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Сталинград. Серия 1 (4К, военный, реж. Юрий Озеров, 1989 г.)

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00:00:00

[music]

00:00:23

already by lunchtime on June 22, 1941, the navigators of

00:00:28

long-range bomber aviation, as

00:00:30

they say, rolled out maps to Berlin,

00:00:33

everyone was sure today or tomorrow, at most

00:00:36

the day after tomorrow, they would receive an order and go

00:00:38

to the capital of Germany, but another week passed

00:00:40

3 and no order was received exactly a

00:00:44

month later, July 22 the Germans bombed Moscow

00:00:48

and for those who fled from the raids here on the

00:00:53

floor of the Mayakovskaya metro station, it must have

00:00:55

been very strangely bitter to see above

00:00:58

them a magnificent panel on which Soviet aviation

00:01:01

reigned supreme in the sky

00:01:06

[music]

00:01:09

at the Belorusskaya metro station in the underground

00:01:13

bunker of the command post of the Moscow

00:01:15

zone of Stalin's share member The

00:01:17

State Defense Committee

00:01:18

received all the information about the progress of repelling

00:01:21

the raid, and probably at that moment Joseph

00:01:23

Vissarionovich physically felt how the

00:01:26

terrible news was spreading throughout the country:

00:01:30

the Germans were bombing Moscow

00:01:34

[music]

00:01:50

by the way, back on July 8, 1941, the chief of the

00:01:54

general staff of the German army,

00:01:55

General Halder, wrote fermentation makoli

00:01:59

bhima The Fuhrer's decision to raze Moscow and

00:02:01

Leningrad to the ground in order to completely

00:02:03

get rid of the population of these cities,

00:02:05

which otherwise we

00:02:07

will then be forced to feed during the winter,

00:02:10

the task of destroying these cities must be

00:02:13

carried out by ether aviation, I am sure that this

00:02:15

will be a people's childhood that will deprive

00:02:18

not only Bolshevism of centers

00:02:20

but also Russians in general Is your centrum

00:02:24

Moscow preparing for bombing around the

00:02:27

city? They built a circular

00:02:28

air defense up to 250

00:02:31

kilometers deep. Thousands of anti-aircraft guns of

00:02:34

various calibers and hundreds of fighters

00:02:36

were put on full combat

00:02:37

readiness. The

00:02:38

main task of firefighters and

00:02:40

civilians was to prevent fires

00:02:43

from incendiary bombs.

00:02:44

All residents of the capital, including children, were trained to extinguish them.

00:02:47

and the old people in the attic were

00:02:50

emptied of their belongings in every entrance they

00:02:52

placed a barrel of water a box of sand in all

00:02:55

houses there were round-the-clock watches

00:03:01

for the crews of German bombers

00:03:02

Moscow became the second capital after London

00:03:04

which required not just

00:03:06

regular bombing but complete destruction

00:03:10

in London they managed to destroy and

00:03:12

damage more than a million houses

00:03:14

to destroy more than 40 thousand lives, it seemed that

00:03:18

everything was going to happen again for some

00:03:22

reason, many people believe that in those

00:03:25

years the people of Berlin did not even know what the

00:03:27

howl of an air raid siren was.

00:03:37

in the forties, this was accomplished by

00:03:40

formant 223 with the proud name Jules Verne,

00:03:43

but in response to the bombing of London on

00:03:47

August 25, 1940,

00:03:50

British aviation began to carry out a raid on Berlin the very

00:03:55

next day after the first

00:03:58

German air raid on Moscow,

00:04:00

the commander of the fleet aviation, General

00:04:03

Zhavoronkov, addressed the People's

00:04:05

Commissar of the Military naval fleet

00:04:07

Kuznetsov with the idea of

00:04:08

striking back at Berlin, a plan that at

00:04:11

first glance seems crazy is in

00:04:14

fact very realistic; a strike on

00:04:18

Berlin could attract the most powerful

00:04:19

bombers at that time, d8 and

00:04:23

er-2; the maximum range of these aircraft

00:04:26

would allow them to take off from the

00:04:28

Pushkin airfield near Leningrad

00:04:30

however, the engines on them were

00:04:32

unreliable and needed improvement, but

00:04:35

Semyon Fedorich Zhavoronkov found a way

00:04:38

to send aircraft with a shorter

00:04:41

range and payload capacity to Berlin, but with

00:04:42

proven engines,

00:04:44

for this purpose it was intended to attract 1

00:04:47

mine to the torpedo aviation regiment under the

00:04:50

command of Colonel Preobrazhensky,

00:04:52

it was equipped with db-3 bombers they were

00:04:56

called bugs, so a bug could

00:04:59

take off at a distance of 900,950 kilometers

00:05:02

from Berlin, get bombed

00:05:05

and return back, although by the beginning of the war the

00:05:08

DB-3 were already considered obsolete and

00:05:11

slow-moving, many of the engines had exhausted

00:05:13

their service life, there was no radio navigation and an

00:05:15

autopilot, but all these disadvantages

00:05:18

were compensated for by the advantages The flight

00:05:20

crew, most of the pilots had more than

00:05:22

3,000 hours of flight time on combat aircraft, and the

00:05:25

navigator was recruited from the leadership of

00:05:29

Lan Zhavoronkov.

00:05:32

Kuznetsov liked the bombing of Berlin so much

00:05:34

that within two days they were both in

00:05:37

Stalin’s office and Stalin immediately approved this plan.

00:05:40

It must be said that Admiral

00:05:44

Kuznetsov I

00:05:45

personally knew Colonel Preobrazhensky

00:05:47

in the summer of 1940, the People's Commissar of the

00:05:51

Navy personally worked for the

00:05:53

release of Yevgeny Nikolaevich's father,

00:05:56

Nikolai Alexander Preobrazhensky, he

00:05:59

actively opposed the closure of churches,

00:06:01

for which he was convicted, a miracle happened,

00:06:03

Nikolai Sanych returned home,

00:06:05

but then he could not walk for a very long time

00:06:09

[music ]

00:06:24

this is the only surviving

00:06:26

copy of the TB-3 bomber; in general, there are

00:06:30

very few war planes left,

00:06:34

and some have completely disappeared, like the

00:06:36

legendary heavy bomber Pe-8,

00:06:38

but the bug is

00:06:40

probably alive to remind

00:06:43

us all who was the first in the skies over Berlin,

00:06:52

right? I had the opportunity to meet more than once

00:06:55

with a participant in these

00:06:58

significant events, it was very convenient for me to

00:07:03

communicate with Kratenko wader Makarych and

00:07:06

so I arrived, he’s a bastard, you know,

00:07:09

we’ll talk there and we’ll talk, but I need to

00:07:12

glue the wallpaper and I got a lot of experience, I

00:07:15

had to glue the wallpaper for the sake of meeting,

00:07:18

of course, with bubbles as people joke, that’s why

00:07:22

then we talked

00:07:26

a lot with him and so he gave me a

00:07:31

flight plan to Berlin,

00:07:39

we were just impatient with them to get to Berlin as soon as possible,

00:07:44

this is on the first day, I

00:07:47

remember this state, this feeling when we

00:07:51

found out that the Germans had suddenly broken through our

00:07:55

the border had

00:07:56

already been occupied by some villages and we

00:08:01

just desperately needed Berlin,

00:08:06

like many pilots, Colonel

00:08:09

Preobrazhensky from the first days of the war

00:08:11

hatched the idea of bombing Berlin, his

00:08:13

navigator Pyotr Khokhlov and

00:08:15

part-time flag navigator of the 1st mine

00:08:18

torpedo regiment has been

00:08:20

carrying a map on his tablet since July an unusual

00:08:23

route, the island of Saaremaa

00:08:25

Berlin, so when the

00:08:27

commander of the Air Force of the

00:08:29

Navy Zhavoronkov arrives at the carefree airfield and sets the task of delivering the

00:08:33

first bomb strike on Berlin,

00:08:36

Preobrazhensky immediately puts on the

00:08:38

table detailed calculations with already selected

00:08:41

crews and a worked out route.

00:08:44

Evgeniy Nikolaevich Preobrazhensky

00:08:47

graduated from the military theoretical school of the

00:08:50

RKK Air Force in Leningrad. the first year of service, he

00:08:54

spent 70 days in the guardhouse for

00:08:56

hooliganism in the air,

00:08:58

pelvic turns over St. Isaac's Cathedral, then

00:09:01

for dispersing people on Nevsky Prospekt,

00:09:03

then Preobrazhensky studied at the

00:09:05

Sevastopol pilot school, after

00:09:07

which he was sent to the Baltic,

00:09:09

where he proved himself to be a talented pilot

00:09:12

and a capable organizer among the first

00:09:15

composition a special air group included the

00:09:18

most experienced crew of squadron commanders,

00:09:21

captains Grechishnikov, Efremov, Belyaev,

00:09:24

Plotkin, and of course, the crew of the

00:09:26

Preobrazhensky captain Plotkin himself

00:09:29

was considered probably the luckiest pilot in the regiment. On

00:09:31

June 30, 1941, his squadron

00:09:35

received an order to bomb a concentration of

00:09:38

enemy equipment at a crossing near

00:09:40

Dvinsk,

00:09:41

and escort fighters, as is

00:09:42

often the case then it happened and they gave me

00:09:45

when approaching the target,

00:09:48

fiery streams of anti-aircraft artillery reached out to the bombers

00:09:50

around, mongrel explosions of

00:09:52

large-caliber shells flared up, the

00:09:54

pilots maneuvered but 30 seconds before the

00:09:57

bombing, the so-called combat course

00:10:00

had to go in a straight line as they retreated from the

00:10:03

target, the squadron was attacked by

00:10:05

a fighter

00:10:12

[music]

00:10:17

[ music]

00:10:23

of the nine crews,

00:10:26

only three returned home in Captain Plotkin's car, the

00:10:29

technicians counted one hundred and twenty-seven

00:10:31

holes

00:10:32

[music] a

00:10:36

selected group of 20 crews of the 1st mine

00:10:39

torpedo regiment of Colonel

00:10:41

Preobrazhensky was to be

00:10:42

relocated to the secret

00:10:44

Kabul airfield on the island of Saaremaa,

00:10:46

but not now, not upon arrival on the island not

00:10:48

even during the test flights, none of the

00:10:50

participants knew the main goals of the operation, the

00:10:56

Estonian island of Saaremaa, the

00:10:58

German name is Ezel in August forty-

00:11:01

one, this is the westernmost

00:11:03

territory of the Soviet Union not yet

00:11:06

captured by the Germans, from here in a straight line to

00:11:08

Berlin in that direction, eight hundred and ninety

00:11:11

kilometers on the island there are two military

00:11:13

airfields of Kabul and AST and

00:11:15

two squadrons of

00:11:17

fighters and a flight of high-speed

00:11:20

bombers from b2 are based on them; however, the

00:11:22

fuel reserves for the operation are clearly

00:11:25

insufficient and the runways

00:11:27

need to be extended

00:11:29

in order to ensure flights of a group of

00:11:32

heavy bombers;

00:11:34

reserves of fuel and bombs are required on August 2 from

00:11:37

Kronstadt In conditions of heightened

00:11:39

secrecy, a caravan of minesweepers left

00:11:41

under the cover of sea hunters. At this

00:11:43

time, there are only 24 minesweepers in the Baltic Sea; they are

00:11:46

worth their weight in gold because they clear the

00:11:49

fairways of enemy mines,

00:11:51

but seven of them are allocated to support the

00:11:53

Preobrazhensky group; minesweepers are not cargo; there

00:11:56

was no space or

00:11:58

ammunition in the ship’s holds. had to be placed on the

00:12:00

decks, which meant that for an explosion

00:12:03

one shell was enough to hit the

00:12:06

target, the caravan safely crossed the

00:12:12

mined hey Gulf of Finland, it

00:12:14

entered Tallinn, besieged by the Germans, and on

00:12:17

August 3 moored at the piers of Kura

00:12:20

Sary, the capital of the island of Saaremaa, for

00:12:26

three days the soldiers of 3 4 37 construction

00:12:29

battalions extended and they leveled the

00:12:31

runway as much

00:12:33

as possible, the final length

00:12:35

was 1300 meters, this church

00:12:38

stood on the edge of the take-off on the roof,

00:12:41

they equipped an observation point, but the

00:12:43

spire had to be demolished, there was

00:12:46

a danger that the plane would hit it on

00:12:48

takeoff

00:12:54

[music] On

00:12:57

August 2, the air group leaves

00:12:59

the airfield is carefree and lands here

00:13:02

at the Kabul airfield, the planes immediately

00:13:04

disperse among the trees and

00:13:06

outbuildings and are covered with

00:13:09

camouflage nets,

00:13:10

after which Colonel Preobrazhensky

00:13:13

flies around the airfield, changing altitude and

00:13:15

directions to make sure

00:13:17

the planes are not visible from the air,

00:13:21

24-hour security is posted on each plane

00:13:22

and 20 kilometers from here in the hydra harbor of

00:13:25

Kisel Kona, 2 flying

00:13:28

boats land 2 to save the types in the event of an

00:13:31

emergency landing at sea, the flight crew

00:13:35

placed a school building here in a place

00:13:38

with an unpleasant name for the pilots, the

00:13:41

technical staff was lodged in

00:13:44

peasant houses closer to the airfield,

00:13:46

and the very next day the Germans arrived they

00:13:49

bombed towards the corner they did this during the day in

00:13:51

small groups of aircraft with a maximum of

00:13:53

four aircraft and their raids were

00:13:55

ineffective, most likely

00:13:57

the enemy did not realize that

00:13:59

heavy bomber aircraft were stationed here

00:14:03

[music]

00:14:07

the flight to Berlin was delayed due to

00:14:10

poor weather conditions in the target area,

00:14:11

finally on the night of August 5 a

00:14:14

test raid took place in our Tipton, about

00:14:16

130 kilometers north of a group of

00:14:19

bombers consisting of three aircraft

00:14:21

captains Grechishnikov Plotkin

00:14:23

Lieutenant Leonov

00:14:25

there was also a difficulty in the fact that there

00:14:28

were absolutely no navigation

00:14:32

devices that could

00:14:35

ensure normal flights towards

00:14:39

Berlin back to there were no paths

00:14:43

to guide our flights through the Baltic, the

00:14:46

airfields themselves on the island of Azil were not

00:14:49

illuminated, they were illuminated very poorly,

00:14:52

only the runways were marked with lights,

00:14:55

talk about

00:14:58

radio navigation, but while

00:15:02

radio navigation and we have not yet entered into

00:15:06

our capabilities, the

00:15:08

complexity of the reality of the greatest on the

00:15:11

way back, Leonov's crew consisting of navigator

00:15:14

Major Kotelnikov gunner-radio operator sergeant

00:15:17

fishing air gunner Red Navy

00:15:19

faithful lost his orientation,

00:15:21

it was decided to land at the much more

00:15:23

familiar Kotly airfield near Leningrad

00:15:26

since no one was waiting for the pilots there, the

00:15:27

airfield was not consecrated and upon landing

00:15:30

the plane crashed; succeeded

00:15:33

only faithfully this was the first but far

00:15:35

from the last loss of a special air group the

00:15:38

next night

00:15:40

another test flight was planned

00:15:45

[music]

00:15:52

while they were preparing for departure from the command of the

00:15:55

Baltic Fleet an order came from the command of the Baltic Fleet to

00:15:57

carry out a task that almost

00:15:59

killed the crew of Colonel

00:16:00

Preobrazhensky and

00:16:03

jeopardized everything operation, Colonel

00:16:06

Preobrazhensky was ordered to bomb the

00:16:08

enemy observation post in the area of the

00:16:10

city pr on August 5, three planes

00:16:13

begin to move towards the

00:16:14

runway in you through the hatches, one and a half tons of

00:16:17

bombs each time 1300 temperature plus 27

00:16:21

degrees the engines begin to slowly

00:16:24

overheat, but they still take off

00:16:27

first, the Preobrazhensky crew composed of

00:16:29

navigator Khokhlov and gunners radio operators Rudakov

00:16:32

Kratenko, the

00:16:33

right engine began to make popping noises due to overheating,

00:16:35

its thrust dropped and the plane did not

00:16:38

gain altitude, what to do about turning to the

00:16:41

right or left was out of the question, there was

00:16:43

no sufficient speed, the only thing left was

00:16:46

landing right in front of you, landing on a

00:16:49

swamp strewn with stumps

00:16:51

and the plane cannot be landed with stones with the landing gear retracted;

00:16:54

bombs hang under the fuselage

00:16:56

when they hit one of these obstacles,

00:16:59

they will explode;

00:17:15

the car runs into a large boulder;

00:17:17

passes along it with the bottom, destroying the lower

00:17:20

part of the fuselage to the very tail; the

00:17:29

cockpit hatch and without a

00:17:32

trail jumps down over his head,

00:17:34

swings with powerful bombs, it

00:17:40

took two days to repair the flagship aircraft,

00:17:42

by the way, this episode was not recorded

00:17:44

in any report, it’s not clear why there was

00:17:47

such a risk on the eve of the flight to

00:17:49

Berlin, but as they say, every cloud has a silver lining,

00:17:52

this case clearly showed that the bomb

00:17:55

load needed to be reduced,

00:17:57

and at least by half, only on the morning of

00:18:06

August 7, the commander of the Air Force Zhavoronkov and

00:18:09

Colonel Preobrazhensky initiated the

00:18:11

pilots into the details of the operation and reported

00:18:14

that the flight was scheduled for today, of

00:18:16

course they understood that their goal was somewhere

00:18:19

deep in the rear of the Germans, but then that it

00:18:21

will be Berlin, that they will be the first,

00:18:24

yes, they only dreamed about it, and even

00:18:27

since the

00:18:28

low-speed DB-3 b can be bombed without

00:18:32

air cover, only at night they

00:18:34

will need to fly out in advance, which means that

00:18:36

the first 100 kilometers in the zone of action of

00:18:39

enemy fighters they will go

00:18:41

in daylight

00:18:44

as you know, the greatest danger to the

00:18:46

enemy’s air defense

00:18:47

is on approach to the city

00:18:50

because within its boundaries the caliber and number of

00:18:52

anti-aircraft guns is smaller; the roof of an ordinary

00:18:57

house cannot withstand the recoil of a firing

00:19:00

large-caliber

00:19:01

air defense gun, and if

00:19:03

you put it in the middle of the street,

00:19:05

then the anti-aircraft gunner’s visibility will be minimal,

00:19:07

only in Berlin everything was not so

00:19:10

simple in April 1941,

00:19:11

the Germans put into operation the

00:19:13

first so-called Luftwaffe anti-aircraft tower,

00:19:16

thanks to which it

00:19:18

was possible to use

00:19:20

large-caliber guns within the city limits when

00:19:24

we talked and how long the

00:19:28

flight took, it was about 7 8 hours and he said

00:19:33

depending from the wind, I guess it’s

00:19:37

good when the wind blows on your back, it pushes

00:19:42

Berlin faster, he’s a bastard, don’t tell

00:19:46

us, it’s better that he meet you

00:19:49

and especially closer to Berlin,

00:19:52

when the wind is oncoming, he carries the noise of

00:19:56

running engines and they are discovered

00:20:00

later, the

00:20:02

start time was set for 21 00 the

00:20:06

main targets for bombing

00:20:08

were tank construction and

00:20:10

aircraft construction factories in Berlin,

00:20:13

airfields and railway stations

00:20:15

where military

00:20:18

trains with weapons and ammunition for the

00:20:20

eastern pound were concentrated, as you know, the devil

00:20:23

is in the details, the

00:20:24

maps of Berlin that were issued by our

00:20:27

navigator were 1 1936, that is, outdated here

00:20:31

by the way, one of them, of course,

00:20:33

all the important military

00:20:35

strategic industrial sites are marked

00:20:37

here, there is not a single indication of anti-aircraft

00:20:40

batteries and searchlight installations; as

00:20:43

it later turned out, they met our

00:20:45

planes already here from 100 kilometers from

00:20:48

the city; the

00:20:50

air defense of that time

00:20:52

could operate at an altitude of up to 6000

00:20:55

meters Accordingly, the aircraft had to

00:20:58

fly above this mark; the

00:20:59

flagship crew of Preobrazhensky

00:21:02

had to strike the pate at the Tomsk

00:21:04

railway station in Berlin; according to

00:21:06

intelligence data, many

00:21:08

trains of military equipment had accumulated there; taking into account

00:21:10

the ground surface of the airfield and the

00:21:11

wear of the engines, it was

00:21:14

decided to take on board

00:21:15

250 100-kilogram bombs with a total weight

00:21:18

no more than 800 kilograms

00:21:21

the area of Berlin in the forty-first is more than 80

00:21:24

thousand hectares to see the target from a height of

00:21:26

more than 6000 meters in a very limited

00:21:28

amount of time the task is not easy,

00:21:30

but everyone understood the main thing to fly to the target

00:21:32

will be found in case of loss of orientation,

00:21:35

equipment failures or changes in weather

00:21:37

conditions, the pilot was ordered bombs

00:21:40

reserve targets in the city of Danzig Stanton

00:21:42

Königsberg all day long 7 technicians prepare the

00:21:47

cars gas tank is filled to capacity

00:21:50

all excess is removed because every

00:21:52

kilogram saved is plus a

00:21:54

kilometer of travel into the bambo hatches they load

00:21:57

bombs with the inscription gift to Hitler

00:22:00

Himmler death the court of Goering and

00:22:02

Ribbentrop and packs of leaflets are placed in the cabins

00:22:05

in which the Germans are called upon to

00:22:08

immediately overthrow the power of Hitler and

00:22:10

rebuild Germany,

00:22:13

sitting in his cockpit, the navigator Khokhlov

00:22:16

first of all checks whether his talisman is in place

00:22:19

even before the war, taking the cards out of the on-board

00:22:22

bag, he found a wrench at the bottom,

00:22:25

although it seemed that he had to do it there, and

00:22:26

this wrench began his talisman flew with

00:22:30

him until the end of the war and invariably brought

00:22:32

good luck to his owner,

00:22:34

finally the moment came for which they had been

00:22:36

waiting for so long for the raid on Berlin against the backdrop of

00:22:39

constant retreats, losses of territories

00:22:41

and doubts that had already appeared whether the

00:22:44

Soviet Union would be able to win at all. By this

00:22:47

time, some pilots already had

00:22:49

personal motives to accommodate this way, Captain

00:22:52

Grechishnikov had a

00:22:54

wife,

00:22:56

Ksenia, and two children left on the territory of occupied Belarus, and he had no

00:22:57

idea whether they were alive or not

00:23:02

[music] the

00:23:04

start time had come,

00:23:07

Preobrazhensky nods his head to Khokhlov,

00:23:10

which means give a signal,

00:23:12

Lieutenant General Zhavoronkov is standing at the starting line

00:23:17

with two with flags in his hands, he

00:23:19

gives the plane permission to take off in the

00:23:21

logbook 1 entry takeoff at 21:00

00:23:39

it is useful and Berlin there were many takeoffs,

00:23:41

uncertain, almost dangerous, I

00:23:44

deeply experienced them with each of them,

00:23:47

as if I was having a blast, leaving with

00:23:50

them, my heart is being cleansed, who knows what

00:23:53

awaits them in this distant and dangerous flight on

00:23:56

twin-engine wheeled aircraft over

00:23:59

the sea, then into enemy territory and finally

00:24:02

over the main well-protected lair of

00:24:06

the enemy, which was the capital of the fascist

00:24:09

state; there is heavy cloud cover over the Baltic,

00:24:13

so the plane has to climb

00:24:15

to a height of more than 6000 meters; the cable is not

00:24:17

sealed. they put on oxygen

00:24:19

masks; the temperature outside and, in

00:24:21

general, inside the plane is -40;

00:24:23

neither the fur overalls save him

00:24:25

nor the flight goggles become covered with frost;

00:24:27

and the hands in mittens

00:24:29

cannot feel the steering wheel from constant

00:24:31

physical stress and

00:24:33

pressure changes; many people begin to bleed

00:24:35

through the nose and by ears, according to calculations, the distance to

00:24:39

Berlin was eight hundred and ninety

00:24:41

kilometers, of which 700 had to be

00:24:43

flown over the sea, the route flowed at an

00:24:46

altitude of up to 7000 meters, well,

00:24:51

we didn’t have an autopilot, or a co-pilot, the

00:24:54

cabin was

00:24:56

n’t heated, the outside temperature

00:24:59

was probably 40-50 degrees there.

00:25:04

they were sitting in fur overalls, fur,

00:25:08

so to speak, that we suffered terribly from

00:25:12

this,

00:25:14

yes, no, I wouldn’t say that immediately after

00:25:20

crossing the coastline, the

00:25:23

lights of the German searchlights came on, but anti-aircraft

00:25:25

fire and fighter attacks did not

00:25:28

follow, obviously the enemy mistook the

00:25:30

planes of Preobrazhensky’s group for their

00:25:32

returning mission more In addition,

00:25:34

navigator Khokhlov claimed that he saw

00:25:37

how hospitably the lights of the German airfield turned on,

00:25:39

inviting us to land, thanks to

00:25:42

all this, ours were accurately oriented,

00:25:44

our titan came out, and there it was just a stone's throw from Berlin. The

00:25:48

main assistant in the work of the navigator

00:25:50

is, of course, a magnetic compass, but

00:25:53

sometimes this assistant became an

00:25:54

end in itself than it The closer the brighter the light of the

00:25:58

searchlights, the fury of her anti-aircraft guns were working,

00:26:00

Berlin was visible from 20 kilometers even

00:26:03

through the clouds,

00:26:04

then its lights were burning so brightly, then its lights were burning,

00:26:06

Preobrazhensky’s group saw Berlin at

00:26:09

midnight, the city lived its almost

00:26:11

peaceful life, but ten minutes before

00:26:13

reaching the target, Logan was announced

00:26:16

block by block Berlin

00:26:18

plunged into darkness and prepared

00:26:20

to defend itself, keep it up,

00:26:21

I pass it into the microphone

00:26:25

to the commander of the ship,

00:26:26

I open the bomb hatches, I remove the bombs from the

00:26:29

fuses, and when the plane approaches the

00:26:31

target, I pressed the bomb button,

00:26:34

one after another, they went down, this is for you,

00:26:38

gentlemen, fascists, for Moscow, for Leningrad,

00:26:41

for the Soviet people, I shout at full power and

00:26:45

still pressing the button, although this is

00:26:48

no longer necessary, all the bombs have been dropped and

00:26:52

are about to be achieved

00:26:55

[music]

00:26:57

out of 10 planes, only five reached Berlin; the

00:26:59

crews of the Preobrazhensky Trichyky

00:27:02

Dashkovsky Plotkin and Morgunov

00:27:05

dropped a total of thirty 100

00:27:08

kilograms 6,000 high-explosive bombs

00:27:09

were thrown in a fan, so

00:27:13

no one on the crew could say exactly where they landed, there is

00:27:14

Fokina Grechishnikova,

00:27:17

Efremova and Finyagin, and due to dense

00:27:20

clouds, they lost their orientation and

00:27:22

decided to go to alternate targets

00:27:26

after the bombs went off, the

00:27:28

gunner-radio operator, the crews of Preobrazhensky,

00:27:30

Sergeant Kratenko briefly violates the order for

00:27:33

complete radio silence sends us a

00:27:35

radiogram from Arima, and he doesn’t do it in

00:27:39

code, he goes on the air in

00:27:41

clear text my location

00:27:43

Berlin the task was completed we are returning

00:27:47

home to this day some claim

00:27:49

that there was no radiogram because it is

00:27:50

unlikely that anyone would have decided to violate the

00:27:53

strictest order arose there was great

00:27:57

doubt whether they would break out not from there or not, he was

00:28:00

already thinking that if they shot us down,

00:28:05

they would at least know that it was the Russians who bombed

00:28:08

the radiogram because it was what he

00:28:12

referred to, and then at the end of the war and beer

00:28:16

sarin was given to them by the first commandant of Berlin when he

00:28:20

radioed already to this regiment

00:28:26

a telegram of congratulations strain naval

00:28:29

pilots you were the first to bomb

00:28:32

Berlin and we finished

00:28:35

on the ground

00:28:37

after a successful air raid the planes

00:28:39

quickly left Berlin north

00:28:41

to the sea the crews had to

00:28:44

maneuver

00:28:45

evading the beams of the searchlights and avoiding the

00:28:47

zones of anti-aircraft fire

00:28:48

around the flagship aircraft exploded

00:28:51

just before 30 40 shells, but none of

00:28:54

them reached the target,

00:28:55

the crew constantly used anti-

00:28:58

aircraft maneuvers, changing

00:29:00

directions and flight altitude every half a minute,

00:29:04

the only salvation in this situation

00:29:06

is to go into the clouds, but for this you must be

00:29:08

very good at flying blind, that is,

00:29:12

rely solely on the

00:29:14

readings the device and this is psychologically

00:29:17

very difficult because instinctively you

00:29:19

first of all

00:29:20

trust your feelings, they can be

00:29:23

deceptive, for example, it seems to you that you are

00:29:25

gaining height, but in fact you are

00:29:28

rapidly losing it,

00:29:29

fall out of the blue clouds and become

00:29:32

easy prey for enemy fighters and anti-aircraft

00:29:35

artillery, the first rule

00:29:38

of the pilot and the navigator whose plane was caught in the

00:29:40

rays of the searchlights should under no circumstances

00:29:43

look out the window and you will simply

00:29:44

go blind, and the blind crew cannot drive the

00:29:47

car, all attention only to the

00:29:49

dashboard and fishing lines, a sharp maneuver to move to the

00:29:52

side, one front-line pilot once

00:29:55

said I tried in the afternoon I couldn’t repeat what

00:29:57

I did at night, escaping the rays,

00:30:00

nor did it become scary, it’s clear that that night

00:30:07

in the barn, or rather at the Kabul airfield,

00:30:10

no one slept, probably every five minutes

00:30:12

one of the mechanics approached the

00:30:15

regimental commissar Gregory for food from

00:30:16

the body and asked if there were any then at

00:30:20

dawn, for the sake of news, he announced that he had received a

00:30:23

radiogram from the flagship ship, the

00:30:24

task was completed, and then everyone began

00:30:28

to wait, but not just but for all

00:30:32

the planes to return and without losses, all the time

00:30:35

that the plane spends on the ground it

00:30:37

is in the hands of technicians, probably

00:30:39

only the pilots know what kind of work as soon as the

00:30:42

mechanic forced the worn-out,

00:30:48

battle-damaged vehicles to take to the skies again and again, and when

00:30:50

the crew left for a combat mission, the technicians

00:30:53

faced a new test,

00:30:54

it was called waiting for their people on the ground

00:30:59

when before the meeting I was what struck me

00:31:03

first, everywhere you look, there is an order

00:31:06

on everyone’s chest and

00:31:10

Many stars and heroes of the Soviet Union have medals all over their chests,

00:31:16

but somehow they, I would say, greet each other with restraint

00:31:20

and suddenly

00:31:23

some one appears and I just want to say grandfather,

00:31:28

but one two medals there are three orders, maybe there is

00:31:32

one there all but the pilots are heroes

00:31:37

rushing to them, as if I

00:31:42

had met my own mother, I began to ask about how,

00:31:46

well, the same Kolesnichenko answered

00:31:50

not just my dear, it’s burning, any pilot

00:31:55

knows victory in the air is forged on the ground

00:31:59

six hours and 50 minutes after our

00:32:03

takeoff, Evgeniy Nikolaevich Preobrazhensky

00:32:06

landed perfectly on the first approach the

00:32:09

flagship plane and then

00:32:12

the rest approached, we taxied to the parking lot and

00:32:14

sank out of the cockpits onto the ground; my back ached; my

00:32:17

arms were not yet warmed up from overexertion; my

00:32:20

legs were trembling; my eyes hurt; Preobrazhensky

00:32:23

lay down on the grass right under the plane

00:32:25

of the plane; both sergeants and I sank down next to each other;

00:32:28

I wanted to lie like that without moving on

00:32:32

my native In the friendly land, about

00:32:34

five minutes later,

00:32:36

Zhavoronkov’s passenger car drove up to the plane, we got up from

00:32:39

Preobrazhensky,

00:32:41

Comrade Lieutenant General

00:32:44

of Aviation reported in a hoarse voice, the combat mission

00:32:47

was completed at the Kabul airfield,

00:32:52

all the crews returned, this is a great rarity for

00:32:55

the first months of the war, Semyon Fedorovich

00:32:57

Zhavoronkov met the pilots right on the

00:32:59

field, there were two of him a box of cognac, but the

00:33:02

crews

00:33:03

only had the strength to take a small

00:33:06

sip each, and then everyone lay down and fell asleep

00:33:08

right here under the wings, and on the 1st

00:33:11

bombing of Berlin, Stalin immediately

00:33:13

said this fact has historical

00:33:16

significance to say that the Germans said

00:33:17

that the British bombed, more than 100

00:33:20

planes flew through the city no more than

00:33:22

fifteen six of which were shot down,

00:33:25

to which the English radio sarcastically noted

00:33:27

that that night not a single British

00:33:29

plane flew towards Berlin

00:33:31

due to bad weather conditions, the

00:33:34

Soviet Information Bureau put an end to this debate,

00:33:36

Yuri Levitan reported on the

00:33:39

Soviet Union's bomb attack on Berlin at two o'clock in the

00:33:47

morning on August 9, Stalin dictates

00:33:50

this telegram to Malenkov in the Kremlin to

00:33:52

oblige the 81st air division, led by the

00:33:54

division commander Vodopyanov, from August 9 to 10

00:33:58

or on one of the following days,

00:34:01

depending on weather conditions, to carry out a

00:34:02

raid on Berlin during a raid, in addition to

00:34:05

high-explosive bombs,

00:34:06

it is necessary to drop on Berlin

00:34:08

incendiary bombs of small and large

00:34:11

caliber in case the engine began to

00:34:14

fail on the way to Berlin, even Stalin

00:34:16

knew about, to put it mildly, the unreliability of

00:34:19

the engines and to have the

00:34:21

city of Königsberg as a backup target for bombing Joseph

00:34:24

Stalin the Vodopyanov division

00:34:28

had

00:34:29

ER-2 and pe- 8, which came to replace the

00:34:33

completely outdated TB-3,

00:34:35

for their time they were outstanding

00:34:38

machines capable of lifting up to five thousand

00:34:40

kilograms of bombs;

00:34:44

nevertheless, the db-3 was the first to go to Berlin; it’s

00:34:46

all about the M40 diesel engines

00:34:50

that were installed on 1 7 and r2 before the war did

00:34:54

not go through the full cycle of flight tests

00:34:56

at high altitude, they very often stalled,

00:34:58

and restarting in flight was not always

00:35:00

possible, and Vodopyanov, like Stalin,

00:35:03

knew about this; the commander of the 81st Air Division,

00:35:07

Vodopyanov became AWOL; the fact is

00:35:10

that on the first day of the war, he opens

00:35:13

the door to the office of the head of the Northern Sea Route,

00:35:16

Otto Yulcha Shmita and demands to send him

00:35:19

to the front for something, but Yulchik

00:35:21

politely notes that supplying troops along the

00:35:24

northern sea route without ice

00:35:26

reconnaissance aircraft is impossible, so he cannot let

00:35:29

him go from July in

00:35:31

any way, this refusal did not

00:35:34

discourage Mikhail Vasiliev at all, he is simply

00:35:36

gathering everyone who wants to go to the front hijacks a

00:35:40

GST seaplane

00:35:42

and flies on it to Moscow.

00:35:44

On approach to Moscow, the plane was intercepted by

00:35:46

our fighters, fortunately they did not

00:35:48

immediately open fire,

00:35:49

but upon approaching closer they established visual

00:35:52

contact and recognized the face of one of the first

00:35:55

heroes of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Vasilets

00:35:58

Vodopyanov, landing the car on the Khimki

00:36:02

Vodopyanov Reservoir immediately goes personally

00:36:05

to Stalin, he managed to convince him that

00:36:07

the place of people from the list of those willing and his,

00:36:10

including the combat units of the Air Force,

00:36:13

from Stalin's office, water-drinkers are leaving Stalin's office with a

00:36:16

new appointment, now he is the commander of the 81st

00:36:20

long-range air division, it must be

00:36:22

said that he has no experience in commanding such

00:36:25

formations it was, but already at the

00:36:28

end of July Mikhail Vasilyevich reported

00:36:30

on the full combat readiness of the division at that

00:36:34

time Vodopyanova was a well-known pilot throughout the

00:36:36

union; he was called a

00:36:38

pilot of any weather in the thirty-

00:36:40

fourth year for rescuing people

00:36:42

caught on an ice floe after the crash of the

00:36:44

steamer Chelyuskin Vodopyanova;

00:36:46

six more pilots were

00:36:48

awarded the title for the first time heroes of the Soviet Union on

00:36:51

May 21, 1937,

00:36:54

Vodopyanov landed a four-engine

00:36:56

plane at the North Pole,

00:36:57

which no one had done before, and landed the

00:37:00

winterers of the drifting station

00:37:02

North Pole 1 there.

00:37:10

participation in the Soviet-Finnish war,

00:37:13

Mikhail Vasiliev was awarded the Order of the

00:37:15

Red Banner,

00:37:17

he was a matrix pilot even before the Chelyuskin epic,

00:37:21

and I remember someone,

00:37:28

either in a magazine or in a newspaper,

00:37:31

reacted so ironically to this dialogue, what can

00:37:35

you get from him? a matrix pilot delivered

00:37:38

newspapers they say from Moscow to Leningrad, and a

00:37:42

matrix pilot is one who flies

00:37:47

when the entire aviation is sitting on the ground and the

00:37:50

air cannot show its nose, and

00:37:54

its contingent was also mainly

00:37:57

civilian and polar pilots, and

00:38:00

therefore, in general, it was not particularly so and

00:38:06

not they were ceremonious with this hierarchy when he

00:38:10

started approaching the formations, I’ll tell you, he

00:38:13

said great, the guys answered him

00:38:16

great, Misha, Preobrazhensky’s group made their second flight the very

00:38:21

next night after the first, the night of August 9,

00:38:24

despite the fact that enemy anti-aircraft guns

00:38:26

met them already in the area of the skeet for this

00:38:29

flight was even more successful,

00:38:32

10 planes broke through to Berlin and dropped

00:38:34

60,100 kilogram bombs on the city.

00:38:37

By the way,

00:38:39

gunner-radio operator Kratenko, who,

00:38:41

according to Preobrazhensky, allowed himself an

00:38:43

extra glass of cognac to celebrate the success of the

00:38:47

first operation, did not participate in this flight, he was replaced by Sergeant

00:38:49

Vasily Archers and you say

00:38:51

People's Commissar 100 grams In newspapers around the

00:38:55

world, reports began to appear about

00:38:57

Soviet raids on the capital of Germany,

00:38:59

for example, the London telegraph

00:39:01

agency reported that the Germans tried to hide the

00:39:04

fact that Berlin was bombed by Soviet

00:39:06

planes, but then the Berliners were forced to

00:39:09

admit this fact,

00:39:11

who at one time assured

00:39:13

that their city was not in danger of an

00:39:16

air attack now they know that

00:39:19

the capital is vulnerable to raids by

00:39:21

both British and Soviet aviation, this is a

00:39:24

very important psychological factor

00:39:26

that will have a great influence on the

00:39:28

morale of the Germans

00:39:32

[music]

00:39:33

but all this meant nothing in comparison

00:39:37

with the fact that one crew did not return from the flight,

00:39:40

we were missing for this times 4

00:39:43

wonderful combat friends of the

00:39:46

flight commander, senior lieutenant Finyagin, and the

00:39:49

navigator, lieutenant, wild

00:39:51

gunner-radio operator,

00:39:53

hassle on the air gunner of the

00:39:55

Red Navy, he was perfectly

00:39:58

prepared, the crew,

00:39:59

foreman Kudryashov, reported that he saw an

00:40:02

explosion in the air similar to the explosion of an airplane,

00:40:05

but no one in the regiment wanted to believe in death

00:40:08

Finyagin crew,

00:40:10

after all, it happened more than once that the pilots of

00:40:12

shot down planes returned after some time,

00:40:15

this time our hopes did not

00:40:18

come true in the

00:40:26

early morning of August 10, Vodopyanova’s division flies

00:40:29

from Kazan here to the Pushkin airfield near Leningrad,

00:40:32

the order to

00:40:34

carry out the operation they receive 9 everything

00:40:37

is being prepared in a hurry part crews had

00:40:39

never taken off with a full

00:40:41

bomb load

00:40:42

and in the evening they had to take off for Berlin for

00:40:46

most of the planes it would be a one-way flight

00:40:57

the division suffered its first losses already at the

00:40:59

start of r2

00:41:01

Lieutenant Alexander Ignatievich Amal, which is

00:41:03

why the future twice hero of the Soviet

00:41:05

Union

00:41:06

began his take-off run the engines pulled poorly

00:41:09

and were too long there was not

00:41:11

enough runway, the plane rolled out of it

00:41:14

and miraculously did not explode, the crew at 8

00:41:17

Major Egorov was less fortunate

00:41:19

immediately after taking off from the ground, his

00:41:21

2 right engines failed

00:41:30

[music]

00:41:43

you hurt like 4 tons of bombs, fortunately they did

00:41:46

not detonate and five members

00:41:49

crew of 11 managed to survive the

00:41:51

disaster, the commander of the Air Force, General

00:41:54

Zhigarev, gives the order

00:41:56

to stop the operation and only those

00:41:58

crews that are already in the sky by this time go to Berlin

00:42:01

and this is only 10 aircraft, the length of

00:42:06

their flight route was 2700

00:42:08

kilometers, most of the way

00:42:10

lay over the Baltic in bypassing areas of

00:42:13

strong German air defense

00:42:17

turned out to be domestic but no less

00:42:20

dangerous than German; already on the approach to the

00:42:22

Gulf of Finland, Major Degunino’s plane fired at their

00:42:25

own anti-aircraft guns and then began to finish off the

00:42:27

fighters in vain; Gunin rocks the

00:42:30

car from wing to wing and the navigator

00:42:32

Captain Vasiliev fires signal

00:42:34

flares meaning I'm in despair, they

00:42:37

give the command to return

00:42:39

fire, but six of the 11 managed to leave the burning plane late,

00:42:46

Vodopyanov's plane was also attacked by

00:42:48

his own at the beginning of the journey, but he managed to

00:42:50

reach the target and bomb Berlin,

00:42:53

together with the commander,

00:42:55

five more planes dropped bombs on the capital of Germany b8

00:42:58

majors Kurban and the gloomy Er-2 captain

00:43:01

Stepanov and lieutenants Malinin and

00:43:04

Kubushka four planes for various

00:43:06

reasons did not reach Berlin; the crew of

00:43:09

captain Stepanov went missing on the way back

00:43:11

and to this day his fate

00:43:14

remains unknown due to engine failure,

00:43:17

three crews had to commit

00:43:18

forced landing of the ER-2 long

00:43:21

capsule on the way back

00:43:22

was fired upon by their own and the 16th crew rescued by

00:43:26

parachutes in the crew of a gloomy major, a

00:43:31

military technician of the first rank Smirnov died tragically,

00:43:35

he did not notice how the hose of his

00:43:37

oxygen mask was disconnected and died of hypoxia, the

00:43:42

fate of the crew of

00:43:44

Senior Lieutenant Alexander was tragic Panfilov,

00:43:47

one of the first millionaire pilots,

00:43:50

that's what civil aviation pilots were called in the 30s

00:43:52

who flew

00:43:54

more than one million kilometers after the

00:43:56

failure of engine 2, they went into

00:43:58

forced flight over Finland and during landing,

00:44:01

5 people died, including

00:44:03

Alexander Ivanovich himself,

00:44:04

the rest made their way to their own and the very

00:44:06

front line they were taken prisoner at

00:44:08

approximately the same time from the

00:44:10

territory occupied by the Germans and Estonia,

00:44:13

Vodopyanov’s crew was forced to go to the forced operation. Even

00:44:17

at the beginning of the operation, Vodopyanov’s plane

00:44:19

was attacked by its own fighters and

00:44:22

16 who fired at it over the Baltic

00:44:25

Sea, despite identification signals, they did

00:44:28

not stop eating glasses attack

00:44:33

therefore Vodopyanov was forced to

00:44:36

order to return fire and

00:44:38

fortunately 16 and immediately stopped shelling

00:44:50

[music]

00:44:56

navigator Vodopyanov Stepenko, when approaching the

00:44:59

target,

00:45:00

deviated from the course and went straight to ours,

00:45:02

those there suddenly flashed

00:45:05

air defense searchlights

00:45:07

instantly blinded Vodopyanov, fortunately the

00:45:10

co-pilot pusat saved sight, it was

00:45:13

he who drove the car further 4 the engine

00:45:18

had to be turned off

00:45:19

due to a failure of the oil system, there

00:45:24

was less than half an hour left before Berlin, ice

00:45:26

and the speed of the Pe-8 fuselage whistled, the wind whistled, the

00:45:29

seals flew down, the 4-

00:45:32

ton plane, lightened, immediately soared up

00:45:36

[music]

00:45:38

[applause]

00:45:41

on the way back we

00:45:44

managed to dodge anti-aircraft fire with difficulty near

00:45:46

Königsberg, fragments of anti-aircraft shells

00:45:49

again clattered on the casing and as a result the

00:45:52

3rd fuel tank of kerosene to the house was

00:45:55

no longer enough for the assault ht foam stubbornly

00:45:58

drove 4 motor giants home over

00:46:00

Estonia they began to fall the engines

00:46:03

stopped it became quiet in the cabin, the altitude

00:46:06

was only 1800 meters and the plane was

00:46:09

descending quickly what to do to jump with a

00:46:11

parachute means to fall into the hands of the

00:46:13

Nazis sit in an open place they

00:46:15

will shoot there is only one exit sit in a dense

00:46:18

forest away from the roads the Germans will

00:46:21

not get there soon whether we crash or not

00:46:24

I’m talking about this I didn’t think about getting ready for

00:46:26

landing,

00:46:27

where are we going to land? Busan asks,

00:46:29

drop the helm, I’ll land myself, one by one,

00:46:31

people went to the back of the plane, where there is

00:46:33

less risk of dying during landing,

00:46:35

the altitude was reduced with lightning speed, you could

00:46:38

only hear the whistle of the wind,

00:46:39

the forest was rapidly flying towards me, I

00:46:42

leveled the plane, trying to

00:46:44

lose as much speed as possible.

00:46:46

our car first touched the

00:46:48

tops of the trees with its tail, then

00:46:52

lay with its outstretched wings on a dense forest, as if a

00:46:55

terrible storm swept over the forest, breaking branches

00:46:57

and uprooting trees,

00:47:00

silence immediately set in, the fuselage with its

00:47:04

wings

00:47:05

sank to the very ground, the

00:47:15

crew gradually began to get out of the destroyed plane, amazingly

00:47:18

but no one was seriously wounded for several

00:47:21

days they made their way through the occupied

00:47:23

territory to find out if there were Germans ahead or

00:47:26

not only in Estonian farmsteads and

00:47:28

no one there spoke Russian,

00:47:30

but Vodopyanov’s co-pilot was Endel

00:47:34

Karlovich [ __ ], the future hero of the Soviet

00:47:36

Union, an

00:47:37

Estonian born in Siberia, he knew very well

00:47:40

language and only he communicated with the local population, the

00:47:42

rest, just in case, were

00:47:45

hiding at that time, and probably

00:47:47

thanks to this, after a while

00:47:49

they were able to go out to their settlers from

00:47:53

Estonia who went to conquer the lands

00:47:56

of Siberia, they mostly lived in separate

00:47:59

farmsteads and the language of communication there was Russian,

00:48:02

but the family's home language was Spanish on the

00:48:04

morning of August 11,

00:48:07

only one plane will return to the Pushkin airfield, this r two

00:48:09

lieutenants Malinina will arrive later,

00:48:13

gloomy, and even on the night of the operation, two hours

00:48:15

after the launch, due to the failure of

00:48:17

two engines, the Peregudov crew returned as a

00:48:20

success, such an operation cannot be called

00:48:23

the main reason of course,

00:48:25

failure of engines, plus the fact that there

00:48:27

was less than a day for preparation and, more

00:48:30

importantly, a complete lack of coordination with

00:48:34

our own air defense,

00:48:36

such cases existed and such cases occurred due to the fact

00:48:42

that

00:48:47

our planes were classified, we knew our planes, but we did

00:48:53

n’t know which planes at all

00:48:58

other pilots take off, especially in

00:49:01

fighter aviation, for them

00:49:03

our bombers were some kind of

00:49:07

curiosity and they sometimes

00:49:10

fired at them despite the fact that 6

00:49:16

bombers still reached

00:49:18

Berlin and were bombed, the losses were

00:49:21

unacceptable, the water drunks understood this perfectly well

00:49:24

and did not bear responsibility for themselves

00:49:26

filmed entering Stalin's office as a

00:49:28

division commander with the rank of brigade commander, he

00:49:32

came out of there as an ordinary pilot with the

00:49:35

same rank of brigade commander,

00:49:36

and they say it was his initiative, one way

00:49:39

or another, the division was headed by Lieutenant Colonel

00:49:41

Golovanov, who in a year would become

00:49:44

the commander of all long-range aviation,

00:49:52

Stalin decides to increase the power of

00:49:55

strikes in Berlin, for this nasa remo, a

00:49:57

special

00:49:59

special purpose aviation group of Major

00:50:02

Shchelkunov is being sent, the squadron of Captain Tikhonov

00:50:05

will not be based at the AST airfield and will be

00:50:07

equipped with more modern

00:50:11

db-3 bombers; later they

00:50:13

will be called IL-4; however, out of the 20

00:50:17

aircraft promised to General Zhavoronkov,

00:50:20

the army command allocates 15 2 of

00:50:23

which remained on the mainland

00:50:26

due to a malfunction, one

00:50:28

fell into the Gulf of Finland during the flight and sank the

00:50:32

DB-3 f aircraft was a deep

00:50:35

modernization of the DB-3 b

00:50:37

new technology made it possible to reduce the

00:50:39

aircraft assembly time by half; it was

00:50:42

equipped with more powerful

00:50:43

m88 engines; the aircraft was equipped modern

00:50:47

navigation devices, compared to the

00:50:50

DB-3 b, increased the flight range and

00:50:53

defensive capabilities;

00:50:56

unfortunately, the reinforcements arrived at the barn

00:50:59

and could not fully

00:51:01

express themselves; the engines on the planes were

00:51:02

worn out and some had

00:51:04

completely exhausted their engine life. Major

00:51:06

Shchelkunov writes in his report that more

00:51:09

modern DB-3 f do not justify themselves and

00:51:12

are asked to replace them with DB-3 b Another

00:51:15

problem was that the pilots and

00:51:18

navigators of the gunners of Shchelkunov’s group were

00:51:20

recruited from different crews, as they say, they

00:51:22

were not a rally, and the pilots of Captain

00:51:25

Tikhonov’s group had no combat experience at all

00:51:28

because that they arrived from the Far East,

00:51:29

but nevertheless, the hope of doubling the force of the

00:51:32

strikes on Berlin appeared before the

00:51:35

third flight, I didn’t find

00:51:37

the key in my bag, I was already in a fever, the happiness

00:51:41

disappeared, I leaned out of the cockpit, I shouted to the

00:51:45

aircraft mechanic, foreman Kolesnichenko,

00:51:47

where did it go lie down from my cockpit

00:51:49

urgently give me this key

00:51:51

Preobrazhensky laughs, why do you need to

00:51:54

taxi this key faster from and

00:51:56

started a search, and until I find

00:51:59

the key, we won’t taxi anywhere, the

00:52:02

mechanic opened the lower hatch of my cabin and

00:52:04

handed over the key, making sure that it was the

00:52:07

same one, I put the talisman key in its original

00:52:11

place in the on-board bag and we began to

00:52:13

taxi to the start, now it’s

00:52:17

funny to remember it, but then we believed in happiness

00:52:20

and while we were flying on the flagship, the key

00:52:24

was always in the on-board bag. On August 12,

00:52:29

1941, the chief of staff of the Supreme

00:52:31

Command of the German Armed Forces,

00:52:33

Field Marshal Keitel,

00:52:35

gives the order to the headquarters of Army Group North

00:52:39

with you behind the groups As soon as

00:52:42

the situation allows, the joint efforts of the formations of the

00:52:44

ground forces of

00:52:46

aviation and the navy should

00:52:48

eliminate the enemy air base

00:52:51

on the islands of Daga and Saray, and

00:52:54

at the same time it is especially important to destroy the

00:52:56

enemy dramas for which

00:52:59

air raids are carried out on the

00:53:01

Berlin Bern on

00:53:02

August 13 here at the school premises in in

00:53:05

the town, a solemn

00:53:07

event was celebrated by Colonel Preobrazhensky,

00:53:10

Captain Grechishnikov, Efremov, Plotkina,

00:53:12

and Khokhlov,

00:53:13

were awarded the high ranks of heroes of

00:53:15

the Soviet Union, another 13 pilots were

00:53:18

awarded the Order of Lenin, and a

00:53:20

total of 55 people received the Order of the

00:53:23

Red Banner of Battle and the Red

00:53:24

Star, and here in the assembly hall an amateur concert was held

00:53:28

the pilots were present, the technical composition

00:53:31

of course was a local resident,

00:53:32

senior lieutenants Efremov came out onto the stage and the

00:53:35

levers, passing by, dragged

00:53:39

me along with them and we began to sing the

00:53:42

then-famous song, walking along a familiar

00:53:45

path and picked up by the whole hall,

00:53:48

Preobrazhensky stood in the first row and

00:53:51

conducted further to the accompaniment of a button

00:53:55

accordion on in which he played beautifully,

00:53:58

Vologda ditties sounded,

00:54:01

it was during the day and in the evening,

00:54:05

unexpectedly, the Germans gave us all a big concert. On

00:54:08

August 13, the Germans are seriously taking

00:54:13

Kabul, 40 bombers are participating in the raid, anti-

00:54:17

aircraft guns are firing at them, and the gunners are firing at them from

00:54:20

db-3s standing on the ground,

00:54:21

as a result of the 10th day two planes were killed

00:54:24

with his wife, including the Preobrazhensky plane, navigator

00:54:27

Khokhlov crawled on his knees among the wreckage

00:54:30

and looked for his talisman, his lucky

00:54:32

wrench, the talisman was found and

00:54:34

continued to fly with Khokhol

00:54:36

and Preobrazhensky, but already in a car with

00:54:38

tactical number 2 4 raid on Berlin

00:54:43

took place on the night of August 16 was the

00:54:46

largest,

00:54:48

13 aircraft from

00:54:51

naval aviation and 9 from ground aviation took part in it, they reached the

00:54:54

target, 10 and 7 aircraft, respectively, they

00:54:58

dropped ten and a half

00:55:00

tons of high-explosive and incendiary bombs on the city, which is

00:55:03

almost half of the total number of bombs

00:55:06

dropped on Berlin, the rest of the planes

00:55:11

left for backup targets, including the crew of

00:55:13

Colonel Preobrazhensky, due to the

00:55:15

wear of the engines, they would not have reached

00:55:17

Berlin and therefore were bombed by VIN pressure,

00:55:19

and upon returning during a

00:55:21

night landing at the Kabul airfield,

00:55:23

two crews of lieutenants Kravchenko and Alexander crashed and died;

00:55:28

another plane

00:55:29

was sent for repairs at the

00:55:30

carefree airfield near Leningrad and in the area of the

00:55:32

village of Ticks Vice, he is shot down by our

00:55:35

fighter, the culprit of this tragedy was not found because they did

00:55:38

not particularly look for him. On

00:55:44

August 17, another of our planes was attacked by

00:55:47

his own fighter, gunner Kravtsov was killed,

00:55:50

and over the next two days the

00:55:52

losses only increased, enemy anti-aircraft guns

00:55:55

the fighter is beaten by seven of our vehicles,

00:55:58

seven crew members are killed, six are

00:56:00

captured or go missing,

00:56:02

losses are growing and the damage to the enemy capital is

00:56:06

decreasing, but instead of 500

00:56:09

kilogram bombs or two bombs of

00:56:12

two hundred and fifty kilograms each, not the walls of

00:56:15

Berlin Dutton,

00:56:16

that is, take two five hundred is such a

00:56:20

question Stalin's question arose from the Supreme

00:56:23

Commander-in-Chief, it was

00:56:27

quite reasonable there was a big

00:56:29

difference in the destruction caused by bombs

00:56:32

weighing one hundred two hundred and fifty 500 and 1000

00:56:36

kilograms

00:56:37

[music]

00:56:39

my arguments based on the opinion of

00:56:42

Zhavoronkov that such a load for an

00:56:45

aircraft was unacceptable

00:56:46

seemed unconvincing; an

00:56:49

experienced pilot was invited to insert - tester

00:56:51

Vladimir Konstantinovich Kokkinaki, he

00:56:55

knew the DB-3 planes very well; he was

00:56:58

sent to aviation units more than once to

00:57:00

show him how to work with the

00:57:02

equipment and squeeze everything out of it in terms of the

00:57:06

flight range and carrying capacity of the

00:57:09

machine, Kokkinaki’s point of view differed

00:57:12

from mine, you can take two five hundred I remember

00:57:16

he stated that I was temporarily compared to

00:57:21

having received Stalin’s instructions, Vladimir

00:57:23

Kokkinaki flies here in a barn and

00:57:25

in order to prove by his own example the

00:57:27

TB-3 bdb club aircraft can rise with a bomb

00:57:30

weighing one ton, while he obviously does

00:57:33

not know that the surface at the

00:57:35

Kagul airfield is unpaved and the wheels get stuck,

00:57:37

especially in rainy weather, the engine is

00:57:40

worn out, I will have to fly to

00:57:41

the maximum range at the maximum

00:57:43

altitude and, as a rule, in difficult

00:57:45

weather conditions, having come under anti-aircraft

00:57:48

fire, the pilots will have to very

00:57:49

actively maneuver what to do with

00:57:52

such a bomb load is unrealistic here

00:57:55

on Kagula, like monks, of course I talk with the

00:57:58

pilots but their arguments do not convince him and

00:58:00

he gives instructions to load a ton into the bambo hatches,

00:58:03

because Stalin’s order is an order. On

00:58:07

August 20, for the experiment, the two

00:58:09

best cars in terms of

00:58:11

reliability are allocated that are in the barn and

00:58:13

captain Grechishnikov from senior

00:58:16

lieutenant Bogachev

00:58:17

Grechishnikov hang a fap 1000 bomb

00:58:21

one ton and Bogacheva 2 fact 500 with a

00:58:24

total weight of also one ton the

00:58:28

most experienced pilot of the Grechishnikov taxied to the

00:58:31

very edge of the starting line

00:58:33

in order to have the maximum distance for

00:58:36

takeoff,

00:58:37

tested the engines and began to take off, we all

00:58:40

saw how the plane ran most

00:58:42

of the runway from the ground and never

00:58:45

breaks away only at the very end of the airfield it

00:58:48

is possible to lift the plane off the ground but

00:58:51

it does not have enough speed, ready to

00:58:53

fall every second the plane went

00:58:56

over the fence and the bush

00:58:58

touched the ground again, demolished 6 turned to the right

00:59:02

and caught fire,

00:59:04

fortunately no one was hurt, it was

00:59:07

the turn of

00:59:08

Bogachev’s crew, running along the entire

00:59:11

runway landing strip they were never

00:59:13

able to get away from beyond the airfield

00:59:16

the plane collided with an obstacle and

00:59:18

exploded none of the crew survived

00:59:21

which naki silently, without looking at the pilots,

00:59:24

gets into his I-16 fighter and

00:59:27

flies away they say that on that day Vasil

00:59:32

Nikonovich Grechishnikov chose the entire reserve

00:59:34

luck, which was released to him

00:59:37

two months later, on October 24, 1941, they bomb a

00:59:41

German convoy in the Novgorod region,

00:59:43

the plane catches fire, they fail to knock down the flames,

00:59:45

and then the crew decides to

00:59:48

send the car into accumulations of German

00:59:50

equipment, repeating the feat. On the same

00:59:54

day, the regiment receives a long-awaited letter

00:59:56

from his wife. Grechishnikov Ksenia that

00:59:59

she is alive with her children in a

01:00:01

partisan detachment; the hero of the Soviet

01:00:03

Union Vasily Nikolaevich Gorchichnikov will

01:00:06

never know about this

01:00:08

[music] the

01:00:12

day after the tragedy on

01:00:16

August 21, the group of Shchelkunov

01:00:18

and Tikhonov return to the rear

01:00:20

airfield, the raids on Berlin continued

01:00:24

on their carrying out became increasingly

01:00:26

difficult and dangerous on the night of

01:00:30

August 23-24, not a single crew reached Berlin

01:00:32

due to overheating of worn-out engines,

01:00:35

the pilots threw a bomb at reserve targets,

01:00:38

and during landing suddenly lost

01:00:41

altitude and the plane of Lieutenant Dashkovsky fell and exploded

01:00:43

together

01:00:45

navigator Nikolaev and

01:00:47

gunner-radio operator Elkin died with the commander; reason unknown;

01:00:49

possible combat injury of the pilot; perhaps

01:00:52

just fatigue; it is possible that it was

01:00:54

during these days that Captain Plotkin said his

01:00:57

famous phrase; we live according to

01:00:59

Darwin’s laws; the strongest fly;

01:01:06

they were landing not entirely

01:01:09

correctly; so let’s say about them they returned for the

01:01:13

second round, but since their

01:01:16

reaction was not the same and they were very tired, there was

01:01:20

not enough speed and the plane

01:01:25

fell over at the turn, that is, they

01:01:28

flew to their airfield and at their home

01:01:32

door

01:01:33

it seems they suffered an accident, the situation with the

01:01:36

supply of us remo was getting worse every

01:01:39

day cargo delivery was carried out mainly by

01:01:42

sea with the help of minesweepers, German

01:01:45

aircraft destroyed three of them with all

01:01:47

the crews, more than 150 people, and

01:01:50

after our troops left Tallinn on August 28,

01:01:53

communication by sea stopped altogether

01:01:56

on the last summer night, after a

01:01:58

ten-day break, our planes

01:02:01

were bombing Berlin again this time it was possible to

01:02:04

lift 6 planes into the air, one of

01:02:06

which the plane to Lieutenant Rusakov did

01:02:08

not return from the assignment,

01:02:10

presumably he reached the capital of

01:02:12

Germany but went missing upon

01:02:14

return, in addition to the fact that the many-

01:02:17

hour flight took place in conditions of the

01:02:19

constant danger of attack from

01:02:22

enemy fighters or anti-aircraft guns and the temperature in the

01:02:25

cockpit it reached -40;

01:02:27

we must not forget that

01:02:29

the mdb 3 is very difficult to control physically;

01:02:33

it was unstable longitudinally; it

01:02:39

hung on your hands all the time; it could not be

01:02:43

abandoned

01:02:45

even for a short time; this plane, even

01:02:50

adjusted as if for

01:02:52

horizontal flight, had

01:02:54

some kind of then it’s not a definite trend or

01:02:57

it will definitely start to bite down and

01:03:00

give up control or, on the contrary, it will

01:03:02

go up,

01:03:04

despite the fact that the effectiveness of

01:03:06

the air raid is sharply decreasing and the headquarters

01:03:09

still does not receive an order to

01:03:11

stop operations. On September 2,

01:03:14

only two crews take to the skies, and on

01:03:17

September 4 six aircraft are on the combat course,

01:03:19

one of which does not

01:03:21

return is the plane of Lieutenant

01:03:24

Melgunov

01:03:25

[music] the

01:03:37

crew of Afanasy Fokin on the way back

01:03:40

was attacked by German fighters,

01:03:42

the navigator,

01:03:43

Senior Lieutenant Shevchenko, was killed, but the plane

01:03:45

managed to escape without navigation, they went off

01:03:48

course Fokin decided to fly until the

01:03:50

fuel was completely exhausted with the hope of reaching

01:03:52

his territory, having once again

01:03:54

broken through the clouds to look around the

01:03:57

area, he saw an anti-aircraft battery,

01:03:59

the fuel was running out, he had to sit down

01:04:02

for the meeting, the soldiers armed with rifles fled, they were

01:04:06

lucky, after this flight

01:04:11

only nine serviceable vehicles remained in service on September 6,

01:04:14

during a German air raid six

01:04:16

of them were with his wife on the ground 1 was damaged,

01:04:19

the gunner-radio operator Fedoseev was killed, everyone then

01:04:23

noticed with what accuracy the Germans

01:04:25

approached the targets, as if someone was

01:04:27

aiming their lands

01:04:32

went in a row and suddenly the plowman plows strangely,

01:04:39

he doesn’t plow along, as it should be, somehow

01:04:42

diagonally

01:04:43

leads a furrow, and when we looked closely,

01:04:47

it was precisely aimed at fuel depots,

01:04:51

after three aircraft remained in the air group,

01:04:54

the question of further

01:04:56

bombing of Berlin disappeared by itself;

01:04:58

now the task of primary importance

01:05:00

was to bring Preobrazhensky’s group to the

01:05:03

mainland; in three days, they managed to

01:05:05

evacuate 80 people, mostly these are the

01:05:08

flight crews,

01:05:09

which means about 100 specialists from the

01:05:13

maintenance group

01:05:14

left on the island,

01:05:16

local residents say that they went

01:05:18

into the forest and organized a fortified

01:05:20

camp there and then joined the test that

01:05:23

fell to the west under the pressure of the Germans of the

01:05:25

Sary garrison, we know nothing more about their fate

01:05:28

most likely

01:05:31

they fought their last battle somewhere in the

01:05:33

area of Cape Cheese,

01:05:37

raids on Moscow with varying intensity

01:05:39

and destructive forces continued until the

01:05:41

spring of forty-two and then

01:05:43

happened only sporadically, despite the fact

01:05:47

that the front was only two hundred

01:05:48

kilometers from the capital

01:05:50

for two years German bombers

01:05:52

destroyed, damaged about five thousand

01:05:54

buildings, killed more than two thousand people,

01:06:01

the Germans launched their last air attack on

01:06:04

June 9, 1943, and two

01:06:08

months later, on August 5, the

01:06:10

sky over Moscow lit up again, but

01:06:13

not with the rays of searchlights and

01:06:15

shell tracers, but with a salute in honor of the troops

01:06:17

who liberated the eagle and Belgorod,

01:06:19

the war retreated from the city when the

01:06:23

first raids took place, after all,

01:06:30

leaflets were even published with the names of the pilots with

01:06:34

portraits of the pilots. After the

01:06:38

first bombings, Russian people began

01:06:43

to talk, think and write in newspapers that

01:06:47

before 1 they flew through the sky to Berlin,

01:06:51

then on the ground, too, we will reach debates about the

01:06:54

expediency of our The bombing of

01:06:56

Berlin in August 1941 is still ongoing

01:06:58

because our losses were very noticeable

01:07:01

and the damage we inflicted on Germany was

01:07:04

insignificant, as it seems to us, the Americans put an end to

01:07:08

this dispute back in 1942. On

01:07:10

April 18,

01:07:13

Lieutenant Colonel Doolittle’s group

01:07:15

consisting of 16 bombers

01:07:18

takes off from the Hornet aircraft carrier and heads

01:07:21

for Tokyo, all the crew know that this is a one-way ticket

01:07:25

after they are bombed, in the best

01:07:27

case, they will face an emergency landing somewhere

01:07:29

in China, all 16 cars will be

01:07:32

lost and only half of the crew will return home,

01:07:36

but the news is that Tokyo was

01:07:39

bombed the bombing will cause an

01:07:42

unprecedented emotional uplift in America, the

01:07:44

participants in the operation will become national

01:07:47

heroes and their memory is still honored to this day. We

01:07:51

would very much like to be able to

01:07:52

say the same about the participants in the first

01:07:55

raids on Berlin and about our attitude towards them

01:08:01

for their participation in the Berlin operation, the title of

01:08:03

hero of the Soviet Union,

01:08:05

captains Tikhonov and Kryuk Majors

01:08:08

Shchelkunov and Malygin Lieutenant Lakhonin

01:08:11

Colonel Preobrazhensky Captains of

01:08:14

Grechishniks Efremov Plotkin and Khokhlov Another

01:08:17

35 pilots and navigators, technicians and

01:08:20

gunners, radio operators were awarded the

01:08:22

Order of the Red Star and the

01:08:24

Red Banner of Battle,

01:08:25

and 13 received the Order of Lenin, they say

01:08:34

that the man is still alive the memory of him is alive,

01:08:37

that is, since they are known, they are remembered about their

01:08:41

exploits,

01:08:42

then they are alive, is the

01:08:50

bolt burning and above the earth will

01:08:56

the stars set in the sky, food, winged

01:09:03

heroes falcons take flight, no world is

01:09:12

ours

01:09:13

and shares are more beautiful than ours, the

01:09:18

sound of the Preobrazhensky engine is our pride

01:09:24

and our Oganezov father and oganezov our father

01:09:37

fairy tales would become

01:09:41

theirs catch it

01:09:43

for the sake of both the sea and the enemy of the edge

01:09:50

[music]

01:09:51

and how the gangs

01:09:56

bolder forward to the

01:10:00

hotel

01:10:01

[music]

01:10:02

Barry

01:10:03

Polish

01:10:05

we have here again the ore to the edge in the flowers of

01:10:13

victory bloomed in the

01:10:17

flowers of victory bloomed for the glory of the

01:10:24

non-native themselves

01:10:27

flies and crumpled like the sky wide, day and

01:10:32

night,

01:10:34

paul 5

01:10:36

[music]

01:10:37

and aventails 1 bank, go

01:10:43

now,

01:10:45

day and night,

01:10:49

flight

01:10:52

and board with 1 beam

01:10:55

[music]

Description:

Наш новый проект - программа МузФак Кафедра Занимательных песен! 5 выпуск https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uO60QP_SLk Подпишись youtube.com/c/RDStudia! Смотрите другие наши фильмы Документальный фильм "Полярное братство" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NY5d-Bf4m2E Документальный фильм «Гвардии «Камчатка» https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNKu1lOb4IY Документальный фильм Антарктида. Хождение за три полюса. Часть 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUwBQwhliL4 Документальный фильм путешествие про горы «Ген высоты, или как пройти на Эверест» 1 серия https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BXuxeuT8ms Документальный фильм об авиации Валдиса Пельша Люди, сделавшие Землю круглой: все серии фильма https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL38hZPakL-SCzM36blUqIA23MQ2s6WhB1 Смотреть онлайн бесплатно Исторический документальный фильм. Россия про войну | Берлин 41-го Долетали сильнейшие. Фильм посвящён бомбардировкам Берлина Советской авиацией в 1941-ом году. Фильм вышел в эфире на Первом канале 25 июня 2017 года. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxOrJYhoLd0

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