely take a look, but based on my estimates
02:10:45
then made us at 1 of the sites that
02:10:48
very prestigious 67 percent he
02:10:51
received 83 percent from critics
02:10:54
ordinary viewers is very high
02:10:56
rating and kate winslet 2 thinks
02:11:00
name among the best and and films but
02:11:03
maybe not the best like the titanic
02:11:05
shower 2 for her that's for sure so that's it
02:11:09
I'm all faster than usual today
02:11:13
I finished only two and a half of these
02:11:17
an hour like this
02:11:23
well, something, well, let's ask 5 questions
02:11:27
I will answer the spirit and it is wonderful to eat no length
02:11:38
so I can't come here, you can't
02:11:42
throw
02:11:43
and I’ll tell you, well, let me read it to you right now
02:11:47
at the reconstruction of small arnie then dira he
02:11:52
drawn covered my pick the fibers to
02:11:56
there are some elite prerequisites for this
02:11:58
artist's imagination and that's all
02:12:00
fantasies of the artist Karinka said here
02:12:03
these are besides the dinosaurs we are
02:12:04
Today they actually saw everything
02:12:06
invented there is a group of comrades who
02:12:10
very much doubt anything at all
02:12:14
as for even pterosaurs, although they
02:12:18
often now he also draws covered peaks
02:12:21
the fibers are very large in this
02:12:22
doubt about part
02:12:24
again this year there was a publication on
02:12:27
guilt who believes that everyone is the same
02:12:31
the most protein fibrils that
02:12:33
stitched and supported the aircraft
02:12:36
membrane but generally the skin of these dinosaurs
02:12:38
that is, there is reason to believe that these
02:12:40
all the animals were woolly and so far
02:12:44
what not, but follow the books here
02:12:49
just in case not much attention
02:12:51
accidentally stuck one book on
02:12:53
English but she is very good
02:12:55
written by one of the specialists
02:12:57
truly the largest in terms of fossils and
02:13:01
modern birds Alan feedback which
02:13:03
still doesn't recognize it at all
02:13:06
origin of bird dinosaurs and its
02:13:09
point of view, well, I'm not with him
02:13:11
I agree, to be honest, but not
02:13:14
less people think that they should read a book
02:13:16
worth it and probably even worth it
02:13:18
translate publish in Russian
02:13:20
because it gives a lot of ideas
02:13:22
she actually gets a lot of criticism
02:13:25
deserves it
02:13:29
next question: lack of sexual
02:13:31
dimorphism is lost for dishes is it possible
02:13:34
strictly considered as indirect evidence
02:13:37
single lifestyle without social
02:13:39
interactions, well, most likely because
02:13:46
that the footprints of the tyrannosaurs are also not visible
02:13:49
so that they walk in groups after all
02:13:51
there were probably loners, is it possible?
02:14:00
ask to invite the list and so it is
02:14:03
question more karcher
02:14:06
I'm especially interested in the supposed polymerization
02:14:09
but but it seems like such a-league mi rezation
02:14:13
teeth will there be a lecture on legalization
02:14:16
homologous organs to the law
02:14:18
dogel then if you really want you can
02:14:24
It seemed like we managed to arrange it last year
02:14:30
isolate mammoth cells from
02:14:32
intact kernels
02:14:33
Can you tell me more about what's new in the genome?
02:14:36
Is it possible to start cloning like this?
02:14:42
I talked about this dinosaur here
02:14:43
caliber and about this possibility in
02:14:47
modern scientific journals about retraction
02:14:50
articles when it is removed from there was in
02:14:54
in this case, counting 2 they hurried
02:14:56
although we made a big mistake, but nothing like that
02:14:58
didn't do anything criminal but years
02:15:00
fifteen years ago it was real
02:15:03
retraction of even a single article about the series
02:15:05
article by one scientist
02:15:08
from south korea who faked
02:15:11
results on cell cloning
02:15:13
man, let him be in disgrace
02:15:16
not only not only his articles were
02:15:19
withdrawn from published
02:15:22
publications are not considered honey was still with
02:15:25
expelled from Seoul in disgrace
02:15:26
university and I offer you
02:15:29
guess the first time what country he is in
02:15:32
working today
02:15:36
Well, with all the conclusions and cloning
02:15:39
mammoth is a man who is constantly on
02:15:42
at least for the past few years
02:15:44
10 years clan
02:15:45
promises to clone a mammoth, this is him and
02:15:47
there is, well, I’ll tell you right away that it’s at least
02:15:52
impossible, if only for this reason
02:15:54
What does it take to clone a mammoth?
02:15:57
still dealing with eggs solo
02:16:00
they are modern and who will give them to you
02:16:03
These are species that are on the verge of extinction
02:16:06
there is no time for cloning a mammoth here
02:16:08
at least our modern elephants
02:16:09
save they are all on the verge now
02:16:11
extinctions and seriously the latest ones
02:16:14
for several years the situation became quite simple
02:16:16
deplorable and in Africa with two species
02:16:19
elephants and you or even in Asia
02:16:21
with the Indian elephant in David's book of fauna
02:16:29
I read the chronicles of the Tyrannosaurus that he
02:16:31
leans toward the lenovo api version
02:16:33
tyrannosaurus what do you think about this
02:16:35
about these kinds of finds
02:16:41
there are still no thermo-brew covers and
02:16:45
if we compare it with 40
02:16:47
other large dinosaurs that have
02:16:50
remains remain
02:16:51
skins with hadrosaurs without taking away oh yeah me
02:16:54
having taken the odes, they are generally largely
02:16:56
degrees were
02:16:57
well at least on the same level
02:16:59
metabolism and heat blood sti that and
02:17:00
Tyrannosaurus they have no feathers
02:17:03
there was no cover, they had more problems
02:17:06
to a greater extent they cool down in Greece for
02:17:10
large tyrannosaurs, it is quite possible that
02:17:11
this was also a problem and this is very
02:17:15
suggests that they are not necessary
02:17:16
could have been feathered rather or with
02:17:19
very somehow
02:17:20
rare peaks of vibrios or even just
02:17:23
with a skin of some kind of scales
02:17:26
modern crocodiles scratch again
02:17:28
ancient sauropods and hadrosaurs live
02:17:33
I read that it is now even reconstructing
02:17:36
What is the color of ancient mammals?
02:17:38
technique technique but this of course in
02:17:42
only in those cases it is possible
02:17:43
reconstruct when preserved
02:17:46
the skin of the mammal we're talking about
02:17:49
Mesozoic then it may
02:17:51
the remains of pigments will be preserved and therefore
02:17:54
the remaining pigment can be reconstructed
02:17:57
what stripe she was from or spotted
02:18:00
but also according to some other features of these
02:18:02
pigments and what pairs are you talking about
02:18:04
eu-melanin or pheomelanins predominate
02:18:07
tell me what she was like, that black redhead
02:18:09
or again striped
02:18:11
if we are talking about feeding
02:18:14
ice age then there at some point
02:18:17
degree even easier to what is possible
02:18:19
catch specific genes that
02:18:21
are responsible for the colors and killed on
02:18:24
based on this, reconstruct the skin
02:18:26
in particular for mammoths this is already
02:18:28
it turned out that the mammoths had one
02:18:31
same red sti gene as in Neanderthals
02:18:34
they developed it independently from each other
02:18:37
friend and the last two questions if
02:18:41
does the platypus lay eggs?
02:18:43
that all mammals once
02:18:45
laid eggs or why only
02:18:47
platypus lays eggs
02:18:49
but not just platypus, whole groups
02:18:51
monotreme mammals and probably
02:18:55
indeed all ancient mammals
02:18:56
being direct descendants and in
02:19:00
to what extent are reptiles synapsids by
02:19:03
also laid eggs what about the book
02:19:07
Drobyshevsky paleontology in the fields
02:19:08
anthropologist fields entered reviews read on
02:19:11
I would like to hear your opinion live
02:19:13
living opinion, well, you know, I’m not at all
02:19:16
lecture on what is related to
02:19:18
paleontology even in the film and what not
02:19:22
has nothing to do with paleontology
02:19:24
they sort out Drobyshevsky's books and don't have them
02:19:26
nothing to do with paleontology then we
02:19:28
it's just not there thank you
02:19:33
please I can say goodbye before
02:19:37
thank you please

Description:

Онлайн-лекция Андрея Журавлева "Палеонтология КОВИДной эпохи" состоялась 4 февраля 2021 года. Поддержка проекта: https://new.donatepay.ru/@arhe 📢 Хвостатые дикинсонии Белого моря и щетинистые улитки Пенсильвании. Скелетные обитатели эдиакарских морей становятся всё сложнее, а бесскелетные – всё разнообразнее. Многоглазые предки многоножек. Жизнь на вулкане: позднепермские озёра Сибири. Летучие «богомолы» и «лягушки»-хамелеоны из янтарей Мьянмы. Влипли: несостоявшаяся сенсация динозавра-колибри. Заглянем в сердце и желудок древних ящеров. 💥 Кто скрывался под мягкой скорлупой в Антарктике? Т-рекс от эмбриона до высокоинтеллектуального хищника. Прежде, чем взлететь, динозавры расстались с зубами. Семейный уклад панцирных ящеров. Гроза сахарских рек спинозавр и гребенчатый динозавр-мореплаватель. Как определить пол у ископаемого ящера? 💥 Гигантские питоны Европы и звери Мадагаскара. Чем питались 70 видов саблезубых хищников? Новые сокровища Клондайка: мумия волчонка. Палеолитическая программа реновации дальнего Подмосковья. Палеобиотехнологии будущего. (И ещё два часа рассуждений о современной палеонтологии). 🔎 Лектор: Андрей Журавлёв, профессор Кафедры биологической эволюции биологического факультета МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова. 📌 По всем вопросам относительно лекций обращайтесь по телефону +74950889281 или по почте [email protected] Поддержка проекта: https://new.donatepay.ru/@arhe "Архэ" в ВК: https://vk.com/kpc_arhe "Архэ" на ФБ: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser "Архэ" в Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Архив курсов Центра "Архэ": https://arhe.msk.ru/?page_id=376

Preparing download options

popular icon
Popular
hd icon
HD video
audio icon
Only sound
total icon
All